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Wu B, Jiang T, Yu Z, Zhou Q, Jiao J, Jin ML. Proximity Sensing Electronic Skin: Principles, Characteristics, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308560. [PMID: 38282110 PMCID: PMC10987137 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The research on proximity sensing electronic skin has garnered significant attention. This electronic skin technology enables detection without physical contact and holds vast application prospects in areas such as human-robot collaboration, human-machine interfaces, and remote monitoring. Especially in the context of the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19, there is a pressing need for non-contact detection to ensure safe and hygienic operations. This article comprehensively reviews the significant advancements in the field of proximity sensing electronic skin technology in recent years. It covers the principles, as well as single-type proximity sensors with characteristics such as a large area, multifunctionality, strain, and self-healing capabilities. Additionally, it delves into the research progress of dual-type proximity sensors. Furthermore, the article places a special emphasis on the widespread applications of flexible proximity sensors in human-robot collaboration, human-machine interfaces, and remote monitoring, highlighting their importance and potential value across various domains. Finally, the paper provides insights into future advancements in flexible proximity sensor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei Wu
- Heart Center, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao UniversityQingdao UniversityQingdao266033China
- Institute for Future, Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, School of AutomationQingdao UniversityQingdao266071China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Heart Center, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao UniversityQingdao UniversityQingdao266033China
| | - Zhongxiang Yu
- Heart Center, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao UniversityQingdao UniversityQingdao266033China
| | - Qihui Zhou
- Heart Center, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao UniversityQingdao UniversityQingdao266033China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesQingdao266000China
| | - Jian Jiao
- Peng Cheng LaboratoryShenzhen518055China
| | - Ming Liang Jin
- Institute for Future, Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, School of AutomationQingdao UniversityQingdao266071China
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2
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Choi H, Kim Y, Kim S, Kim SY, Kim JS, Yun E, Kweon H, Amoli V, Choi UH, Lee H, Kim DH. Ions-Silica Percolated Ionic Dielectric Elastomer Actuator for Soft Robots. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303838. [PMID: 37792271 PMCID: PMC10646257 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Soft robotics systems are currently under development using ionic electroactive polymers (i-EAP) as soft actuators for the human-machine interface. However, this endeavor has been impeded by the dilemma of reconciling the competing demands of force and strain in i-EAP actuators. Here, the authors present a novel design called "ions-silica percolated ionic dielectric elastomer (i-SPIDER)", which exhibits ionic liquid-confined silica microstructures that effectively resolve the chronic issue of conventional i-EAP actuators. The i-SPIDER actuator demonstrates remarkable electromechanical conversion capacity at low voltage, thanks to improved ion accumulation facilitated by interpreting electrode polarization at the electrolyte-electrode interface. This approach concurrently enhances both strain (by approximately 1.52%) and force (by roughly 1.06 mN) even at low Young's modulus (merely 5.9 MPa). Additionally, by demonstrating arachnid-inspired soft robots endowed with user-desired tasks through control of various form factors, the development of soft robots using the i-SPIDER that can concomitantly enhance strain and force holds promise as a compelling avenue for ushering in the next generation of miniaturized, low-powered soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbin Choi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Yongchan Kim
- School of Electronic EngineeringSoongsil UniversitySeoul06978Republic of Korea
| | - Seonho Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Program in Environmental and Polymer EngineeringInha UniversityIncheon22212Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
- Present address:
Hirosawa Thin Film Devices LaboratoryRIKEN, 2‐1 HirosawaWako City, Saitama Prefecture351‐0198Japan
| | - Eseudeo Yun
- School of Electronic EngineeringSoongsil UniversitySeoul06978Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukmin Kweon
- Department of Chemical EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Vipin Amoli
- Department of Sciences and HumanitiesRajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum TechnologyAmethi229304India
| | - U. Hyeok Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Program in Environmental and Polymer EngineeringInha UniversityIncheon22212Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Lee
- School of Electronic EngineeringSoongsil UniversitySeoul06978Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent SemiconductorsSoongsil UniversitySeoul06978Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and TechnologyHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
- Clean‐Energy Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
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3
