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Lin Y, Wang H, Qiu W, Ye C, Kong D. Liquid Metal-Based Self-Healing Conductors for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:43083-43092. [PMID: 39115969 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c10541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable electronics rely on compliant conductors as essential building materials. However, these materials are susceptible to wear and tear, leading to degradation over time. In response to this concern, self-healing conductors have been developed to prolong the lifespan of functional devices. These conductors can autonomously restore their properties following damage. Conventional self-healing conductors typically comprise solid conductive fillers and healing agents dispersed within polymer matrices. However, the solid additives increase the stiffness and reduce the stretchability of the resulting composites. There is growing interest in utilizing gallium-based liquid metal alloys due to their exceptional electrical conductivity and liquid-phase deformability. These liquid metals are considered attractive candidates for developing compliant conductors capable of automatic recovery. This perspective delves into the rapidly advancing field of liquid metal-based self-healing conductors, exploring their design, fabrication, and critical applications. Furthermore, this article also addresses the current challenges and future directions in this active area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weijie Qiu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chenyang Ye
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Desheng Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Rehman WU, Manj RZA, Ma Y, Yang J. The Promising Potential of Gallium Based Liquid Metals for Energy Storage. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300767. [PMID: 38696273 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Energy storage devices play a crucial role in various applications, such as powering electronics, power backup for homes and businesses, and support for the integration of renewable energy sources into electrical grid applications. Electrode materials for energy storage devices are preferred to have a flexible nature, conductive, better capacity, and low-toxicity. Using Gallium based liquid metal alloys, such as Eutectic Gallium-Indium (EGaIn), Eutectic Gallium-Tin (EGaSn), and Eutectic Gallium-Indium-Tin (EGaInSn), as electrode materials play very important role in energy storage devices. These liquid metals have some interesting properties with a self-healing nature, high mechanical stability, compatibility with various materials, fluidity, low young's modulus, high electrical and thermal conductivity. Those properties have made it suitable to be used in various energy storage devices. In this mini review, we have concisely described the advantages and challenges of using liquid metal as electrode materials for various energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waheed Ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rana Zafar Abbas Manj
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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Tan MWM, Thornton PM, Thangavel G, Bark H, Dauskardt R, Lee PS. Toughening Self-Healing Elastomers with Chain Mobility. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308154. [PMID: 38867394 PMCID: PMC11321685 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Enhancing fracture toughness and self-healing within soft elastomers is crucial to prolonging the operational lifetimes of soft devices. Herein, it is revealed that tuning the polymer chain mobilities of carboxylated-functionalized polyurethane through incorporating plasticizers or thermal treatment can enhance these properties. Self-healing is promoted as polymer chains gain greater mobility toward the broken interface to reassociate their bonds. Raising the temperature from 80 to 120 °C, the recovered work of fracture is increased from 2.86 to 123.7 MJ m-3. Improved fracture toughness is realized through two effects. First, strong carboxyl hydrogen bonds dissipate large energies when broken. Second, chain mobilities enable the redistribution of localized stress concentrations to allow crack blunting, enlarging the size of dissipation zones. At optimal conditions of plasticizers (3 wt.%) or temperature (40 °C) to promote chain mobilities, fracture toughness improves from 16.3 to 19.9 and 25.6 kJ m-2, respectively. Insights of fracture properties at healed soft interfaces are revealed through double cantilever beam tests. These measurements indicate that fracture mechanics play a critical role in delaying complete failure at partial self-healing. By imparting optimal polymer chain mobilities within tough and self-healing elastomers, effective prevention against damage and better recovery are realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wei Ming Tan
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
- Singapore‐HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR)Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE)Singapore138602Singapore
| | | | - Gurunathan Thangavel
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
- Present address:
Advanced Materials Research CenterTechnology Innovation Institute (TII)Masdar CityAbu DhabiP.O Box 9639United Arab Emirates
| | - Hyunwoo Bark
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Reinhold Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
- Singapore‐HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR)Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE)Singapore138602Singapore
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Rahmanudin A, Mohammadi M, Isacsson P, Li Y, Seufert L, Kim N, Mardi S, Engquist I, Crispin R, Tybrandt K. Stretchable and biodegradable plant-based redox-diffusion batteries. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 38946626 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00170b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The redox-diffusion (RD) battery concept introduces an environmentally friendly solution for stretchable batteries in autonomous wearable electronics. By utilising plant-based redox-active biomolecules and cellulose fibers for the electrode scaffold, separator membrane, and current collector, along with a biodegradable elastomer encapsulation, the battery design overcomes the reliance on unsustainable transition metal-based active materials and non-biodegradable elastomers used in existing stretchable batteries. Importantly, it addresses the drawback of limited attainable battery capacity, where increasing the active material loading often leads to thicker and stiffer electrodes with poor mechanical properties. The concept decouples the active material loading from the mechanical structure of the electrode, enabling high mass loadings, while retaining a skin-like young's modulus and stretchability. A stretchable ion-selective membrane facilitates the RD process, allowing two separate redox couples, while preventing crossovers. This results in a high-capacity battery cell that is both electrochemically and mechanically stable, engineered from sustainable plant-based materials. Notably, the battery components are biodegradable at the end of their life, addressing concerns of e-waste and resource depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Rahmanudin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Patrik Isacsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Ahlstrom Group Innovation, 38140 Apprieu, France
| | - Yuyang Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Laura Seufert
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Nara Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Saeed Mardi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden.
