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Susan-Resiga D, Socoliuc VM, Borbáth I, Borbáth T, Tripon SC, Bălănean F, Vékás L. High magnetization composite magnetic fluid: structure, magnetorheology and new sealing mechanism in rotating seals. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:6176-6192. [PMID: 39044684 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01693e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The sealing capacity of magnetofluidic (MF) rotating seals is limited by the highest magnetization of the sealing ferrofluids (FFs) of about 1000 G (80 kA m-1). A sharp, almost an order of magnitude, increase in the supported pressure drop is possible by using a magnetorheological (MR) suspension as sealing fluid, owing to the much higher saturation magnetization of MR fluids compared to FFs. However, rotating seals with MR fluids have several shortcomings, such as a significant increase of the friction torque due to the growth of shear stress in the strong magnetic field specific to MF seals and leakage of the non-magnetic carrier liquid. At least partly, these issues can be avoided by using ferrofluid based extremely bidisperse MR suspensions of micrometer-sized iron (Fe) particles dispersed in a ferrofluid, as sealing fluid. The composite Fe3O4-Fe magnetic fluid used in this study consisted of hundreds of nanometers up to few microns size structures of interconnected (welded) Fe nanoparticles (FeMNPs) dispersed in a high colloidal stability ferrofluid with 500 G (40 kA m-1) saturation magnetization. The volume fraction of iron NPs varies from 0.5 to 15% in the ferrofluid carrier which significantly increases the magnetization and simultaneously produces important changes of flow properties in magnetic field of the resulting composite fluid, from Newtonian to strongly non-Newtonian behavior. The evaluation of the magnetic and magnetorheological behavior includes the dependence of magnetization, effective viscosity, magnetoviscous effect and dynamic yield stress on the volume fraction of Fe nanoparticles dispersed in the ferrofluid carrier. The seal gap filled with interconnected Fe nanospheres consists in randomly distributed microregions with a high intensity and high gradient magnetic field that captures the ferrofluid and provides a new sealing mechanism. Already a small amount of interconnected Fe nanospheres additive (2.5-5.0% volume fraction) produces four times increase of the rotating seal burst pressure, a much higher increase than what can be obtained from using a conventional magnetic fluid with the same magnetization. The nano-composite sealing magnetic fluid proved to be a cost-effective solution to significantly increase the performance of multi-stage rotating MF seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Susan-Resiga
- Romanian Academy - Timisoara Branch, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Laboratory for Magnetic Fluids, 24 Mihai Viteazul Ave., 300223, Timisoara, Romania.
- West University of Timisoara, Faculty of Physics, 1 Vasile Pârvan Ave., 300222 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Vlad-Mircea Socoliuc
- Romanian Academy - Timisoara Branch, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Laboratory for Magnetic Fluids, 24 Mihai Viteazul Ave., 300223, Timisoara, Romania.
- Politehnica University of Timisoara, Research Center for Complex Fluids Systems Engineering, Mihai Viteazul Ave. 1, 300222 Timisoara, Romania
| | - István Borbáth
- ROSEAL Co., Str.: Nicolae Bălcescu, Nr.: 5/A, Odorheiu Secuiesc, Romania
| | - Tünde Borbáth
- ROSEAL Co., Str.: Nicolae Bălcescu, Nr.: 5/A, Odorheiu Secuiesc, Romania
| | - Septimiu Casian Tripon
- Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Integrated Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Faculty of Biology & Geology, Electron Microscopy Center "Prof. C. Craciun", "Babes-Bolyai" University, 5-7 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Florica Bălănean
- Romanian Academy - Timisoara Branch, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Laboratory for Magnetic Fluids, 24 Mihai Viteazul Ave., 300223, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Ladislau Vékás
- Romanian Academy - Timisoara Branch, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Laboratory for Magnetic Fluids, 24 Mihai Viteazul Ave., 300223, Timisoara, Romania.
- Politehnica University of Timisoara, Research Center for Complex Fluids Systems Engineering, Mihai Viteazul Ave. 1, 300222 Timisoara, Romania
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2
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Li T, Duan L, Shi L, Liu E, Fan J. Novel ferrofluid based on hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for separation and analysis of trace estrogens in environmental water and urine samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4057-4070. [PMID: 38842689 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
A novel ferrofluid prepared from a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES) and Fe3O4@graphite composite materials was introduced as a green microextraction medium for the separation and enrichment of trace estrogens in real samples. It was found that the ferrofluid greatly improved the capacity and selectivity of target analytes, benefiting from the enrichment of both DES and Fe3O4@graphite composite materials. Using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) and vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME), a new method was established for simultaneous rapid processing and accurate determination of three estrogens (estradiol [E2], estriol [E3], and ethinyl estradiol [EE2]) in environmental water and urine samples. Key parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized using a single-factor approach and response surface methodology. Under optimal conditions, this method yielded a low limit of detection (1.01 ng L-1, 3.03 ng L-1, and 25.0 ng L-1 for EE2, E2, and E3, respectively), wide linear range (3-200,000 ng L-1), high enrichment factors (9.81-47.2), and satisfactory recovery (73.8-129.0%). Compared with traditional analytical techniques, this method avoids the use of volatile toxic organic extraction solvents and cumbersome phase separation operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiemei Li
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Lichong Duan
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Longrui Shi
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Enxiu Liu
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Fan
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Rosenberg M, Kantorovich SS, Ivanov AO, Camp PJ. Structure and dynamics in suspensions of magnetic platelets. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10250-10261. [PMID: 38713488 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
In this research, we employ Brownian dynamics simulations, density functional theory, and mean-field theory to explore the profound influence of shape anisotropy of magnetic nanoplatelets on suspension magnetic response. Each platelet is modelled as an oblate cylinder with a longitudinal point dipole, with an emphasis on strong dipolar interactions conducive to self-assembly. We investigate static structural and magnetic properties, characterising the system through pair distribution function, static structure factor, and cluster-size distribution. The findings demonstrate that shape-specific interactions and clustering lead to significant changes in reorientational relaxation times. Under zero field, distinctive modes in the dynamic magnetic susceptibility identify individual particles and particle clusters. In the presence of an applied field, the characteristic relaxation time of clusters increases, while that of single particles decreases. This research provides insights into the intricate interplay between shape anisotropy, clustering, and magnetic response in platelet suspensions, offering valuable perspectives for recent experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Rosenberg
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Kolingasse 14-16, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Research Platform MMM, University of Vienna, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sofia S Kantorovich
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Kolingasse 14-16, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Research Platform MMM, University of Vienna, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexey O Ivanov
- Ural Federal University, Lenin Avenue 51, Ekaterinburg, 620000, Russia
| | - Philip J Camp
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland, UK
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4
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Pimenta PHN, Rebouças RB, Oliveira TF. Magnetic field effects on the surfactant concentration over ferrofluid droplet surfaces in shear flows. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 662:438-445. [PMID: 38364469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the impact of a magnetic field on surfactant concentration and interfacial forces across droplet surfaces within shear flows. Our analysis centers on a single two-dimensional ferrofluid droplet covered with surfactants, suspended in an immiscible, non-magnetizable liquid. The model combines incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and Maxwell's equations in the superparamagnetic limit in the single-fluid formulation, augmented by terms accounting for Marangoni, capillary, and magnetic forces at the droplet interface. We solve the surfactant convection-diffusion equation at the surface, while a non-linear Langmuir equation of state relates surfactant concentration to surface tension. The model is numerically solved using finite differences, a level-set method for multiphase flow computation, and the closest-point method for concentration equation. Our findings reveal that even though the surfactant is magnetically neutral, the presence of a magnetic field significantly modifies its distribution at the interface. A magnetic field perpendicular to the primary flow direction shifts the maximum concentration zone from the droplet tips toward the flow vorticity direction, while a parallel field produces the opposite effect. Alterations in surfactant distribution directly impact the surface tension field, offering a potential wireless means of controlling droplet dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H N Pimenta
- Department of Academic Areas IV, Federal Institute of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74055-110, Brazil.
| | - R B Rebouças
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, IL 60607, United States.
| | - T F Oliveira
- Laboratory of Energy and Environment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil.
