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Liu S, Han Z, Ye Z, Jiang M, Etheridge ML, Bischof JC, Yin Y. Magnetic-Nanorod-Mediated Nanowarming with Uniform and Rate-Regulated Heating. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:11567-11572. [PMID: 39230046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Rewarming cryopreserved samples requires fast heating to avoid devitrification, a challenge previously attempted by magnetic nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia. Here, we introduce Fe3O4@SiO2 nanorods as the heating elements to manipulate the heating profile to ensure safe rewarming and address the issue of uneven heating due to inhomogeneous particle distribution. The magnetic anisotropy of the nanorods allows their prealignment in the cryoprotective agent (CPA) during cooling and promotes subsequent rapid rewarming in an alternating magnetic field with the same orientation to prevent devitrification. More importantly, applying an orthogonal static magnetic field at a later stage could decelerate heating, effectively mitigating local overheating and reducing CPA toxicity. Furthermore, this orientational configuration offers more substantial heating deceleration in areas of initially higher heating rates, therefore reducing temperature variations across the sample. The efficacy of this method in regulating heating rate and improving rewarming uniformity has been validated using both gel and porcine artery models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zonghu Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Zuyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Minhan Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael L Etheridge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - John C Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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2
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Ali AM, Chang B, Consiglio AN, Sanchez Van Moer G, Powell-Palm MJ, Rubinsky B, Mäkiharju SA. Experimental observation of cavity-free ice-free isochoric vitrification via combined pressure measurements and photon counting x-ray computed tomography. Cryobiology 2024; 116:104935. [PMID: 38936595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Isochoric (constant-volume or volumetrically confined) vitrification has shown potential as an alternative cryopreservation-by-vitrification technique, but the complex processes at play within the chamber are yet poorly characterized, and recent investigations have prompted significant debate around whether a truly isochoric vitrification process (in which the liquid remains completely confined by solid boundaries) is indeed feasible. Based on a recent thermomechanical simulation of a high-concentration Me2SO solution, Solanki and Rabin (Cryobiology, 2023, 111, 9-15.) argue that isochoric vitrification is not feasible, because differential thermal contraction of the solution and container will necessarily drive generation of a cavity, corrupting the rigid confinement of the liquid. Here, we provide direct experimental evidence to the contrary, demonstrating cavity-free isochoric vitrification of a ∼3.5 M vitrification solution by combined isochoric pressure measurement (IPM) and photon-counting x-ray computed tomography (PC-CT). We hypothesize that the absence of a cavity is due to the minimal thermal contraction of the solution, which we support with additional volumetric analysis of the PC-CT reconstructions. In total, this study provides experimental evidence both demonstrating the feasibility of isochoric vitrification and highlighting the potential of designing vitrification solutions that exhibit minimal thermal contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brooke Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anthony N Consiglio
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gala Sanchez Van Moer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Powell-Palm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Boris Rubinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Simo A Mäkiharju
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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3
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Wang S, Mueller D, Chen P, Pan G, Wilson M, Sun S, Chen Z, Lee T, Damon B, Hepfer RG, Hill C, Kern MJ, Pullen WM, Wu Y, Brockbank KGM, Yao H. Viable Vitreous Grafts of Whole Porcine Menisci for Transplant in the Knee and Temporomandibular Joints. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303706. [PMID: 38523366 PMCID: PMC11368656 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The shortage of suitable donor meniscus grafts from the knee and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) impedes treatments for millions of patients. Vitrification offers a promising solution by transitioning these tissues into a vitreous state at cryogenic temperatures, protecting them from ice crystal damage using high concentrations of cryoprotectant agents (CPAs). However, vitrification's success is hindered for larger tissues (>3 mL) due to challenges in CPA penetration. Dense avascular meniscus tissues require extended CPA exposure for adequate penetration; however, prolonged exposure becomes cytotoxic. Balancing penetration and reducing cell toxicity is required. To overcome this hurdle, a simulation-based optimization approach is developed by combining computational modeling with microcomputed tomography (µCT) imaging to predict 3D CPA distributions within tissues over time accurately. This approach minimizes CPA exposure time, resulting in 85% viability in 4-mL meniscal specimens, 70% in 10-mL whole knee menisci, and 85% in 15-mL whole TMJ menisci (i.e., TMJ disc) post-vitrification, outperforming slow-freezing methods (20%-40%), in a pig model. The extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and biomechanical strength of vitreous tissues remain largely intact. Vitreous meniscus grafts demonstrate clinical-level viability (≥70%), closely resembling the material properties of native tissues, with long-term availability for transplantation. The enhanced vitrification technology opens new possibilities for other avascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangping Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Dustin Mueller
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Ge Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Marshall Wilson
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Shuchun Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston, SC, 29406, USA
| | - Thomas Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Brooke Damon
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - R Glenn Hepfer
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Cherice Hill
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Michael J Kern
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - William M Pullen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Yongren Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston, SC, 29406, USA
| | - Hai Yao
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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4
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LaSala VR, Cordoves EM, Kalfa DM. Adaptation of cold preservation techniques to partial heart transplant. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2024:S0022-5223(24)00697-4. [PMID: 39173707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2024.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- V Reed LaSala
- Division of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, Section of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Elizabeth M Cordoves
- Division of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, Section of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - David M Kalfa
- Division of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, Section of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.