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Zhao G, Sun J, Zhang M, Guo S, Wang X, Li J, Tong Y, Zhao X, Tang Q, Liu Y. Highly Strain-Stable Intrinsically Stretchable Olfactory Sensors for Imperceptible Health Monitoring. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302974. [PMID: 37610561 PMCID: PMC10582427 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically stretchable gas sensors possess outstanding advantages in seamless conformability and high-comfort wearability for real-time detection toward skin/respiration gases, making them promising candidates for health monitoring and non-invasive disease diagnosis and therapy. However, the strain-induced deformation of the sensitive semiconductor layers possibly causes the sensing signal drift, resulting in failure in achievement of the reliable gas detection. Herein, a surprising result that the stretchable organic polymers present a universal strain-insensitive gas sensing property is shown. All the stretchable polymers with different degrees of crystallinity, including indacenodithiophene-benzothiadiazole (PIDTBT), diketo-pyrrolo-pyrrole bithiophene thienothiophene (DPPT-TT) and poly[4-(4,4-dihexadecyl-4H-cyclopenta[1,2-b:5,4-b']dithiophen-2-yl)-alt-[1,2,5]thiad-iazolo [3,4-c] pyridine] (PCDTPT), show almost unchanged gas response signals in the different stretching states. This outstanding advantage enables the intrinsically stretchable devices to imperceptibly adhere on human skin and well conform to the versatile deformations such as bending, twisting, and stretching, with the highly strain-stable gas sensing property. The intrinsically stretchable PIDTBT sensor also demonstrates the excellent selectivity toward the skin-emitted trimethylamine (TMA) gas, with a theoretical limit of detection as low as 0.3 ppb. The work provides new insights into the preparation of the reliable skin-like gas sensors and highlights the potential applications in the real-time detection of skin gas and respiration gas for non-invasive medical treatment and disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Lab of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Lab of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Mingxin Zhang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Lab of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Shanlei Guo
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Lab of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Lab of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Juntong Li
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Lab of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Tong
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Lab of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Lab of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Qingxin Tang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Lab of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Yichun Liu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Lab of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
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Wang X, Zhao Z, Zhang M, Liang Y, Liu Y. Polyurethanes Modified by Ionic Liquids and Their Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11627. [PMID: 37511385 PMCID: PMC10380480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) refers to the polymer containing carbamate groups in its molecular structure, generally obtained by the reaction of isocyanate and alcohol. Because of its flexible formulation, diverse product forms, and excellent performance, it has been widely used in mechanical engineering, electronic equipment, biomedical applications, etc. Through physical or chemical methods, ionic groups are introduced into PU, which gives PU electrical conductivity, flame-retardant, and antistatic properties, thus expanding the application fields of PU, especially in flexible devices such as sensors, actuators, and functional membranes for batteries and gas absorption. In this review, we firstly introduced the characteristics of PU in chemical and microphase structures and their related physical and chemical performance. To improve the performance of PU, ionic liquids (ILs) were applied in the processing or synthesis of PU, resulting in a new type of PU called ionic PU. In the following part of this review, we mainly summarized the fabrication methods of IL-modified PUs via physical blending and the chemical copolymerization method. Then, we summarized the research progress of the applications for IL-modified PUs in different fields, including sensors, actuators, transistors, antistatic films, etc. Finally, we discussed the future development trends and challenges faced by IL-modified PUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Meiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yongri Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yingdan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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5
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Chen J, Zhu G, Wang J, Chang X, Zhu Y. Multifunctional Iontronic Sensor Based on Liquid Metal-Filled Ho llow Ionogel Fibers in Detecting Pressure, Temperature, and Proximity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:7485-7495. [PMID: 36696682 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-based pressure/temperature sensors are highly desired in wearable electronics because of their natural advantages of good breathability and easy integrability. However, it is still a great challenge to fabricate reliable and highly sensitive fiber-based pressure/temperature sensors via a scalable and facile strategy. Herein, a novel fiber-based iontronic sensor with excellent pressure- and temperature-sensing capabilities is designed by assembling two crossed hollow and porous ionogel fibers filled with liquid metal. Serving as a pressure sensor, a high detection resolution (1.16 Pa), a high sensitivity of 13.30 kPa-1 (0-2 kPa), and a wide detection range (∼207 kPa) are realized owing to its novel hierarchical structure and the selection of deformable liquid electrodes. As a temperature sensor, it exhibits a high temperature sensitivity of 25.99% °C-1 (35-40 °C), high resolution of 0.02 °C, and good repeatability and reliability. On the basis of these excellent sensing capabilities, the as-prepared sensor can detect not only pressure signals varied from weak pulse to large joint movements but also the proximity of different objects. Furthermore, a large-area fiber array can be easily woven for acquiring the pressure mapping to intuitively distinguish the location, magnitude, and shape of the loaded object. This work provides a universal strategy to design fiber-shaped iontronic sensors for wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxuan Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Chang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutian Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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6
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He T, Wen F, Yang Y, Le X, Liu W, Lee C. Emerging Wearable Chemical Sensors Enabling Advanced Integrated Systems toward Personalized and Preventive Medicine. Anal Chem 2023; 95:490-514. [PMID: 36625107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyiyi He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS, National University of Singapore, Block E6 #05-11, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Feng Wen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS, National University of Singapore, Block E6 #05-11, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Yanqin Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS, National University of Singapore, Block E6 #05-11, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Xianhao Le
