1
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Sokolova D, Lurshay TC, Rowbotham JS, Stonadge G, Reeve HA, Cleary SE, Sudmeier T, Vincent KA. Selective hydrogenation of nitro compounds to amines by coupled redox reactions over a heterogeneous biocatalyst. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7297. [PMID: 39181899 PMCID: PMC11344822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cleaner synthesis of amines remains a key challenge in organic chemistry because of their prevalence in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and synthetic building blocks. Here, we report a different paradigm for chemoselective hydrogenation of nitro compounds to amines, under mild, aqueous conditions. The hydrogenase enzyme releases electrons from H2 to a carbon black support which facilitates nitro-group reduction. For 30 nitroarenes we demonstrate full conversion (isolated yields 78 - 96%), with products including pharmaceuticals benzocaine, procainamide and mesalazine, and 4-aminophenol - precursor to paracetamol (acetaminophen). We also showcase gram-scale synthesis of procainamide with 90% isolated yield. We demonstrate potential for extension to aliphatic substrates. The catalyst is highly selective for reduction of the nitro group over other unsaturated bonds, tolerant to a wide range of functional groups, and exhibits excellent stability in reactions lasting up to 72 hours and full reusability over 5 cycles with a total turnover number over 1 million, indicating scope for direct translation to fine chemical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Sokolova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Tara C Lurshay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
- HydRegen Limited, Centre for Innovation and Enterprise, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Jack S Rowbotham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Georgia Stonadge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Holly A Reeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
- HydRegen Limited, Centre for Innovation and Enterprise, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Sarah E Cleary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
- HydRegen Limited, Centre for Innovation and Enterprise, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, OX5 1PF, UK.
| | - Tim Sudmeier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Kylie A Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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2
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Li Y, Zhu L, Wu X, Zhang Z, Pu R, Zheng Y, Zhang Z. Paper-in-Tip Bipolar Electrospray Mass Spectrometry for Real-Time Chemical Reaction Monitoring. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318169. [PMID: 38717236 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Capturing short-lived intermediates at the molecular level is key to understanding the mechanism and dynamics of chemical reactions. Here, we have developed a paper-in-tip bipolar electrolytic electrospray mass spectrometry platform, in which a piece of triangular conductive paper incorporated into a plastic pipette tip serves not only as an electrospray emitter but also as a bipolar electrode (BPE), thus triggering both electrospray and electrolysis simultaneously upon application of a high voltage. The bipolar electrolysis induces a pair of redox reactions on both sides of BPE, enabling both electro-oxidation and electro-reduction processes regardless of the positive or negative ion mode, thus facilitating access to complementary structural information for mechanism elucidation. Our method enables real-time monitoring of transient intermediates (such as N,N-dimethylaniline radical cation, dopamine o-quinone (DAQ) and sulfenic acid with half-lives ranging from microseconds to minutes) and transient processes (such as DAQ cyclization with a rate constant of 0.15 s-1). This platform also provides key insights into electrocatalytic reactions such as Fe (III)-catalyzed dopamine oxidation to quinone species at physiological pH for neuromelanin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Lixuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wu
- School of Electronic Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Ruijin Pu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Yajun Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
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3
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Winter J, Lühr S, Hochadel K, Gálvez-Vázquez MDJ, Prenzel T, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Simple electrochemical synthesis of cyclic hydroxamic acids by reduction of nitroarenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7065-7068. [PMID: 38904167 PMCID: PMC11223186 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02118e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of nitroarenes allows direct access to manifold nitrogen containing heterocycles. This work reports the simple and direct electro-organic synthesis of 18 different examples of 2H,4H-4-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones in up to 81% yield. The scalability of the method was demonstrated on a gram-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Susan Lühr
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa 775000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kyra Hochadel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Prenzel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (MPI-CEC), Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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4
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Liu C, Chen F, Zhao BH, Wu Y, Zhang B. Electrochemical hydrogenation and oxidation of organic species involving water. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:277-293. [PMID: 38528116 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Fossil fuel-driven thermochemical hydrogenation and oxidation using high-pressure H2 and O2 are still popular but energy-intensive CO2-emitting processes. At present, developing renewable energy-powered electrochemical technologies, especially those using clean, safe and easy-to-handle reducing agents and oxidants for organic hydrogenation and oxidation reactions, is urgently needed. Water is an ideal carrier of hydrogen and oxygen. Electrochemistry provides a powerful route to drive water splitting under ambient conditions. Thus, electrochemical hydrogenation and oxidation transformations involving water as the hydrogen source and oxidant, respectively, have been developed to be mild and efficient tools to synthesize organic hydrogenated and oxidized products. In this Review, we highlight the advances in water-participating electrochemical hydrogenation and oxidation reactions of representative organic molecules. Typical electrode materials, performance metrics and key characterization techniques are firstly introduced. General electrocatalyst design principles and controlling the microenvironment for promoting hydrogenation and oxygenation reactions involving water are summarized. Furthermore, paired hydrogenation and oxidation reactions are briefly introduced before finally discussing the challenges and future opportunities of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuibo Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanpeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo-Hang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongmeng Wu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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5
