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Zhao J, Xia N, Zhang L. A review of bioinspired dry adhesives: from achieving strong adhesion to realizing switchable adhesion. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2024; 19:051003. [PMID: 38996419 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad62cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
In the early twenty-first century, extensive research has been conducted on geckos' ability to climb vertical walls with the advancement of microscopy technology. Unprecedented studies and developments have focused on the adhesion mechanism, structural design, preparation methods, and applications of bioinspired dry adhesives. Notably, strong adhesion that adheres to both the principles of contact splitting and stress uniform distribution has been discovered and proposed. The increasing popularity of flexible electronic skins, soft crawling robots, and smart assembly systems has made switchable adhesion properties essential for smart adhesives. These adhesives are designed to be programmable and switchable in response to external stimuli such as magnetic fields, thermal changes, electrical signals, light exposure as well as mechanical processes. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the development history of bioinspired dry adhesives from achieving strong adhesion to realizing switchable adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Neng Xia
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China 999077, People's Republic of China
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2
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Paghi A, Mariani S, Corsi M, Maurina E, Debrassi A, Dähne L, Capaccioli S, Barillaro G. Ultrathin Ambipolar Polyelectrolyte Capacitors Prepared via Layer-by-Layer Assembling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309365. [PMID: 38268140 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Miniaturized solid state capacitors leveraging migration of unipolar ions in a single polyelectrolyte layer sandwiched between metal electrodes, namely, polyelectrolyte capacitors (PECs), have been recently reported with areal capacitance up to 100-200 nF mm-2. Nonetheless, application of PECs in consumer and industrial electronics has been hindered so far by their small operational frequency range, up to a few kHz, due to the resistive behavior (phase angle >-45°) of PECs in the range kHz-to-MHz. Here, it is reported on multilayer polyelectrolyte capacitors (mPECs) that leverage as dielectric an ambipolar nanometer-thick (down to 10 nm) stack of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes assembled layer-by-layer between metal electrodes to eliminate the resistive behavior at frequencies from kHz to MHz. This significantly extends the operational range of mPECs over PECs. mPECs with areal capacitance as high as 25 nF mm-2 at 20 Hz and full capacitive behavior from 100 mHz to 10 MHz are demonstrated using different assembling conditions and anionic/cationic polyelectrolyte pairs. The mPECs reliably operate over time for >300 million cycles, at different biasing voltages up to 3 V, and temperatures up to 80 °C, showing a reversible capacitive behavior without significant hysteresis. Application of mPECs in flexible electronics, also operating at high frequency, is envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Paghi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Stefano Mariani
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Martina Corsi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Elena Maurina
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Aline Debrassi
- Surflay Nanotec GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 3, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Dähne
- Surflay Nanotec GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 3, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Capaccioli
- Physics Department, University of Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, Pisa, I-56127, Italy
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione dell'Università di Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, Pisa, I-56126, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Barillaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, Pisa, 56122, Italy
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione dell'Università di Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, Pisa, I-56126, Italy
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3
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Xiong J, Duan M, Zou X, Gao S, Guo J, Wang X, Li Q, Li W, Wang X, Yan F. Biocompatible Tough Ionogels with Reversible Supramolecular Adhesion. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13903-13913. [PMID: 38721817 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Cohesive and interfacial adhesion energies are difficult to balance to obtain reversible adhesives with both high mechanical strength and high adhesion strength, although various methods have been extensively investigated. Here, a biocompatible citric acid/L-(-)-carnitine (CAC)-based ionic liquid was developed as a solvent to prepare tough and high adhesion strength ionogels for reversible engineered and biological adhesives. The prepared ionogels exhibited good mechanical properties, including tensile strength (14.4 MPa), Young's modulus (48.1 MPa), toughness (115.2 MJ m-3), and high adhesion strength on the glass substrate (24.4 MPa). Furthermore, the ionogels can form mechanically matched tough adhesion at the interface of wet biological tissues (interfacial toughness about 191 J m-2) and can be detached by saline solution on demand, thus extending potential applications in various clinical scenarios such as wound adhesion and nondestructive transfer of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaofeng Xiong
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Minzhi Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiuyang Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Shuna Gao
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiangna Guo
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qingning Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Weizheng Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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4
