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Guilloux G, Kitaoka M, Mocaer K, Heichette C, Duchesne L, Heald R, Pecot T, Gibeaux R. Optimized expansion microscopy reveals species-specific spindle microtubule organization in Xenopus egg extracts. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.11.612005. [PMID: 39314487 PMCID: PMC11419004 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.11.612005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The spindle is a key structure in cell division as it orchestrates the accurate segregation of genetic material. While its assembly and function are well-studied, the mechanisms regulating spindle architecture remain elusive. In this study, we investigate the differences in spindle organization between Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis , leveraging expansion microscopy (ExM) to overcome the limitations of conventional imaging techniques. We optimized an ExM protocol tailored for Xenopus egg extract spindles, improving upon fixation, denaturation and gelation methods to achieve higher resolution imaging of spindles. Our protocol preserves spindle integrity and allows effective pre-expansion immunofluorescence. This method enabled detailed analysis of the differences in microtubule organization between the two species. X. laevis spindles overall exhibited a broader range of bundle sizes, while X. tropicalis spindles contained mostly smaller bundles. Moreover, while both species exhibited larger bundle sizes near and at the spindle center, X. tropicalis spindles otherwise consisted of very small bundles, and X. laevis spindles medium-sized bundles. By enhancing resolution and minimizing distortions and fixation artifacts, our optimized ExM approach offers new insights into spindle morphology and provides a robust tool for studying the structural intricacies of these large cellular assemblies. This work advances our understanding of spindle architecture and opens up new avenues for exploring underlying mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Correct spindle morphology is key to its function; however, traditional microscopy methods limit our view of spindle architecture. This study addresses the gap in resolving detailed spindle microtubule organization by using advanced imaging. The research utilizes Expansion Microscopy (ExM) to reveal previously unobservable details of spindle morphology in egg extracts of two Xenopus species ( X. laevis and X. tropicalis ). This approach provides unprecedented clarity on microtubule arrangement and variations in spindle architecture. This work establishes a new protocol for high-resolution imaging of spindle structures, offering insights into how spindle architecture is adapted in differently-sized spindles to ensure proper function.
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Lee M, Woo J, Kim KT, Moon SA, Park HC, Kim TY, Park JY. Customized Hydrogel Films for MicroRNA Super-Resolution Imaging in Liquid Biopsies. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303781. [PMID: 38828846 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Tissue biopsy for early diagnosis and monitoring comes with several challenges, such as its invasiveness, and issues related to tissue heterogeneity in sampling. To address these issues, researchers have proposed a noninvasive approach called liquid biopsy, which uses blood samples to detect specific noncoding RNA (microRNA, miRNA). However, the current process of isolating and amplifying miRNA can be time-consuming and yield nonspecific results. In this study, a new super-resolution imaging tool is introduced that utilizes a thin, hydrogel-based liquid view (LV) film. This film can undergo a ninefold expansion and allows the analysis of cells obtained from liquid biopsy. The potential of the LV film is validated as a tool for early diagnosis and prognosis by testing biofluids derived from a variety of diseases. This method is confirmed to accurately analyze a greater number of miRNAs with higher sensitivity in a shorter time compared to other analytical methods. These findings suggest that the LV film provides high specificity, and multiplexing in detecting small amounts of miRNAs within cells, making it suitable for 3D implementation. It is proposed that liquid biopsy with LV films can be a solution to limitations related to the invasiveness, cost, and time-consuming nature of molecular analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirae Lee
- The Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Woo
- The Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-A Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Cheon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yoon Park
- The Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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3
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Park S, Wang X, Mo Y, Zhang S, Li X, Fong KC, Yu C, Tran AA, Scipioni L, Dai Z, Huang X, Huang L, Shi X. Proximity labeling expansion microscopy (PL-ExM) evaluates interactome labeling techniques. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:8335-8348. [PMID: 39105364 PMCID: PMC11426358 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00516c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Understanding protein-protein interactions (PPIs) through proximity labeling has revolutionized our comprehension of cellular mechanisms and pathology. Various proximity labeling techniques, such as HRP, APEX, BioID, TurboID, and μMap, have been widely used to biotinylate PPIs or organelles for proteomic profiling. However, the variability in labeling precision and efficiency of these techniques often results in limited reproducibility in proteomic detection. We address this persistent challenge by introducing proximity labeling expansion microscopy (PL-ExM), a super-resolution imaging technique that combines expansion microscopy with proximity labeling techniques. PL-ExM enabled up to 17 nm resolution with microscopes widely available, providing visual comparison of the labeling precision, efficiency, and false positives of different proximity labeling methods. Our mass spectrometry proteomic results confirmed that PL-ExM imaging is reliable in guiding the selection of proximity labeling techniques and interpreting the proteomic results with new spatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyeon Park
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yajin Mo
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Sicheng Zhang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Xiangpeng Li
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katie C Fong
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Clinton Yu
- Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Arthur A Tran
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Lorenzo Scipioni
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Zhipeng Dai
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xiao Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lan Huang
- Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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4
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Michalska JM, Lyudchik J, Velicky P, Štefaničková H, Watson JF, Cenameri A, Sommer C, Amberg N, Venturino A, Roessler K, Czech T, Höftberger R, Siegert S, Novarino G, Jonas P, Danzl JG. Imaging brain tissue architecture across millimeter to nanometer scales. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:1051-1064. [PMID: 37653226 PMCID: PMC11252008 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Mapping the complex and dense arrangement of cells and their connectivity in brain tissue demands nanoscale spatial resolution imaging. Super-resolution optical microscopy excels at visualizing specific molecules and individual cells but fails to provide tissue context. Here we developed Comprehensive Analysis of Tissues across Scales (CATS), a technology to densely map brain tissue architecture from millimeter regional to nanometer synaptic scales in diverse chemically fixed brain preparations, including rodent and human. CATS uses fixation-compatible extracellular labeling and optical imaging, including stimulated emission depletion or expansion microscopy, to comprehensively delineate cellular structures. It enables three-dimensional reconstruction of single synapses and mapping of synaptic connectivity by identification and analysis of putative synaptic cleft regions. Applying CATS to the mouse hippocampal mossy fiber circuitry, we reconstructed and quantified the synaptic input and output structure of identified neurons. We furthermore demonstrate applicability to clinically derived human tissue samples, including formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded routine diagnostic specimens, for visualizing the cellular architecture of brain tissue in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Michalska