- Ångström Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Isak Engquist
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Reverant Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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Li X, Hou K, Long Y, Song K. LM-Gel Plasticine Based on Binary Cooperative with Kneadable Shaping and Conductivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38711229 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM)-based polymers have received growing interest for wearable health monitoring, electronic skins, and soft robotics. However, fabricating multifunctional LM-based polymers, in particular, featuring a convenient shaping ability while offering excellent deformability and conductivity remains a challenge. To overcome this obstacle, here, we propose a strategy to prepare LM-Gel "plasticine" (LGP) with great deformability, which is composed of a PVA (poly(vinyl alcohol)) soft network and an LM conductive phase. LGP can be easily constructed into different shapes such as plasticine and can be applied to different conditions (such as building a 3D circuit, circuit repair, and switch). Meanwhile, LGP has great conductivity (2.3 × 104 S/m) after surface annealing. Besides, LGP has a good electric heating performance, which shows the potential for application in wearable heating devices. Thus, this approach not only provides a way to prepare LM-polymer plasticine but also provides a novel perspective toward extending the applied range of LM-polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Kai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yue Long
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou City 256606, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Kai Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou City 256606, Shandong, P. R. China
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Zhan H, Wen B, Tian B, Zheng K, Li Q, Wu W. Printed Self-Healing Stretchable Electronics for Bio-signal Monitoring and Intelligent Packaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400740. [PMID: 38693082 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Integrating self-healing capabilities into printed stretchable electronic devices is important for improving performance and extending device life. However, achieving printed self-healing stretchable electronic devices with excellent device-level healing ability and stretchability while maintaining outstanding electrical performance remains challenging. Herein, a series of printed device-level self-healing stretchable electronic devices is achieved by depositing liquid metal/silver fractal dendrites/polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene (LM/Ag FDs/SIS) conductive inks onto a self-healing thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film via screen printing method. Owing to the fluidic properties of the LM and the interfacial hydrogen bonding and disulfide bonds of TPU, the as-obtained stretchable electronic devices maintain good electronic properties under strain and exhibit device-level self-healing properties without external stimulation. Printed self-healing stretchable electrodes possess high electrical conductivity (1.6 × 105 S m-1), excellent electromechanical properties, and dynamic stability, with only a 2.5-fold increase in resistance at 200% strain, even after a complete cut and re-healing treatment. The printed self-healing capacitive stretchable strain sensor shows good linearity (R2 ≈0.9994) in a wide sensing range (0%-200%) and is successfully applied to bio-signal detection. Furthermore, the printed self-healing electronic smart label is designed and can be used for real-time environmental monitoring, which exhibits promising potential for practical application in food preservation packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoye Zhan
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wen
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Bin Tian
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Quancai Li
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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Chandrasekar J, Venkatesan M, Sun TW, Hsu YC, Huang YH, Chen WW, Chen MH, Tsai ML, Chen JY, Lin JH, Zhou Y, Kuo CC. Recent progress in self-healable energy harvesting and storage devices - a future direction for reliable and safe electronics. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1395-1413. [PMID: 38282534 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01519j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Electronic devices with multiple features bring in comfort to the way we live. However, repeated use causes physical as well as chemical degradation reducing their lifetime. The self-healing ability is the most crucial property of natural systems for survival in unexpected situations and variable environments. However, this self-repair property is not possessed by the conventional electronic devices designed today. To expand their lifetime and make them reliable by restoring their mechanical, functional, and electrical properties, self-healing materials are a great go-to option to create robust devices. In this review the intriguing self-healing polymers and fascinating mechanism of self-healable energy harvesting devices such as triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) and storage devices like supercapacitors and batteries from the aspect of electrodes and electrolytes in the past five years are reviewed. The current challenges, strategies, and perspectives for a smart and sustainable future are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Chandrasekar
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Manikandan Venkatesan
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Wang Sun
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Chi Hsu
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hang Huang
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Chen
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Lin Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Yao Chen
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ja-Hon Lin
- Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Yang X, Gan T, Zhong D, Du S, Wang S, Stadler FJ, Zhang Y, Zhou X. Rapid self-assembly of self-healable and transferable liquid metal epidermis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 658:148-155. [PMID: 38100971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Healable electronic skins, an essential component for future soft robotics, implantable bioelectronics, and smart wearable systems, necessitate self-healable and pliable materials that exhibit functionality at intricate interfaces. Although a plethora of self-healable materials have been developed, the fabrication of highly conformal biocompatible functional materials on complex biological surfaces remains a formidable challenge. Inspired by regenerative properties of skin, we present the self-assembled transfer-printable liquid metal epidermis (SALME), which possesses autonomous self-healing capabilities at the oil-water interface. SALME comprises a layer of surfactant-grafted liquid metal nanodroplets that spontaneously assemble at the oil-water interface within a few seconds. This unique self-assembly property facilitates rapid restoration (<10 s) of SALME following mechanical damage. In addition to its self-healing ability, SALME exhibits excellent shear resistance and can be seamlessly transferred to arbitrary hydrophilic/hydrophobic curved surfaces. The transferred SALME effectively preserves submicron-scale surface textures on biological substrates, thus displaying tremendous potential for future epidermal bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Tiansheng Gan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Dingling Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Shutong Du
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Shichang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Florian J Stadler
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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Lu G, Ni E, Jiang Y, Wu W, Li H. Room-Temperature Liquid Metals for Flexible Electronic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304147. [PMID: 37875665 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature gallium-based liquid metals (RT-GaLMs) have garnered significant interest recently owing to their extraordinary combination of fluidity, conductivity, stretchability, self-healing performance, and biocompatibility. They are ideal materials for the manufacture of flexible electronics. By changing the composition and oxidation of RT-GaLMs, physicochemical characteristics of the liquid metal can be adjusted, especially the regulation of rheological, wetting, and adhesion properties. This review highlights the advancements in the liquid metals used in flexible electronics. Meanwhile related characteristics of RT-GaLMs and underlying principles governing their processing and applications for flexible electronics are elucidated. Finally, the diverse applications of RT-GaLMs in self-healing circuits, flexible sensors, energy harvesting devices, and epidermal electronics, are explored. Additionally, the challenges hindering the progress of RT-GaLMs are discussed, while proposing future research directions and potential applications in this emerging field. By presenting a concise and critical analysis, this paper contributes to the advancement of RT-GaLMs as an advanced material applicable for the new generation of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixuan Lu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Erli Ni
- The Institute for Advanced Studies of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Weikang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
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10
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Xin Y, Lou Y, Mao X, Jia X, Li R, Yu P, Ban X. Synergistic Effect and Electrical Properties of Microporous Liquid Metal/Carbon Nanotube Polymer Sponge. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300307. [PMID: 37571858 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Sensing sponge materials with light weight, high elasticity, and electrical sensing properties are in enormous demand in electronic fields, but there is an imminent need to develop a scalable and facile method for the manufacture of the sensing material. Herein, an efficient in situ polymerization and convenient preparation process is reported to manufacture the microporous liquid metal/carbon nanotube-polysulfide rubber (LM/CNT-PSR) sponges with excellent mechanical and electrical properties, based on fluidic LMs and rigid CNTs with unique synergistic effect for sponge composites. Excellent mechanical properties of LM/CNT-PSR sponges, such as low density, excellent elasticity, remarkable mechanical recoverability, and self-healing property, are endowed by the interconnected microporous structure of sponge and flexible polysulfide rubber matrix with disulfide bonds. In addition, the synergistic effect of LMs and CNTs leads to excellent conductivity and unique electrical sensing property under mechanical pressure. Microporous LM/CNT-PSR sponges with high performance and simple fabrication process are promising sensing materials for various electronic devices, such as human motion monitoring, and weighing sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Xin
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, P. R. China
| | - Yang Lou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Xiyue Mao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, P. R. China
| | - Xuemeng Jia
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, P. R. China
| | - Ruiguang Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, P. R. China
| | - Ping Yu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Ban
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, P. R. China
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Cao J, Zhang Z, Li K, Ma C, Zhou W, Lin T, Xu J, Liu X. Self-Healable PEDOT:PSS-PVA Nanocomposite Hydrogel Strain Sensor for Human Motion Monitoring. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2465. [PMID: 37686973 PMCID: PMC10489763 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Strain sensors based on conducting polymer hydrogels are considered highly promising candidates for wearable electronic devices. However, existing conducting polymer hydrogels are susceptible to aging, damage, and failure, which can greatly deteriorate the sensing performance of strain sensors based on these substances and the accuracy of data collection under large deformation. Developing conductive polymer hydrogels with concurrent high sensing performance and self-healing capability is a critical yet challenging task to improve the stability and lifetime of strain sensors. Herein, we design a self-healable conducting polymer hydrogel by compositing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) nanofibers and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) via both physical and chemical crosslinking. This PEDOT:PSS-PVA nanocomposite hydrogel strain sensor displays an excellent strain monitoring range (>200%), low hysteresis (<1.6%), a high gauge factor (GF = 3.18), and outstanding self-healing efficiency (>83.5%). Electronic skins based on such hydrogel strain sensors can perform the accurate monitoring of various physiological signals, including swallowing, finger bending, and knee bending. This work presents a novel conducting polymer hydrogel strain sensor demonstrating both high sensing performance and self-healability, which can satisfy broad application scenarios, such as wearable electronics, health monitoring, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (J.C.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Zhilin Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (J.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Kaiyun Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (J.C.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Cha Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry in Jiangxi Province, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China;
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (J.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao 266035, China
| | - Jingkun Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (J.C.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Ximei Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (J.C.); (Z.Z.)