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Li HN, Zhang C, Yang HC, Liang HQ, Wang Z, Xu ZK. Solid-state, liquid-free ion-conducting elastomers: rising-star platforms for flexible intelligent devices. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1152-1176. [PMID: 38165799 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01812a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Soft ionic conductors have emerged as a powerful toolkit to engineer transparent flexible intelligent devices that go beyond their conventional counterparts. Particularly, due to their superior capacities of eliminating the evaporation, freezing and leakage issues of the liquid phase encountered with hydrogels, organohydrogels and ionogels, the emerging solid-state, liquid-free ion-conducting elastomers have been largely recognized as ideal candidates for intelligent flexible devices. However, despite their extensive development, a comprehensive and timely review in this emerging field is lacking, particularly from the perspective of design principles, advanced manufacturing, and distinctive applications. Herein, we present (1) the design principles and intriguing merits of solid-state, liquid-free ion-conducting elastomers; (2) the methods to manufacture solid-state, liquid-free ion-conducting elastomers with preferential architectures and functions using advanced technologies such as 3D printing; (3) how to leverage solid-state, liquid-free ion-conducting elastomers in exploiting advanced applications, especially in the fields of flexible wearable sensors, bioelectronics and energy harvesting; (4) what are the unsolved scientific and technical challenges and future opportunities in this multidisciplinary field. We envision that this review will provide a paradigm shift to trigger insightful thinking and innovation in the development of intelligent flexible devices and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Nan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Hao-Cheng Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Hong-Qing Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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5
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Oh E, Kane AQ, Truby RL. Architected Poly(ionic liquid) Composites with Spatially Programmable Mechanical Properties and Mixed Conductivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10736-10745. [PMID: 38354100 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Structural electrolytes present advantages over liquid varieties, which are critical to myriad applications. In particular, structural electrolytes based on polymerized ionic liquids or poly(ionic liquids) (pILs) provide wide electrochemical windows, high thermal stability, nonvolatility, and modular chemistry. However, current methods of fabricating structural electrolytes from pILs and their composites present limitations. Recent advances have been made in 3D printing pIL electrolytes, but current printing techniques limit the complexity of forms that can be achieved, as well as the ability to control mechanical properties or conductivity. We introduce a method for fabricating architected pIL composites as structural electrolytes via embedded 3D (EMB3D) printing. We present a modular design for formulating ionic liquid (IL) monomer composite inks that can be printed into sparse, lightweight, free-standing lattices with different functionalities. In addition to characterizing the rheological and mechanical behaviors of IL monomer inks and pIL lattices, we demonstrate the self-sensing capabilities of our printed structural electrolytes during cyclic compression. Finally, we use our inks and printing method to spatially program self-sensing capabilities in pIL lattices through heterogeneous architectures as well as ink compositions that provide mixed ionic-electronic conductivity. Our free-form approach to fabricating structural electrolytes in complex, 3D forms with programmable, anisotropic properties has broad potential use in next-generation sensors, soft robotics, bioelectronics, energy storage devices, and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- EunBi Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alexander Q Kane
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ryan L Truby
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Robotics and Biosystems, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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6
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Levine DJ, Lee OA, Campbell GM, McBride MK, Kim HJ, Turner KT, Hayward RC, Pikul JH. A Low-Voltage, High-Force Capacity Electroadhesive Clutch Based on Ionoelastomer Heterojunctions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304455. [PMID: 37734086 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Electroadhesive devices with dielectric films can electrically program changes in stiffness and adhesion, but require hundreds of volts and are subject to failure by dielectric breakdown. Recent work on ionoelastomer heterojunctions has enabled reversible electroadhesion with low voltages, but these materials exhibit limited force capacities and high detachment forces. It is a grand challenge to engineer electroadhesives with large force capacities and programmable detachment at low voltages (<10 V). In this work, tough ionoelastomer/metal mesh composites with low surface energies are synthesized and surface roughness is controlled to realize sub-ten-volt clutches that are small, strong, and easily detachable. Models based on fracture and contact mechanics explain how clutch compliance and surface texture affect force capacity and contact area, which is validated over different geometries and voltages. These ionoelastomer clutches outperform the best existing electroadhesive clutches by fivefold in force capacity per unit area (102 N cm-2 ), with a 40-fold reduction in operating voltage (± 7.5 V). Finally, the ability of the ionoelastomer clutches to resist bending moments in a finger wearable and as a reversible adhesive in an adjustable phone mount is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Levine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - O A Lee
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - G M Campbell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - M K McBride
