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Li F, Li X, Dai S, Yang Z, Bao Z, Wang S, Zhang Z, Midgley AC, Fan M, Zhu MF, Dong X, Kong D. Efficient Light-Based Bioprinting via Rutin Nanoparticle Photoinhibitor for Advanced Biomedical Applications. ACS NANO 2024; 18:22104-22121. [PMID: 39102149 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Digital light processing (DLP) bioprinting, known for its high resolution and speed, enables the precise spatial arrangement of biomaterials and has become integral to advancing tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, inherent light scattering presents significant challenges to the fidelity of the manufactured structures. Herein, we introduce a photoinhibition strategy based on Rutin nanoparticles (Rnps), attenuating the scattering effect through concurrent photoabsorption and free radical reaction. Compared to the widely utilized biocompatible photoabsorber tartrazine (Tar), Rnps-infused bioink enhanced printing speed (1.9×), interlayer homogeneity (58% less overexposure), resolution (38.3% improvement), and print tolerance (3× high-precision range) to minimize trial-and-error. The biocompatible and antioxidative Rnps significantly improved cytocompatibility and exhibited resistance to oxidative stress-induced damage in printed constructs, as demonstrated with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (hiPSC-ECs). The related properties of Rnps facilitate the facile fabrication of multimaterial, heterogeneous, and cell-laden biomimetic constructs with intricate structures. The developed photoinhibitor, with its profound adaptability, promises wide biomedical applications tailored to specific biological requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shuxin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zheheng Bao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Shuwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zijian Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Adam C Midgley
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Meng Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mei Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Keyan West Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xianhao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Keyan West Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Deling Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Keyan West Road, Tianjin 300192, China
- Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
- Nankai International Advanced Research Institute, Nankai University, Shenzhen 518045, China
- Xu Rongxiang Regeneration Life Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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2
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Do PT, Sbordone F, Kalmer H, Sokolova A, Zhang C, Thai LD, Golberg DV, Chapman R, Poad BLJ, Frisch H. Main chain selective polymer degradation: controlled by the wavelength and assembly. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12410-12419. [PMID: 39118612 PMCID: PMC11304539 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02172j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The advent of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) revolutionized polymer chemistry and paved the way for accessing synthetic polymers with controlled sequences based on vinylic monomers. An inherent limitation of vinylic polymers stems from their all-carbon backbone, which limits both function and degradability. Herein, we report a synthetic strategy utilizing radical ring-opening polymerization (rROP) of complementary photoreactive cyclic monomers in combination with RDRP to embed photoresponsive functionality into desired blocks of polyvinyl polymers. Exploiting different absorbances of photoreactive cyclic monomers, it becomes possible to degrade blocks selectively by irradiation with either UVB or UVA light. Translating such primary structures of polymer sequences into higher order assemblies, the hydrophobicity of the photodegradable monomers allowed for the formation of micelles in water. Upon exposure to light, the nondegradable blocks detached yielding a significant reduction in the micelle hydrodynamic diameter. As a result of the self-assembled micellar environment, telechelic oligomers with photoreactive termini (e.g., coumarin or styrylpyrene) resulting from the photodegradation of polymers in water underwent intermolecular photocycloaddition to photopolymerize, which usually only occurs efficiently at longer wavelengths and a much higher concentration of photoresponsive groups. The reported main chain polymer degradation is thus controlled by the irradiation wavelength and the assembly of the polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong T Do
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Federica Sbordone
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Henrik Kalmer
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Anna Sokolova
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Linh Duy Thai
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Dmitri V Golberg
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney Kensington NSW 2052 Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Berwyck L J Poad
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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3
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Zhu C, Gemeda HB, Duoss EB, Spadaccini CM. Toward Multiscale, Multimaterial 3D Printing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2314204. [PMID: 38775924 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202314204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Biological materials and organisms possess the fundamental ability to self-organize, through which different components are assembled from the molecular level up to hierarchical structures with superior mechanical properties and multifunctionalities. These complex composites inspire material scientists to design new engineered materials by integrating multiple ingredients and structures over a wide range. Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, has advantages with respect to fabricating multiscale and multi-material structures. The need for multifunctional materials is driving 3D printing techniques toward arbitrary 3D architectures with the next level of complexity. In this paper, the aim is to highlight key features of those 3D printing techniques that can produce either multiscale or multimaterial structures, including innovations in printing methods, materials processing approaches, and hardware improvements. Several issues and challenges related to current methods are discussed. Ultimately, the authors also provide their perspective on how to realize the combination of multiscale and multimaterial capabilities in 3D printing processes and future directions based on emerging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Center for Engineered Materials and Manufacturing, Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Hawi B Gemeda
- Center for Engineered Materials and Manufacturing, Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Eric B Duoss
- Center for Engineered Materials and Manufacturing, Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Christopher M Spadaccini
- Center for Engineered Materials and Manufacturing, Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
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4
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Chin KCH, Ovsepyan G, Boydston AJ. Multi-color dual wavelength vat photopolymerization 3D printing via spatially controlled acidity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3867. [PMID: 38719871 PMCID: PMC11078982 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Dual wavelength vat photopolymerization (DW-VP) has emerged as a powerful approach to create multimaterial objects. However, only a limited range of properties have been showcased. In this work, we report the 3D printing (3DP) of multi-color objects from a single resin vat using DW-VP. This was accomplished by concurrently curing resin with visible light and modulating local resin color with 365-nm ultraviolet (UV) light. The key advance was to use a photoacid generator (PAG) in combination with pH responsive dyes in the 3DP resins. The specific color is dictated by the extent of reaction, or local acidity in our case, and controlled by the light dosage and pattern of UV light applied. Multi-color object formation was implemented in two-step processes involving first 3DP to set the object structure, followed by UV exposure, as well as single processes that leveraged DW-VP to create a broad range of vibrant colors and patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C H Chin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Grant Ovsepyan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Andrew J Boydston
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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5
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Duarte LC, Figueredo F, Chagas CLS, Cortón E, Coltro WKT. A review of the recent achievements and future trends on 3D printed microfluidic devices for bioanalytical applications. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1299:342429. [PMID: 38499426 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
3D printing has revolutionized the manufacturing process of microanalytical devices by enabling the automated production of customized objects. This technology promises to become a fundamental tool, accelerating investigations in critical areas of health, food, and environmental sciences. This microfabrication technology can be easily disseminated among users to produce further and provide analytical data to an interconnected network towards the Internet of Things, as 3D printers enable automated, reproducible, low-cost, and easy fabrication of microanalytical devices in a single step. New functional materials are being investigated for one-step fabrication of highly complex 3D printed parts using photocurable resins. However, they are not yet widely used to fabricate microfluidic devices. This is likely the critical step towards easy and automated fabrication of sophisticated, complex, and functional 3D-printed microchips. Accordingly, this review covers recent advances in the development of 3D-printed microfluidic devices for point-of-care (POC) or bioanalytical applications such as nucleic acid amplification assays, immunoassays, cell and biomarker analysis and organs-on-a-chip. Finally, we discuss the future implications of this technology and highlight the challenges in researching and developing appropriate materials and manufacturing techniques to enable the production of 3D-printed microfluidic analytical devices in a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Duarte
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás, Campus Inhumas, 75402-556, Inhumas, GO, Brazil
| | - Federico Figueredo
- Laboratorio de Biosensores y Bioanalisis (LABB), Departamento de Química Biológica e IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Cyro L S Chagas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Cortón