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12
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Lei L, Wang H, Jia Q, Tian Y, Wang S. Highly stretchable, supersensitive, and self-adhesive ionohydrogels using waterborne polyurethane micelles as cross-linkers for wireless strain sensors. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:7478-7489. [PMID: 37455619 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00495c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the rapid development of multi-functional flexible wearable sensors, the development prospects of ionohydrogels with excellent mechanical properties and high sensitivity are necessary. In this work, a novel waterborne polyurethane (WPU) micelle with reactive groups on the surface has been prepared as a crosslinker and then reacted with polyacrylamide (PAM) to obtain a polyacrylamide-polyurethane/ionic liquid (PAM-WPU/IL) ionohydrogel. With the aid of ion-dipole interaction and crosslinks in the composite, the ionohydrogel exhibited ultrastretchability (up to 2927%), good mechanical resilience, and excellent self-adhesion strength (46.01 kPa). Furthermore, the ionohydrogel was used as a strain sensor for monitoring human movement with high strain sensitivity (gauge factor = 35). It is believed that this study provides a new idea for designing a multifunctional ionohydrogel for use in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Lei
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qihan Jia
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Yali Tian
- West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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13
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Yu H, Li H, Sun X, Pan L. Biomimetic Flexible Sensors and Their Applications in Human Health Detection. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:293. [PMID: 37504181 PMCID: PMC10807369 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bionic flexible sensors are a new type of biosensor with high sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reliability to achieve detection in complex natural and physiological environments. They provide efficient, energy-saving and convenient applications in medical monitoring and diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and detection and identification. Combining sensor devices with flexible substrates to imitate flexible structures in living organisms, thus enabling the detection of various physiological signals, has become a hot topic of interest. In the field of human health detection, the application of bionic flexible sensors is flourishing and will evolve into patient-centric diagnosis and treatment in the future of healthcare. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of bionic flexible devices for human health detection applications and a comprehensive summary of the research progress and potential of flexible sensors. First, we evaluate the working mechanisms of different classes of bionic flexible sensors, describing the selection and fabrication of bionic flexible materials and their excellent electrochemical properties; then, we introduce some interesting applications for monitoring physical, electrophysiological, chemical, and biological signals according to more segmented health fields (e.g., medical diagnosis, rehabilitation assistance, and sports monitoring). We conclude with a summary of the advantages of current results and the challenges and possible future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xidi Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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14
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Hu Y, Majidi C. Dielectric Elastomers with Liquid Metal and Polydopamine-Coated Graphene Oxide Inclusions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24769-24776. [PMID: 37184064 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Suspending microscale droplets of liquid metals like eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been shown to dramatically enhance electrical permittivity without sacrificing the elasticity of the host PDMS matrix. However, increasing the dielectric constant of EGaIn-PDMS composites beyond previously reported values requires high EGaIn loading fractions (>50% by volume) that can result in substantial increases in density and loss of material integrity. In this work, we enhance permittivity without further increasing EGaIn loading by incorporating polydopamine (PDA)-coated graphene oxide (GO) and partially reduced GO. In particular, we show that the combination of EGaIn and PDA-GO within a PDMS matrix results in an elastomer composite with a high dielectric constant (∼10-57), a low dissipation factor (∼0.01), and rubber-like compliance and elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Hu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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15
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Garg R, Patra NR, Samal S, Babbar S, Parida K. A review on accelerated development of skin-like MXene electrodes: from experimental to machine learning. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8110-8133. [PMID: 37096943 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05969j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Foreshadowing future needs has catapulted the progress of skin-like electronic devices for human-machine interactions. These devices possess human skin-like properties such as stretchability, self-healability, transparency, biocompatibility, and wearability. This review highlights the recent progress in a promising material, MXenes, to realize soft, deformable, skin-like electrodes. Various structural designs, fabrication strategies, and rational guidelines adopted to realize MXene-based skin-like electrodes are outlined. We explicitly discussed machine learning-based material informatics to understand and predict the properties of MXenes. Finally, an outlook on the existing challenges and the future roadmap to realize soft skin-like MXene electrodes to facilitate technological advances in the next-generation human-machine interactions has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Garg
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | | | - Shubham Babbar
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
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16
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Han S, Kim K, Lee SY, Moon S, Lee JY. Stretchable Electrodes Based on Over-Layered Liquid Metal Networks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210112. [PMID: 36623476 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals are attractive materials for stretchable electronics owing to their high electrical conductivity and near-zero Young's modulus. However, the high surface tension of liquid metals makes it difficult to form films. A novel stretchable film is proposed based on an over-layered liquid-metal network. An intentionally oxidized interfacial layer helps to construct uninterrupted indium and gallium nanoclusters and produces additional electrical pathways between the two metal networks under mechanical deformation. The films exhibit gigantic negative piezoresistivity (G-NPR), which decreased the resistance up to 85% during the first 50% stretching. This G-NPR property is due to the rupture of the metal oxides, which allows the formation of liquid eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) and the connection of the over-layered networks to build new electrical paths. The electrodes exhibiting G-NPR are complementarily combined with conventional electrodes to amplify their performance or achieve some unique operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungseok Han
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeon Lee
- Information and Electronics Research Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjun Moon
- Information and Electronics Research Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yong Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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17
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Shim J, Kim YU, Kim YB, Ji SG, Kim YJ, Jo Y, Lee EJ, Yuk DG, Lee SY, Lee SS, Kim SK, Kim HS, Park JH, Jeong S. A Surface Conformal Laser‐Assisted Alloying Reaction for 3D‐Printable Solid/Liquid Biphasic Conductors. SMALL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Shim
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics Integrated Education Institute for Frontier Science & Technology (BK21 Four) Kyung Hee University Yongin-si 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Uk Kim
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering Kumoh National Institute of Technology 61 Daehak-ro Gumi Gyeongbuk 39177 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Bin Kim
- Department of Applied Physics Kyung Hee University Yongin-si 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Gi Ji
- Division of Advanced Materials Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics Integrated Education Institute for Frontier Science & Technology (BK21 Four) Kyung Hee University Yongin-si 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Jo
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics Integrated Education Institute for Frontier Science & Technology (BK21 Four) Kyung Hee University Yongin-si 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Gyeong Yuk
- Department of Aeronautics, Mechanical and Electronic Convergence Engineering Kumoh National Institute of Technology 61 Daehak-ro Gumi Gyeongbuk 39177 Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yeon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Sook Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Applied Physics Kyung Hee University Yongin-si 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Kim
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology Kyung Hee University Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Park
- Department of Aeronautics, Mechanical and Electronic Convergence Engineering Kumoh National Institute of Technology 61 Daehak-ro Gumi Gyeongbuk 39177 Republic of Korea
| | - Sunho Jeong