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS, National University of Singapore, Block E6 #05-11, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Weixin Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS, National University of Singapore, Block E6 #05-11, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS, National University of Singapore, Block E6 #05-11, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117608, Singapore
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Zarei M, Lee G, Lee SG, Cho K. Advances in Biodegradable Electronic Skin: Material Progress and Recent Applications in Sensing, Robotics, and Human-Machine Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203193. [PMID: 35737931 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of the electronics industry and proliferation of electronic materials and telecommunications technologies has led to the release of a massive amount of untreated electronic waste (e-waste) into the environment. Consequently, catastrophic environmental damage at the microbiome level and serious human health diseases threaten the natural fate of the planet. Currently, the demand for wearable electronics for applications in personalized medicine, electronic skins (e-skins), and health monitoring is substantial and growing. Therefore, "green" characteristics such as biodegradability, self-healing, and biocompatibility ensure the future application of wearable electronics and e-skins in biomedical engineering and bioanalytical sciences. Leveraging the biodegradability, sustainability, and biocompatibility of natural materials will dramatically influence the fabrication of environmentally friendly e-skins and wearable electronics. Here, the molecular and structural characteristics of biological skins and artificial e-skins are discussed. The focus then turns to the biodegradable materials, including natural and synthetic-polymer-based materials, and their recent applications in the development of biodegradable e-skin in wearable sensors, robotics, and human-machine interfaces (HMIs). Finally, the main challenges and outlook regarding the preparation and application of biodegradable e-skins are critically discussed in a near-future scenario, which is expected to lead to the next generation of biodegradable e-skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
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8
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Park JM, Lim S, Sun JY. Materials development in stretchable iontronics. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6487-6510. [PMID: 36000330 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00733a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable iontronics have recently been developed as an ideal interface to promote the interaction between humans and devices. Since the materials that use ions as charge carriers are typically transparent and stretchable, they have been used to fabricate devices with diverse functions with intrinsic transparency and stretchability. With the development of device design, material design has also been investigated to mitigate the issues associated with ionic materials, such as their weak mechanical properties, poor electrical properties, or poor environmental stabilities. In this review, we describe the recent progress on the design of materials in stretchable iontronics. By classifying stretchable ionic materials into three types of components (ionic conductors, ionic semiconductors, and ionic insulators), the issues each component has and the strategies to solve them are introduced, specifically in terms of molecular interactions. We then discuss the existing hurdles and challenges to be handled and shine light on the possibilities and opportunities from the insight of molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Man Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungsoo Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Wang F, Chen J, Cui X, Liu X, Chang X, Zhu Y. Wearable Ionogel-Based Fibers for Strain Sensors with Ultrawide Linear Response and Temperature Sensors Insensitive to Strain. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:30268-30278. [PMID: 35758312 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-shaped stretchable strain and temperature sensors are highly desirable for wearable electronics due to their excellent flexibility, comfort, air permeability, and easiness to be weaved into fabric. Herein, we prepare a smart ionogel-based fiber composed of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and ionic liquid (IL) by the facile and scalable wet-spinning technique, which can serve as a wearable strain sensor with good linearity (a correlation coefficient of 0.997) in an ultrawide sensing range (up to 700%), ultralow-detection limit (0.05%), fast response (173 ms) and recovery (120 ms), and high reproducibility. Attributed to these outstanding strain sensing performances, the designed TPU/IL ionogel fiber-shaped sensor is able to monitor both subtle physiological activities and large human motions. More interestingly, because of the fast response and high resolution to strain, the fiber-shaped sensor can be sewn into the fabric to secretly encrypt and wirelessly translate message according to the principle of Morse code. More importantly, a wearable strain-insensitive temperature sensor can be obtained from the ionogel fiber if it is designed into an "S" shape, which can effectively eliminate the interference of strain on temperature sense. It is found that the inaccuracy of temperature sense is within 0.15 °C when the sensor is subjected to 30% tensile strain simultaneously. Moreover, this strain-insensitive temperature sensor shows a monotonic temperature response over a wide temperature range (-15 to 100 °C) with an ultrahigh detecting accuracy of 0.1 °C and good reliability, owing to the fast and stable thermal response of IL. This temperature sensor can realize the detection of thermal radiation, proximity, and respiration, exhibiting enormous potential in smart skin, personal healthcare, and wearable electronics. This work proposes a simple but effective strategy to realize the essential strain and temperature sensing capabilities of wearable electronics and smart fabrics without mutual interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xihua Cui