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - H J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
| | - K T Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - R C Hayward
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - J H Pikul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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7
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Thomas EM, McBride MK, Lee OA, Hayward RC, Crosby AJ. Predicting the Electrical, Mechanical, and Geometric Contributions to Soft Electroadhesives through Fracture Mechanics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37315182 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electroadhesion is the modulation of adhesive forces through electrostatic interactions and has potential applications in a number of next-generation technologies. Recent efforts have focused on using electroadhesion in soft robotics, haptics, and biointerfaces that often involve compliant materials and nonplanar geometries. Current models for electroadhesion provide limited insight on other contributions that are known to influence adhesion performance, such as geometry and material properties. This study presents a fracture mechanics framework for understanding electroadhesion that incorporates geometric and electrostatic contributions for soft electroadhesives. We demonstrate the validity of this model with two material systems that exhibit disparate electroadhesive mechanisms, indicating that this formalism is applicable to a variety of electroadhesives. The results show the importance of material compliance and geometric confinement in enhancing electroadhesive performance and providing structure-property relationships for designing electroadhesive devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elayne M Thomas
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Matthew K McBride
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Owen A Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Alfred J Crosby
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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8
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Borden LK, Gargava A, Kokilepersaud UJ, Raghavan SR. Universal Way to "Glue" Capsules and Gels into 3D Structures by Electroadhesion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:17070-17077. [PMID: 36961991 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of electroadhesion (EA), i.e., adhesion induced by an electric field, to connect a variety of soft materials into 3D structures. EA requires a cationic and an anionic material, but these can be of diverse origin, including covalently cross-linked hydrogels made by polymerizing charged monomers or physical gels/capsules formed by the ionic cross-linking of biopolymers (e.g., alginate and chitosan). Between each cationic/anionic pair, EA is induced rapidly (in ∼10 s) by low voltages (∼10 V DC)─and the adhesion is permanent after the field is turned off. The adhesion is strong enough to allow millimeter-scale capsules/gels to be assembled in 3D into robust structures such as capsule-capsule chains, capsule arrays on a base gel, and a 3D cube of capsules. EA-based assembly of spherical building blocks can be done more precisely, rapidly, and easily than by any alternative techniques. Moreover, the adhesion can be reversed (by switching the polarity of the field)─hence any errors during assembly can be undone and fixed. EA can also be used for selective sorting of charged soft matter─for example, a 'finger robot' can selectively 'pick up' capsules of the opposite charge by EA and subsequently 'drop off' these structures by reversing the polarity. Overall, our work shows how electric fields can be used to connect soft matter without the need for an adhesive or glue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah K Borden
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ankit Gargava
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Uma J Kokilepersaud
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Srinivasa R Raghavan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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9
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Electrically Detaching Behavior and Mechanism of Ionic Conductive Adhesives. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-023-2913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Li F, Nguyen GTM, Vancaeyzeele C, Vidal F, Plesse C. Healable Ionoelastomer Designed from Polymeric Ionic Liquid and Vitrimer Chemistry. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:529-541. [PMID: 36686061 PMCID: PMC9844214 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for all-solid flexible, stretchable, and wearable devices has boosted the need for liquid-free and stretchable ionoelastomers. These ionic conducting materials are subjected to repeated deformations during functioning, making them susceptible to damage. Thus, imparting cross-linked materials with healing ability seems particularly promising to improve their durability. Here, a polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) bearing allyl functional groups was synthesized based on the quaternization of N-allylimidazole with a copolymer rubber of poly(epichlorohydrin) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The resulting PIL was then cross-linked with dynamic boronic ester cross-linkers 2,2'-(1,4-Phenylene)-bis[4-mercaptan-1,3,2-dioxaborolane] (BDB) through thiol-ene "click" photoaddition. PEO dangling chains were additionally introduced for acting as free volume enhancers. The properties of the resulting all-solid PIL networks were investigated by tuning dynamic cross-linkers and dangling chain contents. Adjusting the cross-linker and dangling chain quantities yielded soft (0.2 MPa), stretchable (300%), and highly conducting ionoelastomers (1.6 × 10-5 S·cm-1 at 30 °C). The associative exchange reaction between BDB endowed these materials with vitrimer properties such as healing and recyclability. The recycled materials were able to retain their original mechanical properties and ionic conductivity. These healable PIL networks display a great potential for applications requiring solid electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, healing ability, and reprocessability.