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Xue Y, Wang S. Generation of Carbonyl Compounds from Oximes through Electrooxidative Deoximation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4199-4204. [PMID: 38446049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical protocol was developed to generate carbonyl compounds from oximes with excellent functional group compatibility. Mechanistic experimental studies support the idea that an electrooxidative pathway of oximes might be involved, in which the water may serve as an oxygen nucleophile and the oxygen source for the final carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeliang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Shaozhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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6
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Chen W, Wu Y, Jiang Y, Yang G, Li Y, Xu L, Yang M, Wu B, Pan Y, Xu Y, Liu Q, Chen C, Peng F, Wang S, Zou Y. Catalyst Selection over an Electrochemical Reductive Coupling Reaction toward Direct Electrosynthesis of Oxime from NO x and Aldehyde. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6294-6306. [PMID: 38377334 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous electrochemical coupling reactions, which enable the green synthesis of complex organic compounds, will be a crucial tool in synthetic chemistry. However, a lack of informed approaches for screening suitable catalysts is a major obstacle to its development. Here, we propose a pioneering electrochemical reductive coupling reaction toward direct electrosynthesis of oxime from NOx and aldehyde. Through integrating experimental and theoretical methods, we screen out the optimal catalyst, i.e., metal Fe catalyst, that facilitates the enrichment and C-N coupling of key reaction intermediates, all leading to high yields (e.g., ∼99% yield of benzaldoxime) for the direct electrosynthesis of oxime over Fe. With a divided flow reactor, we achieve a high benzaldoxime production of 22.8 g h-1 gcat-1 in ∼94% isolated yield. This work not only paves the way to the industrial mass production of oxime via electrosynthesis but also offers references for the catalyst selection of other electrochemical coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yandong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yimin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Guangxing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Leitao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Binbin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yuping Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yanzhi Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Feng Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shuangyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
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7
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Moreno-García P, de Gálvez-Vázquez MDJ, Prenzel T, Winter J, Gálvez-Vázquez L, Broekmann P, Waldvogel SR. Self-Standing Metal Foam Catalysts for Cathodic Electro-Organic Synthesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307461. [PMID: 37917032 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Although electro-organic synthesis is currently receiving renewed interest because of its potential to enable sustainability in chemical processes to value-added products, challenges in process development persist: For reductive transformations performed in protic media, an inherent issue is the limited choice of metallic cathode materials that can effectively suppress the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) while maintaining a high activity toward the targeted electro-organic reaction. Current development trends are aimed at avoiding the previously used HER-suppressing elements (Cd, Hg, and Pb) because of their toxicity. Here, this work reports the rational design of highly porous foam-type binary and ternary electrocatalysts with reduced Pb content. Optimized cathodes are tested in electro-organic reductions using an oxime to nitrile transformation as a model reaction relevant for the synthesis of fine chemicals. Their electrocatalytic performance is compared with that of the model CuSn7Pb15 bronze alloy that has recently been endorsed as the best cathode replacement for bare Pb electrodes. All developed metal foam catalysts outperform both bare Pb and the CuSn7Pb15 benchmark in terms of chemical yield and energetic efficiency. Moreover, post-electrolysis analysis of the crude electrolyte mixture and the cathode's surfaces through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively, reveal the foam catalysts' elevated resistance to cathodic corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Moreno-García
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | | | - Tobias Prenzel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Liliana Gálvez-Vázquez
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Peter Broekmann
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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8
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Li L, Wan C, Wang S, Li X, Sun Y, Xie Y. Tandem Dual-Site PbCu Electrocatalyst for High-Rate and Selective Glycine Synthesis at Industrial Current Densities. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2392-2399. [PMID: 38334492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c05064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Direct electrosynthesis of high-value amino acids from carbon and nitrogen monomers remains a challenge. Here, we design a tandem dual-site PbCu electrocatalyst for efficient amino acid electrosynthesis. Using oxalic acid (H2C2O4) and hydroxylamine (NH2OH) as the raw reactants, for the first time, we have realized the flow-electrosynthesis of glycine at the industrial current density of 200 mA cm-2 with Faradaic efficiency over 78%. In situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy characterizations reveal a favorable tandem pathway on the dual-site catalyst. Specifically, the Pb site drives the highly selective electroreduction of H2C2O4 to form glyoxylic acid, and the Cu site accelerates the fast hydrogenation of oxime to form a glycine product. A glycine electrosynthesis (GES)-formaldehyde electrooxidation (FOR) assembly is further established, which synthesizes more valuable chemicals (HCOOH, H2) while minimizing energy consumption. Altogether, we introduce a new strategy to enable the one-step electrosynthesis of high-value amino acid from widely accessible monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chaofan Wan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Yongfu Sun
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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9
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Oksanen V, Rautiainen S, Wirtanen T. Nickel-Electrocatalyzed Synthesis of Bifuran-Based Monomers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302572. [PMID: 37735957 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Bifuran motifs can be accessed with nickel-bipyridine electrocatalyzed homocouplings of bromine-substituted methyl furancarboxylates, which, in turn, can be prepared from hemicellulose-derived furfural. The described protocol uses sustainable carbon-based graphite electrodes in the simplest setup - an undivided cell with constant current electrolysis. The reported method avoids using a sacrificial anode by employing triethanolamine as an electron donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtteri Oksanen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sari Rautiainen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tom Wirtanen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