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang 314001, China
| | - Xining Liu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Chang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutian Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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10
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Shahi S, Roghani-Mamaqani H, Talebi S, Mardani H. Chemical stimuli-induced reversible bond cleavage in covalently crosslinked hydrogels. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Panwar V, Anoop G, Gaur SS, Park S. Enhanced sensing and electrical performance of hierarchical porous ionic polymer-metal nanocomposite via minimizing cracks in electrode. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:837-847. [PMID: 34425271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
High-performance foldable metal-coated ionic polymer-metal nanocomposites (IPMNCs) with crack minimized electrode are desired for wearable electronics, energy harvesting devices, tactile sensors, structural health monitors, humidity sensors, and supercapacitor devices. However, the IPMNC shows the cracked structure that seriously decreases the performance of IPMNCs for sensors and actuators applications. To overcome the issue of the cracked metal electrode, here we propose a metal-coated hierarchical porous structured IPMNC via minimizing the cracks in the Platinum (Pt) electrode using attachment of poly(2-acrylamide-2-methyl-1-propane-sulfonic acid) (PAMPS) in poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE))/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) blend. The crack-minimized Pt electrode deposition on PAMPS attached P(VDF-TrFE)/PVP-based IPMNCs showed enhanced electrical and sensing signals compared to the Nafion, ionic liquid, and polystyrene sulphonic acid-based IPMNCs. The developed IPMNCs with an optimized composition depict stable sensing signals up to 10,000 cycles. The hierarchical porous structure and the crack-minimized metal electrode on the P(VDF-TrFE)/PVP/PAMPS IPMNC can be utilized in various attractive applications such as energy harvesting, wearable electronics, humidity sensor, pulse, braille recognition, catalyst supports, bio-interfacing, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varij Panwar
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India.
| | - Gopinathan Anoop
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Oryong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Shiv Shankar Gaur
- Shivaji College, Raja Garden, New Delhi 27, University of Delhi, India
| | - Sukho Park
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea.
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12
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Lee JI, Choi H, Kong SH, Park S, Park D, Kim JS, Kwon SH, Kim J, Choi SH, Lee SG, Kim DH, Kang MS. Visco-Poroelastic Electrochemiluminescence Skin with Piezo-Ionic Effect. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100321. [PMID: 34060148 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Following early research efforts devoted to achieving excellent sensitivity of electronic skins, recent design schemes for these devices have focused on strategies for transduction of spatially resolved sensing data into straightforward user-adaptive visual signals. Here, a material platform capable of transducing mechanical stimuli into visual readout is presented. The material layer comprises a mixture of an ionic transition metal complex luminophore and an ionic liquid (capable of producing electrochemiluminescence (ECL)) within a thermoplastic polyurethane matrix. The proposed material platform shows visco-poroelastic response to mechanical stress, which induces a change in the distribution of the ionic luminophore in the film, which is referred to as the piezo-ionic effect. This piezo-ionic effect is exploited to develop a simple device containing the composite layer sandwiched between two electrodes, which is termed "ECL skin". Emission from the ECL skin is examined, which increases with the applied normal/tensile stress. Additionally, locally applied stress to the ECL skin is spatially resolved and visualized without the use of spatially distributed arrays of pressure sensors. The simple fabrication and unique operation of the demonstrated ECL skin are expected to provide new insights into the design of materials for human-machine interactive electronic skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Ik Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbin Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hwan Kong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsik Park
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmok Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kwon
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwook Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyung Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Geol Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute of Emergent Materials, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
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13
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Jin ML, Park S, Kweon H, Koh HJ, Gao M, Tang C, Cho SY, Kim Y, Zhang S, Li X, Shin K, Fu A, Jung HT, Ahn CW, Kim DH. Scalable Superior Chemical Sensing Performance of Stretchable Ionotronic Skin via a π-Hole Receptor Effect. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007605. [PMID: 33599041 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Skin-attachable gas sensors provide a next-generation wearable platform for real-time protection of human health by monitoring environmental and physiological chemicals. However, the creation of skin-like wearable gas sensors, possessing high sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and scalability (4S) simultaneously, has been a big challenge. Here, an ionotronic gas-sensing sticker (IGS) is demonstrated, implemented with free-standing polymer electrolyte (ionic thermoplastic polyurethane, i-TPU) as a sensing channel and inkjet-printed stretchable carbon nanotube electrodes, which enables the IGS to exhibit high sensitivity, selectivity, stability (against mechanical stress, humidity, and temperature), and scalable fabrication, simultaneously. The IGS demonstrates reliable sensing capability against nitrogen dioxide molecules under not only harsh mechanical stress (cyclic bending with the radius of curvature of 1 mm and cyclic straining at 50%), but also environmental conditions (thermal aging from -45 to 125 °C for 1000 cycles and humidity aging for 24 h at 85% relative humidity). Further, through systematic experiments and theoretical calculations, a π-hole receptor mechanism is proposed, which can effectively elucidate the origin of the high sensitivity (up to parts per billion level) and selectivity of the ionotronic sensing system. Consequently, this work provides a guideline for the design of ionotronic materials for the achievement of high-performance and skin-attachable gas-sensor platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liang Jin