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Wang X, Zhuang Z, Li X, Yao X. Droplet Manipulation on Bioinspired Slippery Surfaces: From Design Principle to Biomedical Applications. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300253. [PMID: 37246251 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Droplet manipulation with high efficiency, high flexibility, and programmability, is essential for various applications in biomedical sciences and engineering. Bioinspired liquid-infused slippery surfaces (LIS), with exceptional interfacial properties, have led to expanding research for droplet manipulation. In this review, an overview of actuation principles is presented to illustrate how materials or systems can be designed for droplet manipulation on LIS. Recent progress on new manipulation methods on LIS is also summarized and their prospective applications in anti-biofouling and pathogen control, biosensing, and the development of digital microfluidics are presented. Finally, an outlook is made on the key challenges and opportunities for droplet manipulation on LIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Zhuang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xi Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518075, P. R. China
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6
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Liu L, Lin F, Qin C, Zhong H, Tong T, Li R, Yan H, Wang Q, Li P, Liu D, Wang C, Bao J, Wang Z. Spinning a Liquid Wheel and Driving Surface Thermomagnetic Convection with Light. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306756. [PMID: 37819771 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
A typical Tesla thermomagnetic engine employs a solid magnetic wheel to convert thermal energy into mechanical energy, while thermomagnetic convection in ferrofluid is still challenging to observe because it is a volume convection that occurs in an enclosed space. Using a water-based ferrofluid, a liquid Tesla thermomagnetic engine is demonstrated and reports the observation of thermomagnetic convection on a free surface. Both types of fluid motions are driven by light and observed by simply placing ferrofluid on a cylindrical magnet. The surface thermomagnetic convection on the free surface is made possible by eliminating the Marangoni effect, while the spinning of the liquid wheel is achieved through the solid-like behavior of the ferrofluid under a strong magnetic field. Increasing the magnetic field reveals a transition from simple thermomagnetic convection to a combination of the central spin of the spiky wheel surrounded by thermomagnetic convection in the outer region of the ferrofluid. The coupling between multiple ferrofluid wheels through a fluid bridge is further demonstrated. These demonstrations not only unveil the unique properties of ferrofluid but also provide a new platform for studying complex fluid dynamics and thermomagnetic convection, opening up exciting opportunities for light-controlled fluid actuation and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laichen Liu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Feng Lin
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Center for Superconductivity (TcSUH), University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Chengzhen Qin
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Center for Superconductivity (TcSUH), University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Hong Zhong
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Center for Superconductivity (TcSUH), University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Tian Tong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Center for Superconductivity (TcSUH), University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Runjia Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Hongzhen Yan
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Qiaozhen Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Peihang Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Jiming Bao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Center for Superconductivity (TcSUH), University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
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7
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Ji Y, Bai X, Sun H, Wang L, Gan C, Jia L, Xu J, Zhang W, Wang L, Xu Y, Hou Y, Wang Y, Hui H, Feng L. Biocompatible Ferrofluid-Based Millirobot for Tumor Photothermal Therapy in Near-Infrared-II Window. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302395. [PMID: 37947303 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Ferrofluidic robots with excellent deformability and controllability have been intensively studied recently. However, most of these studies are in vitro and the use of ferrofluids for in vivo medicinal applications remains a big challenge. The application of ferrofluidic robots to the body requires the solution of many key problems. In this study, biocompatibility, controllability, and tumor-killing efficacy are considered when creating a ferrofluid-based millirobot for in vivo tumor-targeted therapy. For biocompatibility problems, corn oil is used specifically for the ferrofluid robot. In addition, a control system is built that enables a 3D magnetic drive to be implemented in complex biological media. Using the photothermal conversion property of 1064 nm, the ferrofluid robot can kill tumor cells in vitro; inhibit tumor volume, destroy the tumor interstitium, increase tumor cell apoptosis, and inhibit tumor cell proliferation in vivo. This study provides a reference for ferrofluid-based millirobots to achieve targeted therapies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Ji
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xue Bai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chunyuan Gan
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lina Jia
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yingchen Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yaxin Hou
- Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yinyan Wang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hui Hui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lin Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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8
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Wei H, Sun B, Zhang S, Tang J. Magnetoactive Millirobots with Ternary Phase Transition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:3944-3954. [PMID: 38214466 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Magnetoactive soft millirobots have made significant advances in programmable deformation, multimodal locomotion, and untethered manipulation in unreachable regions. However, the inherent limitations are manifested in the solid-phase millirobot as limited deformability and in the liquid-phase millirobot as low stiffness. Herein, we propose a ternary-state magnetoactive millirobot based on a phase transitional polymer embedded with magnetic nanoparticles. The millirobot can reversibly transit among the liquid, solid, and viscous-fluid phases through heating and cooling. The liquid-phase millirobot has elastic deformation and mobility for unimpeded navigation in a constrained space. The viscous-fluid phase millirobot shows irreversible deformation and large ductility. The solid-phase millirobot shows good shape stability and controllable locomotion. Moreover, the ternary-state magnetoactive millirobot can achieve prominent capabilities including stiffness change and shape reconfiguration through phase transition. The millirobot can perform potential functions of navigation in complex terrain, three-dimensional circuit connection, and simulated treatment in a stomach model. This magnetoactive millirobot may find new applications in flexible electronics and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangsan Wei
- State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bonan Sun
- State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shengyuan Zhang
- State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jingda Tang
- State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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9
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Ryapolov P, Vasilyeva A, Kalyuzhnaya D, Churaev A, Sokolov E, Shel’deshova E. Magnetic Fluids: The Interaction between the Microstructure, Macroscopic Properties, and Dynamics under Different Combinations of External Influences. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:222. [PMID: 38276740 PMCID: PMC10819141 DOI: 10.3390/nano14020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic fluids were historically the first active nano-dispersion material. Despite over half a century of research, interest in these nano-objects continues to grow every year. This is due to the impressive development of nanotechnology, the synthesis of nanoscale structures, and surface-active systems. The unique combination of fluidity and magnetic response allows magnetic fluids to be used in engineering devices and biomedical applications. In this review, experimental results and fundamental theoretical approaches are systematized to predict the micro- and macroscopic behavior of magnetic fluid systems under different external influences. The article serves as working material for both experienced scientists in the field of magnetic fluids and novice specialists who are just beginning to investigate this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ryapolov
- Department of Nanotechnology, Microelectronics, General and Applied Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Southwest State University, 50 Let Oktyabrya Street, 94, 305040 Kursk, Russia; (A.V.); (D.K.); (A.C.); (E.S.); (E.S.)
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10
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Wu H, Liu Z, Gao M, Ai J, Ma Z, Su B, Zhou K, Yan C, Shi Y. Electric Power Generated from Magnetic Nanofluid Droplets Sliding upon Superslippery Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59573-59581. [PMID: 38084913 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
An enduring challenge in the field of electric power generation employing magnetic nanofluids pertains to the inherent issue of solid-liquid adhesion, which results in random residue deposition of magnetic nanofluids on solid substrates during motion. Superslippery surfaces, characterized by their exceptional repellent properties and ultralow adhesion characteristics toward an extensive spectrum of fluids, offer an effective approach to ameliorate the aforementioned adhesive problem. Herein, it is demonstrated that electric power can be generated through the sliding of magnetic nanofluid droplets on superslippery surfaces. The electric power generation can be attributed to the change in magnetic flux caused by the magnetic nanofluid droplet passing or leaving a bottom coil associated with a magnet. By tailoring system parameters, such as the volume of the magnetic nanofluid or the vibration speed, the resulting maximal current can exceed 6 μA. An integrated device, featuring enclosed superslippery inner surfaces, can be securely attached to the arm of a volunteer, allowing for the conversion of mechanical energy into electricity. When the volunteer's arm moves, the electrical energy generated by the device can be utilized to light an LED lamp bead. The proposed strategy using superslippery surfaces facilitates low-adhesion transport of magnetic nanofluids, presenting an alternative solution to the development of next-generation solid/liquid energy harvesting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Wu
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ming Gao
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jingwei Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Bin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chunze Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
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11
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Shen Y, Jin D, Fu M, Liu S, Xu Z, Cao Q, Wang B, Li G, Chen W, Liu S, Ma X. Reactive wetting enabled anchoring of non-wettable iron oxide in liquid metal for miniature soft robot. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6276. [PMID: 37805612 PMCID: PMC10560245 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic liquid metal (LM) soft robots attract considerable attentions because of distinctive immiscibility, deformability and maneuverability. However, conventional LM composites relying on alloying between LM and metallic magnetic powders suffer from diminished magnetism over time and potential safety risk upon leakage of metallic components. Herein, we report a strategy to composite inert and biocompatible iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles into eutectic gallium indium LM via reactive wetting mechanism. To address the intrinsic interfacial non-wettability between Fe3O4 and LM, a silver intermediate layer was introduced to fuse with indium component into AgxIny intermetallic compounds, facilitating the anchoring of Fe3O4 nanoparticles inside LM with improved magnetic stability. Subsequently, a miniature soft robot was constructed to perform various controllable deformation and locomotion behaviors under actuation of external magnetic field. Finally, practical feasibility of applying LM soft robot in an ex vivo porcine stomach was validated under in-situ monitoring by endoscope and X-ray imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Shen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Mingming Fu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sanhu Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhiwu Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Qinghua Cao
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shaoqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xing Ma
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China.