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10
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Li Z, Samonte PRV, Cao H, Miesel JR, Xu W. Assess the formation of disinfection by-products from pyrogenic dissolved organic matter (pyDOM): impact of wildfire on the water quality of forest watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165496. [PMID: 37451447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires can release pyrogenic dissolved organic matter (pyDOM) into the forest watershed, which may pose challenges for water treatment operations downstream due to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). In this study, we systematically assessed the physio-chemical properties of pyDOM (e.g., electron-donating and -accepting capacities; EDC and EAC) and their contributions to DBP formation under different disinfection scenarios using (1) ten lab samples produced from various feedstocks and pyrolysis temperatures, and (2) pre- and post-fire field samples with different burning severities. A comprehensive suite of DBPs-four trihalomethanes (THMs), nine haloacetic acids (HAAs), and seven N-nitrosamines-were included. The formations of THM and HAA showed an up to 5.7- and 8.9-fold decrease as the pyrolysis temperature increased, while the formation of N-nitrosamines exhibited an up to 6.6-fold increase for the laboratory-derived pyDOM. These results were supported by field pyDOM samples, where the post-fire samples consistently showed a higher level of N-nitrosamine formation (i.e., up to 5.3-fold), but lower THMs and HAAs compared to the pre-fire samples. To mimic environmental reducing conditions, two field samples were further reduced electrochemically and compared with Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) to evaluate their DBP formation. We found increased DBP formation in pyDOM samples following electrochemical reduction but not for SRNOM, which showed increased N-nitrosamines but decreased THMs and HAAs post-electrochemical reduction. Furthermore, this study reported for the first time the formation of two previously overlooked N-nitrosamines (i.e., nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA)) in both laboratory and field pyDOM samples, raising concerns for drinking water safety given their higher toxicity as compared to the regulated counterparts. Results from this study provide new insights for DBP mitigation during post-fire recovery, which are particularly relevant to communities that rely on forest watersheds as their drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States of America
| | - Pamela Rose V Samonte
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States of America
| | - Han Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States of America
| | - Jessica R Miesel
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 220 Trowbridge Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States of America.
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11
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Potęga A, Göldner V, Niehaves E, Paluszkiewicz E, Karst U. Electrochemistry/mass spectrometry (EC/MS) for fast generation and identification of novel reactive metabolites of two unsymmetrical bisacridines with anticancer activity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115607. [PMID: 37523868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of a new drug requires knowledge about its metabolic fate in a living organism, regarding the comprehensive assessment of both drug therapeutic activity and toxicity profiles. Electrochemistry (EC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) is an efficient tool for predicting the phase I metabolism of redox-sensitive drugs. In particular, EC/MS represents a clear advantage for the generation of reactive drug transformation products and their direct identification compared to biological matrices. In this work, we focused on the characterization of novel electrochemical products of two representative unsymmetrical bisacridines (C-2028 and C-2045) with demonstrated high anticancer activity. The electrochemical thin-layer flow-through cell μ-PrepCell 2.0 (Antec Scientific) was used here for the effective metabolite electrosynthesis. The electrochemical simulation of C-2028 reductive and C-2045 oxidative metabolism resulted in the generation of new products that were not observed before. The formation of nitroso [M-O+H]+ and azoxy [2M-3O+H]+ species from C-2028, as well as a series of hydroxylated and/or dehydrogenated products, including possible quinones [M-2H+H]+ and [M+O-2H+H]+ from C-2045, was demonstrated. For the latter, a glutathione S-conjugate (m/z 935.3130) was also obtained in measurements supplemented with the excess of reduced glutathione. For the identification of the products of interest, structural confirmation based on MS/MS fragmentation experiments was performed. Novel products of electrochemical conversions of unsymmetrical bisacridines were discussed in the context of their possible biological effect on the human organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Potęga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Valentin Göldner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany; International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Erik Niehaves
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ewa Paluszkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany; International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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12
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Duque-Prata A, Serpa C, Caridade PJSB. Full theoretical protocol for the design of metal-free organic electron donor-spacer-acceptor systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27854-27865. [PMID: 37814945 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03323f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
A user-friendly (time-dependent) density functional theory based algorithm is proposed to design new donor-spacer-acceptor systems for electron transfer reactions. This algorithm is focused on metal-free organic compounds, most of which contain aromatic or alkene moieties. The oxidation and reduction potentials are calculated, together with the excited-state energy difference including the zero-point energy and the structural properties required to calculate an electron transfer Gibbs free energy change. The proposed algorithm has been tested on well-known systems, while two new compounds are suggested for photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer reactions using this scheme. The methodology here presented is intended to be a tool for synthetic physical-chemists, allowing them to evaluate the properties of hypothetical systems before the synthesis, enabling the study of limitless combinations of donor-spacer-acceptor arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amílcar Duque-Prata
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-545 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Serpa
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-545 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Pedro J S B Caridade
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-545 Coimbra, Portugal.