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Julia Lyudchik
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Philipp Velicky
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Core Facility Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hana Štefaničková
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jake F Watson
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alban Cenameri
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Sommer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nicole Amberg
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karl Roessler
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Czech
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Siegert
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Gaia Novarino
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Peter Jonas
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Johann G Danzl
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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5
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Park J, Wang J, Guan W, Gjesteby LA, Pollack D, Kamentsky L, Evans NB, Stirman J, Gu X, Zhao C, Marx S, Kim ME, Choi SW, Snyder M, Chavez D, Su-Arcaro C, Tian Y, Park CS, Zhang Q, Yun DH, Moukheiber M, Feng G, Yang XW, Keene CD, Hof PR, Ghosh SS, Frosch MP, Brattain LJ, Chung K. Integrated platform for multiscale molecular imaging and phenotyping of the human brain. Science 2024; 384:eadh9979. [PMID: 38870291 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh9979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Understanding cellular architectures and their connectivity is essential for interrogating system function and dysfunction. However, we lack technologies for mapping the multiscale details of individual cells and their connectivity in the human organ-scale system. We developed a platform that simultaneously extracts spatial, molecular, morphological, and connectivity information of individual cells from the same human brain. The platform includes three core elements: a vibrating microtome for ultraprecision slicing of large-scale tissues without losing cellular connectivity (MEGAtome), a polymer hydrogel-based tissue processing technology for multiplexed multiscale imaging of human organ-scale tissues (mELAST), and a computational pipeline for reconstructing three-dimensional connectivity across multiple brain slabs (UNSLICE). We applied this platform for analyzing human Alzheimer's disease pathology at multiple scales and demonstrating scalable neural connectivity mapping in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyuk Park
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Wang
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Webster Guan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Lee Kamentsky
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas B Evans
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeff Stirman
- LifeCanvas Technologies, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Xinyi Gu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chuanxi Zhao
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Slayton Marx
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Minyoung E Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Seo Woo Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - David Chavez
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Clover Su-Arcaro
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yuxuan Tian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chang Sin Park
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Qiangge Zhang
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dae Hee Yun
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mira Moukheiber
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Guoping Feng
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - X William Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Center for Discovery and Innovation, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Satrajit S Ghosh
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- C. S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Kwanghun Chung
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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6
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Langner E, Puapatanakul P, Pudlowski R, Alsabbagh DY, Miner JH, Horani A, Dutcher SK, Brody SL, Wang JT, Suleiman HY, Mahjoub MR. Ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) of mouse and human kidneys for analysis of subcellular structures. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38715433 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) involves the physical magnification of specimens embedded in hydrogels, which allows for super-resolution imaging of subcellular structures using a conventional diffraction-limited microscope. Methods for expansion microscopy exist for several organisms, organs, and cell types, and used to analyze cellular organelles and substructures in nanoscale resolution. Here, we describe a simple step-by-step U-ExM protocol for the expansion, immunostaining, imaging, and analysis of cytoskeletal and organellar structures in kidney tissue. We detail the critical modified steps to optimize isotropic kidney tissue expansion, and preservation of the renal cell structures of interest. We demonstrate the utility of the approach using several markers of renal cell types, centrioles, cilia, the extracellular matrix, and other cytoskeletal elements. Finally, we show that the approach works well on mouse and human kidney samples that were preserved using different fixation and embedding conditions. Overall, this protocol provides a simple and cost-effective approach to analyze both preclinical and clinical renal samples in high detail, using conventional lab supplies and standard widefield or confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Langner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pongpratch Puapatanakul
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rachel Pudlowski
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Amjad Horani
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Susan K Dutcher
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Steven L Brody
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer T Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hani Y Suleiman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Moe R Mahjoub
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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7
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White-Mathieu BM, Baskin JM. Super-Resolution Imaging of Clickable Lipids With Lipid Expansion Microscopy (LExM). Curr Protoc 2024; 4:e1051. [PMID: 38779885 PMCID: PMC11125533 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent imaging of cellular membranes is challenged by the size of lipid bilayers, which are smaller than the diffraction limit of light. Recently, expansion microscopy (ExM) has emerged as an approachable super-resolution method that requires only widely accessible confocal microscopes. In this method, biomolecules of interest are anchored to hydrogel-based, polymeric networks that are expanded through osmosis to physically separate and resolve features smaller than the diffraction limit of light. Whereas ExM has been employed for super-resolution imaging of proteins, DNA, RNA, and glycans, the application of this method to the study of lipids is challenged by the requirement of permeabilization procedures that remove lipids and compromise the integrity of the membrane. Here, we describe our recently developed protocols for lipid expansion microscopy (LExM), a method that enables ExM of membranes without permeabilization. These detailed protocols and accompanying commentary sections aim to make LExM accessible to any experimentalist interested in imaging membranes with super-resolution. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: LExM of alkyne-choline lipids Basic Protocol 2: LExM of IMPACT-labeled lipids Basic Protocol 3: LExM of clickable cholesterol Basic Protocol 4: Determining the expansion factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M. White-Mathieu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Baskin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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8