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5
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Pan J, Zeng Q, Peng K, Zhou Y, Shu Z. Review of Rewarming Methods for Cryopreservation. Biopreserv Biobank 2024; 22:304-311. [PMID: 37751240 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2023.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation is the most effective technology for the long-term preservation of biological materials, including cells, tissues, and even organs in the future. The process of cooling and rewarming is essential to the successful preservation of biological materials. One of the critical problems in the development of cryopreservation is the optimization of effective rewarming technologies. This article reviewed rewarming methods, including traditional boundary rewarming commonly used for small-volume biological materials and other advanced techniques that could be potentially feasible for organ preservation in the future. The review focused on various rewarming technique principles, typical applications, and their possible limitations for cryopreservation of biological materials. This article introduced nanowarming methods in the progressing optimization and the possible difficulties. The trends of novel rewarming methods were discussed, and suggestions were given for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaji Pan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qijin Zeng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Peng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yulin Zhou
- Shuda College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiquan Shu
- School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington, Tacoma, Washington, USA
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6
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Sun R, Wang N, Zheng S, Wang H, Xie H. Nanotechnology-based Strategies for Molecular Imaging, Diagnosis, and Therapy of Organ Transplantation. Transplantation 2024; 108:1730-1748. [PMID: 39042368 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Organ transplantation is the preferred paradigm for patients with end-stage organ failures. Despite unprecedented successes, complications such as immune rejection, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and graft dysfunction remain significant barriers to long-term recipient survival after transplantation. Conventional immunosuppressive drugs have limited efficacy because of significant drug toxicities, high systemic immune burden, and emergence of transplant infectious disease, leading to poor quality of life for patients. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery has emerged as a promising medical technology and offers several advantages by enhancing the delivery of drug payloads to their target sites, reducing systemic toxicity, and facilitating patient compliance over free drug administration. In addition, nanotechnology-based imaging approaches provide exciting diagnostic methods for monitoring molecular and cellular changes in transplanted organs, visualizing immune responses, and assessing the severity of rejection. These noninvasive technologies are expected to help enhance the posttransplantation patient survival through real time and early diagnosis of disease progression. Here, we present a comprehensive review of nanotechnology-assisted strategies in various aspects of organ transplantation, including organ protection before transplantation, mitigation of ischemia-reperfusion injury, counteraction of immune rejection, early detection of organ dysfunction posttransplantation, and molecular imaging and diagnosis of immune rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Sun
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangxiang Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Janssen J, Chirico N, Ainsworth MJ, Cedillo-Servin G, Viola M, Dokter I, Vermonden T, Doevendans PA, Serra M, Voets IK, Malda J, Castilho M, van Laake LW, Sluijter JPG, Sampaio-Pinto V, van Mil A. Hypothermic and cryogenic preservation of cardiac tissue-engineered constructs. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:3866-3881. [PMID: 38910521 PMCID: PMC11265564 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01908j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue engineering (cTE) has already advanced towards the first clinical trials, investigating safety and feasibility of cTE construct transplantation in failing hearts. However, the lack of well-established preservation methods poses a hindrance to further scalability, commercialization, and transportation, thereby reducing their clinical implementation. In this study, hypothermic preservation (4 °C) and two methods for cryopreservation (i.e., a slow and fast cooling approach to -196 °C and -150 °C, respectively) were investigated as potential solutions to extend the cTE construct implantation window. The cTE model used consisted of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and human cardiac fibroblasts embedded in a natural-derived hydrogel and supported by a polymeric melt electrowritten hexagonal scaffold. Constructs, composed of cardiomyocytes of different maturity, were preserved for three days, using several commercially available preservation protocols and solutions. Cardiomyocyte viability, function (beat rate and calcium handling), and metabolic activity were investigated after rewarming. Our observations show that cardiomyocytes' age did not influence post-rewarming viability, however, it influenced construct function. Hypothermic preservation with HypoThermosol® ensured cardiomyocyte viability and function. Furthermore, fast freezing outperformed slow freezing, but both viability and function were severely reduced after rewarming. In conclusion, whereas long-term preservation remains a challenge, hypothermic preservation with HypoThermosol® represents a promising solution for cTE construct short-term preservation and potential transportation, aiding in off-the-shelf availability, ultimately increasing their clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmijn Janssen
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Circulatory Health Research Center, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands.
| | - Nino Chirico
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Circulatory Health Research Center, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands.
| | - Madison J Ainsworth
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Gerardo Cedillo-Servin
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Viola
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Dokter
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Circulatory Health Research Center, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands.
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A Doevendans
- Netherlands Heart Institute (NLHI), Utrecht, 3511 EP, The Netherlands
- Centraal Militair Hospitaal (CMH), Utrecht, 3584 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Margarida Serra
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ilja K Voets
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry & Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, PO box 513, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, 3584 CL, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Castilho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Linda W van Laake
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Circulatory Health Research Center, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Circulatory Health Research Center, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands.
| | - Vasco Sampaio-Pinto
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Circulatory Health Research Center, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands.
| | - Alain van Mil
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Circulatory Health Research Center, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands.