- Laboratorio de Biosensores y Bioanalisis (LABB), Departamento de Química Biológica e IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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6
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Greenlee A, Weitekamp RA, Foster JC, Leguizamon SC. PhotoROMP: The Future Is Bright. ACS Catal 2024; 14:6217-6227. [PMID: 38660608 PMCID: PMC11036397 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Since the earliest investigations of olefin metathesis catalysis, light has been the choice for controlling the catalyst activity on demand. From the perspective of energy efficiency, temporal and spatial control, and selectivity, photochemistry is not only an attractive alternative to traditional thermal manufacturing techniques but also arguably a superior manifold for advanced applications like additive manufacturing (AM). In the last three decades, pioneering work in the field of ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) has broadened the scope of material properties achievable through AM, particularly using light as both an activating and deactivating stimulus. In this Perspective, we explore trends in photocontrolled ROMP systems with an emphasis on approaches to photoinduced activation and deactivation of metathesis catalysts. Recent work has yielded a myriad of commercial and synthetically accessible photosensitive catalyst systems, although comparatively little attention has been paid to achieving precise control over polymer morphology using light. Metal-free, photophysical, and living ROMP systems have also been relatively underexplored. To take fuller advantage of both the thermomechanical properties of ROMP polymers and the operational simplicity of photocontrol, clear directions for the field are to improve the reversibility of activation and deactivation strategies as well as to further develop photocontrolled approaches to tuning cross-link density and polymer tacticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
J. Greenlee
- Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey C. Foster
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United
States
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7
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Lu G, Tang R, Nie J, Zhu X. Photocuring 3D Printing of Hydrogels: Techniques, Materials, and Applications in Tissue Engineering and Flexible Devices. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300661. [PMID: 38271638 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Photocuring 3D printing of hydrogels, with sophisticated, delicate structures and biocompatibility, attracts significant attention by researchers and possesses promising application in the fields of tissue engineering and flexible devices. After years of development, photocuring 3D printing technologies and hydrogel inks make great progress. Herein, the techniques of photocuring 3D printing of hydrogels, including direct ink writing (DIW), stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), continuous liquid interface production (CLIP), volumetric additive manufacturing (VAM), and two photon polymerization (TPP) are reviewed. Further, the raw materials for hydrogel inks (photocurable polymers, monomers, photoinitiators, and additives) and applications in tissue engineering and flexible devices are also reviewed. At last, the current challenges and future perspectives of photocuring 3D printing of hydrogels are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ruifen Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jun Nie
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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8
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Boynton NR, Dennis JM, Dolinski ND, Lindberg CA, Kotula AP, Grocke GL, Vivod SL, Lenhart JL, Patel SN, Rowan SJ. Accessing pluripotent materials through tempering of dynamic covalent polymer networks. Science 2024; 383:545-551. [PMID: 38300995 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi5009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Pluripotency, which is defined as a system not fixed as to its developmental potentialities, is typically associated with biology and stem cells. Inspired by this concept, we report synthetic polymers that act as a single "pluripotent" feedstock and can be differentiated into a range of materials that exhibit different mechanical properties, from hard and brittle to soft and extensible. To achieve this, we have exploited dynamic covalent networks that contain labile, dynamic thia-Michael bonds, whose extent of bonding can be thermally modulated and retained through tempering, akin to the process used in metallurgy. In addition, we show that the shape memory behavior of these materials can be tailored through tempering and that these materials can be patterned to spatially control mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Boynton
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Joseph M Dennis
- Sciences of Extreme Materials Division, Polymers Branch, US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005, USA
| | - Neil D Dolinski
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Charlie A Lindberg
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anthony P Kotula
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Garrett L Grocke
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Joseph L Lenhart
- Sciences of Extreme Materials Division, Polymers Branch, US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005, USA
| | - Shrayesh N Patel
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Stuart J Rowan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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9
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McAllister HP, Kalow JA. Plastics that lose their temper on demand. Science 2024; 383:481-482. [PMID: 38300996 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Multiple properties can be programmed into a single dynamic material by using heat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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10
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Gauci SC, Vranic A, Blasco E, Bräse S, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Photochemically Activated 3D Printing Inks: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306468. [PMID: 37681744 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
3D printing with light is enabled by the photochemistry underpinning it. Without fine control over the ability to photochemically gate covalent bond formation by the light at a certain wavelength and intensity, advanced photoresists with functions spanning from on-demand degradability, adaptability, rapid printing speeds, and tailored functionality are impossible to design. Herein, recent advances in photoresist design for light-driven 3D printing applications are critically assessed, and an outlook of the outstanding challenges and opportunities is provided. This is achieved by classing the discussed photoresists in chemistries that function photoinitiator-free and those that require a photoinitiator to proceed. Such a taxonomy is based on the efficiency with which photons are able to generate covalent bonds, with each concept featuring distinct advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Gauci
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Vranic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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11
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Verma S, Khanna V, Kumar S, Kumar S. The Art of Building Living Tissues: Exploring the Frontiers of Biofabrication with 3D Bioprinting. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:47322-47339. [PMID: 38144142 PMCID: PMC10734012 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The scope of three-dimensional printing is expanding rapidly, with innovative approaches resulting in the evolution of state-of-the-art 3D bioprinting (3DbioP) techniques for solving issues in bioengineering and biopharmaceutical research. The methods and tools in 3DbioP emphasize the extrusion process, bioink formulation, and stability of the bioprinted scaffold. Thus, 3DbioP technology augments 3DP in the biological world by providing technical support to regenerative therapy, drug delivery, bioengineering of prosthetics, and drug kinetics research. Besides the above, drug delivery and dosage control have been achieved using 3D bioprinted microcarriers and capsules. Developing a stable, biocompatible, and versatile bioink is a primary requisite in biofabrication. The 3DbioP research is breaking the technical barriers at a breakneck speed. Numerous techniques and biomaterial advancements have helped to overcome current 3DbioP issues related to printability, stability, and bioink formulation. Therefore, this Review aims to provide an insight into the technical challenges of bioprinting, novel biomaterials for bioink formulation, and recently developed 3D bioprinting methods driving future applications in biofabrication research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Verma
- Department
of Health Research-Multi-Disciplinary Research Unit, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Vikram Khanna
- Department
of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George’s
Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Smita Kumar
- Department
of Health Research-Multi-Disciplinary Research Unit, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department
of Health Research-Multi-Disciplinary Research Unit, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
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12
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Wu X, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescence-readout as a powerful macromolecular characterisation tool. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12815-12849. [PMID: 38023522 PMCID: PMC10664555 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant progress in synthetic macromolecular chemistry, which can provide access to diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities, topology and functionalities, bringing us closer to the aim of controlling soft matter material properties with molecular precision. To reach this goal, the development of advanced analytical techniques, allowing for micro-, molecular level and real-time investigation, is essential. Due to their appealing features, including high sensitivity, large contrast, fast and real-time response, as well as non-invasive characteristics, fluorescence-based techniques have emerged as a powerful tool for macromolecular characterisation to provide detailed information and give new and deep insights beyond those offered by commonly applied analytical methods. Herein, we critically examine how fluorescence phenomena, principles and techniques can be effectively exploited to characterise macromolecules and soft matter materials and to further unravel their constitution, by highlighting representative examples of recent advances across major areas of polymer and materials science, ranging from polymer molecular weight and conversion, architecture, conformation to polymer self-assembly to surfaces, gels and 3D printing. Finally, we discuss the opportunities for fluorescence-readout to further advance the development of macromolecules, leading to the design of polymers and soft matter materials with pre-determined and adaptable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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13