- Institute for Future, Automation School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Automation School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Sangsik Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukmin Kweon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-Jun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gao
- Institute of Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de la Maladière 71b, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Chao Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Soo-Yeon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yunpyo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Jointing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xinlin Li
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Kwanwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Aiping Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hee-Tae Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Won Ahn
- Department of Nano-Structured Materials Research, National NanoFab Center (NNFC), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-338, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
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14
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Shi X, Zuo Y, Zhai P, Shen J, Yang Y, Gao Z, Liao M, Wu J, Wang J, Xu X, Tong Q, Zhang B, Wang B, Sun X, Zhang L, Pei Q, Jin D, Chen P, Peng H. Large-area display textiles integrated with functional systems. Nature 2021; 591:240-245. [PMID: 33692559 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Displays are basic building blocks of modern electronics1,2. Integrating displays into textiles offers exciting opportunities for smart electronic textiles-the ultimate goal of wearable technology, poised to change the way in which we interact with electronic devices3-6. Display textiles serve to bridge human-machine interactions7-9, offering, for instance, a real-time communication tool for individuals with voice or speech difficulties. Electronic textiles capable of communicating10, sensing11,12 and supplying electricity13,14 have been reported previously. However, textiles with functional, large-area displays have not yet been achieved, because it is challenging to obtain small illuminating units that are both durable and easy to assemble over a wide area. Here we report a 6-metre-long, 25-centimetre-wide display textile containing 5 × 105 electroluminescent units spaced approximately 800 micrometres apart. Weaving conductive weft and luminescent warp fibres forms micrometre-scale electroluminescent units at the weft-warp contact points. The brightness between electroluminescent units deviates by less than 8 per cent and remains stable even when the textile is bent, stretched or pressed. Our display textile is flexible and breathable and withstands repeated machine-washing, making it suitable for practical applications. We show that an integrated textile system consisting of display, keyboard and power supply can serve as a communication tool, demonstrating the system's potential within the 'internet of things' in various areas, including healthcare. Our approach unifies the fabrication and function of electronic devices with textiles, and we expect that woven-fibre materials will shape the next generation of electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhai
- The Institute of AI and Robotics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahao Shen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyiwei Yang
- Mechanics of Functional Materials Division, Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Zhen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Tong
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- The Institute of AI and Robotics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan, China
| | - Qibing Pei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UTS-SUStech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Peining Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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15
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You I, Mackanic DG, Matsuhisa N, Kang J, Kwon J, Beker L, Mun J, Suh W, Kim TY, Tok JBH, Bao Z, Jeong U. Artificial multimodal receptors based on ion relaxation dynamics. Science 2021; 370:961-965. [PMID: 33214277 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba5132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human skin has different types of tactile receptors that can distinguish various mechanical stimuli from temperature. We present a deformable artificial multimodal ionic receptor that can differentiate thermal and mechanical information without signal interference. Two variables are derived from the analysis of the ion relaxation dynamics: the charge relaxation time as a strain-insensitive intrinsic variable to measure absolute temperature and the normalized capacitance as a temperature-insensitive extrinsic variable to measure strain. The artificial receptor with a simple electrode-electrolyte-electrode structure simultaneously detects temperature and strain by measuring the variables at only two measurement frequencies. The human skin-like multimodal receptor array, called multimodal ion-electronic skin (IEM-skin), provides real-time force directions and strain profiles in various tactile motions (shear, pinch, spread, torsion, and so on).
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Affiliation(s)
- Insang You
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - David G Mackanic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Jimin Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Levent Beker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Jaewan Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Wonjeong Suh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yeong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeffrey B-H Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA.