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8
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Jiang M, Zhang GH, Yu Y, Zhao YH, Liu J, Zeng Q, Feng MY, Ye F, Xiong DS, Wang L, Zhang YN, Yu L, Wei JJ, He LB, Zhi W, Du XR, Li NJ, Han CL, Yan HQ, Zhou ZT, Miao YB, Wang W, Liu WX. De novo design of a nanoregulator for the dynamic restoration of ovarian tissue in cryopreservation and transplantation. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:330. [PMID: 38862987 PMCID: PMC11167790 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The cryopreservation and transplantation of ovarian tissue underscore its paramount importance in safeguarding reproductive capacity and ameliorating reproductive disorders. However, challenges persist in ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation (OTC-T), including the risk of tissue damage and dysfunction. Consequently, there has been a compelling exploration into the realm of nanoregulators to refine and enhance these procedures. This review embarks on a meticulous examination of the intricate anatomical structure of the ovary and its microenvironment, thereby establishing a robust groundwork for the development of nanomodulators. It systematically categorizes nanoregulators and delves deeply into their functions and mechanisms, meticulously tailored for optimizing ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation. Furthermore, the review imparts valuable insights into the practical applications and obstacles encountered in clinical settings associated with OTC-T. Moreover, the review advocates for the utilization of microbially derived nanomodulators as a potent therapeutic intervention in ovarian tissue cryopreservation. The progression of these approaches holds the promise of seamlessly integrating nanoregulators into OTC-T practices, thereby heralding a new era of expansive applications and auspicious prospects in this pivotal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610045, China
| | - Guo-Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610045, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Hong Zhao
- School of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610083, China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610045, China
| | - Meng-Yue Feng
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610045, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610045, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610045, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610045, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610045, China
| | - Jia-Jing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610045, China
| | - Li-Bing He
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610045, China
| | - Weiwei Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610045, China
| | - Xin-Rong Du
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Ning-Jing Li
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Chang-Li Han
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - He-Qiu Yan
- School of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610083, China
| | - Zhuo-Ting Zhou
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang-Bao Miao
- Department of Haematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610000, China.
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Haematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610000, China.
| | - Wei-Xin Liu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610045, China.
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9
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Vogel AD, Suk R, Haran C, Dickinson PG, Helke KL, Hassid M, Fitzgerald DC, Turek JW, Brockbank KGM, Rajab TK. The impact of heart valve and partial heart transplant models on the development of banking methods for tissues and organs: A concise review. Cryobiology 2024; 115:104880. [PMID: 38437898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Cryopreserved human heart valves fill a crucial role in the treatment for congenital cardiac anomalies, since the use of alternative mechanical and xenogeneic tissue valves have historically been limited in babies. Heart valve models have been used since 1998 to better understand the impact of cryopreservation variables on the heart valve tissue components with the ultimate goals of improving cryopreserved tissue outcomes and potentially extrapolating results with tissues to organs. Cryopreservation traditionally relies on conventional freezing, employing cryoprotective agents, and slow cooling to sub-zero centigrade temperatures; but it is plagued by the formation of ice crystals and cell damage upon thawing. Researchers have identified ice-free vitrification procedures and developed a new rapid warming method termed nanowarming. Nanowarming is an emerging method that utilizes targeted application of energy at the nanoscale level to rapidly rewarm vitrified tissues, such as heart valves, uniformly for transplantation. Vitrification and nanowarming methods hold great promise for surgery, enabling the storage and transplantation of tissues for various applications, including tissue repair and replacement. These innovations have the potential to revolutionize complex tissue and organ transplantation, including partial heart transplantation. Banking these grafts addresses organ scarcity by extending preservation duration while preserving biological activity with maintenance of structural fidelity. While ice-free vitrification and nanowarming show remarkable potential, they are still in early development. Further interdisciplinary research must be dedicated to exploring the remaining challenges that include scalability, optimizing cryoprotectant solutions, and ensuring long-term viability upon rewarming in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Vogel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA; Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, USA
| | - Rebecca Suk
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA; Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, USA
| | - Christa Haran
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA; Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, USA
| | - Patrick G Dickinson
- Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Marc Hassid
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University at Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Taufiek Konrad Rajab
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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10
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Wowk B, Phan J, Pagotan R, Galvez E, Fahy GM. 27 MHz constant field dielectric warming of kidneys cryopreserved by vitrification. Cryobiology 2024; 115:104893. [PMID: 38609033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Organs cryopreserved by vitrification are exposed to the lowest possible concentration of cryoprotectants for the least time necessary to successfully avoid ice formation. Faster cooling and warming rates enable lower concentrations and perfusion times, reducing toxicity. Since warming rates necessary to avoid ice formation during recovery from vitrification are typically faster than cooling rates necessary for vitrification, warming speed is a major determining factor for successful vitrification. Dielectric warming uses an oscillating electric field to directly heat water and cryoprotectant molecules inside organs to achieve warming that's faster and more uniform than can be achieved by heat conduction from the organ surface. This work studied 27 MHz dielectric warming of rabbit kidneys perfused with M22 vitrification solution. The 27 MHz frequency was chosen because its long wavelength and penetration depth are suitable for human organs, because it had an anticipated favorable temperature of maximum dielectric absorption in M22, and because it's an allocated frequency for industrial and amateur use with inexpensive amplifiers available. Previously vitrified kidneys were warmed from -100 °C by placement in a 27 MHz electric field formed between parallel capacitor plates in a resonant circuit. Power was varied during warming to maintain constant electric field amplitude between the plates. Maximum power absorption occurred near -70 °C, with a peak warming rate near 150 °C/min in 50 mL total volume with approximately 500 W power. After some optimization, it was possible to warm ∼13 g vitrified kidneys with unprecedentedly little injury from medullary ice formation and a favorable serum creatinine trend after transplant. Distinct behaviors of power absorption and system tuning observed as a function of temperature during warming are promising for non-invasive thermometry and future automated control of the warming process at even faster rates with user-defined temperature dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wowk
- 21st Century Medicine, Inc, 14960 Hilton Drive, Fontana, CA, 92336, USA.