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Delhaye M, LeDue J, Robinson K, Xu Q, Zhang Q, Oku S, Zhang P, Craig AM. Adaptation of Magnified Analysis of the Proteome for Excitatory Synaptic Proteins in Varied Samples and Evaluation of Cell Type-Specific Distributions. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1291232024. [PMID: 38360747 PMCID: PMC10993037 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1291-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests a remarkable diversity and complexity in the molecular composition of synapses, forming the basis for the brain to execute complex behaviors. Hence, there is considerable interest in visualizing the spatial distribution of such molecular diversity at individual synapses within intact brain circuits. Yet this task presents significant technical challenges. Expansion microscopy approaches have revolutionized our view of molecular anatomy. However, their use to study synapse-related questions outside of the labs developing them has been limited. Here we independently adapted a version of Magnified Analysis of the Proteome (MAP) and present a step-by-step protocol for visualizing over 40 synaptic proteins in brain circuits. Surprisingly, our findings show that the advantage of MAP over conventional immunolabeling was primarily due to improved antigen recognition and secondarily physical expansion. Furthermore, we demonstrated the versatile use of MAP in brains perfused with paraformaldehyde or fresh-fixed with formalin and in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. These tests expand the potential applications of MAP to combinations with slice electrophysiology or clinical pathology specimens. Using male and female mice expressing YFP-ChR2 exclusively in interneurons, we revealed a distinct composition of AMPA and NMDA receptors and Shank family members at synapses on hippocampal interneurons versus on pyramidal neurons. Quantitative single synapse analyses yielded comprehensive cell type distributions of synaptic proteins and their relationships. These findings exemplify the value of the versatile adapted MAP procedure presented here as an accessible tool for the broad neuroscience community to unravel the complexity of the "synaptome" across brain circuits and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Delhaye
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Jeffrey LeDue
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Kaylie Robinson
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Qin Xu
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Shinichiro Oku
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Peng Zhang
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Ann Marie Craig
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
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9
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Pesce L, Ricci P, Sportelli G, Belcari N, Sancataldo G. Expansion and Light-Sheet Microscopy for Nanoscale 3D Imaging. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301715. [PMID: 38461540 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Expansion Microscopy (ExM) and Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM) are forefront imaging techniques that enable high-resolution visualization of biological specimens. ExM enhances nanoscale investigation using conventional fluorescence microscopes, while LSFM offers rapid, minimally invasive imaging over large volumes. This review explores the joint advancements of ExM and LSFM, focusing on the excellent performance of the integrated modality obtained from the combination of the two, which is refer to as ExLSFM. In doing so, the chemical processes required for ExM, the tailored optical setup of LSFM for examining expanded samples, and the adjustments in sample preparation for accurate data collection are emphasized. It is delve into various specimen types studied using this integrated method and assess its potential for future applications. The goal of this literature review is to enrich the comprehension of ExM and LSFM, encouraging their wider use and ongoing development, looking forward to the upcoming challenges, and anticipating innovations in these imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pesce
- Department of Physics - Enrico Fermi, University of Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo, 3, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Pietro Ricci
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès, 1, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Sportelli
- Department of Physics - Enrico Fermi, University of Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo, 3, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Nicola Belcari
- Department of Physics - Enrico Fermi, University of Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo, 3, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sancataldo
- Department of Physics - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 18, Palermo, 90128, Italy
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10
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Langner E, Puapatanakul P, Pudlowski R, Alsabbagh DY, Miner JH, Horani A, Dutcher SK, Brody SL, Wang JT, Suleiman HY, Mahjoub MR. Ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) of mouse and human kidneys for analysis of subcellular structures. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.16.580708. [PMID: 38405695 PMCID: PMC10889020 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.16.580708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) involves the physical magnification of specimens embedded in hydrogels, which allows for super-resolution imaging of subcellular structures using a conventional diffraction-limited microscope. Methods for expansion microscopy exist for several organisms, organs, and cell types, and used to analyze cellular organelles and substructures in nanoscale resolution. Here, we describe a simple step-by-step U-ExM protocol for the expansion, immunostaining, imaging, and analysis of cytoskeletal and organellar structures in kidney tissue. We detail the critical modified steps to optimize isotropic kidney tissue expansion, and preservation of the renal cell structures of interest. We demonstrate the utility of the approach using several markers of renal cell types, centrioles, cilia, the extracellular matrix, and other cytoskeletal elements. Finally, we show that the approach works well on mouse and human kidney samples that were preserved using different fixation and storage conditions. Overall, this protocol provides a simple and cost-effective approach to analyze both pre-clinical and clinical renal samples in high detail, using conventional lab supplies and standard widefield or confocal microscopy.
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11
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Wang UTT, Tian X, Liou YH, Lee SP, Hu HT, Lu CH, Lin PT, Cheng YJ, Chen P, Chen BC. Protein and lipid expansion microscopy with trypsin and tyramide signal amplification for 3D imaging. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21922. [PMID: 38081848 PMCID: PMC10713663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion microscopy, whereby the relative positions of biomolecules are physically increased via hydrogel expansion, can be used to reveal ultrafine structures of cells under a conventional microscope. Despite its utility for achieving super-resolution imaging, expansion microscopy suffers a major drawback, namely reduced fluorescence signals caused by excessive proteolysis and swelling effects. This caveat results in a lower photon budget and disfavors fluorescence imaging over a large field of view that can cover an entire expanded cell, especially in 3D. In addition, the complex procedures and specialized reagents of expansion microscopy hinder its popularization. Here, we modify expansion microscopy by deploying trypsin digestion to reduce protein loss and tyramide signal amplification to enhance fluorescence signal for point-scanning-based imaging. We name our new methodology TT-ExM to indicate dual trypsin and tyramide treatments. TT-ExM may be applied for both antibody and lipid staining. TT-ExM displayed enhanced protein retention for endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial markers in COS-7 cell cultures. Importantly, TT-ExM-based lipid staining clearly revealed the complex 3D membrane structures in entire expanded cells. Through combined lipid and DNA staining, our TT-ExM methodology highlighted mitochondria by revealing their DNA and membrane structures in cytoplasm, as well as the lipid-rich structures formed via phase separation in nuclei at interphase. We also observed lipid-rich chromosome matrices in the mitotic cells. These high-quality 3D images demonstrate the practicality of TT-ExM. Thus, readily available reagents can be deployed in TT-ExM to significantly enhance fluorescence signals and generate high-quality and ultrafine-resolution images under confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ueh-Ting Tim Wang
- Affiliated Senior High School of National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 106348, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Xuejiao Tian
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Tsing Hua University, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yae-Huei Liou