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Gil-González N, Benito-Lopez F, Castaño E, Morant-Miñana MC. Imidazole-based ionogel as room temperature benzene and formaldehyde sensor. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:638. [PMID: 33146855 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A room temperature benzene and formaldehyde gas sensor system with an ionogel as sensing material is presented. The sensing layer is fabricated employing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) polymerized in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate ionic liquid onto gold interdigitated electrodes. When the ionogel is exposed to increasing formaldehyde concentrations employing N2 as a carrier gas, a more stable response is observed in comparison to the bare ionic liquid, but no difference in sensitivity occurs. On the other hand, when air is used as carrier gas the sensitivity of the system towards formaldehyde is decreased by one order of magnitude. At room temperature, the proposed sensor exhibited in air higher sensitivities to benzene, at concentrations ranging between 4 and 20 ppm resulting, in a limit of detection of 47 ppb, which is below the standard permitted concentrations. The selectivity of the IL towards HCHO and C6H6 is demonstrated by the absence of response when another IL is employed. Humidity from the ambient air slightly affects the resistance of the system proving the protective role of the polymeric matrix. Furthermore, the gas sensor system showed fast response/recovery times considering the thickness of the material, suggesting that ionogel materials can be used as novel and highly efficient volatile organic compounds sensors operating at room temperature.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Gil-González
- Ceit, Manuel Lardizabal 15, 20018, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
- Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, Manuel Lardizabal 13, 20018, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - F Benito-Lopez
- Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC) Group, Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - E Castaño
- Ceit, Manuel Lardizabal 15, 20018, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
- Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, Manuel Lardizabal 13, 20018, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Maria C Morant-Miñana
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein 48, 01510, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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17
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Development of a smartphone-based real time cost-effective VOC sensor. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05167. [PMID: 33088950 PMCID: PMC7566110 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution by various volatile organic compounds (VOC) is a matter of concern for us. So in this regard, designing real-time VOC responsive materials is gaining attention across the scientific community. In this present work, we have developed an inexpensive VOC sensor based on a Meisenheimer complex derived from picric acid and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The sensor coated TLC plate was used as a sensor of potentially harmful VOCs. The sensor coated TLC plate looks deep red colored and does not show any fluorescence emission under 366 nm UV light. But in the presence of harmful volatile organic compounds like benzene, toluene, xylene, etc the sensor coated TLC plate becomes orange colored and it also shows strong yellow emission under 366 nm UV light. This property was utilized to detect the VOCs by fluorescence spectroscopy. The detection limit for various VOCs was found to be in the range of 0.7-9 ppm. To make the sensor user friendly, we have demonstrated a method where VOCs can be detected using a smartphone in real-time and also the setup is portable.
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18
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Shim GS, Kim JS, Kim HJ. Behavior and Adhesion Performance of Acrylic PSAs using Semi-IPN Structure and UV/UV Stepwise Curing. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Hong SK, Kim SO, Lee KJ. Multidisciplinary Materials Research in KAIST Over the Last 50 Years. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000696. [PMID: 32869920 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Kwang Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Jae Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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20
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Sim K, Rao Z, Ershad F, Yu C. Rubbery Electronics Fully Made of Stretchable Elastomeric Electronic Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902417. [PMID: 31206819 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics outperform existing rigid and bulky electronics and benefit a wide range of species, including humans, machines, and robots, whose activities are associated with large mechanical deformation and strain. Due to the nonstretchable nature of most electronic materials, in particular semiconductors, stretchable electronics are mostly realized through the strategies of architectural engineering to accommodate mechanical stretching rather than imposing strain into the materials directly. On the other hand, recent development of stretchable electronics by creating them entirely from stretchable elastomeric electronic materials, i.e., rubbery electronics, suggests a feasible a venue. Rubbery electronics have gained increasing interest due to the unique advantages that they and their associated manufacturing technologies have offered. This work reviews the recent progress in developing rubbery electronics, including the crucial stretchable elastomeric materials of rubbery conductors, rubbery semiconductors, and rubbery dielectrics. Thereafter, various rubbery electronics such as rubbery transistors, integrated electronics, rubbery optoelectronic devices, and rubbery sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoseung Sim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Zhoulyu Rao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Faheem Ershad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Cunjiang Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
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21