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13
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Russo C, Leech MC, Walsh JM, Higham JI, Giannessi L, Lambert E, Kiaku C, Poole DL, Mason J, Goodall CAI, Devo P, Giustiniano M, Radi M, Lam K. eHydrogenation: Hydrogen-free Electrochemical Hydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309563. [PMID: 37540528 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogenation reactions are staple transformations commonly used across scientific fields to synthesise pharmaceuticals, natural products, and various functional materials. However, the vast majority of these reactions require the use of a toxic and costly catalyst leading to unpractical, hazardous and often functionally limited conditions. Herein, we report a new, general, practical, efficient, mild and high-yielding hydrogen-free electrochemical method for the reduction of alkene, alkyne, nitro and azido groups. Finally, this method has been applied to deuterium labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Russo
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Matthew C Leech
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Jamie M Walsh
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Joe I Higham
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Lisa Giannessi
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma Parco area delle, Scienze 27°, Parma, Italy
| | - Emmanuelle Lambert
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Cyrille Kiaku
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Darren L Poole
- Discovery High-Throughput Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Joseph Mason
- Discovery High-Throughput Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Charles A I Goodall
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Perry Devo
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Mariateresa Giustiniano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Radi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma Parco area delle, Scienze 27°, Parma, Italy
| | - Kevin Lam
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
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14
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Zheng Y, Wang Z, Chen P, Zhang W, Gao Q. Roughness-Dependent Electro-Reductive Coupling of Nitrobenzenes and Aldehydes on Copper Electrodes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202300180. [PMID: 36988187 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The electro-reductive coupling of nitro and carbonyl compounds enables a facile, environmentally friendly and energy benign transformation toward value-added nitrones or imines, but the selectivity is still challenging. Here, the surface roughness of Cu electrodes is introduced for the first time as the determinant to switch products from nitrones to imines owing to the controllable reduction of nitroarenes to hydroxylamines or amines on tailored CuI /Cu0 interfaces. The roughness-dependent selectivity, that is the decrease of nitrones and the increase of imines with enhanced roughness, is visible in the electro-reductive coupling of nitrobenzene and furfural. Thus, the high selectivity of nitrone (98 %) and imine (80 %) can be achieved on a surface smooth Cu foil and the one electrochemically roughened in the presence of I- , respectively. Such roughness-dependence of nitrone/imine selectivity on Cu electrodes is further verified in a wide substrate scope, highlighting the promise of surface/interfacial engineering for electrochemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjian Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, No. 601, Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, No. 601, Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, No. 601, Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Wenbiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, No. 601, Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Qingsheng Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, No. 601, Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
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15
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Koleda O, Prenzel T, Winter J, Hirohata T, de Jesús Gálvez-Vázquez M, Schollmeyer D, Inagi S, Suna E, Waldvogel SR. Simple and scalable electrosynthesis of 1 H-1-hydroxy-quinazolin-4-ones. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2669-2675. [PMID: 36908965 PMCID: PMC9993888 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00266g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathodic synthesis provides sustainable access to 1-hydroxy- and 1-oxy-quinazolin-4-ones from easily accessible nitro starting materials. Mild reaction conditions, inexpensive and reusable carbon-based electrode materials, an undivided electrochemical setup, and constant current conditions characterise this method. Sulphuric acid is used as a simple supporting electrolyte as well as a catalyst for cyclisation. The broad applicability of this protocol is demonstrated in 27 differently substituted derivatives in high yields of up to 92%. Moreover, mechanistic studies based on cyclic voltammetry measurements highlight a selective reduction of the nitro substrate to hydroxylamine as a key step. The relevance for preparative applications is demonstrated by a 100-fold scale-up for gram-scale electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesja Koleda
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis Aizkraukles 21 LV-1006 Riga Latvia
| | - Tobias Prenzel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Johannes Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Tomoki Hirohata
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - María de Jesús Gálvez-Vázquez
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis Aizkraukles 21 LV-1006 Riga Latvia
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems -Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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16
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Winter J, Prenzel T, Wirtanen T, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Direct Electrochemical Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted Quinoline N-oxides by Cathodic Reduction of Nitro Arenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203319. [PMID: 36426660 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of electric current in synthetic organic chemistry offers a sustainable tool for the selective reductive synthesis of quinoline N-oxides starting from easily accessible nitro compounds. The reported method employs mild and reagent-free conditions, a simple undivided cell, and constant current electrolysis set-up which provides conversion with a high atom economy. The synthesis of 30 differently substituted quinoline N-oxides was successfully performed in up to 90 % yield. Using CV studies, the mechanism of the selective formation of the quinoline N-oxides was elucidated. The technical relevance of the described reaction could be shown in a 50-fold scale-up reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Prenzel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tom Wirtanen