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sue-Ping Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Tang Hu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Han Lu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Institute and Undergraduate Program of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ting Lin
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jen Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Program, NPAS, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Chang Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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12
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Damstra HGJ, Passmore JB, Serweta AK, Koutlas I, Burute M, Meye FJ, Akhmanova A, Kapitein LC. GelMap: intrinsic calibration and deformation mapping for expansion microscopy. Nat Methods 2023; 20:1573-1580. [PMID: 37723243 PMCID: PMC10555834 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-02001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a powerful technique to overcome the diffraction limit of light microscopy by physically expanding biological specimen in three dimensions. Nonetheless, using ExM for quantitative or diagnostic applications requires robust quality control methods to precisely determine expansion factors and to map deformations due to anisotropic expansion. Here we present GelMap, a flexible workflow to introduce a fluorescent grid into pre-expanded hydrogels that scales with expansion and reports deformations. We demonstrate that GelMap can be used to precisely determine the local expansion factor and to correct for deformations without the use of cellular reference structures or pre-expansion ground-truth images. Moreover, we show that GelMap aids sample navigation for correlative uses of expansion microscopy. Finally, we show that GelMap is compatible with expansion of tissue and can be readily implemented as a quality control step into existing ExM workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo G J Damstra
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Josiah B Passmore
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Living Technologies, Alliance TU/e, WUR, UU, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Serweta
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ioannis Koutlas
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mithila Burute
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Meye
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Living Technologies, Alliance TU/e, WUR, UU, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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13
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La W, Seo J, Heo E, Chang JB. Expandable ELAST for super-resolution imaging of thick tissue slices using a hydrogel containing charged monomers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11929. [PMID: 37488163 PMCID: PMC10366192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels have been utilized extensively as a material for retaining position information in tissue imaging procedures, such as tissue clearing and super-resolution imaging. Immunostaining thick biological tissues, however, poses a bottleneck that restricts sample size. The recently developed technique known as entangled link-augmented stretchable tissue-hydrogel (ELAST) accelerates the immunostaining process by embedding specimens in long-chain polymers and stretching them. A more advanced version of ELAST, magnifiable entangled link-augmented stretchable tissue-hydrogel (mELAST), achieves rapid immunostaining and tissue expansion by embedding specimens in long-chain neutral polymers and subsequently hydrolyzing them. Building on these techniques, we introduce a variant of mELAST called ExELAST. This approach uses charged monomers to stretch and expand tissue slices. Using ExELAST, we first tested two hydrogel compositions that could permit uniform expansion of biological specimens. Then, we apply the tailored hydrogel to the 500-μm-thick mouse brain slices and demonstrated that they can be stained within two days and imaged with a resolution below the diffraction limit of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woonggi La
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Junyoung Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Eunseok Heo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Jae-Byum Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
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14
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Saal KA, Shaib AH, Mougios N, Crzan D, Opazo F, Rizzoli SO. Heat denaturation enables multicolor X10-STED microscopy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5366. [PMID: 37005431 PMCID: PMC10067834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) improves imaging quality by physically enlarging the biological specimens. In principle, combining a large expansion factor with optical super-resolution should provide extremely high imaging precision. However, large expansion factors imply that the expanded specimens are dim and are therefore poorly suited for optical super-resolution. To solve this problem, we present a protocol that ensures the expansion of the samples up to 10-fold, in a single expansion step, through high-temperature homogenization (X10ht). The resulting gels exhibit a higher fluorescence intensity than gels homogenized using enzymatic digestion (based on proteinase K). This enables the sample analysis by multicolor stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, for a final resolution of 6-8 nm in neuronal cell cultures or isolated vesicles. X10ht also enables the expansion of 100-200 µm thick brain samples, up to 6-fold. The better epitope preservation also enables the use of nanobodies as labeling probes and the implementation of post-expansion signal amplification. We conclude that X10ht is a promising tool for nanoscale resolution in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ann Saal
- Department of Sensory- and Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Ali H Shaib
- Department of Sensory- and Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Mougios
- Department of Sensory- and Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), Von-Sieboldt-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Crzan
- Department of Sensory- and Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felipe Opazo
- Department of Sensory- and Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- NanoTag Biotechnologies GmbH, Rudolf Wissell Str. 28a, 37079, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), Von-Sieboldt-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Department of Sensory- and Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), Von-Sieboldt-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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15
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Wen G, Leen V, Rohand T, Sauer M, Hofkens J. Current Progress in Expansion Microscopy: Chemical Strategies and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3299-3323. [PMID: 36881995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a newly developed super-resolution technique, allowing visualization of biological targets at nanoscale resolution on conventional fluorescence microscopes. Since its introduction in 2015, many efforts have been dedicated to broaden its application range or increase the resolution that can be achieved. As a consequence, recent years have witnessed remarkable advances in ExM. This review summarizes recent progress in ExM, with the focus on the chemical aspects of the method, from chemistries for biomolecule grafting to polymer synthesis and the impact on biological analysis. The combination of ExM with other microscopy techniques, in search of additional resolution improvement, is also discussed. In addition, we compare pre- and postexpansion labeling strategies and discuss the impact of fixation methods on ultrastructure preservation. We conclude this review with a perspective on existing challenges and future directions. We believe that this review will provide a comprehensive understanding of ExM and facilitate its usage and further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wen
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Volker Leen
- Chrometra Scientific, Kortenaken 3470, Belgium
| | - Taoufik Rohand
- Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry, Faculty Polydisciplinaire of Safi, University Cadi Ayyad Marrakech, BP 4162, 46000 Safi, Morocco
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology & Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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16