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12
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Singh R, Pathak S, Jain K, Noorjahan, Kim SK. Correlating the Dipolar Interactions Induced Magneto-Viscoelasticity and Thermal Conductivity Enhancements in Nanomagnetic Fluids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205741. [PMID: 37246272 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effective thermal management of electronic system holds the key to maximize their performance. The recent miniaturization trends require a cooling system with high heat flux capacity, localized cooling, and active control. Nanomagnetic fluids (NMFs) based cooling systems have the ability to meet the current demand of the cooling system for the miniaturized electronic system. However, the thermal characteristics of NMFs have a long way to go before the internal mechanisms are well understood. This review mainly focuses on the three aspects to establish a correlation between the thermal and rheological properties of the NMFs. First, the background, stability, and factors affecting the properties of the NMFs are discussed. Second, the ferrohydrodynamic equations are introduced for the NMFs to explain the rheological behavior and relaxation mechanism. Finally, different theoretical and experimental models are summarized that explain the thermal characteristics of the NMFs. Thermal characteristics of the NMFs are significantly affected by the morphology and composition of the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in NMFs as well as the type of carrier liquids and surface functionalization that also influences the rheological properties. Thus, understanding the correlation between the thermal characteristics of the NMFs and rheological properties helps develop cooling systems with improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Physics and Astronomical Science, School of Physical and Material Science, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, 176215, India
| | - Saurabh Pathak
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Spin Dynamics and SW Devices, Nanospinics Laboratory, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
| | - Komal Jain
- Indian Reference Materials Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Noorjahan
- Department of Physics and Astronomical Science, School of Physical and Material Science, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, 176215, India
| | - Sang-Koog Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Spin Dynamics and SW Devices, Nanospinics Laboratory, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
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13
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Ma ZC, Fan J, Wang H, Chen W, Yang GZ, Han B. Microfluidic Approaches for Microactuators: From Fabrication, Actuation, to Functionalization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300469. [PMID: 36855777 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microactuators can autonomously convert external energy into specific mechanical motions. With the feature sizes varying from the micrometer to millimeter scale, microactuators offer many operation and control possibilities for miniaturized devices. In recent years, advanced microfluidic techniques have revolutionized the fabrication, actuation, and functionalization of microactuators. Microfluidics can not only facilitate fabrication with continuously changing materials but also deliver various signals to stimulate the microactuators as desired, and consequently improve microfluidic chips with multiple functions. Herein, this cross-field that systematically correlates microactuator properties and microfluidic functions is comprehensively reviewed. The fabrication strategies are classified into two types according to the flow state of the microfluids: stop-flow and continuous-flow prototyping. The working mechanism of microactuators in microfluidic chips is discussed in detail. Finally, the applications of microactuator-enriched functional chips, which include tunable imaging devices, micromanipulation tools, micromotors, and microsensors, are summarized. The existing challenges and future perspectives are also discussed. It is believed that with the rapid progress of this cutting-edge field, intelligent microsystems may realize high-throughput manipulation, characterization, and analysis of tiny objects and find broad applications in various fields, such as tissue engineering, micro/nanorobotics, and analytical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Chen Ma
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control and Management, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiahao Fan
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control and Management, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hesheng Wang
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control and Management, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control and Management, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guang-Zhong Yang
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bing Han
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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14
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Zeng Y, Khor JW, van Neel TL, Tu WC, Berthier J, Thongpang S, Berthier E, Theberge AB. Miniaturizing chemistry and biology using droplets in open systems. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:439-455. [PMID: 37117816 PMCID: PMC10107581 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Open droplet microfluidic systems manipulate droplets on the picolitre-to-microlitre scale in an open environment. They combine the compartmentalization and control offered by traditional droplet-based microfluidics with the accessibility and ease-of-use of open microfluidics, bringing unique advantages to applications such as combinatorial reactions, droplet analysis and cell culture. Open systems provide direct access to droplets and allow on-demand droplet manipulation within the system without needing pumps or tubes, which makes the systems accessible to biologists without sophisticated setups. Furthermore, these systems can be produced with simple manufacturing and assembly steps that allow for manufacturing at scale and the translation of the method into clinical research. This Review introduces the different types of open droplet microfluidic system, presents the physical concepts leveraged by these systems and highlights key applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jian Wei Khor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tammi L van Neel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wan-Chen Tu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jean Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sanitta Thongpang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Erwin Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Ashleigh B Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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15
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Wang B, Handschuh-Wang S, Shen J, Zhou X, Guo Z, Liu W, Pumera M, Zhang L. Small-Scale Robotics with Tailored Wettability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205732. [PMID: 36113864 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Small-scale robots (SSRs) have emerged as promising and versatile tools in various biomedical, sensing, decontamination, and manipulation applications, as they are uniquely capable of performing tasks at small length scales. With the miniaturization of robots from the macroscale to millimeter-, micrometer-, and nanometer-scales, the viscous and surface forces, namely adhesive forces and surface tension have become dominant. These forces significantly impact motion efficiency. Surface engineering of robots with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic functionalization presents a brand-new pathway to overcome motion resistance and enhance the ability to target and regulate robots for various tasks. This review focuses on the current progress and future perspectives of SSRs with hydrophilic and hydrophobic modifications (including both tethered and untethered robots). The study emphasizes the distinct advantages of SSRs, such as improved maneuverability and reduced drag forces, and outlines their potential applications. With continued innovation, rational surface engineering is expected to endow SSRs with exceptional mobility and functionality, which can broaden their applications, enhance their penetration depth, reduce surface fouling, and inhibit bacterial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spine Surgery, Department of Spine Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhiguang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava, 70800, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong, 999077, China
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16
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Zhao P, Qu F, Fu H, Zhao J, Guo J, Xu J, Ho YP, Chan MK, Bian L. Water-Immiscible Coacervate as a Liquid Magnetic Robot for Intravascular Navigation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3312-3317. [PMID: 36728932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Developing magnetic ultrasoft robots to navigate through extraordinarily narrow and confined spaces like capillaries in vivo requires synthesizing materials with excessive deformability, responsive actuation, and rapid adaptability, which are difficult to achieve with the current soft polymeric materials, such as elastomers and hydrogels. We report a magnetically actuatable and water-immiscible (MAWI) coacervate based on the assembled magnetic core-shell nanoparticles to function as a liquid robot. The degradable and biocompatible millimeter-sized MAWI coacervate liquid robot can remain stable under changing pH and salt concentrations, release loaded cargoes on demand, squeeze through an artificial capillary network within seconds, and realize intravascular targeting in vivo guided by an external magnetic field. We believe the proposed "coacervate-based liquid robot" can implement demanding tasks beyond the capability of conventional elastomer or hydrogel-based soft robots in the field of biomedicine and represents a distinct design strategy for high-performance ultrasoft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, P. R. China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Fuyang Qu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hao Fu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, P. R. China
| | - Jianyang Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jiankun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University, Shantou 515041, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ping Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Michael K Chan
- School of Life Sciences and Center of Novel Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Liming Bian
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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17
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Sun M, Hao B, Yang S, Wang X, Majidi C, Zhang L. Exploiting ferrofluidic wetting for miniature soft machines. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7919. [PMID: 36564394 PMCID: PMC9789085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Miniature magnetic soft machines could significantly impact minimally invasive robotics and biomedical applications. However, most soft machines are limited to solid magnetic materials, whereas further progress also relies on fluidic constructs obtained by reconfiguring liquid magnetic materials, such as ferrofluid. Here we show how harnessing the wettability of ferrofluids allows for controlled reconfigurability and the ability to create versatile soft machines. The ferrofluid droplet exhibits multimodal motions, and a single droplet can be controlled to split into multiple sub-droplets and then re-fuse back on demand. The soft droplet machine can negotiate changing terrains in unstructured environments. In addition, the ferrofluid droplets can be configured as a liquid capsule, enabling cargo delivery; a wireless omnidirectional liquid cilia matrix capable of pumping biofluids; and a wireless liquid skin, allowing multiple types of miniature soft machine construction. This work improves small magnetic soft machines' achievable complexity and boosts their future biomedical applications capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Sun