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics Integrated Education Institute for Frontier Science & Technology (BK21 Four) Kyung Hee University Yongin-si 17104 Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology Kyung Hee University Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
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18
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Kim M, Lim H, Ko SH. Liquid Metal Patterning and Unique Properties for Next-Generation Soft Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205795. [PMID: 36642850 PMCID: PMC9951389 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature liquid metal (LM)-based electronics is expected to bring advancements in future soft electronics owing to its conductivity, conformability, stretchability, and biocompatibility. However, various difficulties arise when patterning LM because of its rheological features such as fluidity and surface tension. Numerous attempts are made to overcome these difficulties, resulting in various LM-patterning methods. An appropriate choice of patterning method based on comprehensive understanding is necessary to fully utilize the unique properties. Therefore, the authors aim to provide thorough knowledge about patterning methods and unique properties for LM-based future soft electronics. First, essential considerations for LM-patterning are investigated. Then, LM-patterning methods-serial-patterning, parallel-patterning, intermetallic bond-assisted patterning, and molding/microfluidic injection-are categorized and investigated. Finally, perspectives on LM-based soft electronics with unique properties are provided. They include outstanding features of LM such as conformability, biocompatibility, permeability, restorability, and recyclability. Also, they include perspectives on future LM-based soft electronics in various areas such as radio frequency electronics, soft robots, and heterogeneous catalyst. LM-based soft devices are expected to permeate the daily lives if patterning methods and the aforementioned features are analyzed and utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwoo Kim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
| | - Hyungjun Lim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology77 Chungam‐ro, Nam‐guPohang37673South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design/Institute of Engineering ResearchSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
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19
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Wang Z, Wu Y, Zhu B, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Sun D, Lin L, Wu D. Self-Patterning of Highly Stretchable and Electrically Conductive Liquid Metal Conductors by Direct-Write Super-Hydrophilic Laser-Induced Graphene and Electroless Copper Plating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4713-4723. [PMID: 36623166 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electrodes are desirable in flexible electronics for the transmission and acquisition of electrical signals, but their fabrication process remains challenging. Herein, we report an approach based on patterned liquid metals (LMs) as stretchable electrodes using a super-hydrophilic laser-induced graphene (SHL-LIG) process with electroless plating copper on a polyimide (PI) film. The LMs/SHL-LIG structures are then transferred from the PI film to an Ecoflex substrate as stretchable electrodes with an ultralow sheet resistance of 3.54 mΩ per square and excellent stretchability up to 480% in elongation. Furthermore, these electrodes show outstanding performances of only 8% electrical resistance changes under a tensile strain of 300%, and strong immunity to temperature and pressure changes. As demonstration examples, these electrodes are integrated with a stretchable strain sensing system and a smart magnetic soft robot toward practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen518057, China
| | - Yigen Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen518057, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen518057, China
| | - Qixiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen518057, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen518057, China
| | - Zhenjin Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen518057, China
| | - Daoheng Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, China
| | - Liwei Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Dezhi Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen518057, China
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20
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Huang W, Zhang J, Singh V, Xu L, Kabi P, Bele E, Tiwari MK. Digital light 3D printing of a polymer composite featuring robustness, self-healing, recyclability and tailorable mechanical properties. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 61:None. [PMID: 37842178 PMCID: PMC10567580 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2022.103343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Producing lightweight structures with high weight-specific strength and stiffness, self-healing abilities, and recyclability, is highly attractive for engineering applications such as aerospace, biomedical devices, and smart robots. Most self-healing polymer systems used to date for mechanical components lack 3D printability and satisfactory load-bearing capacity. Here, we report a new self-healable polymer composite for Digital Light Processing 3D Printing, by combining two monomers with distinct mechanical characteristics. It shows a desirable and superior combination of properties among 3D printable self-healing polymers, with tensile strength and elastic modulus up to 49 MPa and 810 MPa, respectively. Benefiting from dual dynamic bonds between the linear chains, a healing efficiency of above 80% is achieved after heating at a mild temperature of 60 °C without additional solvents. Printed objects are also endowed with multi-materials assembly and recycling capabilities, allowing robotic components to be easily reassembled or recycled after failure. Mechanical properties and deformation behaviour of printed composites and lattices can be tuned significantly to suit various practical applications by altering formulation. Lattice structures with three different architectures were printed and tested in compression: honeycomb, re-entrant, and chiral. They can regain their structural integrity and stiffness after damage, which is of great value for robotic applications. This study extends the performance space of composites, providing a pathway to design printable architected materials with simultaneous mechanical robustness/healability, efficient recoverability, and recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Vikaramjeet Singh
- Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Lulu Xu
- Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London W1W 7TS, UK
| | - Prasenjit Kabi
- Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Eral Bele
- UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Manish K. Tiwari
- Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London W1W 7TS, UK
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21
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Lee W, Kim H, Kang I, Park H, Jung J, Lee H, Park H, Park JS, Yuk JM, Ryu S, Jeong JW, Kang J. Universal assembly of liquid metal particles in polymers enables elastic printed circuit board. Science 2022; 378:637-641. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abo6631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An elastic printed circuit board (E-PCB) is a conductive framework used for the facile assembly of system-level stretchable electronics. E-PCBs require elastic conductors that have high conductivity, high stretchability, tough adhesion to various components, and imperceptible resistance changes even under large strain. We present a liquid metal particle network (LMP
Net
) assembled by applying an acoustic field to a solid-state insulating liquid metal particle composite as the elastic conductor. The LMP
Net
conductor satisfies all the aforementioned requirements and enables the fabrication of a multilayered high-density E-PCB, in which numerous electronic components are intimately integrated to create highly stretchable skin electronics. Furthermore, we could generate the LMP
Net
in various polymer matrices, including hydrogels, self-healing elastomers, and photoresists, thus showing their potential for use in soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonbeom Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Kang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongjun Park
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeseung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunchang Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Yuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwa Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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22
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Tan MWM, Bark H, Thangavel G, Gong X, Lee PS. Photothermal modulated dielectric elastomer actuator for resilient soft robots. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6769. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34301-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSoft robots need to be resilient to extend their operation under unpredictable environments. While utilizing elastomers that are tough and healable is promising to achieve this, mechanical enhancements often lead to higher stiffness that deteriorates actuation strains. This work introduces liquid metal nanoparticles into carboxyl polyurethane elastomer to sensitize a dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) with responsiveness to electric fields and NIR light. The nanocomposite can be healed under NIR illumination to retain high toughness (55 MJ m−3) and can be recycled at lower temperatures and shorter durations due to nanoparticle-elastomer interactions that minimize energy barriers. During co-stimulation, photothermal effects modulate the elastomer moduli to lower driving electric fields of DEAs. Bilayer configurations display synergistic actuation under co-stimulation to improve energy densities, and enable a DEA crawler to achieve longer strides. This work paves the way for a generation of soft robots that achieves both resilience and high actuation performance.