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Song DH, Song CW, Chung J, Jang EH, Kim H, Hur Y, Hur EM, Kim D, Chang JB. In situ silver nanoparticle development for molecular-specific biological imaging via highly accessible microscopies. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1636-1650. [PMID: 36926569 PMCID: PMC10012848 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00449f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In biological studies and diagnoses, brightfield (BF), fluorescence, and electron microscopy (EM) are used to image biomolecules inside cells. When compared, their relative advantages and disadvantages are obvious. BF microscopy is the most accessible of the three, but its resolution is limited to a few microns. EM provides a nanoscale resolution, but sample preparation is time-consuming. In this study, we present a new imaging technique, which we termed decoration microscopy (DecoM), and quantitative investigations to address the aforementioned issues in EM and BF microscopy. For molecular-specific EM imaging, DecoM labels proteins inside cells using antibodies bearing 1.4 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and grows silver layers on the AuNPs' surfaces. The cells are then dried without buffer exchange and imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Structures labeled with silver-grown AuNPs are clearly visible on SEM, even they are covered with lipid membranes. Using stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, we show that the drying process causes negligible distortion of structures and that less structural deformation could be achieved through simple buffer exchange to hexamethyldisilazane. Using DecoM, we visualize the nanoscale alterations in microtubules by microtubule-severing proteins that cannot be observed with diffraction-limited fluorescence microscopy. We then combine DecoM with expansion microscopy to enable sub-micron resolution BF microscopy imaging. We first show that silver-grown AuNPs strongly absorb white light, and the structures labeled with them are clearly visible on BF microscopy. We then show that the application of AuNPs and silver development must follow expansion to visualize the labeled proteins clearly with sub-micron resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hyeon Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Korea
| | - Chang Woo Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Korea
| | | | - Eun-Hae Jang
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Korea
| | - Yongsuk Hur
- BioMedical Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Hur
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University Seoul Korea
- BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Doory Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University Seoul Korea
| | - Jae-Byum Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Korea
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Truckenbrodt
- Convergent Research, E11 Bio. 1600 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, California94502, United States
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18
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Abstract
Strategies to visualize cellular membranes with light microscopy are restricted by the diffraction limit of light, which far exceeds the dimensions of lipid bilayers. Here, we describe a method for super-resolution imaging of metabolically labeled phospholipids within cellular membranes. Guided by the principles of expansion microscopy, we develop an all-small molecule approach that enables direct chemical anchoring of bioorthogonally labeled phospholipids into a hydrogel network and is capable of super-resolution imaging of cellular membranes. We apply this method, termed lipid expansion microscopy (LExM), to visualize organelle membranes with precision, including a unique class of membrane-bound structures known as nuclear invaginations. Compatible with standard confocal microscopes, LExM will be widely applicable for super-resolution imaging of phospholipids and cellular membranes in numerous physiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M White
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Pratik Kumar
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Amanda N Conwell
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kane Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jeremy M Baskin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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19
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Shi L, Klimas A, Gallagher B, Cheng Z, Fu F, Wijesekara P, Miao Y, Ren X, Zhao Y, Min W. Super-Resolution Vibrational Imaging Using Expansion Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200315. [PMID: 35521971 PMCID: PMC9284179 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is an emerging technology that provides high chemical specificity for endogenous biomolecules and can circumvent common constraints of fluorescence microscopy including limited capabilities to probe small biomolecules and difficulty resolving many colors simultaneously. However, the resolution of SRS microscopy remains governed by the diffraction limit. To overcome this, a new technique called molecule anchorable gel-enabled nanoscale Imaging of Fluorescence and stimulated Raman scattering microscopy (MAGNIFIERS) that integrates SRS microscopy with expansion microscopy (ExM) is described. MAGNIFIERS offers chemical-specific nanoscale imaging with sub-50 nm resolution and has scalable multiplexity when combined with multiplex Raman probes and fluorescent labels. MAGNIFIERS is used to visualize nanoscale features in a label-free manner with CH vibration of proteins, lipids, and DNA in a broad range of biological specimens, from mouse brain, liver, and kidney to human lung organoid. In addition, MAGNIFIERS is applied to track nanoscale features of protein synthesis in protein aggregates using metabolic labeling of small metabolites. Finally, MAGNIFIERS is used to demonstrate 8-color nanoscale imaging in an expanded mouse brain section. Overall, MAGNIFIERS is a valuable platform for super-resolution label-free chemical imaging, high-resolution metabolic imaging, and highly multiplexed nanoscale imaging, thus bringing SRS to nanoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Shi
- Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
| | - Aleksandra Klimas
- Department of Biological SciencesCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15143USA
| | - Brendan Gallagher
- Department of Biological SciencesCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15143USA
| | - Zhangyu Cheng
- Department of Biological SciencesCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15143USA
| | - Feifei Fu
- Department of Biological SciencesCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15143USA
| | - Piyumi Wijesekara
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15143USA
| | - Yupeng Miao
- Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
| | - Xi Ren
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15143USA
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- Department of Biological SciencesCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15143USA
| | - Wei Min
- Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain ScienceColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
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20
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Li H, Warden AR, He J, Shen G, Ding X. Expansion microscopy with ninefold swelling (NIFS) hydrogel permits cellular ultrastructure imaging on conventional microscope. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm4006. [PMID: 35507653 PMCID: PMC9067917 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm4006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Superresolution microscopy enables probing of cellular ultrastructures. However, its widespread applications are limited by the need for expensive machinery, specific hardware, and sophisticated data processing. Expansion microscopy (ExM) improves the resolution of conventional microscopy by physically expanding biological specimens before imaging and currently provides ~70-nm resolution, which still lags behind that of modern superresolution microscopy (~30 nm). Here, we demonstrate a ninefold swelling (NIFS) hydrogel, that can reduce ExM resolution to 31 nm when using regular traditional microscopy. We also design a detachable chip that integrates all the experimental operations to facilitate the maximal reproducibility of this high-resolution imaging technology. We demonstrate this technique on the superimaging of nuclear pore complex and clathrin-coated pits, whose structures can hardly be resolved by conventional microscopy. The method presented here offers a universal platform with superresolution imaging to unveil cellular ultrastructural details using standard conventional laboratory microscopes.