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo Hao
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shihao Yang
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Wang
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carmel Majidi
- grid.147455.60000 0001 2097 0344Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Li Zhang
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ,grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ,Multi-Scale Medical Robotics Center, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China ,grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ,grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Butcher TA, Coey JMD. Magnetic forces in paramagnetic fluids. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 35:053002. [PMID: 36384048 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aca37f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An overview of the effect of a magnetic field gradient on fluids with linear magnetic susceptibilities is given. It is shown that two commonly encountered expressions, the magnetic field gradient force and the concentration gradient force for paramagnetic species in solution are equivalent for incompressible fluids. The magnetic field gradient and concentration gradient forces are approximations of the Kelvin force and Korteweg-Helmholtz force densities, respectively. The criterion for the appearance of magnetically induced convection is derived. Experimental work in which magnetically induced convection plays a role is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim A Butcher
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - J M D Coey
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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19
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Alenkina IV, Ushakov MV, Morais PC, Kalai Selvan R, Kuzmann E, Klencsár Z, Felner I, Homonnay Z, Oshtrakh MI. Mössbauer Spectroscopy with a High Velocity Resolution in the Studies of Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3748. [PMID: 36364524 PMCID: PMC9657480 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present review describes our long experience in the application of Mössbauer spectroscopy with a high velocity resolution (a high discretization of the velocity reference signal) in the studies of various nanosized and nanostructured iron-containing materials. The results reviewed discuss investigations of: (I) nanosized iron cores in: (i) extracted ferritin, (ii) ferritin in liver and spleen tissues in normal and pathological cases, (iii) ferritin in bacteria, (iv) pharmaceutical ferritin analogues; (II) nanoparticles developed for magnetic fluids for medical purposes; (III) nanoparticles and nanostructured FINEMET alloys developed for technical purposes. The results obtained demonstrate that the high velocity resolution Mössbauer spectroscopy permits to excavate more information and to extract more spectral components in the complex Mössbauer spectra with overlapped components, in comparison with those obtained by using conventional Mössbauer spectroscopy. This review also shows the advances of Mössbauer spectroscopy with a high velocity resolution in the study of various iron-based nanosized and nanostructured materials since 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Alenkina
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Michael V. Ushakov
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Paulo C. Morais
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia 71966-700, DF, Brazil
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Ernő Kuzmann
- Laboratory of Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Klencsár
- Nuclear Analysis and Radiography Department, Centre for Energy Research, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Israel Felner
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Zoltán Homonnay
- Laboratory of Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael I. Oshtrakh
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
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20
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Abstract
Magnetically responsive elastomers, consisting of elastomer embedded with magnetic particles, can produce fast and reversible actuation when subjected to a magnetic field. They have been extensively explored to construct versatile remotely controllable soft robots. Nevertheless, the magnetically induced actuation strain in elastomers is typically small, which limits its broad applications. Recently, magnetic particles have been mixed with viscous fluids to enable giant magnetically induced deformations. However, their response speed is slow and the actuation is usually irreversible. In this work, we have developed a magnetic vitrimer (MV), with magnetic particles mixed with the polymer network containing abundant dynamic covalent bonds. At room temperature, the MV behaves like a regular magnetically responsive elastomer. When the temperature is elevated to the exchange reaction temperature of the dynamic covalent bonds, the material behaves like a viscous magnetically responsive fluid, which can produce large deformations. The embedded magnetic particles and the vitrimer matrix also make the material self-healable without requiring any direct touch. We have demonstrated that with the guidance of an externally applied magnetic field, a MV-based soft robot can pass through a confined space, dramatically change its configuration, self-heal without any contact, catch, secure and release a fast-moving object, and move along a planned path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoweiang Dong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Qiguang He
- Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Shengqiang Cai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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21
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Rheological Characteristics and Environmental Remediation Using Fe3O4–SiC Hybrid Nanomaterials in Heat Transfer Oil: Experimental Evaluation and Modeling. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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22
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Coutinho ÍM, Miranda JA. Field-controlled flow and shape of a magnetorheological fluid annulus. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:025105. [PMID: 36109920 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.025105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the behavior of a magnetorheological (MR) fluid annulus, bounded by a nonmagnetic fluid and confined in a Hele-Shaw cell, under the simultaneous effect of in-plane, external radial and azimuthal magnetic fields. A second-order mode-coupling theory is used to study the early nonlinear stage of the pattern-forming dynamics. We examine changes in the morphology of the MR fluid annular structure as a function of its magnetic-field-tunable rheological properties, as well as the combined magnetic field's intensities, and thickness of the ring. Our weakly nonlinear perturbative results show that, depending on the system control parameters, the MR fluid annulus adopts various stationary shapes. These equilibrium annular structures present slightly bent, asymmetric fingered protrusions which may emerge on the inner, outer, or even on both boundaries of the magnetic fluid ring. On top of these morphological changes, we find that the resulting permanent shape patterns rotate with a well defined angular velocity. We focus on analyzing how the overall shape of the fingered patterns, in particular their sharpness and asymmetric form, as well as the number of resulting fingers are impacted by the magnetic-field-dependent yield stress of the MR fluid annulus. The influence of the magnetically controlled rheological properties of the MR fluid on the angular velocity of the rotating annulus is also scrutinized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Írio M Coutinho
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - José A Miranda
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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23
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Shah RK, Khandekar S. Influence of external magnetic manipulation on thermal transport characteristics of the bubble-slug flow of ferro-nanocolloids. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Chen J, Xia L, Cao Q. Water-based ferrofluid with tunable stability and its significance in nuclear wastewater treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 434:128893. [PMID: 35460993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of nuclear wastewater is one of the most urgent and arduous tasks currently, but traditional adsorption materials are significantly limited in practice due to their high demands on auxiliary operations (e.g., shaking or centrifugation) caused by poor stability or recyclability. To tackle this challenge, a water-based ferrofluid composed of magnetic nanoparticles grown in polyethylenimine branches is reported and applied to nuclear wastewater treatment. It is demonstrated that the ferrofluid can keep stable spontaneously in a wide pH range (3-11) out of their ultra-small size, strong electropositivity as well as high charge buffering capacity to achieve shaker-free adsorption, and can be magnetically separated after the neutralization of their positive charge to achieve convenient recycle. Meanwhile, it is found that the ferrofluid shows wide pH/adsorbate applicability and strong ion selectivity in radionuclides absorption. Furthermore, it is anticipated to achieve maximum adsorption capacities for U(VI), Sr(II) and Co(II) as high as 331.5, 427.8 and 759.6 mg/g, respectively. With these characteristics, this ferrofluid outperforms other reported adsorbents. In conclusion, this work provides a practical and effective radioactive wastewater treatment strategy, and enlightens the development of materials for other applications facing the dilemma of incompatible stability and recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingge Chen
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liangyu Xia
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Quanliang Cao
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Zhao S, Zhang JY, Fu Y, Zhu S, Shum HC, Liu X, Wang Z, Ye R, Tang BZ, Russell TP, Chai Y. Shape-Reconfigurable Ferrofluids. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5538-5543. [PMID: 35766622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ferrofluids (FFs) can adapt their shape to a magnetic field. However, they cannot maintain their shape when the magnetic field is removed. Here, with a magneto-responsive and reconfigurable interfacial self-assembly (MRRIS) process, we show that FFs can be structured by a magnetic field and maintain their shape, like solids, after removing the magnetic field. The competing self-assembly of magnetic and nonmagnetic nanoparticles at the liquid interface endow FFs with both reconfigurability and structural stability. By manipulating the external magnetic field, we show that it is possible to "write" and "erase" the shape of the FFs remotely and repeatedly. To gain an in-depth understanding of the effect of MRRIS on the structure of FFs, we systematically study the shape variation of these liquids under both the static and dynamic magnetic fields. Our study provides a simple yet novel way of manipulating FFs and opens opportunities for the fabrication of all-liquid devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Zhao