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Hierarchically Crosslinked Gels Containing Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids towards Reliable Sensing Applications. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Lee D, Song YH, Choi UH, Kim J. Highly Flexible and Stable Solid-State Supercapacitors Based on a Homogeneous Thin Ion Gel Polymer Electrolyte Using a Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Stamp. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:42221-42232. [PMID: 31613585 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To achieve both high structural integrity and excellent ion transport, designing ion gel polymer electrolytes (IGPEs) composed of an ionic conducting phase and a mechanical supporting polymer matrix is one of the promising material strategies for the development of next-generation all-solid-state energy storage systems. Herein, we prepared an IGPE thin film, in which an ion-diffusing phase containing ionic liquids and lithium salts was bicontinuously intertwined with a cross-linked epoxy phase, using a silicon elastomer-based stamping method, thus producing a homogeneous IGPE-based thin film with low surface roughness (Rrms = 0.5 nm). Following the optimization of the IGPE thin film in terms of the concentrations of ionic constituents, the film thickness, and various process parameters, the IGPE itself showed a high ionic conductivity of 0.23 mS/cm with a low activation energy for lithium-ion transport, as well as the high capacitance of approximately 10 μF/cm2 based on the metal-insulator-metal configuration. Furthermore, an all-solid-state supercapacitor containing two IGPE coating-activated carbon electrodes produced using our poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamping method exhibited high energy and power densities (44 W h/kg at 875 W/kg and 28 kW/kg at 3 W h/kg). It was also found that this supercapacitor showed a dramatic reduction (more than 50%) of the current-resistance (IR) drop, which is an indicator of low interface resistance, while maintaining the initial electrochemical performance even after severe mechanical deformation such as bending or rolling. Therefore, all these results support the fact that our developed PDMS stamping method enables the rendering of a high-performance ion gel polymer thin-film-based electrolyte with acceptable stability and mechanical flexibility for all-solid-state wearable energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawoon Lee
- Department of Photonics and Nanoelectronics , Hanyang University , Ansan 15588 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Hwa Song
- Department of Polymer Engineering , Pukyong National University , Busan 48513 , Republic of Korea
| | - U Hyeok Choi
- Department of Polymer Engineering , Pukyong National University , Busan 48513 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyun Kim
- Department of Photonics and Nanoelectronics , Hanyang University , Ansan 15588 , Republic of Korea
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23
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Jang S, Choi D, Yang S, Kwon JY. Thermo and flex multi-functional array ionic sensor for a human adaptive device. RSC Adv 2019; 9:36960-36966. [PMID: 35539088 PMCID: PMC9075219 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08188g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, electronic skin that mimics human skin in measuring tactile stimuli, temperature, and humidity and having a self-healing function was developed. Furthermore, with the advances in the field of artificial intelligence and health monitoring, various materials and methods have been studied for e-skin. The limitations to work on actual human skin include device flexibility and large-area applications through array structures, and many studies are underway to overcome these problems. Polymeric materials containing ionic liquids can be used to easily fabricate devices in the solid state. They are highly sensitive to both pressure and temperature, making them suitable for multi-sensing devices. Resistive and capacitive sensors have the advantage of having a simple structure, which makes them easy to fabricate. In a single device, both types work well. For resistive sensors, the temperature sensitivity (1.1/°C) is relatively high. Conversely, capacitive sensors have a low temperature sensitivity (0.3/°C). However, they have the advantage of being uniformly variable under each condition and having a smaller error range. In the array structure, independent flex and thermo sensors are arranged repeatedly. The resistive type shows changes in temperature and bending, but in the capacitive type, it is difficult to obtain results from the pixels due to parasitic capacitance. A multi-functional and array sensor which is important to imitate the real human skin. The ionic thermoplastic polyurethane is deformable and changed electrical characteristics by temperature and pressure.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukjin Jang
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University Incheon 21983 Republic of Korea .,Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University Incheon 21983 Republic of Korea
| | - Daehwan Choi
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University Incheon 21983 Republic of Korea .,Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University Incheon 21983 Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Yang
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University Incheon 21983 Republic of Korea .,Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University Incheon 21983 Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Yeon Kwon
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University Incheon 21983 Republic of Korea .,Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University Incheon 21983 Republic of Korea
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24
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Kweon OY, Samanta SK, Won Y, Yoo JH, Oh JH. Stretchable and Self-Healable Conductive Hydrogels for Wearable Multimodal Touch Sensors with Thermoresponsive Behavior. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:26134-26143. [PMID: 31283164 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional hydrogels with properties including transparency, flexibility, self-healing, and high electrical conductivity have attracted great attention for their potential application to soft electronic devices. The presence of an ionic species can make hydrogels conductive in nature. However, the conductivity of hydrogels is often influenced by temperature, due to the change of the internal nano/microscopic structure when temperature reaches the sol-gel phase transition temperature. In this regard, by introducing a novel surface-capacitive sensor device based on polymers with lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior, near-perfect stimulus discriminability of touch and temperature may be realized. Here, we demonstrate a multimodal sensor that can monitor the location of touch points and temperature simultaneously, using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) in hybrid poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and sodium tetraborate decahydrate cross-linked hydrogels doped with poly(sodium acrylate) (SA) [w/w/w = 5:2.7:1-3]. This multimodal sensor exhibits a response time of 0.3 s and a temperature coefficient of resistance of -0.58% K-1 from 20 to 40 °C. In addition, the LCST behavior of PNIPAAm-incorporated PVA/SA gels is investigated. Incorporation of LCST polymers into high-end hydrogel systems may contribute to the development of temperature-dependent soft electronics that can be applied in smart windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Young Kweon