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Sierra-Romero A, Novakovic K, Geoghegan M. Adhesive Interfaces toward a Zero-Waste Industry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:15476-15493. [PMID: 36475727 PMCID: PMC9776538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This Feature Article evaluates ongoing efforts to adapt adhesives toward the goal of zero-waste living and suggests the most promising future directions. Adhesives are not always considered in zero-waste manufacturing because they represent only a small fraction of a product and offer no additional functionality. However, their presence restricts the reintegration of constituent parts into a circular economy, so a new generation of adhesives is required. Furthermore, their production often leads to harmful pollutants. Here, two main approaches toward addressing these problems are considered: first, the use of natural materials that replace petroleum-based polymers from which conventional adhesives are made and second, the production of dismantlable adhesives capable of debonding on demand with the application of an external stimulus. These approaches, either individually or combined, offer a new paradigm in zero-waste industrial production and consumer applications.
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12
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Qiu X, Huang X, Zhang L. Electrochemical Bonding of Hydrogels at Rigid Surfaces. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2201132. [PMID: 36382565 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flexible hydrogels can be chemically/physically bonded on soft surfaces. However, there is a lack of a facile method to build strong interfacial adhesion between hydrogel and various rigid surfaces. Herein, an electrochemical bonding protocol, which improves the interfacial adhesion energy of hydrogel from initial 8 to 3480 J m-2 , ≈435 times enhancement at rigid glass surface, superior to the most of traditional methods, is proposed. A series of electrochemical bonding models to analyze the bonding mechanism, is demonstrated. The results indicate that the electrode reactions generate Fe3+ ions at the anode and OH- ions at the cathode, which migrate and react to form nanoparticles of Fe(OH)3 . These nanoparticles form hump-like physical structures at the interface and work as mechanical-bonding sites, enabling the strong interfacial adhesion. Upon applying acidic solution to decompose the nanoparticles, the strong adhesion can be weakened to easily remove hydrogel from the bonded surface. The electrochemically-bonded hydrogel can maintain its adhesion in water, which enables the electrochemical bonding of hydrogels for repairing various damaged surfaces such as plastic water tubes/bags, indicating promising potential for adhesive engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxin Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
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13
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Levine DJ, Iyer GM, Daelan Roosa R, Turner KT, Pikul JH. A mechanics-based approach to realize high–force capacity electroadhesives for robots. Sci Robot 2022; 7:eabo2179. [DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abo2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Materials with electroprogrammable stiffness and adhesion can enhance the performance of robotic systems, but achieving large changes in stiffness and adhesive forces in real time is an ongoing challenge. Electroadhesive clutches can rapidly adhere high stiffness elements, although their low force capacities and high activation voltages have limited their applications. A major challenge in realizing stronger electroadhesive clutches is that current parallel plate models poorly predict clutch force capacity and cannot be used to design better devices. Here, we use a fracture mechanics framework to understand the relationship between clutch design and force capacity. We demonstrate and verify a mechanics-based model that predicts clutch performance across multiple geometries and applied voltages. On the basis of this approach, we build a clutch with 63 times the force capacity per unit electrostatic force of state-of-the-art electroadhesive clutches. Last, we demonstrate the ability of our electroadhesives to increase the load capacity of a soft, pneumatic finger by a factor of 27 times compared with a finger without an electroadhesive.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Levine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gokulanand M. Iyer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - R. Daelan Roosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kevin T. Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James H. Pikul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Kim D, Lee JS. Emulating the Signal Transmission in a Neural System Using Polymer Membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42308-42316. [PMID: 36069456 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are vital components of the brain. When stimulated by neurotransmitters at the dendrites, neurons deliver signals as changes in the membrane potential by ion movement. The signal transmission of a nervous system exhibits a high energy efficiency. These characteristics of neurons are being exploited to develop efficient neuromorphic computing systems. In this study, we develop chemical synapses for neuromorphic devices and emulate the signaling processes in a nervous system using a polymer membrane, in which the ionic permeability can be controlled. The polymer membrane comprises poly(diallyl-dimethylammonium chloride) and poly(3-sulfopropyl acrylate potassium salt), which have positive and negative charges, respectively. The ionic permeability of the polymer membrane is controlled by the injection of a neurotransmitter solution. This device emulates the signal transmission behavior of biological neurons depending on the concentration of the injected neurotransmitter solution. The proposed artificial neuronal signaling device can facilitate the development of bio-realistic neuromorphic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jang-Sik Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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15