- Department of Physics, The City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jun-Yan Zhang
- Department of Physics, The City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yuchen Fu
- Department of Physics, The City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Shipei Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong (SAR), Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ho Cheung Shum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong (SAR), Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xubo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhaoyu Wang
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ruquan Ye
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts; Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yu Chai
- Department of Physics, The City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, 8 Yuexing first Road, Gaoxin District, Shenzhen 518057, China
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26
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Livera POS, Anjos PHA, Miranda JA. Ferrofluid annulus in crossed magnetic fields. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:045106. [PMID: 35590587 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.045106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We study the dynamics and pattern formation of a ferrofluid annulus enveloped by two nonmagnetic fluids in a Hele-Shaw cell, subjected to an in-plane crossed magnetic field configuration involving the combination of radial and azimuthal magnetic fields. A perturbative, second-order mode-coupling analysis is employed to investigate how the ferrofluid annulus responds to variations in the relative strength of the radial and azimuthal magnetic field components, as well as in the thickness of magnetic fluid ring. By tuning the magnetic field components and the annulus' thickness, we have found the development of several stationary annular shapes, presenting polygon-shaped structures typically having skewed, peaked fingers. Such fingered structures may vary their skewness, sharpness, and number and arise on the inner, outer, or even both boundaries of the annulus. In addition to controlling the morphologies of the ferrofluid annuli, the external field can be used to put the annulus into a rotational motion, with an angular velocity having prescribed magnitude, and direction. Our second-order theory is utilized to obtain a correction to the linear stability analysis prediction of such angular velocity, usually resulting in a decreased weakly nonlinear value as compared with the magnitude predicted by purely linear theory. These theoretical results suggest the use of magnetic-field-controlled ferrofluid annuli in Hele-Shaw cells as a potential laboratory for microscale applications related to the manipulation of shape-programmable magnetic fluid objects and tunable fluidic-mixing devices in confined environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro O S Livera
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50670-901 Brazil
| | - Pedro H A Anjos
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
| | - José A Miranda
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50670-901 Brazil
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Socoliuc V, Avdeev MV, Kuncser V, Turcu R, Tombácz E, Vékás L. Ferrofluids and bio-ferrofluids: looking back and stepping forward. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4786-4886. [PMID: 35297919 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05841j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ferrofluids investigated along for about five decades are ultrastable colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles, which manifest simultaneously fluid and magnetic properties. Their magnetically controllable and tunable feature proved to be from the beginning an extremely fertile ground for a wide range of engineering applications. More recently, biocompatible ferrofluids attracted huge interest and produced a considerable increase of the applicative potential in nanomedicine, biotechnology and environmental protection. This paper offers a brief overview of the most relevant early results and a comprehensive description of recent achievements in ferrofluid synthesis, advanced characterization, as well as the governing equations of ferrohydrodynamics, the most important interfacial phenomena and the flow properties. Finally, it provides an overview of recent advances in tunable and adaptive multifunctional materials derived from ferrofluids and a detailed presentation of the recent progress of applications in the field of sensors and actuators, ferrofluid-driven assembly and manipulation, droplet technology, including droplet generation and control, mechanical actuation, liquid computing and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Socoliuc
- Romanian Academy - Timisoara Branch, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids, Mihai Viteazu Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - M V Avdeev
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie Str. 6, 141980 Dubna, Moscow Reg., Russia.
| | - V Kuncser
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Bucharest-Magurele, 077125, Romania
| | - Rodica Turcu
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies (INCDTIM), Donat Str. 67-103, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Etelka Tombácz
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Moszkvai krt. 5-7, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary.
- University of Pannonia - Soós Ernő Water Technology Research and Development Center, H-8800 Zrínyi M. str. 18, Nagykanizsa, Hungary
| | - L Vékás
- Romanian Academy - Timisoara Branch, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids, Mihai Viteazu Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania.
- Politehnica University of Timisoara, Research Center for Complex Fluids Systems Engineering, Mihai Viteazul Ave. 1, 300222 Timisoara, Romania
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28
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Roa-Barrantes LM, Rodriguez Patarroyo DJ. Magnetic Field Effect on the Magnetic Nanoparticles Trajectories in Pulsating Blood Flow: a Computational Model. BIONANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-022-00949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Deb R, Sarma B, Dalal A. Magnetowetting dynamics of sessile ferrofluid droplets: a review. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2287-2324. [PMID: 35244655 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The fascinating behavior of ferrofluids in a magnetic field has been intriguing researchers for many years. With the advancement in digital microfluidics, ferrofluid droplets have been extensively used in different applications ranging from biomedical to mechanical systems. Notably, the magnetic field can change the wetting dynamics of sessile ferrofluid droplets, leading to a plethora of interesting hydrodynamic phenomena. In the recent past, the spatiotemporal evolution of the droplet shape and contact line dynamics of a ferrofluid droplet in different magnetowetting scenarios has been explored widely. The relevant studies elucidate several critical aspects, such as the role of magnetic nanoparticles, carrier fluid, and the interaction of the magnetic fluid with the solid surface, among many others. Hence a systematic review of the progress made in understanding the fundamental and practical aspects of magnetowetting in the past decade (2010-2020) would be a helpful resource to the scientific community in the near future. Drawn by this motivation, an honest effort has been made in this Review to highlight the significant scientific findings concerning the sessile droplet magnetowetting phenomena within the timeline of interest. Several cutting-edge applications developed from the scientific findings in the purview of magnetowetting have also been discussed before outlining the conclusions and future areas of scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupresha Deb
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781 039, India.
| | - Bhaskarjyoti Sarma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781 039, India.
| | - Amaresh Dalal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781 039, India.
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30
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Zhang Z, Wang L, Chan TKF, Chen Z, Ip M, Chan PKS, Sung JJY, Zhang L. Micro-/Nanorobots in Antimicrobial Applications: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101991. [PMID: 34907671 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria remains one of the most urgent threats to public health worldwide. Even worse, the bacterial cells commonly form biofilms through aggregation and adhesion, preventing antibiotic penetration and resisting environmental stress. Moreover, biofilms tend to grow in some hard-to-reach regions, bringing difficulty for antibiotic delivery at the infected site. The drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria and intractable biofilm give rise to chronic and recurrent infections, exacerbating the challenge in combating bacterial infections. Micro/nanorobots (MNRs) are capable of active cargo delivery, targeted treatment with high precision, and motion-assisted mechanical force, which enable transport and enhance penetration of antibacterial agents into the targeted site, thus showing great promise in emerging as an attractive alternative to conventional antibacterial therapies. This review summarizes the recent advances in micro-/nanorobots for antibacterial applications, with emphasis on those novel strategies for drug-resistance bacterium and stubborn biofilm infections. Insights on the future development of MNRs with good functionality and biosafety offer promising approaches to address infections in the clinic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Tony K. F. Chan
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Paul K. S. Chan
- Department of Microbiology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Joseph J. Y. Sung
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore 636921 Singapore
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
- CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
- Department of Surgery The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
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31
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Abstract
Magnetic cell separation has become a key methodology for the isolation of target cell populations from biological suspensions, covering a wide spectrum of applications from diagnosis and therapy in biomedicine to environmental applications or fundamental research in biology. There now exists a great variety of commercially available separation instruments and reagents, which has permitted rapid dissemination of the technology. However, there is still an increasing demand for new tools and protocols which provide improved selectivity, yield and sensitivity of the separation process while reducing cost and providing a faster response. This review aims to introduce basic principles of magnetic cell separation for the neophyte, while giving an overview of recent research in the field, from the development of new cell labeling strategies to the design of integrated microfluidic cell sorters and of point-of-care platforms combining cell selection, capture, and downstream detection. Finally, we focus on clinical, industrial and environmental applications where magnetic cell separation strategies are amongst the most promising techniques to address the challenges of isolating rare cells.