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Suman Kalyan Samanta
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721302 , West Bengal , India
| | - Yousang Won
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Heun Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
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Kim Y, Kweon OY, Won Y, Oh JH. Deformable and Stretchable Electrodes for Soft Electronic Devices. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-019-7175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kang JH, Kim JY, Jo Y, Kim HS, Jung SM, Lee SY, Choi Y, Jeong S. Three-dimensionally printed pressure sensor arrays from hysteresis-less stretchable piezoresistive composites. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39993-40002. [PMID: 35541388 PMCID: PMC9082324 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08461d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we formulate three-dimensionally (3D) printable composite pastes employing electrostatically assembled-hybrid carbon and a polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene tri-block copolymer elastomer for the fabrication of multi-stack printed piezoresistive pressure sensor arrays. To address a critical drawback of piezoresistive composite materials, we have developed a previously unrecognized strategy of incorporating a non-ionic amphiphilic surfactant, sorbitan trioleate, into composite materials. It is revealed that the surfactant with an appropriate amphiphilic property, represented by the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) index of 1.8, allows for a reversible piezoresistive characteristic under a wide pressure range up to 30 kPa as well as a significant reduction of elastomer viscoelastic behavior. The 3D-printed pressure sensor arrays exhibit a sensitivity of 0.31 kPa−1 in a linear trend, and it is demonstrated successfully that the position-addressable array device is capable of spatially detecting objects up to a pressure level of 22.1 kPa. The pressure sensor array device was fabricated by the 3D multi-stacked printing technique using highly reversible composite materials comprising a non-ionic amphiphilic surfactant.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Kang
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 305-600
- Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Ju Young Kim
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 305-600
- Korea
| | - Yejin Jo
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 305-600
- Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence Materials
| | - Hyun-Suk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 305-764
- Korea
| | - Sung Mook Jung
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 305-600
- Korea
| | - Su Yeon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 305-600
- Korea
| | - Youngmin Choi
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 305-600
- Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence Materials
| | - Sunho Jeong
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin-si
- Korea
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Ma Z, Li S, Wang H, Cheng W, Li Y, Pan L, Shi Y. Advanced electronic skin devices for healthcare applications. J Mater Chem B 2018; 7:173-197. [PMID: 32254546 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02862a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic skin, a kind of flexible electronic device and system inspired by human skin, has emerged as a promising candidate for wearable personal healthcare applications. Wearable electronic devices with skin-like properties will provide platforms for continuous and real-time monitoring of human physiological signals such as tissue pressure, body motion, temperature, metabolites, electrolyte balance, and disease-related biomarkers. Transdermal drug delivery devices can also be integrated into electronic skin to enhance its non-invasive, real-time dynamic therapy functions. This review summarizes the recent progress in electronic skin devices for applications in human health monitoring and therapy systems as well as several potential mass production technologies such as inkjet printing and 3D printing. The opportunities and challenges in broadening the applications of electronic skin devices in practical healthcare are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China.
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28
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Jang S, Jee E, Choi D, Kim W, Kim JS, Amoli V, Sung T, Choi D, Kim DH, Kwon JY. Ultrasensitive, Low-Power Oxide Transistor-Based Mechanotransducer with Microstructured, Deformable Ionic Dielectrics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:31472-31479. [PMID: 30141319 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of a highly sensitive artificial mechanotransducer that mimics the tactile sensing features of human skin has been a big challenge in electronic skin research. Here, we demonstrate an ultrasensitive, low-power oxide transistor-based mechanotransducer modulated by microstructured, deformable ionic dielectrics, which is consistently sensitive to a wide range of pressures from 1 to 50 kPa. To this end, we designed a viscoporoelastic and ionic thermoplastic polyurethane (i-TPU) with micropyramidal feature as a pressure-sensitive gate dielectric for the indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (IGZO) transistor-based mechanotransducer, which leads to an unprecedented sensitivity of 43.6 kPa-1, which is 23 times higher than that of a capacitive mechanotransducer. This is because the pressure-induced ion accumulation at the interface of the i-TPU dielectric and IGZO semiconductor effectively modulates the conducting channel, which contributed to the enhanced current level under pressure. We believe that the ionic transistor-type mechanotransducer suggested by us will be an effective way to perceive external tactile stimuli over a wide pressure range even under low power (<4 V), which might be one of the candidates to directly emulate the tactile sensing capability of human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eunsong Jee
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Wook Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering , Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104 , Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Vipin Amoli
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dukhyun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering , Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104 , Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
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