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21
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Brain circuits for promoting homeostatic and non-homeostatic appetites. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:349-357. [PMID: 35474340 PMCID: PMC9076862 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As the principal means of acquiring nutrients, feeding behavior is indispensable to the survival and well-being of animals. In response to energy or nutrient deficits, animals seek and consume food to maintain energy homeostasis. On the other hand, even when animals are calorically replete, non-homeostatic factors, such as the sight, smell, and taste of palatable food, or environmental cues that predict food, can stimulate feeding behavior. These homeostatic and non-homeostatic factors have traditionally been investigated separately, but a growing body of literature highlights that these factors work synergistically to promote feeding behavior. Furthermore, recent breakthroughs in cell type-specific and circuit-specific labeling, recording, and manipulation techniques have markedly accelerated the discovery of well-defined neural populations underlying homeostatic and non-homeostatic appetite control, as well as overlapping circuits that contribute to both types of appetite. This review aims to provide an update on our understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms for promoting homeostatic and non-homeostatic appetites, focusing on the function of recently identified, genetically defined cell types. Research on the neural circuit mechanisms underlying feeding behaviors is critical to identifying therapeutic targets for food-related disorders like obesity and anorexia. Sung-Yon Kim and colleagues at Seoul National University, South Korea, reviewed the current understanding of neural circuits promoting feeding behavior, which is regulated by homeostatic and non-homeostatic appetites. In response to deficits in energy (caloric) or nutrients, specific populations of neurons sensitive to hormones leptin and ghrelin generate homeostatic appetite and promote feeding. In addition, diverse neural populations stimulate non-homeostatic appetite in the absence of immediate internal needs and are thought to drive overconsumption in the modern obesogenic environment. These appetites extensively interact through overlapping neural circuits to jointly promote feeding behaviors.
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22
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Sneve MA, Piatkevich KD. Towards a Comprehensive Optical Connectome at Single Synapse Resolution via Expansion Microscopy. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 13:754814. [PMID: 35115916 PMCID: PMC8803729 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.754814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapping and determining the molecular identity of individual synapses is a crucial step towards the comprehensive reconstruction of neuronal circuits. Throughout the history of neuroscience, microscopy has been a key technology for mapping brain circuits. However, subdiffraction size and high density of synapses in brain tissue make this process extremely challenging. Electron microscopy (EM), with its nanoscale resolution, offers one approach to this challenge yet comes with many practical limitations, and to date has only been used in very small samples such as C. elegans, tadpole larvae, fruit fly brain, or very small pieces of mammalian brain tissue. Moreover, EM datasets require tedious data tracing. Light microscopy in combination with tissue expansion via physical magnification-known as expansion microscopy (ExM)-offers an alternative approach to this problem. ExM enables nanoscale imaging of large biological samples, which in combination with multicolor neuronal and synaptic labeling offers the unprecedented capability to trace and map entire neuronal circuits in fully automated mode. Recent advances in new methods for synaptic staining as well as new types of optical molecular probes with superior stability, specificity, and brightness provide new modalities for studying brain circuits. Here we review advanced methods and molecular probes for fluorescence staining of the synapses in the brain that are compatible with currently available expansion microscopy techniques. In particular, we will describe genetically encoded probes for synaptic labeling in mice, zebrafish, Drosophila fruit flies, and C. elegans, which enable the visualization of post-synaptic scaffolds and receptors, presynaptic terminals and vesicles, and even a snapshot of the synaptic activity itself. We will address current methods for applying these probes in ExM experiments, as well as appropriate vectors for the delivery of these molecular constructs. In addition, we offer experimental considerations and limitations for using each of these tools as well as our perspective on emerging tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison A. Sneve
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Kiryl D. Piatkevich
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Richardson DS, Guan W, Matsumoto K, Pan C, Chung K, Ertürk A, Ueda HR, Lichtman JW. TISSUE CLEARING. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1:84. [PMID: 35128463 PMCID: PMC8815095 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue clearing of gross anatomical samples was first described over a century ago and has only recently found widespread use in the field of microscopy. This renaissance has been driven by the application of modern knowledge of optical physics and chemical engineering to the development of robust and reproducible clearing techniques, the arrival of new microscopes that can image large samples at cellular resolution and computing infrastructure able to store and analyze large data volumes. Many biological relationships between structure and function require investigation in three dimensions and tissue clearing therefore has the potential to enable broad discoveries in the biological sciences. Unfortunately, the current literature is complex and could confuse researchers looking to begin a clearing project. The goal of this Primer is to outline a modular approach to tissue clearing that allows a novice researcher to develop a customized clearing pipeline tailored to their tissue of interest. Further, the Primer outlines the required imaging and computational infrastructure needed to perform tissue clearing at scale, gives an overview of current applications, discusses limitations and provides an outlook on future advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S. Richardson
- Harvard Center for Biological Imaging, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Webster Guan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Matsumoto
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chenchen Pan
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Kwanghun Chung
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME) Graduate Program, Yonsei-IBS Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Ertürk
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Hiroki R. Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jeff W. Lichtman
- Harvard Center for Biological Imaging, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Park J, Khan S, Yun DH, Ku T, Villa KL, Lee JE, Zhang Q, Park J, Feng G, Nedivi E, Chung K. Epitope-preserving magnified analysis of proteome (eMAP). SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf6589. [PMID: 34767453 PMCID: PMC8589305 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf6589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic tissue-hydrogel methods have enabled superresolution investigation of biological systems using diffraction-limited microscopy. However, chemical modification by fixatives can cause loss of antigenicity, limiting molecular interrogation of the tissue gel. Here, we present epitope-preserving magnified analysis of proteome (eMAP) that uses purely physical tissue-gel hybridization to minimize the loss of antigenicity while allowing permanent anchoring of biomolecules. We achieved success rates of 96% and 94% with synaptic antibodies for mouse and marmoset brains, respectively. Maximal preservation of antigenicity allows imaging of nanoscopic architectures in 1000-fold expanded tissues without additional signal amplification. eMAP-processed tissue gel can endure repeated staining and destaining without epitope loss or structural damage, enabling highly multiplexed proteomic analysis. We demonstrated the utility of eMAP as a nanoscopic proteomic interrogation tool by investigating molecular heterogeneity in inhibitory synapses in the mouse brain neocortex and characterizing the spatial distributions of synaptic proteins within synapses in mouse and marmoset brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joha Park
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sarim Khan
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Dae Hee Yun
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Taeyun Ku
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Katherine L. Villa