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32
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Liu J, Xu X, Lei Y, Zhang M, Sheng Z, Wang H, Cao M, Zhang J, Hou X. Liquid Gating Meniscus-Shaped Deformable Magnetoelastic Membranes with Self-Driven Regulation of Gas/Liquid Release. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107327. [PMID: 34762328 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid gating membranes have been demonstrated to show unprecedented properties of dynamicity, stability, adaptivity, and stimulus-responsiveness. Most recently, smart liquid gating membranes have attracted increasing attention to bring some brand-new properties for real-world applications, and various environment-driven systems have been created. Here, a self-driven system of a smart liquid gating membrane is further developed by designing a new sytem based on a liquid gating magnetoelastic porous membrane with reversible meniscus-shaped deformations, and it is not subject to the complex gating liquid restriction of magnetorheological fluids. Compared with other systems, this magnetic-responsive self-driven system has the advantage that it provides a universal and convenient way to realize active regulation of gas/liquid release. Experiments and theoretical calculations demonstrate the stability, the nonfouling behavior, and the tunability of the system. In addition, this system can be used to perfectly open and close gas transport, and the gating pressure threshold for the liquid release can be reduced under the same conditions. Based on the above capabilities, combined with the fast and 3D contactless operation, it will be of benefit in fields ranging from visible gas/liquid mixture content monitoring and energy-saving multiphase separation, remote fluid release, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Jiujiang Research Institute, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Mengchuang Zhang
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Jiujiang Research Institute, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhizhi Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Huimeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Min Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Jiujiang Research Institute, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
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Cherian T, Sohrabi F, Rigoni C, Ikkala O, Timonen JVI. Electroferrofluids with nonequilibrium voltage-controlled magnetism, diffuse interfaces, and patterns. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi8990. [PMID: 34936459 PMCID: PMC8694619 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi8990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been recognized that driving matter to nonequilibrium states can lead to emergent behaviors and functionalities. Here, we show that uniform colloidal dispersions can be driven into dissipative nonuniform states with emerging behaviors. We experimentally demonstrate this with electrically driven weakly charged superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in a nonpolar solvent. The driving leads to formation of nonequilibrium concentration gradients that further translate to nonequilibrium magnetism, including voltage-controlled magnetization and susceptibility. The concentration gradients also serve as diffuse interfaces that respond to external magnetic fields, leading to novel dissipative patterns. We identify the closest nondissipative analogs, discuss the differences, and highlight the ability to directly quantify the dissipation and link it to the pattern formation. Beyond voltage-controlled magnetism, we foresee that the concept can be generalized to other functional colloids to create, e.g., optical, electrical, catalytic, and mechanical responses that are not possible in thermodynamic equilibrium.
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Zhang J, Chen B, Chen X, Hou X. Liquid-Based Adaptive Structural Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005664. [PMID: 33834566 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Structural materials are used to provide stable mechanical architectures and transmit or support forces, and they play an important role in materials science and technology. During the long process of the exploitation of structural materials, the functionality of structural materials has gained prominence. Adaptive structures responding to external stimuli have come to the fore with significant advantages in structural materials. However, many solid adaptive structural materials still suffer from their single function and the lack of dynamic performance, such as issue around fouling and energy consumption, defects present everywhere in materials at the microscale, etc. To meet the increasing demands, more and more researchers have started turning their attention to liquid-based materials owing to their intrinsic spontaneous, dynamic, and functional properties. Liquid-based adaptive structural materials (LASMs) have been proposed and developed. Building upon both dynamic liquids and fixed solids, LASMs have been demonstrated to possess both dynamic adaptivity (from the active liquid part) and stable mechanical structure (from the fixed solid part), which are desired in many applications such as 3D printing, droplet manipulation, omniphobic surfaces, microfluidics, mass separation, etc. A unifying view of the recent progress of LASMs is presented, including liquid with particles, liquid with surfaces, as well as liquid with membranes. In addition, the discussion of the prospects and challenges are provided for promoting the development of LASMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Baiyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Jiujiang Research Institute, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
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Pathak S, Verma R, Kumar P, Singh A, Singhal S, Sharma P, Jain K, Pant RP, Wang X. Facile Synthesis, Static, and Dynamic Magnetic Characteristics of Varying Size Double-Surfactant-Coated Mesoscopic Magnetic Nanoparticles Dispersed Stable Aqueous Magnetic Fluids. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3009. [PMID: 34835770 PMCID: PMC8620981 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports the synthesis of a stable aqueous magnetic fluid (AMF) by dispersing double-surfactant-coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in water using a facile ambient scalable wet chemical route. MNPs do not disperse well in water, resulting in low stability. This was improved by dispersing double-surfactant (oleic acid and sodium oleate)-coated MNPs in water, where cross-linking between the surfactants improves the stability of the AMFs. The stability was probed by rheological measurements and all the AMF samples showed a good long-term stability and stability against a gradient magnetic field. Further, the microwave spin resonance behavior of AMFs was studied in detail by corroborating the experimental results obtained from the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique to theoretical predictions by appropriate fittings. A broad spectrum was perceived for AMFs which indicates strong ferromagnetic characteristics. The resonance field shifted to higher magnetic field values with the decrease in particle size as larger-size MNPs magnetize and demagnetize more easily since their magnetic spins can align in the field direction more definitely. The FMR spectra was fitted to obtain various spin resonance parameters. The asymmetric shapes of the FMR spectra were observed with a decrease in particle sizes, which indicates an increase in relaxation time. The relaxation time increased with a decrease in particle sizes (sample A to D) from 37.2779 ps to 42.8301 ps. Further, a detailed investigation of the structural, morphological, and dc magnetic properties of the AMF samples was performed. Room temperature dc magnetic measurements confirmed the superparamagnetic (SPM) characteristics of the AMF and the M-H plot for each sample was fitted with a Langevin function to obtain the domain magnetization, permeability, and hydrodynamic diameter of the MNPs. The saturation magnetization and coercivity of the AMF samples increased with the increase in dispersed MNPs' size of the samples. The improvement in the stability and magnetic characteristics makes AMFs suitable candidates for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery, magnetic fluid hyperthermia, and biomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pathak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; (P.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Rajni Verma
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Prashant Kumar
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia;
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NPL Campus, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.S.); (K.J.); (R.P.P.)
| | - Arjun Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NPL Campus, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.S.); (K.J.); (R.P.P.)
| | - Sakshi Singhal
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, DRDO, Brig SK Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110054, India;
| | - Pragati Sharma
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; (P.S.); (X.W.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NPL Campus, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.S.); (K.J.); (R.P.P.)
| | - Komal Jain
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NPL Campus, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.S.); (K.J.); (R.P.P.)
| | - Rajendra Prasad Pant
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NPL Campus, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.S.); (K.J.); (R.P.P.)
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; (P.S.); (X.W.)