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Ehrmann K, Barner-Kowollik C. Colorful 3D Printing: A Critical Feasibility Analysis of Multi-Wavelength Additive Manufacturing. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37922417 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Employing two colors of light to 3D print objects holds potential for accessing advanced printing modes, such as the generation of multi-material objects from a single print. Thus, dual-wavelength-driven photoreactive systems (reactions that require or utilize two wavelengths) and their exploitation as chemo-technological solutions for additive manufacturing technologies have experienced considerable development over the last few years. Such systems saw an increase in printing speeds, a decrease in resolution thresholds, and─perhaps most importantly─the actual generation of multi-material objects. However, the pace at which such reactive systems are developed is moderate and varies significantly depending on the fashion in which the two colors of light are employed. Herein, we address for the first time the varying logic conjugations of light-activated chemical compounds in dual-wavelength photochemical processes in a systematic manner and consider their implications from a photochemical point of view. To date, four dual-wavelength reaction types have been reported, termed synergistic (λ1 AND λ2), antagonistic (reversed λ1 AND λ2), orthogonal (λ1 OR λ2), and─most recently─cooperative (λ1 AND λ2 or λ1 OR λ2). The progress of their implementation in additive manufacturing is assessed individually, and their concurrent and individual chemical challenges are identified. These challenges need to be addressed for future dual-wavelength photochemical systems to progress multi-wavelength additive manufacturing technologies beyond their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ehrmann
- Institute for Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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14
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Lee K, Corrigan N, Boyer C. Polymerization Induced Microphase Separation for the Fabrication of Nanostructured Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307329. [PMID: 37429822 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization induced microphase separation (PIMS) is a strategy used to develop unique nanostructures with highly useful morphologies through the microphase separation of emergent block copolymers during polymerization. In this process, nanostructures are formed with at least two chemically independent domains, where at least one domain is composed of a robust crosslinked polymer. Crucially, this synthetically simple method is readily used to develop nanostructured materials with the highly coveted co-continuous morphology, which can also be converted into mesoporous materials by selective etching of one domain. As PIMS exploits a block copolymer microphase separation mechanism, the size of each domain can be tightly controlled by modifying the size of block copolymer precursors, thus providing unparalleled control over nanostructure and resultant mesopore sizes. Since its inception 11 years ago, PIMS has been used to develop a vast inventory of advanced materials for an extensive range of applications including biomedical devices, ion exchange membranes, lithium-ion batteries, catalysis, 3D printing, and fluorescence-based sensors, among many others. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the PIMS process, summarize latest developments in PIMS chemistry, and discuss its utility in a wide variety of relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Lee
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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15
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Mohamed Irshadeen I, Truong VX, Frisch H, Barner-Kowollik C. Simultaneously recorded photochemical action plots reveal orthogonal reactivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11959-11962. [PMID: 37724042 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03777k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
We map the photochemical reactivity of two chromophores-a pyrene-chalcone and a methylene blue protected amine-from a one-pot reaction mixture based on their dynamic absorptivity changes upon light exposure, constructing a dual action plot. We employ the action plot data to determine a pathlength-independent λ-orthogonality window, allowing the orthogonal folding of distinct polymer chains into single chain nano-particles (SCNPs) from the same reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrath Mohamed Irshadeen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology Faculty of Science and Engineering, Brisbane, Australia.
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Vinh X Truong
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology Faculty of Science and Engineering, Brisbane, Australia.
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology Faculty of Science and Engineering, Brisbane, Australia.
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
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16
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Zheng Z, Li J, Wei K, Tang N, Li MH, Hu J. Bioinspired Integrated Auxetic Elastomers Constructed by a Dual Dynamic Interfacial Healing Strategy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304631. [PMID: 37436838 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Auxetic materials are appealing due to their unique characteristics of transverse expansion while being axially stretched. Nevertheless, current auxetic materials are often produced by the introduction of diverse geometric structures through cutting or other pore-making processes, which heavily weaken their mechanical performance. Inspired by the skeleton-matrix structures in natural organisms, this study reports an integrated auxetic elastomer (IAE) composed of high-modulus cross-linked poly(urethane-urea) as a skeleton and low-modulus non-cross-linked poly(urethane-urea) as a complementary-shape matrix. Benefiting from disulfide bonds and hydrogen-bond-promoted dual dynamic interfacial healing, the resulting IAE is flat, void-free, and has no sharp soft-to-hard interface. Its fracture strength and elongation at the break are increased to 400% and 150%, respectively, of the values of corrugated re-entrant skeleton alone, while the negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) reserves within a strain range of 0%-104%. In addition, the advantageous mechanical and auxetic properties of this elastomer are further confirmed by finite element analysis. The concept of combining two dissimilar polymers into an integrated hybrid material solves the problem of the deterioration in mechanical performance of auxetic materials after subtractive manufacturing, while preserves the NPR effect in a large deformation, which provides a promising approach to robust auxetic materials for engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiran Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kailun Wei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Min-Hui Li
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Jun Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
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17
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Martinelli A, Nitti A, Po R, Pasini D. 3D Printing of Layered Structures of Metal-Ionic Polymers: Recent Progress, Challenges and Opportunities. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5327. [PMID: 37570031 PMCID: PMC10419400 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Layered Structures of Metal Ionic Polymers, or Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs) are formed by a membrane of an ionic electroactive materials flanked by two metal electrodes on both surfaces; they are devices able to change their shape upon application of an electrical external stimulus. This class of materials is used in various fields such as biomedicine, soft robotics, and sensor technology because of their favorable properties (light weight, biocompatibility, fast response to stimulus and good flexibility). With additive manufacturing, actuators can be customized and tailored to specific applications, allowing for the optimization of performance, size, and weight, thus reducing costs and time of fabrication and enhancing functionality and efficiency in various applications. In this review, we present an overview of the newest trend in using different 3D printing techniques to produce electrically responsive IPMC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Nitti
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Po
- Energies, Renewable Energies and Materials Science Research Center, Donegani Institute, Eni Spa, Via Giacomo Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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18
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Rylski AK, Maraliga T, Wu Y, Recker EA, Arrowood AJ, Sanoja GE, Page ZA. Digital Light Processing 3D Printing of Soft Semicrystalline Acrylates with Localized Shape Memory and Stiffness Control. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37418641 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Multimaterial three-dimensional (3D) printing of objects with spatially tunable thermomechanical properties and shape-memory behavior provides an attractive approach toward programmable "smart" plastics with applications in soft robotics and electronics. To date, digital light processing 3D printing has emerged as one of the fastest manufacturing methods that maintains high precision and resolution. Despite the common utility of semicrystalline polymers in stimuli-responsive materials, few reports exist whereby such polymers have been produced via digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. Herein, two commodity long-alkyl chain acrylates (C18, stearyl and C12, lauryl) and mixtures therefrom are systematically examined as neat resin components for DLP 3D printing of semicrystalline polymer networks. Tailoring the stearyl/lauryl acrylate ratio results in a wide breadth of thermomechanical properties, including tensile stiffness spanning three orders of magnitude and temperatures from below room temperature (2 °C) to above body temperature (50 °C). This breadth is attributed primarily to changes in the degree of crystallinity. Favorably, the relationship between resin composition and the degree of crystallinity is quadratic, making the thermomechanical properties reproducible and easily programmable. Furthermore, the shape-memory behavior of 3D-printed objects upon thermal cycling is characterized, showing good fatigue resistance and work output. Finally, multimaterial 3D-printed structures with vertical gradation in composition are demonstrated where concomitant localization of thermomechanical properties enables multistage shape-memory and strain-selective behavior. The present platform represents a promising route toward customizable actuators for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian K Rylski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tejas Maraliga