| | - John Phan
- 21st Century Medicine, Inc, 14960 Hilton Drive, Fontana, CA, 92336, USA
| | - Roberto Pagotan
- 21st Century Medicine, Inc, 14960 Hilton Drive, Fontana, CA, 92336, USA
| | - Erika Galvez
- 21st Century Medicine, Inc, 14960 Hilton Drive, Fontana, CA, 92336, USA
| | - Gregory M Fahy
- 21st Century Medicine, Inc, 14960 Hilton Drive, Fontana, CA, 92336, USA
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11
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Kraft CJ, Namsrai BE, Tobolt D, Etheridge ML, Finger EB, Bischof JC. CPA toxicity screening of cryoprotective solutions in rat hearts. Cryobiology 2024; 114:104842. [PMID: 38158172 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.104842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In clinical practice, donor hearts are transported on ice prior to transplant and discarded if cold ischemia time exceeds ∼5 h. Methods to extend these preservation times are critically needed, and ideally, this storage time would extend indefinitely, enabling improved donor-to-patient matching, organ utilization, and immune tolerance induction protocols. Previously, we demonstrated successful vitrification and rewarming of whole rat hearts without ice formation by perfusion-loading a cryoprotective agent (CPA) solution prior to vitrification. However, these hearts did not recover any beating even in controls with CPA loading/unloading alone, which points to the chemical toxicity of the cryoprotective solution (VS55 in Euro-Collins carrier solution) as the likely culprit. To address this, we compared the toxicity of another established CPA cocktail (VEG) to VS55 using ex situ rat heart perfusion. The CPA exposure time was 150 min, and the normothermic assessment time was 60 min. Using Celsior as the carrier, we observed partial recovery of function (atria-only beating) for both VS55 and VEG. Upon further analysis, we found that the VEG CPA cocktail resulted in 50 % lower LDH release than VS55 (N = 4, p = 0.017), suggesting VEG has lower toxicity than VS55. Celsior was a better carrier solution than alternatives such as UW, as CPA + Celsior-treated hearts spent less time in cardiac arrest (N = 4, p = 0.029). While we showed substantial improvement in cardiac function after exposure to vitrifiable concentrations of CPA by improving both the CPA and carrier solution formulation, further improvements will be required before we achieve healthy cryopreserved organs for transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J Kraft
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Diane Tobolt
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Erik B Finger
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, USA.
| | - John C Bischof
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, USA; Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, USA.
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12
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Zuo J, Cao M, Han H, Zhan T, Xu Y, Hao Y, Li X, Zang C. Optimization of Annealing and Metal Films Radiofrequency Heating Procedures for Vitrified Umbilical Arteries. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1164-1176. [PMID: 38164064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Vitrification is well known for its application in the cryopreservation of blood vessels, which will address the supply-demand imbalance in vascular grafts for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Thermal stress damage and devitrification injury in umbilical arteries (UAs) require attention and resolution during the vitrification and rewarming process. In this study, we validated several cooling annealing protocols with temperatures (-130 to -100 °C) and annealing duration durations (10-20 s). Among these, the umbilical artery subjected to annealing at -110 °C for 10 s exhibited the most favorable glass transition and retained 93% of its elastic modulus (0.625 ± 0.030 MPa) compared to the fresh group. Extended annealing temperatures and durations can effectively reduce thermal stress damage, leading to improved mechanical properties by minimizing temperature gradients during cooling. Furthermore, three metal radiofrequency methods were utilized for rewarming, including the use of additional metal films and different magnetic field strengths (20, 25 kA/m). Metal radiofrequency (adding an extra metal film for cryoprotectants rewarming, 20 kA/m) achieved faster and more uniform rewarming, preserving the extracellular matrix (ECM), collagen fibers, and elastic fibers without significant differences compared to the fresh group (P < 0.05). Moreover, its preservation of the biomechanical properties of blood vessels was better than that of water bath heating. Theoretical analysis supports these findings, indicating that radiofrequency heating (RFH) with metal films reduces temperature gradients and thermal stresses during arterial rewarming. RFH contributes to the cryopreservation and clinical application of large-lumen biomaterials, overcoming challenges associated with vascular vitrification and rewarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Zuo
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Co-Innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Mengyuan Cao
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Co-Innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hengxin Han
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Co-Innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Taijie Zhan
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Co-Innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Co-Innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yan Hao
- Yinfeng Cryomedicine Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan 250002, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Yinfeng Cryomedicine Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan 250002, China
| | - Chuanbao Zang
- Yinfeng Cryomedicine Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan 250002, China
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13
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Han Z, Rao JS, Ramesh S, Hergesell J, Namsrai BE, Etheridge ML, Finger EB, Bischof JC. Model-Guided Design and Optimization of CPA Perfusion Protocols for Whole Organ Cryopreservation. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:2216-2228. [PMID: 37351756 PMCID: PMC10518287 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Vitrification could enable long-term organ preservation, but only after loading high-concentration, potentially toxic cryoprotective agents (CPAs) by perfusion. In this paper, we combine a two-compartment Krogh cylinder model with a toxicity cost function to theoretically optimize the loading of CPA (VMP) in rat kidneys as a model system. First, based on kidney perfusion experiments, we systematically derived the parameters for a CPA transport loading model, including the following: Vb = 86.0% (ra = 3.86 μm), Lp = 1.5 × 10-14 m3/(N·s), ω = 7.0 × 10-13 mol/(N·s), σ = 0.10. Next, we measured the toxicity cost function model parameters as α = 3.12 and β = 9.39 × 10-6. Combining these models, we developed an improved kidney-loading protocol predicted to achieve vitrification while minimizing toxicity. The optimized protocol resulted in shorter exposure (25 min or 18.5% less) than the gold standard kidney-loading protocol for VMP, which had been developed based on decades of empirical practice. After testing both protocols on rat kidneys, we found comparable physical and biological outcomes. While we did not dramatically reduce toxicity, we did reduce the time. As our approach is now validated, it can be used on other organs lacking defined toxicity data to reduce CPA exposure time and provide a rapid path toward developing CPA perfusion protocols for other organs and CPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghu Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joseph Sushil Rao