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36
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Ma Z, Wang Q, Ai J, Su B. Ferromagnetic Liquid Droplet on a Superhydrophobic Surface for the Transduction of Mechanical Energy to Electricity Based on Electromagnetic Induction. ACS NANO 2021; 15:12151-12160. [PMID: 34142804 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ferromagnetic liquids undergo reversible magnetization changes upon varying external magnetic field levels. The movement of ferromagnetic liquid droplets across a coil under an external magnetic field holds promise as an energy transducer from mechanical force to electricity; however, it suffers from an adhesive issue between the ferromagnetic liquid and the solid pedestal. We introduce a superhydrophobic support that uses antiwetting surfaces to remarkably reduce adhesion during the movement of ferromagnetic liquid droplets. Maxwell numerical simulation was utilized to analyze the working mechanism and improve further electrical outputs. By controlling the droplet size, the strength of the magnetic bottom and the tilting speed of the test condition, we generated a ferromagnetic liquid droplet-based superhydrophobic magnetoelectric energy transducer (FLD-SMET) that can convert vibrational energy to electricity. When a 100 μL ferromagnetic liquid droplet was used for FLD-SMET under a 13 mT magnetic field, an electrical voltage response of 280 μV and electrical current response of ∼7.5 μA were generated using a shaking machine with a tilting speed of 9.5°/s. We thus show that such a device can serve as a self-powered light buoy floating on a water surface. Our study presents an applied concept for the design of droplet-based energy harvesters to convert surrounding vibrational energy to electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Jingwei Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Bin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P.R. China
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Imran M, Affandi AM, Alam MM, Khan A, Khan AI. Advanced biomedical applications of iron oxide nanostructures based ferrofluids. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32. [PMID: 34252891 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ferrofluids or magnetic nanofluids are highly stable colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed into various base fluids. These stable ferrofluids possess high thermal conductivity, improved thermo-physical properties, higher colloidal stability, good magnetic properties, and biocompatibility, which are the primary driving forces behind their excellent performance, and thus enable them to be used for a wide range of practical applications. The most studied and advanced ferrofluids are based on iron oxide nanostructures especially NPs, because of their easy and large-scale synthesis at low costs. Although in the last decade, several review articles are available on ferrofluids but mainly focused on preparations, properties, and a specific application. Hence, a collective and comprehensive review article on the recent progress of iron oxide nanostructures based ferrofluids for advanced biomedical applications is undeniably required. In this review, the state of the art of biomedical applications is presented and critically analyzed with a special focus on hyperthermia, drug delivery/nanomedicine, magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic separation of cells. This review article provides up-to-date information related to the technological advancements and emerging trends in iron oxide nanostructures based ferrofluids research focused on advanced biomedical applications. Finally, conclusions and outlook of iron oxide nanostructures based ferrofluids research for biomedical applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Imran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jazan University, PO Box. 706, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan Mohammed Affandi
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80204, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Mottahir Alam
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80204, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afzal Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou-310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Asif Irshad Khan
- Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Luo Z, Zhang XA, Chang CH. Magnetically responsive polymer nanopillars with nickel cap. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:205301. [PMID: 33567417 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abe4fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Embedding magnetic particles within polymer matrix is a common and facile method to fabricate magnetically responsive micro-/nanoscale pillars. However, the balance between mechanical compliance and magnetic susceptibility cannot be decoupled and the particles are limited by the pillar feature size, which can limit the actuation performance. Here we demonstrate a new type of magnetically responsive nanostructure consisting of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanopillar array with deposited nickel caps, that has successfully achieved such decoupling with multiple cap-geometry designs for a better actuation control. The actuation result of nanopillars with 540 nm period and 1.3 μm height has been analyzed using image processing, leading to a maximum displacement of 180 nm with a ratio of 13.9% with respect to the pillar height. Magnetic and mechanical models based on magnetic force and torque have been developed and used to mitigate the weakening effect of the actuation by the residual magnetic layer. This structure demonstrates a feasible strategy for magnetic actuation at the sub-micrometer scale with freedom to design magnetic cap and polymeric pillar separately. This structure can also be utilized in multiple applications such as tunable optical elements, dynamic droplet manipulation, and responsive particle manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiren Luo
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Xu A Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
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Ferrofluids-based microextraction systems to process organic and inorganic targets: The state-of-the-art advances and applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Ferrofluids (FFs) constitute a type of tunable magnetic material, formed by magnetic nanoparticles suspended in a liquid carrier. The astonishing magnetic properties of these materials and their liquid nature have led to their extended use in different applications, including fields such as magnetochemistry, optics, and biomedicine, among others. Recently, FFs have been incorporated as extractant materials in magnetic-driven analytical sample preparation procedures, thus, permitting the development of different applications. FF-based extraction takes advantage of both the magnetic susceptibility of the nanoparticles and the properties of the liquid carrier, which are responsible for a wide variety of interactions with analytes and ultimately are a key factor in achieving better extraction performance. This review article classifies existing FFs in terms of the solvent used as a carrier (organic solvents, water, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and supramolecular solvents) while overviewing the most relevant analytical applications in the last decade.
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Optical Sensing Using Fiber-Optic Multimode Interference Devices: A Review of Nonconventional Sensing Schemes. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051862. [PMID: 33800041 PMCID: PMC7962118 DOI: 10.3390/s21051862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We review fiber-based multimode interference (MMI) devices with a particular focus on optical fiber-based sensing applications. The present review complements a recently published, extensive review where the sensing of conventional physical variables such as refractive index, temperature, displacement, and strain was covered. This review focuses on MMI fiber sensors for nonconventional physical variables, including mechanical, electromagnetic, chemical, and optical, covering around fifteen years of work in the field. Finally, by the end of this paper, we also review some new trends of MMI-based schemes based on polymer fibers, for wavelength-locking applications, for retrieving the thermo-optic coefficient of liquid samples, and for measuring the dynamics of complex fluids.
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Zhong T, Andrews M, Fournier P, Dion M. Permanent encoding of nano‐ to macro‐scale hierarchies of order from evaporative magnetic fluids. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhong
- Department of Chemistry McGill University Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Mark Andrews
- Department of Chemistry McGill University Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Patrick Fournier
- Institut quantique Regroupement québécois sur les matériaux de pointe et Département de physique Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Québec Canada
| | - Maxime Dion
- Institut quantique Regroupement québécois sur les matériaux de pointe et Département de physique Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Québec Canada
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Özkale B, Sakar MS, Mooney DJ. Active biomaterials for mechanobiology. Biomaterials 2021; 267:120497. [PMID: 33129187 PMCID: PMC7719094 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Active biomaterials offer novel approaches to study mechanotransduction in mammalian cells. These material systems probe cellular responses by dynamically modulating their resistance to endogenous forces or applying exogenous forces on cells in a temporally controlled manner. Stimuli-responsive molecules, polymers, and nanoparticles embedded inside cytocompatible biopolymer networks transduce external signals such as light, heat, chemicals, and magnetic fields into changes in matrix elasticity (few kPa to tens of kPa) or forces (few pN to several μN) at the cell-material interface. The implementation of active biomaterials in mechanobiology has generated scientific knowledge and therapeutic potential relevant to a variety of conditions including but not limited to cancer metastasis, fibrosis, and tissue regeneration. We discuss the repertoire of cellular responses that can be studied using these platforms including receptor signaling as well as downstream events namely, cytoskeletal organization, nuclear shuttling of mechanosensitive transcriptional regulators, cell migration, and differentiation. We highlight recent advances in active biomaterials and comment on their future impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Özkale
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Mahmut Selman Sakar
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - David J Mooney
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Taufiq A, Saputro RE, Susanto H, Hidayat N, Sunaryono S, Amrillah T, Wijaya HW, Mufti N, Simanjuntak FM. Synthesis of Fe 3O 4/Ag nanohybrid ferrofluids and their applications as antimicrobial and antifibrotic agents. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05813. [PMID: 33426329 PMCID: PMC7779699 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the search for creating stable ferrofluids with excellent properties for biomedical application is one of the challenging scientific and practical investigations. In this study, novel Fe3O4/Ag nanohybrid ferrofluids from iron sand were synthesized using a double-layer method. The Fe3O4/Ag nanocomposites exhibited stable crystallite sizes of 11.8 12.1 nm and 36.8-37.2 nm for Fe3O4 and Ag, respectively. The lattice parameters of the spinel structure Fe3O4 and face-centered cubic Ag were respectively 8.344 Å and 4.091 Å. With increasing Ag amount, the crystallite phase of Ag in the nanocomposites increased from 40.2% to 77.2%. The XPS results confirmed that Fe3O4/Ag nanocomposites were successfully prepared, where Fe3O4 mixed well with Ag via strong ionic bonding. The FTIR results confirmed the presence of Fe3O4/Ag, oleic acid, and dimethyl sulfoxide as the filler, first layer, and second layer, respectively. The as-prepared ferrofluids exhibited superparamagnetic behavior, where the saturation magnetization decreased with increasing Ag content. The Fe3O4/Ag nanohybrid ferrofluids exhibited excellent antimicrobial performance against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. More importantly, the Fe3O4/Ag nanohybrid ferrofluids decreased the progression of liver fibrosis-related inflammation and fibrogenic activity on hepatic stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Taufiq
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Rosy Eko Saputro
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Hendra Susanto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Hidayat
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Sunaryono Sunaryono
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Tahta Amrillah
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Husni Wahyu Wijaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Nandang Mufti
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Firman Mangasa Simanjuntak
- Zepler Institute for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Magnetically actuated miniature soft robots are capable of programmable deformations for multimodal locomotion and manipulation functions, potentially enabling direct access to currently unreachable or difficult-to-access regions inside the human body for minimally invasive medical operations. However, magnetic miniature soft robots are so far mostly based on elastomers, where their limited deformability prevents them from navigating inside clustered and very constrained environments, such as squeezing through narrow crevices much smaller than the robot size. Moreover, their functionalities are currently restricted by their predesigned shapes, which is challenging to be reconfigured in situ in enclosed spaces. Here, we report a method to actuate and control ferrofluid droplets as shape-programmable magnetic miniature soft robots, which can navigate in two dimensions through narrow channels much smaller than their sizes thanks to their liquid properties. By controlling the external magnetic fields spatiotemporally, these droplet robots can also be reconfigured to exhibit multiple functionalities, including on-demand splitting and merging for delivering liquid cargos and morphing into different shapes for efficient and versatile manipulation of delicate objects. In addition, a single-droplet robot can be controlled to split into multiple subdroplets and complete cooperative tasks, such as working as a programmable fluidic-mixing device for addressable and sequential mixing of different liquids. Due to their extreme deformability, in situ reconfigurability and cooperative behavior, the proposed ferrofluid droplet robots could open up a wide range of unprecedented functionalities for lab/organ-on-a-chip, fluidics, bioengineering, and medical device applications.