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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17
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Linden M, Hofmann S, Herman A, Ehler N, Bär RM, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Synthesis of Pyrazolines and Pyrazoles via [3+2] Dipolar Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214820. [PMID: 36478106 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolines and pyrazoles are common and important motifs of pharmaceutical agents and agrochemicals. Herein, the first electrochemical approach for their direct synthesis from easily accessible hydrazones and dipolarophiles up to decagram scale is presented. The application of a biphasic system (aqueous/organic) even allows for the conversion of highly sensitive alkenes, wherein inexpensive sodium iodide is employed in a dual role as supporting electrolyte and mediator. In addition, mechanistic insight into the reaction is given by the isolation of key step intermediates. The relevance of the presented reaction is underlined by the synthesis of commercial herbicide safener mefenpyr-diethyl in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Linden
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Silja Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antonia Herman
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicole Ehler
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robin M Bär
- Research & Development, Crop Science, Bayer AG, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50, 40789, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Bertoli G, Martínez ÁM, Goebel JF, Belmonte D, Sivendran N, Gooßen LJ. C-H Fluoromethoxylation of Arenes by Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215920. [PMID: 36385731 PMCID: PMC10107189 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Redox-active N-(fluoromethoxy)benzotriazoles were made accessible from fluoroacetic acid and hydroxybenzotriazoles via electrodecarboxylative coupling. After alkylation, they become effective monofluoromethoxylation reagents, enabling the photocatalytic C-H functionalization of arenes. Thus, irradiation of 1-(OCH2 F)-3-Me-6-(CF3 )benzotriazolium triflate with blue LED light in the presence of [Ru(bpy)3 (PF6 )2 ] promotes the synthesis of diversely functionalized aryl monofluoromethyl ethers. This method allows the late-stage functionalization of biologically relevant structures without relying on ecologically problematic halofluorocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bertoli
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Ángel Manu Martínez
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Jonas F. Goebel
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Debora Belmonte
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Nardana Sivendran
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Lukas J. Gooßen
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
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19
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Sahu S, Parthasarathy V, Mishra AK. Phenylethynylanthracene based push-pull molecular systems: tuning the photophysics through para-substituents on the phenyl ring. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1957-1969. [PMID: 36541448 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05074a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organic push-pull molecules contain donor and acceptor moieties connected via π-linkages through which intramolecular electron charge transfer (ICT) can occur in the ground and excited states; giving these molecules interesting photophysical properties. The molecules chosen in this work are some basic phenylethynylanthracene derivatives to show that with just a change of substituents this class of small molecules can show dramatic changes in their photophysical properties. The emission properties and ICT abilities of these molecules are compared with regards to various electron donating and withdrawing substituents. Substituents such as cyano and methoxycarbonyl groups do not induce any ICT character whereas substituents like aldehyde, N,N-dimethylamino and nitro groups cause appreciable ICT character in this class of molecules and their emission spectra extend almost throughout the whole visible region. The comparative ICT character was correlated with the results of electron density difference calculations. Computational studies show that the molecules are planar in their ground as well as excited states; except the nitro group containing molecule, which has an orthogonally twisted structure in the excited state. The emission properties of this molecule led to its inclusion into a class of nitroaromatics which shows maximum emission intensity in moderately polar solvents and the emission is quenched drastically by either decreasing or increasing solvent polarity. Fluorescence anisotropy studies show very good sensitivity of these compounds towards microviscosity of their immediate molecular environment. A white light emitting (WLE) gel was prepared using 4-(anthracen-9-ylethynyl)benzonitrile (AnPCN) and 4-(anthracen-9-ylethynyl)-N,N-dimethylaniline (AnPNMe2) by taking polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the gelator and the resulting gel exhibited very good CIE (0.31, 0.33) with CCT (6598 K) and CRI (87). As an example, the use of the gel was also demonstrated by applying it to a commercial UV LED which showed satisfactory results. AnPNMe2 was used to sense polar solvent vapors in TLC plates and Whatman paper due to its good solvatochromic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Ashok Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
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20
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Tyszczuk-Rotko K, Gorylewski D. Glassy Carbon Modified with Cationic Surfactant (GCE/CTAB) as Electrode Material for Fast and Simple Analysis of the Arsenic Drug Roxarsone. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:345. [PMID: 36614684 PMCID: PMC9822056 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For the fast and simple sensing of the arsenic drug roxarsone (ROX), the development of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with cationic surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) material is critical. The CTAB-modified glassy carbon electrode, in contrast to the unmodified one, showed excellent behavior for electrochemical reduction of ROX using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV) techniques. CV studies reveal an irreversible reduction process of NO2 to NH-OH in the ROX molecule in NaAc-HAc buffer (pH = 5.6). The electrode material was characterized using CV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The experiments show that the surfactant-modified material has faster electron transfer and a higher active surface area, and permits a diffusion-adsorption-controlled process. After optimization, the SWAdSV procedure with GCE/CTAB has linear ranges of 0.001-0.02 and 0.02-20 µM, and a detection limit of 0.13 nM. Furthermore, the procedure successfully determined roxarsone in river water samples.