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Park JM, Lim S, Sun JY. Materials development in stretchable iontronics. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6487-6510. [PMID: 36000330 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00733a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable iontronics have recently been developed as an ideal interface to promote the interaction between humans and devices. Since the materials that use ions as charge carriers are typically transparent and stretchable, they have been used to fabricate devices with diverse functions with intrinsic transparency and stretchability. With the development of device design, material design has also been investigated to mitigate the issues associated with ionic materials, such as their weak mechanical properties, poor electrical properties, or poor environmental stabilities. In this review, we describe the recent progress on the design of materials in stretchable iontronics. By classifying stretchable ionic materials into three types of components (ionic conductors, ionic semiconductors, and ionic insulators), the issues each component has and the strategies to solve them are introduced, specifically in terms of molecular interactions. We then discuss the existing hurdles and challenges to be handled and shine light on the possibilities and opportunities from the insight of molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Man Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungsoo Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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16
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Wu M, Chen S, Mei Y, Liu L, Wei Y. Interfacial Electrochemistry-Induced Detachable Adhesives with Ultra-High Bonding Strength and Detaching Efficiency. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41456-41467. [PMID: 36043244 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Detachable adhesives with simultaneously high bonding strength and detaching efficiency have remained a great challenge in adhesion science. The existing detachable adhesives (e.g., solid-liquid phase transitions-based adhesives) usually show low initial cohesion and require long detaching time (several minutes or hours for transitions). Herein, by introducing ionic liquids (ILs) and soft polyethylene glycol (PEG) into a rigid epoxy precursor and curing, we demonstrated the adhesives with both high initial bonding strength (>13 MPa) and detaching efficiency (100% detachment within 10 s under a 90 V DC voltage). The high initial bonding strength is due to the imidazolium cations of ILs and their ion-dipole interactions with PEG can promote the curing of epoxy, decrease the glass-transition temperature, increase the interfacial wettability, and transmit external stress. Also, the outstanding detaching efficiency is because the tetrafluoroborate anions of ILs can electrochemically react rapidly under a voltage and generate fluorinated nanoparticles at the bonding interface within 1 minute. The high bonding and electrochemistry-induced detaching mechanism were further characterized. This work opens up a new avenue for the rational design of fast-detachable adhesives with high bonding strength, showing wide potential in many modern fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Song Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Yang Mei
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Lan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wei
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
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17
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Zhang J, Wang W, Zhang Y, Wei Q, Han F, Dong S, Liu D, Zhang S. Small-molecule ionic liquid-based adhesive with strong room-temperature adhesion promoted by electrostatic interaction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5214. [PMID: 36064871 PMCID: PMC9445047 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight adhesives (LMWAs) possess many unique features compared to polymer adhesives. However, fabricating LMWAs with adhesion strengths higher than those of polymeric materials is a significant challenge, mainly because of the relatively weak and unbalanced cohesion and interfacial adhesion. Herein, an ionic liquid (IL)-based adhesive with high adhesion strength is demonstrated by introducing an IL moiety into a Y-shaped molecule replete with hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) interactions. The IL moieties not only destroyed the rigid and ordered H-bonding networks, releasing more free groups to form hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) at the substrate/adhesive interface, but also provided electrostatic interactions that improved the cohesion energy. The synthesized IL-based adhesive, Tri-HT, could directly form thin coatings on various substrates, with high adhesion strengths of up to 12.20 MPa. Advanced adhesives with electrical conductivity, self-healing behavior, and electrically-controlled adhesion could also be fabricated by combining Tri-HT with carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Fei Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Shengyi Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Dongqing Liu
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Shiguo Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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18