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jiachen E. Lee
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Qiangge Zhang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Juhyuk Park
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Guoping Feng
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elly Nedivi
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kwanghun Chung
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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25
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Schwarz MK, Kubitscheck U. Expansion light sheet fluorescence microscopy of extended biological samples: Applications and perspectives. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 168:33-36. [PMID: 34626664 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Schwarz
- Institute Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research (EECR), University of Bonn Medical School, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Kubitscheck
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegelerstr. 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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26
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Drelich L, Aboulouard S, Franck J, Salzet M, Fournier I, Wisztorski M. Toward High Spatially Resolved Proteomics Using Expansion Microscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12195-12203. [PMID: 34449217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (EM) is an emerging approach for morphological examination of biological specimens at nanoscale resolution using conventional optical microscopy. To achieve physical separation of cell structures, tissues are embedded in a swellable polymer and expanded several fold in an isotropic manner. This work shows the development and optimization of physical tissue expansion as a new method for spatially resolved large-scale proteomics. Herein we established a novel method to enlarge the tissue section to be compatible with manual microdissection on regions of interest and MS-based proteomic analysis. A major issue in expansion microscopy is the loss of protein information during the mechanical homogenization phase due to the use of proteinase K. For isotropic expansion, different homogenization agents were investigated, both to maximize protein identification and to minimize protein diffusion. Best results were obtained with SDS for homogenization. Using our modified protocol, we were able to enlarge a tissue section more than 3-fold and identified up to 655 proteins from 1 mm in size after expansion, equivalent to 330 μm in their real size corresponding thus to an average of 260 cells. This approach can be performed easily without any expensive sampling instrument. We demonstrated the compatibility of sample preparation for expansion microscopy and proteomic study in a spatial context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauranne Drelich
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Soulaimane Aboulouard
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Julien Franck
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Michel Salzet
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, Lille, 59000, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, 75000, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, Lille, 59000, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, 75000, France
| | - Maxence Wisztorski
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, Lille, 59000, France
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Zhu C, Wang A, Chen L, Guo L, Ye J, Chen Q, Wang Q, Yao G, Xia Q, Cai T, Guo J, Yang Z, Sun Z, Xu Y, Lu G, Zhang Z, Cao J, Liu Y, Xu H. Measurement of expansion factor and distortion for expansion microscopy using isolated renal glomeruli as landmarks. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202100001. [PMID: 33856738 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Expansion microscopy has enabled super resolution imaging of biological samples. The accurate measurement of expansion factor and distortion typically requires locating and imaging the same region of interest in the sample before and after expansion, which is often time-consuming to achieve. Here we introduce a convenient method for relocation by utilizing isolated porcine glomeruli as landmarks during expansion. Following heat denaturation and proteinase K digestion protocols, the glomeruli exhibit expansion factor of 3.5 to 4 (only 7%-16% less expanded than the hydrogel), and 1% to 2% of relative distortion. Due to its appropriate size of 100 to 300 μm, the location of the glomerulus in the sample are visible to eyes, while its detailed shape only requires bright field microscopy. For expansion factors ranging from 3 to 10, the region in the vicinity of the glomerulus can be easily re-identified, and sometimes allows quantification of expansion factor and distortion under bright field without fluorescent labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Aidong Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lili Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liangsheng Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Ye
- Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qilin Chen
- Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guojia Yao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qin Xia
- Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Cai
- Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiayun Guo
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhenglong Sun
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoyuan Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zexin Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingyuan Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou People's Hospital, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Taizhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huizhong Xu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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28
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Kang S, Park S, Song H, Choi D, Park HE, Ahn BH, Kim SY, Lee Y. Expansion Microscopy with a Thermally Adjustable Expansion Factor Using Thermoresponsive Biospecimen-Hydrogel Hybrids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:28962-28974. [PMID: 34107679 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a technique in which swellable hydrogel-embedded biological samples are physically expanded to effectively increase imaging resolution. Here, we develop thermoresponsive reversible ExM (T-RevExM), in which the expansion factor can be thermally adjusted in a reversible manner. In this method, samples are embedded in thermoresponsive hydrogels and partially digested to allow for reversible swelling of the sample-gel hybrid in a temperature-dependent manner. We first synthesized hydrogels exhibiting lower critical solution temperature (LCST)- and upper critical solution temperature (UCST)-phase transition properties with N-alkyl acrylamide or sulfobetaine monomers, respectively. We then formed covalent hybrids between the LCST or UCST hydrogel and biomolecules across the cultured cells and tissues. The resulting hybrid could be reversibly swelled or deswelled in a temperature-dependent manner, with LCST- and UCST-based hybrids negatively and positively responding to the increase in temperature (termed thermonegative RevExM and thermopositive RevExM, respectively). We further showed reliable imaging of both unexpanded and expanded cells and tissues and demonstrated minimal distortions from the original sample using conventional confocal microscopy. Thus, T-RevExM enables easy adjustment of the size of biological samples and therefore the effective magnification and resolution of the sample, simply by changing the sample temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunah Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojoon Song
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongkil Choi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Eol Park
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin H Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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29
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Kim SR, Kim SY. Functional Dissection of Glutamatergic and GABAergic Neurons in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis. Mol Cells 2021; 44:63-67. [PMID: 33594012 PMCID: PMC7941005 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST)-a key part of the extended amygdala-has been implicated in the regulation of diverse behavioral states, ranging from anxiety and reward processing to feeding behavior. Among the host of distinct types of neurons within the BNST, recent investigations employing cell type- and projection-specific circuit dissection techniques (such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, deep-brain calcium imaging, and the genetic and viral methods for targeting specific types of cells) have highlighted the key roles of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons and their axonal projections. As anticipated from their primary roles in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, these studies established that the glutamatergic and GABAergic subpopulations of the BNST oppositely regulate diverse behavioral states. At the same time, these studies have also revealed unexpected functional specificity and heterogeneity within each subpopulation. In this Minireview, we introduce the body of studies that investigated the function of glutamatergic and GABAergic BNST neurons and their circuits. We also discuss unresolved questions and future directions for a more complete understanding of the cellular diversity and functional heterogeneity within the BNST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Rae Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sung-Yon Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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30