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21
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Bao Z, Zou J, Mou C, Jin Z, Ren SC, Chi YR. Direct Reaction of Nitroarenes and Thiols via Photodriven Oxygen Atom Transfer for Access to Sulfonamides. Org Lett 2022; 24:8907-8913. [PMID: 36421405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonamide is a common motif in medicines and agrochemicals. Typically, this class of functional groups is prepared by reacting amines with sulfonyl chlorides that are presynthesized from nitro compounds and thiols, respectively. Here, we report a novel strategy that directly couples nitro compounds and thiols to form sulfonamides atom- and redox-economically. Mechanistic studies suggest our reaction proceeds via direct photoexcitation of nitroarenes that eventually transfers the oxygen atoms from the nitro group to the thiol unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Bao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Juan Zou
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chengli Mou
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shi-Chao Ren
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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22
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Klein M, Waldvogel SR. Counter Electrode Reactions-Important Stumbling Blocks on the Way to a Working Electro-organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204140. [PMID: 35668714 PMCID: PMC9828107 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, electro-organic synthesis has gained significant interest, both in technical and academic research as well as in terms of applications. The omission of stoichiometric oxidizers or reducing agents enables a more sustainable route for redox reactions in organic chemistry. Even if it is well-known that every electrochemical oxidation is only viable with an associated reduction reaction and vice versa, the relevance of the counter reaction is often less addressed. In this Review, the importance of the corresponding counter reaction in electro-organic synthesis is highlighted and how it can affect the performance and selectivity of the electrolytic conversion. A selection of common strategies and unique concepts to tackle this issue are surveyed to provide a guide to select appropriate counter reactions for electro-organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klein
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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23
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An eco-friendly strategy using a double-current two-phase cell system for electrografting of polyacrylic acid. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Wagener T, Pierau M, Heusler A, Glorius F. Synthesis of Saturated N-Heterocycles via a Catalytic Hydrogenation Cascade. Adv Synth Catal 2022; 364:3366-3371. [PMID: 36589139 PMCID: PMC9796080 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Saturated N-heterocycles are prominent motifs found in various natural products and pharmaceuticals. Despite the increasing interest in this class of compounds, the synthesis of saturated bicyclic azacycles requires tedious multi-step syntheses. Herein, we present a one-pot protocol for the synthesis of octahydroindoles, decahydroquinolines, and octahydroindolizines through a cascade reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wagener
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Marco Pierau
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Arne Heusler
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
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25
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Ang CW, Lee BM, Jackson CJ, Wang Y, Franzblau SG, Francisco AF, Kelly JM, Bernhardt PV, Tan L, West NP, Sykes ML, Hinton AO, Bolisetti R, Avery VM, Cooper MA, Blaskovich MA. Nitroimidazopyrazinones with Oral Activity against Tuberculosis and Chagas Disease in Mouse Models of Infection. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13125-13142. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wei Ang
- Center for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Brendon M. Lee
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Sullivans Creek Road, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Colin J. Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Sullivans Creek Road, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Scott G. Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Amanda F. Francisco
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - John M. Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lendl Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas P. West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Melissa L. Sykes
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Alexandra O. Hinton
- Center for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Raghu Bolisetti
- Center for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Center for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A.T. Blaskovich
- Center for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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26
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Recent advances in organic electrosynthesis using heterogeneous catalysts modified electrodes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Waldvogel SR, Streb C. Redox mediators facilitate selective electrocatalytic nitroarene-to-aniline reduction. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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David IG, Buleandra M, Popa DE, Cheregi MC, Iorgulescu EE. Past and Present of Electrochemical Sensors and Methods for Amphenicol Antibiotic Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050677. [PMID: 35630144 PMCID: PMC9143398 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Amphenicols are broad-spectrum antibiotics. Despite their benefits, they also present toxic effects and therefore their presence in animal-derived food was regulated. Various analytical methods have been reported for their trace analysis in food and environmental samples, as well as in the quality control of pharmaceuticals. Among these methods, the electrochemical ones are simpler, more rapid and cost-effective. The working electrode is the core of any electroanalytical method because the selectivity and sensitivity of the determination depend on its surface activity. Therefore, this review offers a comprehensive overview of the electrochemical sensors and methods along with their performance characteristics for chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol and florfenicol detection, with a focus on those reported in the last five years. Electrode modification procedures and analytical applications of the recently described devices for amphenicol electroanalysis in various matrices (pharmaceuticals, environmental, foods), together with the sample preparation methods were discussed. Therefore, the information and the concepts contained in this review can be a starting point for future new findings in the field of amphenicol electrochemical detection.