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yudian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Recker
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Anthony J Arrowood
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Gabriel E Sanoja
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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19
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Chazot CAC, Creighton MA, Hart AJ. Interfacial Photopolymerization: A Method for Light-Based Printing of Thermoplastics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37311094 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) printing of photopolymers is a widely adopted manufacturing method because of its high resolution and throughput. However, available printable photopolymers are typically thermosets, resulting in challenges in postprocessing and recycling of printed structures. Here, we present a new process called interfacial photopolymerization (IPP) which enables photopolymerization printing of linear chain polymers. In IPP, a polymer film is formed at the interface between two immiscible liquids, one containing a chain-growth monomer and the other containing a photoinitiator. We demonstrate the integration of IPP in a proof-of-concept projection system for printing of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films and rudimentary multi-layer shapes . IPP shows in-plane and out-of-plane resolutions comparable to conventional photoprinting methods. Cohesive PAN films with number-average molecular weights greater than 15 kg mol-1 are obtained, and to our knowledge this is the first report of photopolymerization printing of PAN. A macrokinetics model of IPP is developed to elucidate the transport and reaction rates involved and evaluate how reaction parameters affect film thickness and print speed. Last, demonstration of IPP in a multilayer scheme suggests its suitabiliy for three-dimensional printing of linear-chain polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile A C Chazot
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Megan A Creighton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - A John Hart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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20
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Gauci SC, Ehrmann K, Gernhardt M, Tuten B, Blasco E, Frisch H, Jayalatharachchi V, Blinco JP, Houck HA, Barner-Kowollik C. Two Functions from a Single Photoresist: Tuning Microstructure Degradability from Light-Stabilized Dynamic Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300151. [PMID: 36869278 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A photoresist-based on a light-stabilized dynamic material driven by an out-of-equilibrium photo-Diels-Alder reaction of triazolinediones with naphthalenes-whose ability to intrinsically degrade postprinting can be tuned by a simple adjustment of laser intensity during 3D laser lithography is introduced. The resist's ability to form stable networks under green light irradiation that degrade in the dark is transformed into a tunable degradable 3D printing material platform. In-depth characterization of the printed microstructures via atomic force microscopy before and during degradation reveals the high dependency of the final structures' properties on the writing parameters. Upon identifying the ideal writing parameters and their effect on the network structure, it is possible to selectively toggle between stable and fully degradable structures. This simplifies the direct laser writing manufacturing process of multifunctional materials significantly, which typically requires the use of separate resists and consecutive writing efforts to achieve degradable and nondegradable material sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Gauci
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Katharina Ehrmann
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Marvin Gernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Bryan Tuten
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Vishakya Jayalatharachchi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Hannes A Houck
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Advanced Study, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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21
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Dediu V, Ghitman J, Gradisteanu Pircalabioru G, Chan KH, Iliescu FS, Iliescu C. Trends in Photothermal Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119375. [PMID: 37298326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of antimicrobial resistance due to broad antibiotic utilisation in the healthcare and food industries and the non-availability of novel antibiotics represents one of the most critical public health issues worldwide. Current advances in nanotechnology allow new materials to address drug-resistant bacterial infections in specific, focused, and biologically safe ways. The unique physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and wide range of adaptability of nanomaterials that exhibit photothermal capability can be employed to develop the next generation of photothermally induced controllable hyperthermia as antibacterial nanoplatforms. Here, we review the current state of the art in different functional classes of photothermal antibacterial nanomaterials and strategies to optimise antimicrobial efficiency. The recent achievements and trends in developing photothermally active nanostructures, including plasmonic metals, semiconductors, and carbon-based and organic photothermal polymers, and antibacterial mechanisms of action, including anti-multidrug-resistant bacteria and biofilm removal, will be discussed. Insights into the mechanisms of the photothermal effect and various factors influencing photothermal antimicrobial performance, emphasising the structure-performance relationship, are discussed. We will examine the photothermal agents' functionalisation for specific bacteria, the effects of the near-infrared light irradiation spectrum, and active photothermal materials for multimodal synergistic-based therapies to minimise side effects and maintain low costs. The most relevant applications are presented, such as antibiofilm formation, biofilm penetration or ablation, and nanomaterial-based infected wound therapy. Practical antibacterial applications employing photothermal antimicrobial agents, alone or in synergistic combination with other nanomaterials, are considered. Existing challenges and limitations in photothermal antimicrobial therapy and future perspectives are presented from the structural, functional, safety, and clinical potential points of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Dediu
- National Research and Development Institute in Microtechnologies-IMT Bucharest, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Voluntari, Romania
| | - Jana Ghitman
- eBio-hub Research-Center, University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, 6 Iuliu Maniu Boulevard, Campus Building, 061344 Bucharest, Romania
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gratiela Gradisteanu Pircalabioru
- eBio-hub Research-Center, University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, 6 Iuliu Maniu Boulevard, Campus Building, 061344 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Kiat Hwa Chan
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore 138527, Singapore
- NUS College, National University of Singapore, 18 College Avenue East, Singapore 138593, Singapore
| | - Florina Silvia Iliescu
- National Research and Development Institute in Microtechnologies-IMT Bucharest, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Voluntari, Romania
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- National Research and Development Institute in Microtechnologies-IMT Bucharest, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Voluntari, Romania
- eBio-hub Research-Center, University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, 6 Iuliu Maniu Boulevard, Campus Building, 061344 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
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22
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Allen MJ, Lien HM, Prine N, Burns C, Rylski AK, Gu X, Cox LM, Mangolini F, Freeman BD, Page ZA. Multimorphic Materials: Spatially Tailoring Mechanical Properties via Selective Initiation of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210208. [PMID: 36515127 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Access to multimaterial polymers with spatially localized properties and robust interfaces is anticipated to enable new capabilities in soft robotics, such as smooth actuation for advanced medical and manufacturing technologies. Here, orthogonal initiation is used to create interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) with spatial control over morphology and mechanical properties. Base catalyzes the formation of a stiff and strong polyurethane, while blue LEDs initiate the formation of a soft and elastic polyacrylate. IPN morphology is controlled by when the LED is turned "on", with large phase separation occurring for short time delays (≈1-2 min) and a mixed morphology for longer time delays (>5 min), which is supported by dynamic mechanical analysis, small angle X-ray scattering, and atomic force microscopy. Through tailoring morphology, tensile moduli and fracture toughness can be tuned across ≈1-2 orders of magnitude. Moreover, a simple spring model is used to explain the observed mechanical behavior. Photopatterning produces "multimorphic" materials, where morphology is spatially localized with fine precision (<100 µm), while maintaining a uniform chemical composition throughout to mitigate interfacial failure. As a final demonstration, the fabrication of hinges represents a possible use case for multimorphic materials in soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall J Allen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hsu-Ming Lien
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Nathaniel Prine
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Carter Burns
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Adrian K Rylski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Lewis M Cox
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA
| | - Filippo Mangolini
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Benny D Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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23
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Tomal W, Kiliclar HC, Fiedor P, Ortyl J, Yagci Y. Visible Light Induced High Resolution and Swift 3D Printing System by Halogen Atom Transfer. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200661. [PMID: 36134541 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