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23
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Ochirkhuyag N, Nishitai Y, Mizuguchi S, Isano Y, Ni S, Murakami K, Shimamura M, Iida H, Ueno K, Ota H. Stretchable Gas Barrier Films Using Liquid Metal toward a Highly Deformable Battery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:48123-48132. [PMID: 36168303 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Highly deformable batteries that are flexible and stretchable are important for the next-generation wearable devices. Several studies have focused on the stable operation and life span of batteries. On the other hand, there has been less focus on the packaging of highly deformable batteries. In wearable devices, solid-state or pouch lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) packaged in aluminum (Al)-laminated films, which protect against moisture and gas permeation, are used. Stretchable elastomer materials are used as the packaging films of highly deformable batteries; however, they are extremely permeable to gas and moisture. Therefore, a packaging film that provides high deformability along with gas and moisture barrier functionalities is required for the stable operation of highly deformable batteries used in ambient conditions. In this study, a stretchable packaging film with high gas barrier functionality is developed successfully by coating a thin layer of liquid metal onto a gold (Au)-deposited thermoplastic polyurethane film using the layer-by-layer method. The film exhibits excellent oxygen gas impermeability under mechanical strain and extremely low moisture permeability. It shows high impermeability along with high mechanical robustness. Using the proposed stretchable gas barrier film, a highly deformable LIB is assembled, which offers reliable operation in air. The operation of the highly deformable battery is analyzed by powering LEDs under mechanical deformations in ambient conditions. The proposed stretchable packaging film can potentially be used for the development of packaging films in advanced wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyamjargal Ochirkhuyag
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yuuki Nishitai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Mizuguchi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Isano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Sijie Ni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Koki Murakami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Masaki Shimamura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iida
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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24
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Cheng Y, Wang C, Kang F, He YB. Self-Healable Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3656. [PMID: 36296849 PMCID: PMC9610850 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The inner constituents of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are easy to deform during charging and discharging processes, and the accumulation of these deformations would result in physical fractures, poor safety performances, and short lifespan of LIBs. Recent studies indicate that the introduction of self-healing (SH) materials into electrodes or electrolytes can bring about great enhancements in their mechanical strength, thus optimizing the cycle stability of the batteries. Due to the self-healing property of these special functional materials, the fractures/cracks generated during repeated cycles could be spontaneously cured. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms of self-healing strategies and introduces the applications of SH materials in LIBs, especially from the aspects of electrodes and electrolytes. Finally, the challenges and the opportunities of the future research as well as the potential of applications are presented to promote the research of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cheng
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chengrui Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan-Bing He
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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25
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Soh EJH, Astier HPAG, Daniel D, Isaiah Chua JQ, Miserez A, Jia Z, Li L, O'Shea SJ, Bhaskaran H, Tomczak N, Nijhuis CA. AFM Manipulation of EGaIn Microdroplets to Generate Controlled, On-Demand Contacts on Molecular Self-Assembled Monolayers. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14370-14378. [PMID: 36065994 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal droplets, such as eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn), are important in many research areas, such as soft electronics, catalysis, and energy storage. Droplet contact on solid surfaces is typically achieved without control over the applied force and without optimizing the wetting properties in different environments (e.g., in air or liquid), resulting in poorly defined contact areas. In this work, we demonstrate the direct manipulation of EGaIn microdroplets using an atomic force microscope (AFM) to generate repeated, on-demand making and breaking of contact on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols. The nanoscale positional control and feedback loop in an AFM allow us to control the contact force at the nanonewton level and, consequently, tune the droplet contact areas at the micrometer length scale in both air and ethanol. When submerged in ethanol, the droplets are highly nonwetting, resulting in hysteresis-free contact forces and minimal adhesion; as a result, we are able to create reproducible geometric contact areas of 0.8-4.5 μm2 with the alkanethiolate SAMs in ethanol. In contrast, there is a larger hysteresis in the contact forces and larger adhesion for the same EGaIn droplet in air, which reduced the control over the contact area (4-12 μm2). We demonstrate the usefulness of the technique and of the gained insights in EGaIn contact mechanics by making well-defined molecular tunneling junctions based on alkanethiolate SAMs with small geometric contact areas of between 4 and 12 μm2 in air, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude smaller than previously achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Jia Hao Soh
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634
| | | | - Dan Daniel
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jia Qing Isaiah Chua
- Biological and Biomimetic Material Laboratory, Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637553
| | - Ali Miserez
- Biological and Biomimetic Material Laboratory, Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637553
| | - Zian Jia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Sean J O'Shea
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634
| | - Harish Bhaskaran
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Nikodem Tomczak
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
- Hybrid Materials for Optoelectronics Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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26
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Gan T, Xiao Q, Handschuh-Wang S, Huang X, Wang H, Deng X, Hu S, Wang B, Wu Q, Zhou X. Conformally Adhesive, Large-Area, Solidlike, yet Transient Liquid Metal Thin Films and Patterns via Gelatin-Regulated Droplet Deposition and Sintering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42744-42756. [PMID: 36068651 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion and spreading of liquid metals (LMs) on substrates are essential steps for the generation of flexible electronics and thermal management devices. However, the controlled deposition is limited by the high surface tension and peculiar wetting and adhesion behavior of LMs. Herein, we introduce gelatin-regulated LM droplet deposition and sintering (GLMDDS), for the upscalable production of conformally adhesive, solidlike, yet transient LM thin films and patterns on diverse substrates. This method involves four steps: homogeneous deposition of LM microdroplets, gelation of the LM-gelatin solution, toughening of the gelatin hydrogel by solvent displacement, and peeling-induced sintering of LM microdroplets. The LM thin film exhibits a three-layer structure, comprising an LM microdroplet-embedded tough organohydrogel adhesion layer, a continuous LM layer, and an oxide skin. The composite exhibits high stretchability and mechanical robustness, conformal adhesion to various substrates, high conductivity (4.35 × 105 S·m-1), and transience (86% LM recycled). Large-scale deposition (i.e., 5.6 dm2) and the potential for patterns on diverse substrates demonstrate its upscalability and broad suitability. Finally, the LM thin films and patterns are applied for flexible and wearable devices, i.e., pressure sensors, heaters, human motion tracking devices, and thermal management devices, illustrating the broad applicability of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansheng Gan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qi Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Haifei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Deng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Shuangyan Hu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ben Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qixing Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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27
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Poly(L‐lactic acid) and poly(ε‐caprolactone) based
ultra‐strong
and tough thermoplastic polyurethane‐urea with multi‐urea segments and oriented microstructures. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Wang Q, Ji X, Liu X, Liu Y, Liang J. Viscoelastic Metal-in-Water Emulsion Gel via Host-Guest Bridging for Printed and Strain-Activated Stretchable Electrodes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:12677-12685. [PMID: 35926219 PMCID: PMC9413406 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable conductive electrodes that can be made by printing technology with high resolution is desired for preparing wearable electronics. Printable inks composed of liquid metals are ideal candidates for these applications, but their practical applications are limited by their low stability, poor printability, and low conductivity. Here, thixotropic metal-in-water (M/W) emulsion gels (MWEGs) were designed and developed by stabilizing and bridging liquid metal droplets (LMDs) via a host-guest polymer. In the MWEGs, the hydrophilic main chain of the host-guest polymers emulsified and stabilized LMDs via coordination bonds. The grafted cyclodextrin and adamantane groups formed dynamic inclusion complexes to bridge two neighboring LMDs, leading to the formation of a dynamically cross-linked network of LMDs in the aqueous phase. The MWEGs exhibited viscoelastic and shear-thinning behavior, making them ideal for direct three-dimensional (3D) and screen printing with a high resolution (∼65 μm) to assemble complex patterns consisting of ∼95 wt % liquid metal. When stretching the printed patterns, strong host-guest interactions guaranteed that the entire droplet network was cross-linked, while the brittle oxide shell of the droplets ruptured, releasing the liquid metal core and allowing it to fuse into continuous conductive pathways under an ultralow critical strain (<1.5%). This strain-activated conductivity exceeded 15800 S/cm under a large strain of 800% and exhibited long-term cyclic stability and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced
Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Ji
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced
Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Xue Liu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced
Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced
Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- College
of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Jiajie Liang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced
Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry and
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
(Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
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29
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Dai J, Qin H, Dong WX, Cong HP, Yu SH. Autonomous Self-Healing of Highly Stretchable Supercapacitors at All Climates. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6444-6453. [PMID: 35748657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Realizing autonomous self-healing and high stretchability of flexible supercapacitors over a wide temperature range remains a big challenge because of simultaneous incorporation of self-healing, stretchable and temperature-tolerant elements into a device as well as unfavorable electrochemical kinetics in harsh conditions. Here, we demonstrate for the first time an autonomous self-healing and intrinsically stretchable supercapacitor that can work at all-climate environments assembled by universally self-healing and highly stretchable organohydrogel electrodes with record-high temperature-invariant conductivity of ∼965 S/cm. Benefiting from multiple hydrogen bonding and dynamic metal coordination combined with electrochemistry-favorable components and integrated device configuration, the supercapacitor exhibits outstanding long-term stability, high stretchability, instantaneous and complete capacitive self-healability, and real-time mechanical healing at harsh temperatures from -35 to 80 °C. The superiorities in stretchability, self-healability, and all-climate tolerance enable the supercapacitor presented here as the best performer among the flexible supercapacitors reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Haili Qin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Wen-Xuan Dong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Huai-Ping Cong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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30
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Sanchez-Botero L, Shah DS, Kramer-Bottiglio R. Are Liquid Metals Bulk Conductors? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109427. [PMID: 35293649 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics have potential in wide-reaching applications including wearables, personal health monitoring, and soft robotics. Many recent advances in stretchable electronics leverage liquid metals, particularly eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn). A variety of EGaIn electromechanical behaviors have been reported, ranging from bulk conductor responses to effectively strain-insensitive responses. However, numerous measurement techniques have been used throughout the literature, making it difficult to directly compare the various proposed formulations. Here, the electromechanical responses of EGaIn found in the literature is reviewed and pure EGaIn is investigated using three electrical resistance measurement techniques: four point probe, two point probe, and Wheatstone bridge. The results indicate substantial differences in measured electromechanical behavior between the three methods, which can largely be accounted for by correcting for a fixed offset corresponding to the resistances of various parts of the measurement circuits. Yet, even accounting for several of these sources of experimental error, the average relative change in resistance of EGaIn is found to be lower than that predicted by the commonly used bulk conductor assumption, referred to as Pouillet's law. Building upon recent theories proposed in the literature, possible explanations for the discrepancies are discussed. Finally, suggestions are provided on experimental design to enable reproducible and interpretable research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sanchez-Botero
- School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Dylan S Shah
- School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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31
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Xiao C, Feng J, Xu H, Xu R, Zhou T. Scalable Strategy to Directly Prepare 2D and 3D Liquid Metal Circuits Based on Laser-Induced Selective Metallization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20000-20013. [PMID: 35467834 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Selective wetting of a gallium-based liquid metal on copper circuits is one of the ways to prepare liquid metal circuits. However, the complex fabrication processes of an adhesion layer between copper circuits (or patterns) and substrates were still inevitable, limiting scalable applications. Our work developed a facile way to directly prepare 2D and 3D liquid metal circuits by combining laser-induced selective metallization and selective wetting for the first time. The copper template was obtained on elastomers using laser-induced selective metallization, and high-resolution liquid metal circuits were fabricated by brushing Galinstan on the copper template in the alkali solution. The distribution of Cu element not only was on the top surface but also extended to the interior of the elastomer substrate. This revealed that the Cu layer prepared by laser-induced selective metallization is born to firmly embed into the substrate, which endowed the circuits with strong adhesion, reaching the highest 5B level. Moreover, the prepared liquid metal circuits (or patterns) had a typical layered structure. The liquid metal circuits exhibit good flexibility, stretchability, self-healing ability, and acid-alkaline resistance. Compared with the traditional methods of patterning liquid metals, fabricating liquid metal circuits based on laser-induced selective metallization has irreplaceable advantages, such as strong adhesion between circuits and substrate, fabricating 3D circuits, good acid-alkaline resistance, cost-effectiveness, maskless use, time savings, arbitrary design of patterns, and convenient operation, which endow this method with great application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Haoran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Rui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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32
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Du R, Jin Q, Zhu T, Wang C, Li S, Li Y, Huang X, Jiang Y, Li W, Bao T, Cao P, Pan L, Chen X, Zhang Q, Jia X. Sliding Cyclodextrin Molecules along Polymer Chains to Enhance the Stretchability of Conductive Composites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200533. [PMID: 35388964 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The demand for stretchable electronics with a broader working range is increasing for wide application in wearable sensors and e-skin. However, stretchable conductors based on soft elastomers always exhibit low working range due to the inhomogeneous breakage of the conductive network when stretched. Here, a highly stretchable and self-healable conductor is reported by adopting polyrotaxane and disulfide bonds into the binding layer. The binding layer (PR-SS) builds the bridge between polymer substrates (PU-SS) and silver nanowires (AgNWs). The incorporation of sliding molecules endows the stretchable conductor with a long sensing range (190%) due to the energy dissipation derived from the sliding nature of polyrotaxanes, which is two times higher than the working range (93%) of conductors based on AP-SS without polyrotaxanes. Furthermore, the mechanism of sliding effect for the polyrotaxanes in the elastomers is investigated by SEM for morphological change of AgNWs, in situ small-angle x-ray scattering, as well as stress relaxation experiments. Finally, human-body-related sensing tests and a self-correction system in fitness are designed and demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichun Du
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Qi Jin
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Tangsong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Changxian Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sheng Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yanzhen Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xinxin Huang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Ying Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wenlong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Tianwei Bao
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Jia
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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33
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Zhou Z, Wang X, Yu H, Yu C, Zhang F. Dynamic Cross-Linked Polyurea/Polydopamine Nanocomposites for Photoresponsive Self-Healing and Photoactuation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqun Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuting Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hancheng Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caili Yu
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Faai Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China
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34