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29
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Xu L, Ma Z, Hu X, Zhang X, Gao S, Liang D, Wang B, Li W, Li Y. Electroreductive synthesis of polyfunctionalized pyridin-2-ones from acetoacetanilides and carbon disulfide with oxygen evolution. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1013-1018. [PMID: 35043137 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02379a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A chemical reductant or a sacrificial electron donor is required in any reduction reactions, generally resulting in undesired chemical waste. Herein, we report a reductant-free reductive [3 + 2 + 1] annulation of β-keto amides with CS2 enabled by the synergy of electro/copper/base using water as an innocuous anodic sacrifice with O2 as a sustainable by-product. This electrochemical protocol is mild and provides access to polyfunctionalized pyridin-2-ones from simple starting materials in a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China.
| | - Zhongxiao Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China.
| | - Xi Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China.
| | - Shulin Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China.
| | - Deqiang Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China.
| | - Baoling Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China.
| | - Weili Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China.
| | - Yanni Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China.
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30
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Bussy U, Boisseau R, Croyal M, Temgoua RCT, Boujtita M. In-line formation and identification of toxic reductive metabolites of aristolochic acid using electrochemistry mass spectrometry coupling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2363-2370. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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31
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Feng Z, Ma JA, Cheung CW. Ni-Catalysed intramolecular reductive aminocarbonylation of 2-haloaryl-tethered nitroarenes for the synthesis of dibenzazepine-based heterocycles. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00699e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A nickel-catalysed intramolecular reductive aminocarbonylation of 2-haloaryl-tethered nitroarenes is developed for rapid access to a variety of dibenzoazepinones and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
| | - Chi Wai Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
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32
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Li F, Liang Y, Zhan X, Zhang S, Li MB. Electricity-driven redox-neutral C(sp 3)–H amidation with N-alkoxyamide as an amidating reagent. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01108e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical redox-neutral C(sp3)–H amidation was developed with N-alkoxyamide as an amidating reagent. Under sequential paired electrolysis, N-alkoxyamides showed higher reactivity compared to the direct reaction of primary amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Li
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yating Liang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Xuan Zhan
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Man-Bo Li
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
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33
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Grieco G, Blacque O. Microwave‐assisted reduction of aromatic nitro compounds with novel oxo‐rhenium complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Grieco
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Irchel Zurich Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Irchel Zurich Switzerland
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34
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Kaboudin B, Behroozi M, Sadighi S. Recent advances in the electrochemical reactions of nitrogen-containing organic compounds. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30466-30479. [PMCID: PMC9597858 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04087e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical reaction of amines, nitriles, amides, nitroaromatics, and imines has been proven to be a valuable method for the synthesis of various nitrogen-containing organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Kaboudin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Milad Behroozi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Sepideh Sadighi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
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35
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Belen’kii LI, Gazieva GA, Evdokimenkova YB, Soboleva NO. The literature of heterocyclic chemistry, Part XX, 2020. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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36
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David IG, Buleandră M, Popa DE, Bercea AM, Ciucu AA. Simple Electrochemical Chloramphenicol Assay at a Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrode by Square Wave Voltammetry and Linear Sweep Voltammetry. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.2012480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Gabriela David
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Buleandră
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana Elena Popa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Bercea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anton Alexandru Ciucu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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37
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Mikhalchenko LV, Leonova MY, Zaplavin AP, Abakumov MV, Novikov VT. Reduction of dinitrobenzenes by electron-carrying catalysts in the electrosynthesis of diaminobenzenes. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Wirtanen T, Prenzel T, Tessonnier JP, Waldvogel SR. Cathodic Corrosion of Metal Electrodes-How to Prevent It in Electroorganic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10241-10270. [PMID: 34228450 PMCID: PMC8431381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
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The critical aspects
of the corrosion of metal electrodes in cathodic
reductions are covered. We discuss the involved mechanisms including
alloying with alkali metals, cathodic etching in aqueous and aprotic