3D printing technology offers solutions for numerous needs in industry and the daily life of individuals. In recent years, most research efforts have focused on this technology as the market share has grown and requirements have become specified in their related fields. In this work, a novel visible light induced 3D printing system with high resolution and short printing time using dimanganese decacarbonyl (Mn2 (CO)10 ) in combination with organic halides is reported. The radicals formed through halogen abstraction by photochemically generated manganese pentacarbonyl from organic halides with high quantum efficiency initiate the polymerization of acrylic resins. The kinetics of the process using various halide-containing molecules in the photoinitiaiting system are investigated with real-time fourrier transform infrared spectroscopy and photo-differential scanning calorimetry analyses, and the characteristics of 3D printouts are presented and compared with that of the commercial photoinitiator, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide without Mn2 (CO)10 . The results obtained confirm that the combination of Mn2 (CO)10 and structurally diverse organic halides is a class of promising 3D system for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Tomal
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, Kraków, 31-155, Poland
| | - Huseyin Cem Kiliclar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
| | - Pawel Fiedor
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, Kraków, 31-155, Poland
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, Kraków, 31-155, Poland
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
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24
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Li B, Hu C, Pang X, Chen X. Valence-variable Catalysts for Redox-controlled Switchable Ring-opening Polymerization. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201031. [PMID: 36321213 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As a representative class of sustainable polymer materials, biodegradable polymers have attracted increasing interest in recent years. Despite significant advance of related polymerization techniques, realizing high sequence-control and easy-handling in ring-opening (co)polymerizations still remains a central challenge. To this end, a promising solution is the development of valence-variable metal-based catalysts for redox-induced switchable polymerization of cyclic esters, cyclic ethers, epoxides, and CO2 . Through a valence-determined electron effect, the switch between different catalytically active states as well as dormant state contributes to convenient formation of polymer products with desired microstructures and various practical performances. This redox-controlled switchable strategy for controlled synthesis of polymers is overviewed in this Review with a focus on potential applications and challenges for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokun Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, P. R. China
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25
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Murphy RD, Garcia RV, Oh SJ, Wood TJ, Jo KD, Read de Alaniz J, Perkins E, Hawker CJ. Tailored Polypeptide Star Copolymers for 3D Printing of Bacterial Composites Via Direct Ink Writing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207542. [PMID: 36305041 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels hold much promise for 3D printing of functional living materials; however, challenges remain in tailoring mechanical robustness as well as biological performance. In addressing this challenge, the modular synthesis of functional hydrogels from 3-arm diblock copolypeptide stars composed of an inner poly(l-glutamate) domain and outer poly(l-tyrosine) or poly(l-valine) blocks is described. Physical crosslinking due to ß-sheet assembly of these star block copolymers gives mechanical stability during extrusion printing and the selective incorporation of methacrylate units allows for subsequent photocrosslinking to occur under biocompatible conditions. This permits direct ink writing (DIW) printing of bacteria-based mixtures leading to 3D objects with high fidelity and excellent bacterial viability. The tunable stiffness of different copolypeptide networks enables control over proliferation and colony formation for embedded Escherichia coli bacteria as demonstrated via isopropyl ß-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction of green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression. This translation of molecular structure to network properties highlights the versatility of these polypeptide hydrogel systems with the combination of writable structures and biological activity illustrating the future potential of these 3D-printed biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Murphy
- Materials Research Laboratory (MRL), University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Ronnie V Garcia
- Materials Research Laboratory (MRL), University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Seung J Oh
- Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL), US Army Corps Engineers Engineering Research and Development Center (USACE ERDC), Champaign, IL, 61822, USA
| | - Tanner J Wood
- Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL), US Army Corps Engineers Engineering Research and Development Center (USACE ERDC), Champaign, IL, 61822, USA
| | - Kyoo D Jo
- Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL), US Army Corps Engineers Engineering Research and Development Center (USACE ERDC), Champaign, IL, 61822, USA
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Materials Research Laboratory (MRL), University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Ed Perkins
- Environmental Laboratory (EL), USACE ERDC, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory (MRL), University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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26
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Rossegger E, Strasser J, Höller R, Fleisch M, Berer M, Schlögl S. Wavelength Selective Multi-Material 3D Printing of Soft Active Devices Using Orthogonal Photoreactions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200586. [PMID: 36107158 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Orthogonal photoreactions provide a unique way to locally and independently control (thermo)mechanical properties and functionality of polymer networks simply by choice of the wavelength. Herein, a library of acrylate functional coumarin monomers is synthesized, which are cured by sequence-dependent wavelength orthogonality. In the presence of a long wavelength absorbing photoinitiator, the monomers undergo rapid curing by visible light induced radical chain growth polymerization. Subsequent irradiation with light in the UV-A region selectively initiates the [2+2] photocycloaddition of the coumarin chromophores, which is confirmed by FTIR and UV-vis experiments. Through a well-targeted design, acrylate-based and thiol-acrylate resin formulations are prepared, whose fast curing rate, low viscosity, and prolonged storage stability enable the one-step fabrication of multi-material structures by digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. By using a dual-wavelength printer, which operates at two different wavelengths (405 and 365 nm), objects comprising soft (ε = 22%, σ = 7.5 MPa) and stiff (ε = 2%, σ = 8.3 MPa) domains are printed with a single resin vat. Along with tensile properties, the wavelength selective change in the network structure features a local control of the glass transition temperature (ΔTg = 17 °C) in the 3D-printed objects. Soft active devices are fabricated by dual-wavelength DLP 3D printing, with distinct domains having a higher Tg and the local programming of multi shapes is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Jakob Strasser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Rita Höller
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Mathias Fleisch
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Michael Berer
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
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27
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Shawver NM, Doerr AM, Long BK. A perspective on
redox‐switchable ring‐opening
polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia M. Doerr
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
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28
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Ding X, Yu Y, Yang C, Wu D, Zhao Y. Multifunctional GO Hybrid Hydrogel Scaffolds for Wound Healing. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9850743. [PMID: 36349336 PMCID: PMC9639445 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9850743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel dressings have received extensive attention for the skin wound repair, while it is still a challenge to develop a smart hydrogel for adapting the dynamic wound healing process. Herein, we develop a novel graphene oxide (GO) hybrid hydrogel scaffold with adjustable mechanical properties, controllable drug release, and antibacterial behavior for promoting wound healing. The scaffold was prepared by injecting benzaldehyde and cyanoacetate group-functionalized dextran solution containing GO into a collection pool of histidine. As the GO possesses obvious photothermal behavior, the hybrid hydrogel scaffold exhibited an obvious stiffness decrease and effectively promoted cargo release owing to the breaking of the thermosensitive C=C double bond at a high temperature under NIR light. In addition, NIR-assisted photothermal antibacterial performance of the scaffold could be also achieved with the local temperature rising after irradiation. Therefore, it is demonstrated that the GO hybrid hydrogel scaffold with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) encapsulation can achieve the adjustable mechanical properties, photothermal antibacterial, and angiogenesis during the wound healing process. These features indicated that the proposed GO hybrid hydrogel scaffold is potentially valuable for promoting wound healing and other biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Ding
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Yunru Yu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Chaoyu Yang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
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29
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Rylski AK, Cater HL, Mason KS, Allen MJ, Arrowood AJ, Freeman BD, Sanoja GE, Page ZA. Polymeric multimaterials by photochemical patterning of crystallinity. Science 2022; 378:211-215. [PMID: 36227995 DOI: 10.1126/science.add6975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
An organized combination of stiff and elastic domains within a single material can synergistically tailor bulk mechanical properties. However, synthetic methods to achieve such sophisticated architectures remain elusive. We report a rapid, facile, and environmentally benign method to pattern strong and stiff semicrystalline phases within soft and elastic matrices using stereo-controlled ring-opening metathesis polymerization of an industrial monomer, cis-cyclooctene. Dual polymerization catalysis dictates polyolefin backbone chemistry, which enables patterning of compositionally uniform materials with seamless stiff and elastic interfaces. Visible light-induced activation of a metathesis catalyst results in the formation of semicrystalline trans polyoctenamer rubber, outcompeting the formation of cis polyoctenamer rubber, which occurs at room temperature. This bottom-up approach provides a method for manufacturing polymeric materials with promising applications in soft optoelectronics and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian K Rylski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Henry L Cater