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Jo Y, Hwang JH, Lee SS, Lee SY, Kim YS, Kim DG, Choi Y, Jeong S. Printable Self-Activated Liquid Metal Stretchable Conductors from Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Functionalized Eutectic Gallium Indium Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:10747-10757. [PMID: 35099918 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronic circuits are critical in a variety of next-generation electronics applications, including soft robots, wearable technologies, and biomedical applications. To date, printable composite conductors comprising various types of conductive fillers have been suggested to achieve high electrical conductance and excellent stretchability. Among them, liquid metal particles have been considered as a viable candidate filler that can meet the necessary prerequisites. However, a mechanical activation process is needed to generate interconnected liquid channels inside elastomeric polymers. In this study, we have developed a chemical strategy of surface-functionalizing liquid metal particles to eliminate the necessity of additional mechanical activation processes. We found that the characteristic conformations of the polyvinylpyrrolidone surrounding eutectic gallium indium particles are highly dependent on the molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone. By virtue of the specific chemical roles of polyvinylpyrrolidone, the as-printed composite layers are highly conductive and stretchable, exhibiting an electrical conductivity approaching 8372 S/cm at 100% strain and an invariant resistance change of 0.92 even at 75% strain after a 60,000 cycle test. The results demonstrate that the self-activated liquid metal-based composite conductors are applicable to traditional stretchable electronics, healable stretchable electronics, and shape-morphable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Jo
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, and Integrated Education Institute for Frontier Science & Technology (BK21 Four), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Hwang
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Sun Sook Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Su Yeon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Yong Seok Kim
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Kim
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Youngmin Choi
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Sunho Jeong
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, and Integrated Education Institute for Frontier Science & Technology (BK21 Four), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea
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35
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Jiang PP, Qin H, Dai J, Yu SH, Cong HP. Ultrastretchable and Self-Healing Conductors with Double Dynamic Network for Omni-Healable Capacitive Strain Sensors. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1433-1442. [PMID: 34747171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Skin-mountable capacitive-type strain sensors with great linearity and low hysteresis provide inspiration for the interactions between human and machine. For practicality, high sensing performance, large stretchability, and self-healing are demanded but limited by stretchable electrode and dielectric and interfacial compatibility. Here, we demonstrate an extremely stretchable and self-healing conductor via both hard and soft tactics that combine conductive nanowire assemblies with double dynamic network based on π-π attractions and Ag-S coordination bonds. The obtained conductor outperforms the reported stretchable conductors by delivering an elongation of 3250%, resistance change of 223% at 2000% strain, high durability, and multiresponsive self-healability. Especially, this conductor accommodates large strain of 1500% at extremely knotted and twisted deformations. By sandwiching hydrogel conductors with a newly developed dielectric, ultrahigh stretchability and omni-healability are simultaneously achieved for the first time for a capacitive strain sensor inspired by metal-thiolate coordination chemistry, showing great potentials in wearable electronics and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Jiang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Haili Qin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Huai-Ping Cong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Li WD, Ke K, Jia J, Pu JH, Zhao X, Bao RY, Liu ZY, Bai L, Zhang K, Yang MB, Yang W. Recent Advances in Multiresponsive Flexible Sensors towards E-skin: A Delicate Design for Versatile Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2103734. [PMID: 34825473 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiresponsive flexile sensors with strain, temperature, humidity, and other sensing abilities serving as real electronic skin (e-skin) have manifested great application potential in flexible electronics, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT). Although numerous flexible sensors with sole sensing function have already been reported since the concept of e-skin, that mimics the sensing features of human skin, was proposed about a decade ago, the ones with more sensing capacities as new emergences are urgently demanded. However, highly integrated and highly sensitive flexible sensors with multiresponsive functions are becoming a big thrust for the detection of human body motions, physiological signals (e.g., skin temperature, blood pressure, electrocardiograms (ECG), electromyograms (EMG), sweat, etc.) and environmental stimuli (e.g., light, magnetic field, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)), which are vital to real-time and all-round human health monitoring and management. Herein, this review summarizes the design, manufacturing, and application of multiresponsive flexible sensors and presents the future challenges of fabricating these sensors for the next-generation e-skin and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Di Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jun-Hong Pu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Lu Bai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
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37
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Guymon GG, Malakooti MH. Multifunctional liquid metal polymer composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G. Guymon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Institute for Nano‐Engineered Systems University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Mohammad H. Malakooti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Institute for Nano‐Engineered Systems University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
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38
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Wang Y, Li Y, He M, Bai J, Liu B, Li Z. Effect of chain extender on microphase structure and performance of self‐healing polyurethane and poly(urethane‐urea). J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- Department of Materials Engineering Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Yaqiong Li
- Department of Materials Engineering Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Maoyong He
- Department of Materials Engineering Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Jingjing Bai
- Department of Materials Engineering Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Bingxiao Liu
- Department of Materials Engineering Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Zhenzhong Li
- Department of Materials Engineering Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan China
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39
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Asada J, Usami N, Ota H, Watanabe M, Ueno K. Liquid Metal–Ionic Liquid Composite Gels for Soft, Mixed Electronic–Ionic Conductors. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juri Asada
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science Yokohama National University 79‐5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya‐ku Yokohama 240‐8501 Japan
| | - Natsuka Usami
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science Yokohama National University 79‐5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya‐ku Yokohama 240‐8501 Japan
| | - Hiroki Ota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Yokohama National University 79‐5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya‐ku Yokohama 240‐8501 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Watanabe
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre (ACERC) Institute of Advanced Sciences Yokohama National University 79‐5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya‐ku Yokohama 240‐8501 Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science Yokohama National University 79‐5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya‐ku Yokohama 240‐8501 Japan
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre (ACERC) Institute of Advanced Sciences Yokohama National University 79‐5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya‐ku Yokohama 240‐8501 Japan
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40
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Liu X, Yang Z, Quan H, Li J, Xiang Y, Wu F. EGaIn coated 3D-Cu foam as a self-healing current collector for lithium ion batteries. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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41
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Gai Y, Li H, Li Z. Self-Healing Functional Electronic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101383. [PMID: 34288411 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Electronic devices with various functions bring great convenience and revolutionize the way we live. They are inevitable to degrade over time because of physical or chemical fatigue and damage during practical operation. To make these devices have the ability to autonomously heal from cracks and restore their mechanical and electrical properties, self-healing materials emerged as the time requires for constructing robust and self-healing electronic devices. Here the development of self-healing electronic devices with different functions, for example, energy harvesting, energy storage, sensing, and transmission, is reviewed. The new application scenarios and existing challenges are explored, and possible strategies and perspectives for future practical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Gai
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hu Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhou Li
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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42
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Lee JK, Kim YM, Moon HC. Polymeric Ion Conductors Based on Sono-Polymerized Zwitterionic Polymers for Electrochromic Supercapacitors with Improved Shelf-Life Stability. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100468. [PMID: 34555244 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monolithic electrochromic supercapacitors (ECSs) have attracted increasing interest in recent electrochemical electronics due to their simplicity and unique ability to visually indicate stored energy levels. One crucial challenge for practical use is the improvement of shelf-life. Herein, zwitterionic (ZI) ionogels are proposed as effective electrolytes to reduce the self-discharging decay of ECSs. All-in-one ZI electrochromic (EC) gels are produced by one-pot sono-polymerization. The presence of ZI moieties in the gel does not affect the EC characteristics of chromophores. In addition, excellent capacitive properties in areal capacitance and coulombic efficiency are presented owing to the alignment of ZI units under an electric field and the formation of ion migration channels where rapid ion transport is allowed. Furthermore, the shelf-life of the ZI gel-based ECS is significantly improved by adjusting the interaction between polymeric gelators and ion species. The ZI gel-based ECS is expected to be a key platform for future smart energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyeong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