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Supramolecular nylon-based actuators with a high work efficiency based on host–guest complexation and the mechanoisomerization of azobenzene. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Liu Z, Yan F. Switchable Adhesion: On-Demand Bonding and Debonding. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200264. [PMID: 35233988 PMCID: PMC9036041 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Adhesives have a long and illustrious history throughout human history. The development of synthetic polymers has highly improved adhesions in terms of their strength and environmental tolerance. As soft robotics, flexible electronics, and intelligent gadgets become more prevalent, adhesives with changeable adhesion capabilities will become more necessary. These adhesives should be programmable and switchable, with the ability to respond to light, electromagnetic fields, thermal, and other stimuli. These requirements necessitate novel concepts in adhesion engineering and material science. Considerable studies have been carried out to develop a wide range of adhesives. This review focuses on stimuli-responsive material-based adhesives, outlining current research on switchable and controlled adhesives, including design and manufacturing techniques. Finally, the potential for smart adhesives in applications, and the development of future adhesive forms are critically suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric MaterialsCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Feng Yan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric MaterialsCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
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20
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Liu Y, Wang P, Su X, Xu L, Tian Z, Wang H, Ji G, Huang J. Electrically Programmable Interfacial Adhesion for Ultrastrong Hydrogel Bonding. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108820. [PMID: 35102625 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adjustable interfacial adhesion is of great significance in smart-hydrogel-related engineering fields. This study presents an electroadhesion strategy for universal and ultrastrong hydrogel bonding with electrically programmable strength. An ionic hydrogel containing lithium ions is designed to achieve hydrated-ion-diffusion-mediated interfacial adhesion, where external electric fields are employed to precisely control spatiotemporal dynamics of the ion diffusion across ionic adhesion region (IAR). The hydrogel can realize a universal, ultrastrong, efficient, tough, reversible, and environmentally tolerant electroadhesion to diverse hydrogels, whose peak adhesion strength and interfacial adhesion toughness are as high as 1.2 MPa and 3750 J m-2 , respectively. With a mechanoelectric coupling model, the dominant role of the hydrated ions in IAR played in the interfacial electroadhesion is further quantitatively revealed. The proposed strategy opens a door for developing high-performance adhesion hydrogels with electrically programmable functions, which are indispensable for various emerging fields like flexible electronics and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Liu
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Oujiang Laboratory, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Pudi Wang
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xing Su
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Liang Xu
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhuoling Tian
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guojun Ji
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China
| | - Jianyong Huang
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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21
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Li K, Zan X, Tang C, Liu Z, Fan J, Qin G, Yang J, Cui W, Zhu L, Chen Q. Tough, Instant, and Repeatable Adhesion of Self-Healable Elastomers to Diverse Soft and Hard Surfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105742. [PMID: 35187853 PMCID: PMC9036032 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Repeatability and high adhesion toughness are usually contradictory for common polymer adhesives. Repeatability requires temporary interactions between the adhesive and the substrate, while high adhesion toughness is usually achieved by permanent bonding. Integrating these two features into one adhesive system is still a daunting challenge. Here, the development of a series of viscoelastic elastomers composed of a soft and hard segment is reported, which exhibit tough, instant, yet repeatable adhesion to a variety of soft and hard surfaces. Such a combination of mutually exclusive properties is attributed to the synergy of high mobility of polymer chains and massive viscoelastic dissipation of the elastomers around the interface. By optimizing the relaxation time and mechanical dissipation, the resulting adhesives can achieve a tough yet repeatable adhesion toughness above 2000 J m-2 , superior to the best-in-class commercial adhesives. Numerous acrylate monomers are proven applicable to the preparation of such adhesives, validating the universality of the fabrication method. The application of these elastomers as adhesive and protective layers in soft electronics by virtue of their universal and tough adhesion to various soft and hard substrates is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhou352001China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHenan Polytechnic UniversityJiaozuo454000China
| | - Xingjie Zan
- Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhou352001China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health)Wenzhou352001China
| | - Chen Tang
- Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhou352001China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHenan Polytechnic UniversityJiaozuo454000China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Liu
- Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhou352001China
| | - Jianghuan Fan
- Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhou352001China
| | - Gang Qin
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHenan Polytechnic UniversityJiaozuo454000China
| | - Jia Yang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHenan Polytechnic UniversityJiaozuo454000China
| | - Wei Cui
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health)Wenzhou352001China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhou352001China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHenan Polytechnic UniversityJiaozuo454000China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health)Wenzhou352001China
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22