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Keldy S Mason
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Marshall J Allen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Anthony J Arrowood
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Benny D Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Gabriel E Sanoja
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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30
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Synthetic growth by self-lubricated photopolymerization and extrusion inspired by plants and fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201776119. [PMID: 35943987 PMCID: PMC9388119 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201776119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth in nature often couples material generation and actuation, offering an intriguing paradigm for the marriage of materials science and robotics. Inspired by the growth of plants and fungi, a new approach for synthetic materials growth was developed based on simultaneous self-lubricated photopolymerization and extrusion. This strategy enables a new continuous method for light-based fabrication of profiled parts not possible with state-of-the-art three-dimensional (3D) printing or other methods. We exploit this materials growth paradigm to produce a soft robot capable of rapid continuous growth, thereby addressing major limitations of growing soft robots that stem from limited extensibility, lack of permanent structure, and inability to negotiate torturous paths, demonstrating the potential of growth to provide new capabilities in manufacturing and soft robotics. Many natural organisms, such as fungal hyphae and plant roots, grow at their tips, enabling the generation of complex bodies composed of natural materials as well as dexterous movement and exploration. Tip growth presents an exemplary process by which materials synthesis and actuation are coupled, providing a blueprint for how growth could be realized in a synthetic system. Herein, we identify three underlying principles essential to tip-based growth of biological organisms: a fluid pressure driving force, localized polymerization for generating structure, and fluid-mediated transport of constituent materials. In this work, these evolved features inspire a synthetic materials growth process called extrusion by self-lubricated interface photopolymerization (E-SLIP), which can continuously fabricate solid profiled polymer parts with tunable mechanical properties from liquid precursors. To demonstrate the utility of E-SLIP, we create a tip-growing soft robot, outline its fundamental governing principles, and highlight its capabilities for growth at speeds up to 12 cm/min and lengths up to 1.5 m. This growing soft robot is capable of executing a range of tasks, including exploration, burrowing, and traversing tortuous paths, which highlight the potential for synthetic growth as a platform for on-demand manufacturing of infrastructure, exploration, and sensing in a variety of environments.
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31
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Sifri RJ, Ma Y, Fors BP. Photoredox Catalysis in Photocontrolled Cationic Polymerizations of Vinyl Ethers. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1960-1971. [PMID: 35771008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusAdvances in photocontrolled polymerizations have expanded the scope of polymer architectures and structures that can be synthesized for various applications. The majority of these polymerizations have been developed for radical processes, which limits the diversity of monomers that can be used in macromolecular design. More recent developments of photocontrolled cationic polymerizations have taken a step toward addressing this limitation and have expanded the palette of monomers that can be used in stimuli-regulated polymerizations, enabling the synthesis of previously inaccessible polymeric structures. This Account will detail our group's studies on cationic polymerization processes where chain growth is regulated by light and highlight how these methods can be combined with other stimuli-controlled polymerizations to precisely dictate macromolecular structure.Photoinitiated cationic polymerizations are well-studied and important processes that have control over initiation. However, we wanted to develop systems where we had spatiotemporal control over both polymer initiation and chain growth. This additional command over the reaction provides the ability to manipulate the growing polymer with an external stimulus during a polymerization, which can be used to control structure. To achieve this goal, we set out to develop a method to photoreversibly generate a cation at a growing chain end that could participate in a controlled polymerization process. We took inspiration from previous work on cationic degenerate chain transfer polymerizations of vinyl ethers that used thiocarbonylthio chain transfer agents. These polymerizations were initiated by a strong acid and gave well-defined poly(vinyl ether)s. We posited that we could remove the acid initiator in these systems and reversibly oxidize the thiocarbonylthio chain ends in these reactions with a photocatalyst to give a photocontrolled cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers. This Account will focus on our journey to discover cationic photocontrolled polymerizations. We will summarize our initial developments and detail our mechanistic understanding of these reactions using both organic and inorganic based photocatalysts, and we will outline more recent efforts to expand cationic degenerate chain transfer polymerizations to other thioacetal initiators. Finally, we will detail how these photocontrolled cationic polymerizations can be used to switch monomer selectivity in situ using light to control polymer structure. At the end of the Account, we will discuss our vision for future potential applications of these photocontrolled cationic polymerizations in the synthesis of novel block copolymers and next generation cross-linked networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee J Sifri
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yuting Ma
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brett P Fors
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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32
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Shaukat U, Rossegger E, Schlögl S. A Review of Multi-Material 3D Printing of Functional Materials via Vat Photopolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122449. [PMID: 35746024 PMCID: PMC9227803 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing of materials is a prominent process technology which involves the fabrication of materials layer-by-layer or point-by-point in a subsequent manner. With recent advancements in additive manufacturing, the technology has excited a great potential for extension of simple designs to complex multi-material geometries. Vat photopolymerization is a subdivision of additive manufacturing which possesses many attractive features, including excellent printing resolution, high dimensional accuracy, low-cost manufacturing, and the ability to spatially control the material properties. However, the technology is currently limited by design strategies, material chemistries, and equipment limitations. This review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive comparison of different additive manufacturing technologies along with detailed knowledge on advances in multi-material vat photopolymerization technologies. Furthermore, we describe popular material chemistries both from the past and more recently, along with future prospects to address the material-related limitations of vat photopolymerization. Examples of the impressive multi-material capabilities inspired by nature which are applicable today in multiple areas of life are briefly presented in the applications section. Finally, we describe our point of view on the future prospects of 3D printed multi-material structures as well as on the way forward towards promising further advancements in vat photopolymerization.
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33
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A multi-stage single photochrome system for controlled photoswitching responses. Nat Chem 2022; 14:942-948. [PMID: 35681046 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ability of molecular photoswitches to convert on/off responses into large macroscale property change is fundamental to light-responsive materials. However, moving beyond simple binary responses necessitates the introduction of new elements that control the chemistry of the photoswitching process at the molecular scale. To achieve this goal, we designed, synthesized and developed a single photochrome, based on a modified donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA), capable of independently addressing multiple molecular states. The multi-stage photoswitch enables complex switching phenomena. To demonstrate this, we show spatial control of the transformation of a three-stage photoswitch by tuning the population of intermediates along the multi-step reaction pathway of the DASAs without interfering with either the first or final stage. This allows for a photonic three-stage logic gate where the secondary wavelength solely negates the input of the primary wavelength. These results provide a new strategy to move beyond traditional on/off binary photochromic systems and enable the design of future molecular logic systems.
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34
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Abstract
We introduce a photochemical bond forming system, where two colours of light are required to trigger covalent bond formation. Specifically, we exploit a visible light cis/trans isomerization of chlorinated azobenzene, which can only undergo reaction with a photochemically generated ketene in its cis state. Detailed photophysical mapping of the reaction efficiencies at a wide range of monochromatic wavelengths revealed the optimum irradiation conditions. Subsequent small molecule and polymer ligation experiments illustrated that only the application of both colours of light affords the reaction product. We further extend the functionality to a photo reversible ketene moiety and translate the concept into material science. The presented reaction system holds promise to be employed as a two-colour resist. Dual-wavelength photochemical systems open up new avenues for novel lithographic techniques but currently only few wavelength-orthogonal photoreactive compounds undergoing reversible photoreaction are known. Here, the authors exploit cis/trans photoisomerization of azobenzenes and demonstrate photoligation of the cis state with a photochemically generated ketene.