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Zhao J, Lai HM, Qi Y, He D, Sun H. Current Status of Tissue Clearing and the Path Forward in Neuroscience. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:5-29. [PMID: 33326739 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the complexity and limited availability of human brain tissues, for decades, pathologists have sought to maximize information gained from individual samples, based on which (patho)physiological processes could be inferred. Recently, new understandings of chemical and physical properties of biological tissues and multiple chemical profiling have given rise to the development of scalable tissue clearing methods allowing superior optical clearing of across-the-scale samples. In the past decade, tissue clearing techniques, molecular labeling methods, advanced laser scanning microscopes, and data visualization and analysis have become commonplace. Combined, they have made 3D visualization of brain tissues with unprecedented resolution and depth widely accessible. To facilitate further advancements and applications, here we provide a critical appraisal of these techniques. We propose a classification system of current tissue clearing and expansion methods that allows users to judge the applicability of individual ones to their questions, followed by a review of the current progress in molecular labeling, optical imaging, and data processing to demonstrate the whole 3D imaging pipeline based on tissue clearing and downstream techniques for visualizing the brain. We also raise the path forward of tissue-clearing-based imaging technology, that is, integrating with state-of-the-art techniques, such as multiplexing protein imaging, in situ signal amplification, RNA detection and sequencing, super-resolution imaging techniques, multiomics studies, and deep learning, for drawing the complete atlas of the human brain and building a 3D pathology platform for central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hei Ming Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuwei Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dian He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Biobank Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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31
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Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy for Multiscale Biological Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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32
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Kim H, Baik JW, Jeon S, Kim JY, Kim C. PAExM: label-free hyper-resolution photoacoustic expansion microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6755-6758. [PMID: 33325889 DOI: 10.1364/ol.404041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Reflection-mode ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy (UV-PAM) is capable of imaging cell nuclei in thick tissue without complex preparation procedures, but it is challenging to distinguish adjacent nuclei due to the limited spatial resolution. Tissue expansion technology has recently been developed to exceed the diffraction-limited fluorescence microscopies, but it is accompanied by limitations including additional staining. Herein, photoacoustic expansion microscopy (PAExM) is presented, which is an advanced histologic imaging strategy combining advantages of fast label-free reflection-mode UV-PAM and the tissue expansion technology. Clustered cell nuclei in an enlarged volume of a mouse brain section can be visually resolved without staining, demonstrating a great potential of the system to be widely used for histologic applications throughout biomedical fields.
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33
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Cho Y, Seo J, Sim Y, Chung J, Park CE, Park CG, Kim D, Chang JB. FRACTAL: Signal amplification of immunofluorescence via cyclic staining of target molecules. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23506-23513. [PMID: 33215627 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we demonstrate fluorescent signal amplification via cyclic staining of target molecules (FRACTAL), a technique that can amplify the signal intensity of immunofluorescence staining more than nine-fold via simple cyclic staining of secondary antibodies. We also show that FRACTAL is compatible with four-color imaging and expansion microscopy imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehlin Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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34
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Ku T, Guan W, Evans NB, Sohn CH, Albanese A, Kim JG, Frosch MP, Chung K. Elasticizing tissues for reversible shape transformation and accelerated molecular labeling. Nat Methods 2020; 17:609-613. [PMID: 32424271 PMCID: PMC8056749 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-0823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We developed entangled link-augmented stretchable tissue-hydrogel (ELAST), a technology that transforms tissues into elastic hydrogels to enhance macromolecular accessibility and mechanical stability simultaneously. ELASTicized tissues are highly stretchable and compressible, which enables reversible shape transformation and faster delivery of probes into intact tissue specimens via mechanical thinning. This universal platform may facilitate rapid and scalable molecular phenotyping of large-scale biological systems, such as human organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyun Ku
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Webster Guan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas B Evans
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chang Ho Sohn
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexandre Albanese
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joon-Goon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kwanghun Chung
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME) Graduate Program, Yonsei-IBS Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Götz R, Panzer S, Trinks N, Eilts J, Wagener J, Turrà D, Di Pietro A, Sauer M, Terpitz U. Expansion Microscopy for Cell Biology Analysis in Fungi. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:574. [PMID: 32318047 PMCID: PMC7147297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy has evolved as a powerful method for subdiffraction-resolution fluorescence imaging of cells and cellular organelles, but requires sophisticated and expensive installations. Expansion microscopy (ExM), which is based on the physical expansion of the cellular structure of interest, provides a cheap alternative to bypass the diffraction limit and enable super-resolution imaging on a conventional fluorescence microscope. While ExM has shown impressive results for the magnified visualization of proteins and RNAs in cells and tissues, it has not yet been applied in fungi, mainly due to their complex cell wall. Here we developed a method that enables reliable isotropic expansion of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes upon treatment with cell wall degrading enzymes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and structured illumination microscopy (SIM) images of 4.5-fold expanded sporidia of Ustilago maydis expressing fluorescent fungal rhodopsins and hyphae of Fusarium oxysporum or Aspergillus fumigatus expressing either histone H1-mCherry together with Lifeact-sGFP or mRFP targeted to mitochondria, revealed details of subcellular structures with an estimated spatial resolution of around 30 nm. ExM is thus well suited for cell biology studies in fungi on conventional fluorescence microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Götz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Panzer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nora Trinks
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janna Eilts
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Wagener
- Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Turrà
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Terpitz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
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