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Nie M, Chen G, Zhao C, Gan J, Alip M, Zhao Y, Sun L. Bio-inspired adhesive porous particles with human MSCs encapsulation for systemic lupus erythematosus treatment. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:84-90. [PMID: 32817916 PMCID: PMC7419256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy is a promising treatment for Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. However, this method is encumbered by suboptimal phenotype of MSCs used in clinical settings, and a short in vivo persistence time. Herein, inspired by the natural microstructure of the sand tower worm nest, we proposed novel adhesive porous particles with human MSCs encapsulation via microfluidic electrospray technology for SLE treatment. The porous microparticles were formed by immediate gelation reaction between sodium alginate (ALG) and poly-d-lysine (PDL), and then sacrificed polyethylene oxide (PEO) to form the pores. The resultant microparticles could protect MSCs from immune cells while maintain their immune modulating functions, and achieve rapid exchange of nutrients from the body. In addition, owing to the electrostatic adsorption and covalent bonding between PDL and tissues, the porous microparticles could adhere to the bowel surfaces tightly after intraperitoneal injection. Through in vivo imaging system (IVIS) methods and in vivo study, it was demonstrated that the MSCs-encapsulated porous adhesive microparticles could significantly increase the cellular half-life, turn activated inflammatory macrophages into an anti-inflammatory profile, and ameliorate disease progression in MRL/lpr mice. Thus, the MSCs-encapsulated porous microparticles showed distinctive functions in chronic SLE treatment, with additional potential to be used in a variety of biomedical applications. We proposed novel adhesive porous particles with MSCs encapsulation. MSCs could turn activated inflammatory macrophages into an anti-inflammatory profile. The porous microparticles could adhere to bowel surfaces tightly through electrostatic adsorption and covalent bonding. MSCs-encapsulated porous adhesive microparticles could significantly ameliorate disease progression in MRL/lpr mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Nie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Guopu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Jingjing Gan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Mihribangvl Alip
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lingyun Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210002, China
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Rosenberg M, Gregorin Ž, Boštjančič PH, Sebastián N, Lisjak D, Kantorovich SS, Mertelj A, Sánchez PA. The influence of polydispersity on the structural properties of the isotropic phase of magnetic nanoplatelets. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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48
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Du Z, Qiu Y, Niu T, Wang W, Ye X, Wang J, Zhang WL, Choi HJ, Zeng H. Bio-Inspired Passion Fruit-like Fe 3O 4@C Nanospheres Enabling High-Stability Magnetorheological Performances. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7706-7714. [PMID: 32517475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Magnetorheological (MR) fluids have been successfully utilized in versatile fields but are still limited by their relatively inferior long-term dispersion stability. Herein, bio-inspired passion fruit-like Fe3O4@C nanospheres were fabricated via a simple hydrothermal and calcination approach to tackle the settling challenge. The unique structures provide sufficient active interfaces for the penetration of carrier mediums, leading to preferable wettability between particles and medium oils. Compared with the bare Fe3O4 nanoparticle suspension, the resulting Fe3O4@C nanosphere-based MR fluid exhibits desirable stability and relatively low field-off viscosity even at a high particle concentration up to 35 vol %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Du
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Tianchao Niu
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xudan Ye
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jiong Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wen Ling Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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Latikka M, Backholm M, Baidya A, Ballesio A, Serve A, Beaune G, Timonen JVI, Pradeep T, Ras RHA. Ferrofluid Microdroplet Splitting for Population-Based Microfluidics and Interfacial Tensiometry. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000359. [PMID: 32714752 PMCID: PMC7375242 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ferrofluids exhibit a unique combination of liquid properties and strong magnetic response, which leads to a rich variety of interesting functional properties. Here, the magnetic-field-induced splitting of ferrofluid droplets immersed in an immiscible liquid is presented, and related fascinating dynamics and applications are discussed. A magnetic field created by a permanent magnet induces instability on a mother droplet, which divides into two daughter droplets in less than 0.1 s. During the splitting process, the droplet undergoes a Plateau-Rayleigh-like instability, which is investigated using high-speed imaging. The dynamics of the resulting satellite droplet formation is shown to depend on the roughness of the supporting surface. Further increasing the field results in additional splitting events and self-assembly of microdroplet populations, which can be magnetically actuated. The effects of magnetization and interfacial tension are systematically investigated by varying magnetic nanoparticles and surfactant concentrations, and a variety of outcomes from labyrinthine patterns to discrete droplets are observed. As the splitting process depends on interfacial tension, the droplet splitting can be used as a measure for interfacial tension as low as 0.1 mN m-1. Finally, a population-based digital microfluidics concept based on the self-assembled microdroplets is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Latikka
- Department of Applied PhysicsAalto University School of SciencePuumiehenkuja 2Espoo02150Finland
| | - Matilda Backholm
- Department of Applied PhysicsAalto University School of SciencePuumiehenkuja 2Espoo02150Finland
| | - Avijit Baidya
- Department of Applied PhysicsAalto University School of SciencePuumiehenkuja 2Espoo02150Finland
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai600036India
| | - Alberto Ballesio
- Department of Applied PhysicsAalto University School of SciencePuumiehenkuja 2Espoo02150Finland
| | - Amandine Serve
- Department of Applied PhysicsAalto University School of SciencePuumiehenkuja 2Espoo02150Finland
| | - Grégory Beaune
- Department of Applied PhysicsAalto University School of SciencePuumiehenkuja 2Espoo02150Finland
| | - Jaakko V. I. Timonen
- Department of Applied PhysicsAalto University School of SciencePuumiehenkuja 2Espoo02150Finland
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai600036India
| | - Robin H. A. Ras
- Department of Applied PhysicsAalto University School of SciencePuumiehenkuja 2Espoo02150Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto University School of Chemical EngineeringKemistintie 1Espoo02150Finland
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50
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Perspective: Ferromagnetic Liquids. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122712. [PMID: 32549201 PMCID: PMC7345949 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical jamming of nanoparticles at liquid-liquid interfaces has evolved into a versatile approach to structure liquids with solid-state properties. Ferromagnetic liquids obtain their physical and magnetic properties, including a remanent magnetization that distinguishes them from ferrofluids, from the jamming of magnetic nanoparticles assembled at the interface between two distinct liquids to minimize surface tension. This perspective provides an overview of recent progress and discusses future directions, challenges and potential applications of jamming magnetic nanoparticles with regard to 3D nano-magnetism. We address the formation and characterization of curved magnetic geometries, and spin frustration between dipole-coupled nanostructures, and advance our understanding of particle jamming at liquid-liquid interfaces.
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