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35
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Bao Y. Recent Trends in Advanced Photoinitiators for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200202. [PMID: 35579565 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
3D printing has revolutionized the way of manufacturing with a huge impact on various fields, in particular biomedicine. Vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing techniques such as stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) attracted considerable attention owing to their superior print resolution, relatively high speed, low cost and flexibility in resin material design. As one key element of the SLA/DLP resin, photoinitiators or photoinitiating systems have experienced significant development in recent years, in parallel with the exploration of 3D printing (macro)monomers. The design of new photoinitiating systems can not only offer faster 3D printing speed and enable low-energy visible light fabrication, but also can bring new functions to the 3D printed products and even generate new printing methods in combination with advanced optics. This review evaluates recent trends in the development and application of advanced photoinitiators and photoinitiating systems for vat photopolymerization 3D printing, with a wide range of small molecules, polymers and nanoassemblies involved. Personal perspectives on the current limitations and future directions are eventually provided. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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36
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Truong VX, Ehrmann K, Seifermann M, Levkin PA, Barner-Kowollik C. Wavelength Orthogonal Photodynamic Networks. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104466. [PMID: 35213069 PMCID: PMC9310740 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability of light to remotely control the properties of soft matter materials in a dynamic fashion has fascinated material scientists and photochemists for decades. However, only recently has our ability to map photochemical reactivity in a finely wavelength resolved fashion allowed for different colors of light to independently control the material properties of polymer networks with high precision, driven by monochromatic irradiation enabling orthogonal reaction control. The current concept article highlights the progress in visible light‐induced photochemistry and explores how it has enabled the design of polymer networks with dynamically adjustable properties. We will explore current applications ranging from dynamic hydrogel design to the light‐driven adaptation of 3D printed structures on the macro‐ and micro‐scale. While the alternation of mechanical properties via remote control is largely reality for soft matter materials, we herein propose the next frontiers for adaptive properties, including remote switching between conductive and non‐conductive properties, hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces, fluorescent or non‐fluorescent, and cell adhesive vs. cell repellent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh X Truong
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Katharina Ehrmann
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Maximilian Seifermann
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Pl. 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Pl. 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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37
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Limberg DK, Kang JH, Hayward RC. Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Photopolymerization for High-Resolution 3D Printing. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5226-5232. [PMID: 35285620 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) currently offers the highest resolution available in 3D printing (∼100 nm) but requires femtosecond laser pulses at very high peak intensity (∼1 TW/cm2). Here, we demonstrate 3D printing based on triplet-triplet-annihilation photopolymerization (TTAP), which achieves submicron resolution while using a continuous visible LED light source with comparatively low light intensity (∼10 W/cm2). TTAP enables submicrometer feature sizes with exposure times of ∼0.1 s/voxel without requiring a coherent or pulsed light source, opening the door to low-cost fabrication with submicron resolution. This approach enables 3D printing of a diverse array of designs with high resolution and is amenable to future parallelization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Limberg
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ji-Hwan Kang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90804, United States
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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38
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Bai J, Shi Z, Ma X, Yin J, Jiang X. Wavelength-Selective Photocycloadditions of Styryl-Anthracene. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200055. [PMID: 35338541 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Light-tunable covalent chemistry is highly urgent in the fields of chemistry, biology and material especially for the smart materials and surface, due to the spatiotemporal control and feasible operation. Here, we report a new type of wavelength-selective photo-cycloaddition of styryl-anthracene carboxylic acid (SACA). Upon the irradiation of 450 nm visible light or 365 nm UV light, SACA can undergo [2+2] or [2+4] photocycloaddition, respectively. Furthermore, the [2+2] photocycloaddition induced by vis-light of 450 nm is reversible and can be disrupted by 365 nm UV light to form dimer-24 which cannot be photo-cleavable. Owing to the feasibility and spatiotemporal characteristics of UV-Vis light-controlled photocycloaddition, the SACA possesses potential applications in various areas such as self-assembly, dynamic wrinkle and fluorescence patterns, which is also explored and exhibited in this work. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Zixing Shi
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xuesong Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
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39
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Wu C, Corrigan N, Lim CH, Liu W, Miyake G, Boyer C. Rational Design of Photocatalysts for Controlled Polymerization: Effect of Structures on Photocatalytic Activities. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5476-5518. [PMID: 34982536 PMCID: PMC9815102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the use of photocatalysts (PCs) in controlled polymerization has brought new opportunities in sophisticated macromolecular synthesis. However, the selection of PCs in these systems has been typically based on laborious trial-and-error strategies. To tackle this limitation, computer-guided rational design of PCs based on knowledge of structure-property-performance relationships has emerged. These rational strategies provide rapid and economic methodologies for tuning the performance and functionality of a polymerization system, thus providing further opportunities for polymer science. This review provides an overview of PCs employed in photocontrolled polymerization systems and summarizes their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art. Background theories on electronic transitions are also introduced to establish the structure-property-performance relationships from a perspective of quantum chemistry. Typical examples for each type of structure-property relationships are then presented to enlighten future design of PCs for photocontrolled polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | | | - Chern-Hooi Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- New Iridium Incorporated, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Garret Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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40
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A Photoinduced Dual‐Wavelength Approach for 3D Printing and Self‐Healing of Thermosetting Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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41
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Wang B, Engay E, Stubbe PR, Moghaddam SZ, Thormann E, Almdal K, Islam A, Yang Y. Stiffness control in dual color tomographic volumetric 3D printing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:367. [PMID: 35042893 PMCID: PMC8766567 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomographic volumetric printing (TVP) physically reverses tomography to offer fast and auxiliary-free 3D printing. Here we show that wavelength-sensitive photoresins can be cured using visible ([Formula: see text] nm) and UV ([Formula: see text] nm) sources simultaneously in a TVP setup to generate internal mechanical property gradients with high precision. We develop solutions of mixed acrylate and epoxy monomers and utilize the orthogonal chemistry between free radical and cationic polymerization to realize fully 3D stiffness control. The radial resolution of stiffness control is 300 µm or better and an average modulus gradient of 5 MPa/µm is achieved. We further show that the reactive transport of radical inhibitors defines a workpiece's shape and limits the achievable stiffness contrast to a range from 127 MPa to 201 MPa according to standard tensile tests after post-processing. Our result presents a strategy for controlling the stiffness of material spatially in light-based volumetric additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Einstom Engay
- National Center for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter R Stubbe
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Saeed Z Moghaddam
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Esben Thormann
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Almdal
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aminul Islam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- Center for Energy Resources Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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42
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Kamm PW, Rodrigues LL, Walden SL, Blinco JP, Unterreiner AN, Barner-Kowollik C. Sequence-independent activation of photocycloadditions using two colours of light. Chem Sci 2022; 13:531-535. [PMID: 35126985 PMCID: PMC8729803 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06154b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We exploit two reactive chromophores to establish sequence-independent photochemical activation, employing ortho-methyl benzaldehyde (oMBA) and N,N-(dimethylamino)pyrene aryl tetrazole (APAT) with N-(2-hydroxy)ethyl maleimide (NHEM), without any additives. Critically, the order of the irradiation sequence is irrelevant, as the shorter wavelength does not activate the higher wavelength activated species. Therefore, full sequence-independent λ-orthogonality is achieved through differences in both the reaction quantum yields (Φ r,oMBA and Φ r,APAT) and wavelength-dependent reactivity profiles of the employed chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp W Kamm
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Molecular Physical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, Geb. 30.44 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Leona L Rodrigues