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Abstract
Skin-like electronics are developing rapidly to realize a variety of applications such as wearable sensing and soft robotics. Hydrogels, as soft biomaterials, have been studied intensively for skin-like electronic utilities due to their unique features such as softness, wetness, biocompatibility and ionic sensing capability. These features could potentially blur the gap between soft biological systems and hard artificial machines. However, the development of skin-like hydrogel devices is still in its infancy and faces challenges including limited functionality, low ambient stability, poor surface adhesion, and relatively high power consumption (as ionic sensors). This review aims to summarize current development of skin-inspired hydrogel devices to address these challenges. We first conduct an overview of hydrogels and existing strategies to increase their toughness and conductivity. Next, we describe current approaches to leverage hydrogel devices with advanced merits including anti-dehydration, anti-freezing, and adhesion. Thereafter, we highlight state-of-the-art skin-like hydrogel devices for applications including wearable electronics, soft robotics, and energy harvesting. Finally, we conclude and outline the future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Ying
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
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23
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Miao Y, Xu M, Zhang L. Electrochemistry-Induced Improvements of Mechanical Strength, Self-Healing, and Interfacial Adhesion of Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102308. [PMID: 34418178 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have demonstrated great potential in biomedical and engineering areas. To improve the physical performance, development of efficient physical/chemical protocols is essential. Herein, an electrochemistry functionalization strategy that is capable of enabling the functional improvements of hydrogel is reported. The electrochemistry functionalization is demonstrated on a hydrogel model of polyacrylamide (PAAm)@κ-carrageenan. The electrochemistry reaction generates metal ions (Fe3+ ) that migrate and coordinate with the sulfate groups of κ-carrageenan resulting in the prominent function improvements. In comparison with untreated PAAm@κ-carrageenan hydrogel, it can improve the mechanical strength by 7.37 times, and can increase the interfacial adhesion energy of the hydrogel on a glass surface from 0 to 1400 J m-2 , stronger than the bonding strength of tendons (adhesion energy: ≈800 J m-2 ). Two pieces of hydrogel strips integrate into an intact structure by the electrochemistry functionalization, where the healing efficiency reaches 100% in comparison to the untreated hydrogel. The most significant development is that it enables functional patterning on the hydrogel by the electrode assembly, which provides the hydrogel with modular sensitivity to external pressure. Therefore, it can be a general protocol for rapid generation of multifunctional hydrogels for biomedical and engineering developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Miao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Mengda Xu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
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24
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Levine DJ, Turner KT, Pikul JH. Materials with Electroprogrammable Stiffness. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007952. [PMID: 34245062 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stiffness is a mechanical property of vital importance to any material system and is typically considered a static quantity. Recent work, however, has shown that novel materials with programmable stiffness can enhance the performance and simplify the design of engineered systems, such as morphing wings, robotic grippers, and wearable exoskeletons. For many of these applications, the ability to program stiffness with electrical activation is advantageous because of the natural compatibility with electrical sensing, control, and power networks ubiquitous in autonomous machines and robots. The numerous applications for materials with electrically driven stiffness modulation has driven a rapid increase in the number of publications in this field. Here, a comprehensive review of the available materials that realize electroprogrammable stiffness is provided, showing that all current approaches can be categorized as using electrostatics or electrically activated phase changes, and summarizing the advantages, limitations, and applications of these materials. Finally, a perspective identifies state-of-the-art trends and an outlook of future opportunities for the development and use of materials with electroprogrammable stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Levine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kevin T Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - James H Pikul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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25
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Feng J, Wang Y, Xu Y, Ma H, Wang G, Ma P, Tang Y, Yan X. Construction of Supercapacitor-Based Ionic Diodes with Adjustable Bias Directions by Using Poly(ionic liquid) Electrolytes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100887. [PMID: 34165843 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The newly emerging supercapacitor-diode (CAPode), integrating the characteristics of a diode into an electrical-double-layer capacitor, can be employed to extend conventional supercapacitors to new technological applications and may play a crucial role in grid stabilization, signal propagation, and logic operations. However, the reported CAPodes have only been able to realize charge storage in the positive-bias direction. Here, bias-direction-adjustable CAPodes realized by using a polycation-based ionic liquid (IL) or a polyanion-based IL as electrolyte in an asymmetric carbon-based supercapacitor architecture are proposed. The resulting CAPodes exhibit charge-storage function at only the positive- or negative-bias direction with a high rectification ratio (≈80% for rectification ratio II, RRII ) and an outstanding cycling life (4500 cycles), representing a crucial breakthrough for designing high-performance capacitive ionic diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianze Feng