media, and formation of metal hydrides and organometallics. Successful
approaches that have been implemented to suppress cathodic corrosion
are reviewed. We present several examples from electroorganic synthesis
where the clever use of alloys instead of soft neat heavy metals and
the application of protective cationic additives have allowed to successfully
exploit these materials as cathodes. Because of the high overpotential
for the hydrogen evolution reaction, such cathodes can contribute
toward more sustainable green synthetic processes. The reported strategies
expand the applications of organic electrosynthesis because a more
negative regime is accessible within protic media and common metal
poisons, e.g., sulfur-containing substrates, are compatible with these
cathodes. The strongly diminished hydrogen evolution side reaction
paves the way for more efficient reductive electroorganic conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wirtanen
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Prenzel
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Tessonnier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 617 Bissell Road, Ames, Iowa 50011-1098, United States.,Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, Iowa, 50011-1098, United States
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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39
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Du Z, Qi Q, Gao W, Ma L, Liu Z, Wang R, Chen J. Electrochemical Heteroatom-Heteroatom Bond Construction. CHEM REC 2021; 22:e202100178. [PMID: 34463430 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Heteroatom-heteroatom linkage, with S-S bond as a presentative motif, served a crucial role in biochemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and material sciences. Thus, preparation of the privileged scaffold has always been attracting tremendous attention from the synthetic community. However, classic protocols suffered from several drawbacks, such as toxic and unstable agents, poor functional group tolerance, multiple steps, and explosive oxidizing regents as well as the transitional metal catalysts. Electrochemical organic synthesis exhibited a promising alternative to the traditional chemical reaction due to the sustainable electricity can be employed as the traceless redox agents. Hence, toxic and explosive oxidants and/or transitional metals could be discarded under mild reaction with high efficiency. In this context, a series of electrochemical approaches for the construction of heteroatom-heteroatom bond were reviewed. Notably, most of the cases illustrated the dehydrogenative feature with the clean energy molecules hydrogen as the sole by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China.,Archives of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxian Liu
- Intellectual Property Operations Management Office, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China.,Intellectual Property Operations Management Office, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
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40
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Sadatnabi A, Mohamadighader N, Nematollahi D. Convergent Paired Electrochemical Synthesis of Azoxy and Azo Compounds: An Insight into the Reaction Mechanism. Org Lett 2021; 23:6488-6493. [PMID: 34347493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A convergent paired electrochemical method was developed for the synthesis of azoxy and azo compounds starting from the corresponding nitroarenes. We propose a unique mechanism for electrosynthesis of azoxy and azo compounds. We find that both anodic and cathodic reactions are responsible for the synthesis of these compounds. The synthesis of azoxy and azo derivatives have been successfully performed in an undivided cell, using carbon rod electrodes, by constant current electrolysis at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sadatnabi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, P.O. Box 65174, Hamedan, Iran
| | | | - Davood Nematollahi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, P.O. Box 65174, Hamedan, Iran
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41
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Selective Reductive Transformations of Organic Nitro Compounds in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Systems: A Review. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-021-09673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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42
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Chang L, Li J, Wu N, Cheng X. Chemoselective electrochemical reduction of nitroarenes with gaseous ammonia. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2468-2472. [PMID: 33650628 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Valuable aromatic nitrogen compounds can be synthesized by reduction of nitroarenes. Herein, we report electrochemical reduction of nitroarenes by a protocol that uses inert graphite felt as electrodes and ammonia as a reductant. Depending on the cell voltage and the solvent, the protocol can be used to obtain aromatic azoxy, azo, and hydrazo compounds, as well as aniline derivatives with high chemoselectivities. The protocol can be readily scaled up to >10 g with no decrease in yield, demonstrating its potential synthetic utility. A stepwise cathodic reduction pathway was proposed to account for the generations of products in turn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Chang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Jin Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Salt Chemical Industry, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Na Wu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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43
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Jamshidi M, Amani A, Khazalpour S, Torabi S, Nematollahi D. Progress and perspectives of electrochemical insights for C–H and N–H sulfonylation. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03574f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive electrosulfonylation study has been carried out via cathodic and anodic approaches for the production of organosulfone and sulfonamide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Jamshidi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan 65174, Iran
| | - Ameneh Amani
- Nahavand Higher Education Complex, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | | | - Sara Torabi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan 65174, Iran
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