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Srivasupradha Ramesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jan Hergesell
- Institute for Multiphase Processes (IMP), Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Michael L Etheridge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Erik B Finger
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John C Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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14
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Han Z, Rao JS, Gangwar L, Namsrai BE, Pasek-Allen JL, Etheridge ML, Wolf SM, Pruett TL, Bischof JC, Finger EB. Vitrification and nanowarming enable long-term organ cryopreservation and life-sustaining kidney transplantation in a rat model. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3407. [PMID: 37296144 PMCID: PMC10256770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Banking cryopreserved organs could transform transplantation into a planned procedure that more equitably reaches patients regardless of geographical and time constraints. Previous organ cryopreservation attempts have failed primarily due to ice formation, but a promising alternative is vitrification, or the rapid cooling of organs to a stable, ice-free, glass-like state. However, rewarming of vitrified organs can similarly fail due to ice crystallization if rewarming is too slow or cracking from thermal stress if rewarming is not uniform. Here we use "nanowarming," which employs alternating magnetic fields to heat nanoparticles within the organ vasculature, to achieve both rapid and uniform warming, after which the nanoparticles are removed by perfusion. We show that vitrified kidneys can be cryogenically stored (up to 100 days) and successfully recovered by nanowarming to allow transplantation and restore life-sustaining full renal function in nephrectomized recipients in a male rat model. Scaling this technology may one day enable organ banking for improved transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghu Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joseph Sushil Rao
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lakshya Gangwar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline L Pasek-Allen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael L Etheridge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Susan M Wolf
- Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Timothy L Pruett
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John C Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Erik B Finger
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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15
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Ozgur OS, Namsrai BE, Pruett TL, Bischof JC, Toner M, Finger EB, Uygun K. Current practice and novel approaches in organ preservation. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2023; 2:1156845. [PMID: 38993842 PMCID: PMC11235303 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2023.1156845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Organ transplantation remains the only treatment option for patients with end-stage organ failure. The last decade has seen a flurry of activity in improving organ preservation technologies, which promise to increase utilization in a dramatic fashion. They also bring the promise of extending the preservation duration significantly, which opens the doors to sharing organs across local and international boundaries and transforms the field. In this work, we review the recent literature on machine perfusion of livers across various protocols in development and clinical use, in the context of extending the preservation duration. We then review the next generation of technologies that have the potential to further extend the limits and open the door to banking organs, including supercooling, partial freezing, and nanowarming, and outline the opportunities arising in the field for researchers in the short and long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Sila Ozgur
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Research Department, Shriners Children’s Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bat-Erdene Namsrai
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Timothy L. Pruett
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - John C. Bischof
- Departments of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Research Department, Shriners Children’s Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Erik B. Finger
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Korkut Uygun
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Research Department, Shriners Children’s Boston, Boston, MA, United States
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16
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William N, Mangan S, Ben RN, Acker JP. Engineered Compounds to Control Ice Nucleation and Recrystallization. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2023; 25:333-362. [PMID: 37104651 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082222-015243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest concerns in the subzero storage of cells, tissues, and organs is the ability to control the nucleation or recrystallization of ice. In nature, evidence of these processes, which aid in sustaining internal temperatures below the physiologic freezing point for extended periods of time, is apparent in freeze-avoidant and freeze-tolerant organisms. After decades of studying these proteins, we now have easily accessible compounds and materials capable of recapitulating the mechanisms seen in nature for biopreser-vation applications. The output from this burgeoning area of research can interact synergistically with other novel developments in the field of cryobiology, making it an opportune time for a review on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishaka William
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Sophia Mangan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rob N Ben
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason P Acker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
- Innovation and Portfolio Management, Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Chen J, Liu X, Hu Y, Chen X, Tan S. Cryopreservation of tissues and organs: present, bottlenecks, and future. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1201794. [PMID: 37303729 PMCID: PMC10248239 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1201794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue and organ transplantation continues to be an effective measure for saving the lives of certain critically ill patients. The organ preservation methods that are commonly utilized in clinical practice are presently only capable of achieving short-term storage, which is insufficient for meeting the demand for organ transplantation. Ultra-low temperature storage techniques have garnered significant attention due to their capacity for achieving long-term, high-quality preservation of tissues and organs. However, the experience of cryopreserving cells cannot be readily extrapolated to the cryopreservation of complex tissues and organs, and the latter still confronts numerous challenges in its clinical application. This article summarizes the current research progress in the cryogenic preservation of tissues and organs, discusses the limitations of existing studies and the main obstacles facing the cryopreservation of complex tissues and organs, and finally introduces potential directions for future research efforts.