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43
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Park Y, Lee G, Jang J, Yun SM, Kim E, Park J. Liquid Metal-Based Soft Electronics for Wearable Healthcare. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002280. [PMID: 33724723 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wearable healthcare devices have garnered substantial interest for the realization of personal health management by monitoring the physiological parameters of individuals. Attaining the integrity between the devices and the biological interfaces is one of the greatest challenges to achieving high-quality body information in dynamic conditions. Liquid metals, which exist in the liquid phase at room temperatures, are advanced intensively as conductors for deformable devices because of their excellent stretchability and self-healing ability. The unique surface chemistry of liquid metals allows the development of various sensors and devices in wearable form. Also, the biocompatibility of liquid metals, which is verified through numerous biomedical applications, holds immense potential in uses on the surface and inside of a living body. Here, the recent progress of liquid metal-based wearable electronic devices for healthcare with respect to the featured properties and the processing technologies is discussed. Representative examples of applications such as biosensors, neural interfaces, and a soft interconnection for devices are reviewed. The current challenges and prospects for further development are also discussed, and the future directions of advances in the latest research are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young‐Geun Park
- KIURI Institute Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
- Nano Science Technology Institute Department of Materials Science and Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Ga‐Yeon Lee
- KIURI Institute Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiuk Jang
- Nano Science Technology Institute Department of Materials Science and Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Su Min Yun
- Nano Science Technology Institute Department of Materials Science and Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Enji Kim
- Nano Science Technology Institute Department of Materials Science and Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jang‐Ung Park
- KIURI Institute Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
- Nano Science Technology Institute Department of Materials Science and Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
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44
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Abstract
Various eutectic systems have been proposed and studied over the past few decades. Most of the studies have focused on three typical types of eutectics: eutectic metals, eutectic salts, and deep eutectic solvents. On the one hand, they are all eutectic systems, and their eutectic principle is the same. On the other hand, they are representative of metals, inorganic salts, and organic substances, respectively. They have applications in almost all fields related to chemistry. Their different but overlapping applications stem from their very different properties. In addition, the proposal of new eutectic systems has greatly boosted the development of cross-field research involving chemistry, materials, engineering, and energy. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of these typical eutectics and describe task-specific strategies to address growing demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China.
| | - Zhimin Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.
| | - Tiancheng Mu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China.
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45
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg Makromolekulare Chemie Fakultät Naturwissenschaften II Von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 D‐06120 Halle
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46
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Wang DP, Zhao ZH, Li CH. Universal Self-Healing Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymer Crosslinked Predominantly by Physical Entanglements. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:31129-31139. [PMID: 34156814 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Harsh conditions are inevitable for long-term use of self-healing polymers. However, the majority of reported self-healing materials cannot remain stable under harsh conditions due to the presence of vulnerable dynamic crosslinking sites. Herein, a universal self-healing poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) polymer is reported. In our design, the PDMS polymer chains are crosslinked predominantly through physical entanglements. Owing to the invulnerable nature of the entanglement junctions and high mobility of polymer chains, the as-synthesized polymer exhibits autonomous self-healing capabilities not only under ambient conditions but also in a variety of harsh environments, including aqueous solutions, organic solvents, and extreme conditions (strong acid/alkali, redox agents, freezing temperature). Moreover, this polymer can be easily integrated with a eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) alloy to achieve layer-by-layer self-healing electronic skin sensors, which realize the combination of excellent electrical conductivity, long-term sensing stability, and universal self-healing capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Han Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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47
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Nie J, Fan J, Gong Z, Xu C, Chen Y. Frame-structured and self-healing ENR-based nanocomposites for strain sensors. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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48
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Zhang Y, Yu Y, Zhao X, Yang X, Yu R, Zhang Y, Huang W. A High Strength but Fast Fracture-Self-Healing Thermoplastic Elastomer. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100135. [PMID: 34142391 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a new type of healable thermoplastic poly(urethane-urea) (PUU) elastomer with a unique dual dynamic network structure consisting of multi-strength hydrogen bonds and aromatic disulfide bonds, is designed and synthesized. The resultant PUU elastomer exhibits high tensile strength (41 MPa), great toughness (104 MJ m-3 ), and excellent self-healing capability (completely severes, heals at 60 ℃ for just 1 h, and recovers more than 80% of the original tensile strength). Although the PUU possesses high-density hydrogen bonds, it is completely homogeneous without micro-phase separation. The unique dual dynamic network structure alleviates the adverse effects of strong molecular interactions on self-healing process, simultaneously endowing the polymer with outstanding mechanical properties and excellent self-healing capability at mild temperature. In addition, the underlying mechanism between performance and structure is revealed. The PUU has potential applications in soft robots and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yongjia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ran Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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49
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Xu J, Pang H, Gong X, Pei L, Xuan S. A shape-deformable liquid-metal-filled magnetorheological plastomer sensor with a magnetic field "on-off" switch. iScience 2021; 24:102549. [PMID: 34142054 PMCID: PMC8184518 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible viscoelastic sensors have gained significant attention in wearable devices owing to their exceptional strain-dependent electrical resistance. Most of the strain sensors are elastic composites, thus the internal stress is often preserved during the deformation when they are attached to the uneven target. Therefore, there is a pressing need for viscoelastic composites with highly self-adapted electromechanical properties sensitive to multiexternal circumstances. This work reports a liquid-metal-filled magnetorheological plastomer (LMMRP) that shows a high response behavior to the external stimulus such as magnetic field, temperature, and force. The shape-deformable LMMRP can transform from an insulator to a conductor under applying a magnetic field, thus the further viscoelastic sensor possesses a magnetic field “on-off” switch effect. The microstructure-dependent magnetic/thermal/mechanical-electrical coupling characteristics are investigated, and several proof-of-concept sensor applications, such as magnetic control, environment recognition, and motion monitoring, are demonstrated. These LMMRP composites show a broad potential in flexible sensors and soft electronics. A shape-deformable liquid-metal-filled magnetorheological plastomer was created. The plastomer is sensitive to magnetic field, temperature, and force. The evolution of the particle microstructure in the plastomer was simulated. The plastomer has great potential in flexible electronics with magnetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China
| | - Haoming Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China
| | - Xinglong Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China
| | - Lei Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China
| | - Shouhu Xuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China
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50
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Yun G, Tang SY, Lu H, Zhang S, Dickey MD, Li W. Hybrid‐Filler Stretchable Conductive Composites: From Fabrication to Application. SMALL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Yun
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Hongda Lu
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes Department of Precision Machinery and Instrumentation University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230027 China
| | - Michael D. Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
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