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Sarah L Walden
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Andreas-Neil Unterreiner
- Molecular Physical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, Geb. 30.44 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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43
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Murphy RD, Garcia RV, Heise A, Hawker CJ. Peptides as 3D printable feedstocks: Design strategies and emerging applications. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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44
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Bobrin VA, Lee K, Zhang J, Corrigan N, Boyer C. Nanostructure Control in 3D Printed Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107643. [PMID: 34742167 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are no straightforward methods to 3D print materials with nanoscale control over morphological and functional properties. Here, a novel approach for the fabrication of materials with controlled nanoscale morphologies using a rapid and commercially available Digital Light Processing 3D printing technique is demonstrated. This process exploits reversible deactivation radical polymerization to control the in-situ-polymerization-induced microphase separation of 3D printing resins, which provides materials with complex architectures controllable from the macro- to nanoscale, resulting in the preparation of materials with enhanced mechanical properties. This method does not require specialized equipment or process conditions and thus represents an important development in the production of advanced materials via additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin A Bobrin
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Kenny Lee
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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45
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Ma Y, Kottisch V, McLoughlin EA, Rouse ZW, Supej MJ, Baker SP, Fors BP. Photoswitching Cationic and Radical Polymerizations: Spatiotemporal Control of Thermoset Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21200-21205. [PMID: 34878283 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to fabricate polymeric materials with spatially controlled physical properties has been a challenge in thermoset manufacturing. To address this challenge, this work takes advantage of a photoswitchable polymerization that selectively incorporates different monomers at a growing chain by converting from cationic to radical polymerizations through modulation of the wavelength of irradiation. By regulating the dosage and wavelength of light applied to the system, the mechanical properties of the crosslinked material can be temporally and spatially tuned. Furthermore, photopatterning can be achieved both on the macroscale and the microscale, enabling precise spatial control of crosslink density that results in high-resolution control over mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Veronika Kottisch
- Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Zachary W Rouse
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michael J Supej
- Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Shefford P Baker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brett P Fors
- Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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46
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Zhang Z, Corrigan N, Boyer C. A Photoinduced Dual-Wavelength Approach for 3D Printing and Self-Healing of Thermosetting Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114111. [PMID: 34859952 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing techniques have been widely used to produce high-resolution 3D thermosetting materials. However, the lack of repairability of these thermosets leads to the production of waste. In this study, reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents are incorporated into resin formulations to allow visible light (405 nm) mediated 3D printing of materials with self-healing capabilities. The self-healing process is based on the reactivation of RAFT agent embedded in the thermosets under UV light (365 nm), which enables reformation of the polymeric network. The self-healing process can be performed at room temperature without prior deoxygenation. The impact of the type and concentration of RAFT agents in the polymer network on the healing efficiency is explored. Resins containing RAFT agents enable 3D printing of thermosets with self-healing properties, broadening the scope of future applications for polymeric thermosets in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Zhang
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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47
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Ahn D, Stevens LM, Zhou K, Page ZA. Additives for Ambient 3D Printing with Visible Light. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104906. [PMID: 34523168 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With 3D printing, the desire is to be "limited only by imagination," and although remarkable advancements have been made in recent years, the scope of printable materials remains narrow compared to other forms of manufacturing. Light-driven polymerization methods for 3D printing are particularly attractive due to unparalleled speed and resolution, yet the reliance on high-energy UV/violet light in contemporary processes limits the number of compatible materials due to pervasive absorption, scattering, and degradation at these short wavelengths. Such issues can be addressed with visible-light photopolymerizations. However, these lower-energy methods often suffer from slow reaction times and sensitivity to oxygen, precluding their utility in 3D printing processes that require rapid hardening (curing) to maximize build speed and resolution. Herein, multifunctional thiols are identified as simple additives to enable rapid high-resolution visible-light 3D printing under ambient (atmospheric O2 ) conditions that rival modern UV/violet-based technology. The present process is universal, providing access to commercially relevant acrylic resins with a range of disparate mechanical responses from strong and stiff to soft and extensible. Pushing forward, the insight presented within this study will inform the development of next-generation 3D-printing materials, such as multicomponent hydrogels and composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dowon Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Lynn M Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Kevin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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48
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Sandmeier M, Paunović N, Conti R, Hofmann L, Wang J, Luo Z, Masania K, Wu N, Kleger N, Coulter FB, Studart AR, Grützmacher H, Leroux JC, Bao Y. Solvent-Free Three-Dimensional Printing of Biodegradable Elastomers Using Liquid Macrophotoinitiators. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Sandmeier
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nevena Paunović
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Conti
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leopold Hofmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Wang
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhi Luo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kunal Masania
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Na Wu
- Lab of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Kleger
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fergal Brian Coulter
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - André R. Studart
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yinyin Bao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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49
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Supej MJ, McLoughlin EA, Hsu JH, Fors BP. Reversible redox controlled acids for cationic ring-opening polymerization. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10544-10549. [PMID: 34447548 PMCID: PMC8356742 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03011f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in externally controlled polymerization methodologies have enabled the synthesis of novel polymeric structures and architectures, and they have been pivotal to the development of new photocontrolled lithographic and 3D printing technologies. In particular, the development of externally controlled ring-opening polymerization (ROP) methodologies is of great interest, as these methods provide access to novel biocompatible and biodegradable block polymer structures. Although ROPs mediated by photoacid generators have made significant contributions to the fields of lithography and microelectronics development, these methodologies rely upon catalysts with poor stability and thus poor temporal control. Herein, we report a class of ferrocene-derived acid catalysts whose acidity can be altered through reversible oxidation and reduction of the ferrocenyl moiety to chemically and electrochemically control the ROP of cyclic esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Supej
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Elizabeth A McLoughlin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Jesse H Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Brett P Fors
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
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50
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Robinson LL, Self JL, Fusi AD, Bates MW, Read de Alaniz J, Hawker CJ, Bates CM, Sample CS. Chemical and Mechanical Tunability of 3D-Printed Dynamic Covalent Networks Based on Boronate Esters. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:857-863. [PMID: 35549203 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As the scope of additive manufacturing broadens, interest has developed in 3D-printed objects that are derived from recyclable resins with chemical and mechanical tunability. Dynamic covalent bonds have the potential to not only increase the sustainability of 3D-printed objects, but also serve as reactive sites for postprinting derivatization. In this study, we use boronate esters as a key building block for the development of catalyst-free, 3D-printing resins with the ability to undergo room-temperature exchange at the cross-linking sites. The orthogonality of boronate esters is exploited in fast-curing, oxygen-tolerant thiol-ene resins in which the dynamic character of 3D-printed objects can be modulated by the addition of a static, covalent cross-linker with no room-temperature bond exchange. This allows the mechanical properties of printed parts to be varied between those of a traditional thermoset and a vitrimer. Objects printed with a hybrid dynamic/static resin exhibit a balance of structural stability (residual stress = 18%) and rapid exchange (characteristic relaxation time = 7 s), allowing for interfacial welding and postprinting functionalization. Modulation of the cross-linking density postprinting is enabled by selective hydrolysis of the boronate esters to generate networks with swelling capacities tunable from 1.3 to 3.3.
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