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18
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Sharma A, Lee CY, Namsrai BE, Han Z, Tobolt D, Rao JS, Gao Z, Etheridge ML, Garwood M, Clemens MG, Bischof JC, Finger EB. Cryopreservation of Whole Rat Livers by Vitrification and Nanowarming. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:566-577. [PMID: 36183025 PMCID: PMC10315167 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Liver cryopreservation has the potential to enable indefinite organ banking. This study investigated vitrification-the ice-free cryopreservation of livers in a glass-like state-as a promising alternative to conventional cryopreservation, which uniformly fails due to damage from ice formation or cracking. Our unique "nanowarming" technology, which involves perfusing biospecimens with cryoprotective agents (CPAs) and silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (sIONPs) and then, after vitrification, exciting the nanoparticles via radiofrequency waves, enables rewarming of vitrified specimens fast enough to avoid ice formation and uniformly enough to prevent cracking from thermal stresses, thereby addressing the two main failures of conventional cryopreservation. This study demonstrates the ability to load rat livers with both CPA and sIONPs by vascular perfusion, cool them rapidly to an ice-free vitrified state, and rapidly and homogenously rewarm them. While there was some elevation of liver enzymes (Alanine Aminotransferase) and impaired indocyanine green (ICG) excretion, the nanowarmed livers were viable, maintained normal tissue architecture, had preserved vascular endothelium, and demonstrated hepatocyte and organ-level function, including production of bile and hepatocyte uptake of ICG during normothermic reperfusion. These findings suggest that cryopreservation of whole livers via vitrification and nanowarming has the potential to achieve organ banking for transplant and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Charles Y Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Bat-Erdene Namsrai
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Zonghu Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Diane Tobolt
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Joseph Sushil Rao
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Zhe Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael L Etheridge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael Garwood
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mark G Clemens
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - John C Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Erik B Finger
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. S.E., MMC 195, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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19
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Rao JS, Pruett TL. Immunology of the transplanted cryopreserved kidney. Cryobiology 2023; 110:1-7. [PMID: 36640932 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation has substituted dysfunctional organs with healthy organs from donors to significantly lower morbidity and mortality associated with end-stage organ disease. Since the advent of transplantation, the promise of functional replacement has attracted an exponential mismatch between organ supply and demand. Theoretical proposals to counter the increasing needs have either been to create a source through genetic engineering of porcine donors for xenotransplantation (with more potent immunosuppression protocols) or recreate one's organ in a pig using interspecies blastocyst complementation for exogenic organ transplantation (without immunosuppression). Another promising avenue has been organ banking through cryopreservation for transplantation. Although ice free preservation and acceptable early function following rewarming is critical for success in transplantation, the immunological response that predominantly defines short- and long-term graft survival has failed to captivate attention to date. It is well sorted that thermal and metabolic stress incurred at 4 °C during recovery and reperfusion of organs for clinical transplantation has varying impact on graft survival. Considering the magnitude of cellular imbalance and injury at sub-zero/ultralow temperatures in addition to the chemical toxicity of cryoprotective agents (CPA), it is essential to assess and address the immunological response associated following transplantation to maximize the success of cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sushil Rao
- Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Timothy L Pruett
- Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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20
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Chen P, Wang S, Chen Z, Ren P, Hepfer RG, Greene ED, Campbell LH, Helke KL, Nie X, Jensen JH, Hill C, Wu Y, Brockbank KGM, Yao H. Nanowarming and ice-free cryopreservation of large sized, intact porcine articular cartilage. Commun Biol 2023; 6:220. [PMID: 36828843 PMCID: PMC9958003 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful organ or tissue long-term preservation would revolutionize biomedicine. Cartilage cryopreservation enables prolonged shelf life of articular cartilage, posing the prospect to broaden the implementation of promising osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation for cartilage repair. However, cryopreserved large sized cartilage cannot be successfully warmed with the conventional convection warming approach due to its limited warming rate, blocking its clinical potential. Here, we develope a nanowarming and ice-free cryopreservation method for large sized, intact articular cartilage preservation. Our method achieves a heating rate of 76.8 °C min-1, over one order of magnitude higher than convection warming (4.8 °C min-1). Using systematic cell and tissue level tests, we demonstrate the superior performance of our method in preserving large cartilage. A depth-dependent preservation manner is also observed and recapitulated through magnetic resonance imaging and computational modeling. Finally, we show that the delivery of nanoparticles to the OCA bone side could be a feasible direction for further optimization of our method. This study pioneers the application of nanowarming and ice-free cryopreservation for large articular cartilage and provides valuable insights for future technique development, paving the way for clinical applications of cryopreserved cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Shangping Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Tissue Testing Technology LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Pengling Ren
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - R Glenn Hepfer
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Lia H Campbell
- Tissue Testing Technology LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Xingju Nie
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jens H Jensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Cherice Hill
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yongren Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Tissue Testing Technology LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hai Yao
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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21