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yongtai Xu
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongyun Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Gaowei Wang
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Pengjun Ma
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xingbin Yan
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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26
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Zhang J, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Dong S, Chen Y, Zhang S. Poly(ionic liquid)s Containing Alkoxy Chains and Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Anions as Highly Adhesive Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100962. [PMID: 34117661 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Adhesive materials have wide applications in diverse fields, but the development of a novel and multipurpose adhesive is a great challenge. This study demonstrates that conventional poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) can be designed as highly efficient adhesives by simply introducing alkoxy moieties into the cationic backbone of PILs containing bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (TFSI- ) anions. The incorporated flexible alkoxy chain not only reduces the glass transition temperature of PILs but also endows these materials with strong hydrogen bonding interactions, which, together with the unique electrostatic interaction of the PILs, simultaneously contributes to a high cohesive energy and interfacial adhesive energy. Consequently, these alkoxy PILs are highly adhesive on various substrates such as glass, ceramic, stainless steel, aluminum, and polymers, in contrast to the nonadhesive behavior of conventional PILs. Photosensitive or electronically conductive composite adhesives are fabricated by virtue of the compatibility between ionic liquids and carbon nanotubes or silver nanofibers. Interestingly, the PIL-2-TFSI adhesive possesses a unique and reversible response to electric fields and achieves up to 35% improvement in adhesive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Zhanying Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Shengyi Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yufang Chen
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Shiguo Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410004, China
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27
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Herbert KM, Dolinski ND, Boynton NR, Murphy JG, Lindberg CA, Sibener SJ, Rowan SJ. Controlling the Morphology of Dynamic Thia-Michael Networks to Target Pressure-Sensitive and Hot Melt Adhesives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27471-27480. [PMID: 34086431 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of multistage (pressure-sensitive/hot melt) adhesives utilizing dynamic thia-Michael bonding motifs are reported. The benzalcyanoacetate Michael acceptors used in this work undergo bond exchange under ambient conditions without external catalysis, facilitating pressure-sensitive adhesion. A key feature of this system is the dynamic reaction-induced phase separation that lends reinforcement to the otherwise weakly bonded materials, enabling weak, repeatable pressure-sensitive adhesion under ambient conditions and strong adhesion when processed as a hot melt adhesive. By using different pairs of benzalcyanoacetate cross-linking units, the phase separation characteristics of the adhesives can be directly manipulated, allowing for a tailored adhesive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Herbert
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Neil D Dolinski
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Nicholas R Boynton
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Julia G Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Charlie A Lindberg
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - S J Sibener
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Stuart J Rowan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60434, United States
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Seddon WD, Alfhaid L, Dunbar ADF, Geoghegan M, Williams NH. Adhesion of Grafted-to Polyelectrolyte Brushes Functionalized with Calix[4]resorcinarene and Deposited as a Monolayer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13843-13852. [PMID: 33172276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte adhesives, either poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] or poly(methacrylic acid), functionalized with a surface-active calix[4]resorcinarene were grafted onto silicon wafers. Adhesion studies on these grafted-to brushes using polyelectrolyte hydrogels of opposite charge showed that it is the calix[4]resorcinarene, rather than adsorption of polyelectrolyte monomers, that adheres the brush to the silicon substrate. The adhesion measured was similar to that measured using polymers grafted from the surface, and was stronger than a control layer of poly(vinyl acetate) under the same test conditions. The limiting factor was determined to be adhesive failure at the hydrogel-brush interface, rather than the brush-silicon interface. Therefore, the adhesion has not been adversely affected by changing from a grafted-from to a grafted-to brush, demonstrating the possibility of a one-pot approach to creating switchable adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Seddon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K
| | - Latifah Alfhaid
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K
| | - Alan D F Dunbar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
| | - Mark Geoghegan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K
| | - Nicholas H Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
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