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Lin M, Cao H, Li J. Control strategies of ice nucleation, growth, and recrystallization for cryopreservation. Acta Biomater 2023; 155:35-56. [PMID: 36323355 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The cryopreservation of biomaterials is fundamental to modern biotechnology and biomedicine, but the biggest challenge is the formation of ice, resulting in fatal cryoinjury to biomaterials. To date, abundant ice control strategies have been utilized to inhibit ice formation and thus improve cryopreservation efficiency. This review focuses on the mechanisms of existing control strategies regulating ice formation and the corresponding applications to biomaterial cryopreservation, which are of guiding significance for the development of ice control strategies. Herein, basics related to biomaterial cryopreservation are introduced first. Then, the theoretical bases of ice nucleation, growth, and recrystallization are presented, from which the key factors affecting each process are analyzed, respectively. Ice nucleation is mainly affected by melting temperature, interfacial tension, shape factor, and kinetic prefactor, and ice growth is mainly affected by solution viscosity and cooling/warming rate, while ice recrystallization is inhibited by adsorption or diffusion mechanisms. Furthermore, the corresponding research methods and specific control strategies for each process are summarized. The review ends with an outlook of the current challenges and future perspectives in cryopreservation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Ice formation is the major limitation of cryopreservation, which causes fatal cryoinjury to cryopreserved biomaterials. This review focuses on the three processes related to ice formation, called nucleation, growth, and recrystallization. The theoretical models, key influencing factors, research methods and corresponding ice control strategies of each process are summarized and discussed, respectively. The systematic introduction on mechanisms and control strategies of ice formation is instructive for the cryopreservation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for CO(2) Utilization and Reduction Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haishan Cao
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for CO(2) Utilization and Reduction Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Junming Li
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for CO(2) Utilization and Reduction Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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22
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Xu R, Treeby BE, Martin E. Experiments and simulations demonstrating the rapid ultrasonic rewarming of frozen tissue cryovials. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 153:517. [PMID: 36732249 DOI: 10.1121/10.0016886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of methods to safely rewarm large cryopreserved biological samples remains a barrier to the widespread adoption of cryopreservation. Here, experiments and simulations were performed to demonstrate that ultrasound can increase rewarming rates relative to thermal conduction alone. An ultrasonic rewarming setup based on a custom 444 kHz tubular piezoelectric transducer was designed, characterized, and tested with 2 ml cryovials filled with frozen ground beef. Rewarming rates were characterized in the -20 °C to 5 °C range. Thermal conduction-based rewarming was compared to thermal conduction plus ultrasonic rewarming, demonstrating a tenfold increase in rewarming rate when ultrasound was applied. The maximum recorded rewarming rate with ultrasound was 57° C/min, approximately 2.5 times faster than with thermal conduction alone. Coupled acoustic and thermal simulations were developed and showed good agreement with the heating rates demonstrated experimentally and were also used to demonstrate spatial heating distributions with small (<3° C) temperature differentials throughout the sample when the sample was below 0° C. The experiments and simulations demonstrate the potential for ultrasonic cryovial rewarming with a possible application to large volume rewarming, as faster rewarming rates may improve the viability of cryopreserved tissues and reduce the time needed for cells to regain normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley E Treeby
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Martin
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Criswell T, Swart C, Stoudemire J, Brockbank KGM, Powell-Palm M, Stilwell R, Floren M. Freezing Biological Time: A Modern Perspective on Organ Preservation. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 12:17-25. [PMID: 36571240 PMCID: PMC9887086 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transporting tissues and organs from the site of donation to the patient in need, while maintaining viability, is a limiting factor in transplantation medicine. One way in which the supply chain of organs for transplantation can be improved is to discover novel approaches and technologies that preserve the health of organs outside of the body. The dominant technologies that are currently in use in the supply chain for biological materials maintain tissue temperatures ranging from a controlled room temperature (+25 °C to +15 °C) to cryogenic (-120 °C to -196 °C) temperatures (reviewed in Criswell et al. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2022). However, there are many cells and tissues, as well as all major organs, that respond less robustly to preservation attempts, particularly when there is a need for transport over long distances that require more time. In this perspective article, we will highlight the current challenges and advances in biopreservation aimed at "freezing biological time," and discuss the future directions and requirements needed in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Criswell
- Corresponding author: Tracy Criswell, PhD, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA. Tel: +1 336 713 1615.
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24
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Gangwar L, Phatak SS, Etheridge M, Bischof JC. A guide to successful mL to L scale vitrification and rewarming. CRYO LETTERS 2022; 43:316-321. [PMID: 36629824 PMCID: PMC10217567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation by vitrification to achieve an "ice free" glassy state is an effective technique for preserving biomaterials including cells, tissues, and potentially even whole organs. The major challenges in cooling to and rewarming from a vitrified state remain ice crystallization and cracking/fracture. Ice crystallization can be inhibited by the use of cryoprotective agents (CPAs), though the inhibition further depends upon the rates achieved during cooling and rewarming. The minimal rate required to prevent any ice crystallization or recrystallization/devitrification in a given CPA is called the critical cooling rate (CCR) or critical warming rate (CWR), respectively. On the other hand, physical cracking is mainly related to thermomechanical stresses, which can be avoided by maintaining temperature differences below a critical threshold. In this simplified analysis, we calculate deltaT as the largest temperature difference occurring in a system during cooling or rewarming in the brittle/glassy phase. This deltaT is then used in a simple "thermal shock equation" to estimate thermal stress within the material to decide if the material is above the yield strength and to evaluate the potential for fracture failure. In this review we aimed to understand the limits of success and failure at different length scales for cryopreservation by vitrification, due to both ice crystallization and cracking. Here we use thermal modeling to help us understand the magnitude and trajectory of these challenges as we scale the biomaterial volume for a given CPA from the milliliter to liter scale. First, we solved the governing heat transfer equations in a cylindrical geometry for three common vitrification cocktails (i.e., VS55, DP6, and M22) to estimate the cooling and warming rates during convective cooling and warming and nanowarming (volumetric heating). Second, we estimated the temperature difference deltaT and compared it to a tolerable threshold (deltaTmax) based on a simplified "thermal shock" equation for the same cooling and rewarming conditions. We found, not surprisingly, that M22 achieves vitrification more easily during convective cooling and rewarming for all volumes compared to VS55 or DP6 due to its considerably lower CCR and CWR. Further, convective rewarming (boundary rewarming) leads to larger temperature differences and smaller rates compared to nanowarming (volumetric rewarming) for all CPAs with increasing failure at larger volumes. We conclude that as more and larger systems are vitrified and rewarmed with standard CPA cocktails, this work can serve as a practical guide to successful implementation based on the characteristic length (volume/surface area) of the system and the specific conditions of cooling and warming. doi.org/10.54680/fr22610110112.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gangwar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
| | - S S Phatak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
| | - M Etheridge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
| | - J C Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA.
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25
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Gangwar L, Phatak SS, Etheridge M, Bischof JC. Perspective: A Guide to Successful ml to L Scale Vitrification and Rewarming. CRYOLETTERS 2022. [DOI: 10.54680/fr22610110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation by vitrification to achieve an "ice free" glassy state is an effective technique for preserving biomaterials including cells, tissues, and potentially even whole organs. The major challenges in cooling to and rewarming from a vitrified state remain ice crystallization
and cracking/fracture. Ice crystallization can be inhibited by the use of cryoprotective agents (CPAs), though the inhibition further depends upon the rates achieved during cooling and rewarming. The minimal rate required to prevent any ice crystallization or recrystallization/devitrification
in a given CPA is called the critical cooling rate (CCR) or critical warming rate (CWR), respectively. On the other hand, physical cracking is mainly related to thermomechanical stresses, which can be avoided by maintaining temperature differences below a critical threshold. In this simplified
analysis, we calculate ΔT as the largest temperature difference occurring in a system during cooling or rewarming in the brittle/glassy phase. This ΔT is then used in a simple "thermal shock equation" to estimate thermal stress within the material to decide if the material is above
the yield strength and to evaluate the potential for fracture failure. In this review we aimed to understand the limits of success and failure at different length scales for cryopreservation by vitrification, due to both ice crystallization and cracking. Here we use thermal modeling to help
us understand the magnitude and trajectory of these challenges as we scale the biomaterial volume for a given CPA from the milliliter to liter scale. First, we solved the governing heat transfer equations in a cylindrical geometry for three common vitrification cocktails (i. e., VS55, DP6,
and M22) to estimate the cooling and warming rates during convective cooling and warming and nanowarming (volumetric heating). Second, we estimated the temperature difference (ΔT) an d compared it to a tolerable threshold ( ΔTmax) based on a simplified "thermal shock" equation
for the same cooling and rewarming conditions . We found, not surprisingly, that M22 achieves vitrification more easily during convective cooling and rewarming for all volumes compared to VS55 or DP6 due to its considerably lower CCR and CWR. Further, convective rewarming (boundary rewarming)
leads to larger temperature differences and smaller rates compared to nanowarming (volumetric rewarming) for all CPAs with increasing failure at larger volumes. We conclude that as more and larger systems are vitrified and rewarmed with standard CPA cocktails, this work can serve as a practical
guide to successful implementation based on the characteristic length (volume/surface area) of the system and the specific conditions of cooling and warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshya Gangwar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
| | - Shaunak S. Phatak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
| | - Michael Etheridge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
| | - John C. Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
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26
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Joshi P, Ehrlich LE, Gao Z, Bischof JC, Rabin Y. Thermal Analyses of Nanowarming-Assisted Recovery of the Heart From Cryopreservation by Vitrification. JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER 2022; 144:031202. [PMID: 35833152 PMCID: PMC8823202 DOI: 10.1115/1.4053105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study explores thermal design aspects of nanowarming-assisted recovery of the heart from indefinite cryogenic storage, where nanowarming is the volumetric heating effect of ferromagnetic nanoparticles excited by a radio frequency electromagnet field. This study uses computational means while focusing on the human heart and the rat heart models. The underlying nanoparticle loading characteristics are adapted from a recent, proof-of-concept experimental study. While uniformly distributed nanoparticles can lead to uniform rewarming, and thereby minimize adverse effects associated with ice crystallization and thermomechanical stress, the combined effects of heart anatomy and nanoparticle loading limitations present practical challenges which this study comes to address. Results of this study demonstrate that under such combined effects, nonuniform nanoparticles warming may lead to a subcritical rewarming rate in some parts of the domain, excessive heating in others, and increased exposure potential to cryoprotective agents (CPAs) toxicity. Nonetheless, the results of this study also demonstrate that computerized planning of the cryopreservation protocol and container design can help mitigate the associated adverse effects, with examples relating to adjusting the CPA and/or nanoparticle concentration, and selecting heart container geometry, and size. In conclusion, nanowarming may provide superior conditions for organ recovery from cryogenic storage under carefully selected conditions, which comes with an elevated complexity of protocol planning and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Joshi
- Biothermal Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15237
| | - Lili E. Ehrlich
- Biothermal Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15237
| | - Zhe Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - John C. Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Yoed Rabin
- Biothermal Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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27
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Joshi P, Rabin Y. Analysis of crystallization during rewarming in suboptimal vitrification conditions: a semi-empirical approach. Cryobiology 2021; 103:70-80. [PMID: 34543621 PMCID: PMC9248894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Circumventing ice formation is critical to successful cryopreservation by vitrification of large organs. While ice formation during the cooling part of the cryogenic protocol is dictated by the evolving thermal conditions, ice formation during the rewarming part of the cryogenic protocol is also dependent on the history of cooling and storage conditions. Furthermore, while the exothermic effect of ice crystallization during cooling tends to adversely slow down the desired high cooling rates to ensure ice-free preservation, the same effect under some conditions tends to assist acceleration of rewarming during recovery of the specimen from cryogenic storage when limited crystallization does occur. The current study proposes a computational framework to study the thermal effects of crystallization during recovery from cryogenic storage, using a semi-empirical approach to account for the relationship between latent heat effects and the rewarming rate. This study adds another layer of computational capabilities to a recent study investigating similar effects during cooling. Results of this study demonstrate that the thermal effects of crystallization on the local cooling and rewarming rates cannot be neglected. It further explains how crystallization during rewarming helps in increasing the rewarming rate and, thereby, affects rewarming-phase crystallization. Counterintuitively, this study suggests that the fastest possible rewarming rate at the outer surface of the domain in an inwards rewarming problem is not always advantageous, while the proposed computational tool is essential to find an intermediate optimal rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Joshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States
| | - Yoed Rabin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States.
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