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Li P, Ma X, Huang D, Gu X. Exploring the roles of non-coding RNAs in liver regeneration. Noncoding RNA Res 2024; 9:945-953. [PMID: 38680418 PMCID: PMC11046251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration (LR) is a complex process encompassing three distinct phases: priming, proliferation phase and restoration, all influenced by various regulatory factors. After liver damage or partial resection, the liver tissue demonstrates remarkable restorative capacity, driven by cellular proliferation and repair mechanisms. The essential roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), predominantly microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNA (circRNA), in regulating LR have been vastly studied. Additionally, the impact of ncRNAs on LR and their abnormal expression profiles during this process have been extensively documented. Mechanistic investigations have revealed that ncRNAs interact with genes involved in proliferation to regulate hepatocyte proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation, along with liver progenitor cell proliferation and migration. Given the significant role of ncRNAs in LR, an in-depth exploration of their involvement in the liver's self-repair capacity can reveal promising therapeutic strategies for LR and liver-related diseases. Moreover, understanding the unique regenerative potential of the adult liver and the mechanisms and regulatory factors of ncRNAs in LR are crucial for improving current treatment strategies and exploring new therapeutic approaches for various liver-related diseases. This review provides a brief overview of the LR process and the ncRNA expression profiles during this process. Furthermore, we also elaborate on the specific molecular mechanisms through which multiple key ncRNAs regulate the LR process. Finally, based on the expression characteristics of ncRNAs and their interactions with proliferation-associated genes, we explore their potential clinical application, such as developing predictive indicators reflecting liver regenerative activity and manipulating LR processes for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Child Health Care, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
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2
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Oliva-Vilarnau N, Beusch CM, Sabatier P, Sakaraki E, Tjaden A, Graetz L, Büttner FA, Dorotea D, Nguyen M, Bergqvist F, Sundström Y, Müller S, Zubarev RA, Schulte G, Tredup C, Gramignoli R, Tietge UJ, Lauschke VM. Wnt/β-catenin and NFκB signaling synergize to trigger growth factor-free regeneration of adult primary human hepatocytes. Hepatology 2024; 79:1337-1351. [PMID: 37870288 PMCID: PMC11095891 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The liver has a remarkable capacity to regenerate, which is sustained by the ability of hepatocytes to act as facultative stem cells that, while normally quiescent, re-enter the cell cycle after injury. Growth factor signaling is indispensable in rodents, whereas Wnt/β-catenin is not required for effective tissue repair. However, the molecular networks that control human liver regeneration remain unclear. METHODS Organotypic 3D spheroid cultures of primary human or murine hepatocytes were used to identify the signaling network underlying cell cycle re-entry. Furthermore, we performed chemogenomic screening of a library enriched for epigenetic regulators and modulators of immune function to determine the importance of epigenomic control for human hepatocyte regeneration. RESULTS Our results showed that, unlike in rodents, activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is the major mitogenic cue for adult primary human hepatocytes. Furthermore, we identified TGFβ inhibition and inflammatory signaling through NF-κB as essential steps for the quiescent-to-regenerative switch that allows Wnt/β-catenin-induced proliferation of human cells. In contrast, growth factors, but not Wnt/β-catenin signaling, triggered hyperplasia in murine hepatocytes. High-throughput screening in a human model confirmed the relevance of NFκB and revealed the critical roles of polycomb repressive complex 2, as well as of the bromodomain families I, II, and IV. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed a network of NFκB, TGFβ, and Wnt/β-catenin that controls human hepatocyte regeneration in the absence of exogenous growth factors, identified novel regulators of hepatocyte proliferation, and highlighted the potential of organotypic culture systems for chemogenomic interrogation of complex physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Oliva-Vilarnau
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian M. Beusch
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pierre Sabatier
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eirini Sakaraki
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amelie Tjaden
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lukas Graetz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florian A. Büttner
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Debra Dorotea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - My Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filip Bergqvist
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Sundström
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roman A. Zubarev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Tredup
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnosis Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Uwe J.F. Tietge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M. Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Buniatian GH, Schwinghammer U, Tremmel R, Cynis H, Weiss TS, Weiskirchen R, Lauschke VM, Youhanna S, Ramos I, Valcarcel M, Seferyan T, Rahfeld J, Rieckmann V, Klein K, Buadze M, Weber V, Kolak V, Gebhardt R, Friedman SL, Müller UC, Schwab M, Danielyan L. Consequences of Amyloid-β Deficiency for the Liver. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307734. [PMID: 38430535 PMCID: PMC11095235 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/04/2024]
Abstract
The hepatic content of amyloid beta (Aβ) decreases drastically in human and rodent cirrhosis highlighting the importance of understanding the consequences of Aβ deficiency in the liver. This is especially relevant in view of recent advances in anti-Aβ therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, it is shown that partial hepatic loss of Aβ in transgenic AD mice immunized with Aβ antibody 3D6 and its absence in amyloid precursor protein (APP) knockout mice (APP-KO), as well as in human liver spheroids with APP knockdown upregulates classical hallmarks of fibrosis, smooth muscle alpha-actin, and collagen type I. Aβ absence in APP-KO and deficiency in immunized mice lead to strong activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), alpha secretases, NOTCH pathway, inflammation, decreased permeability of liver sinusoids, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Inversely, increased systemic and intrahepatic levels of Aβ42 in transgenic AD mice and neprilysin inhibitor LBQ657-treated wild-type mice protect the liver against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced injury. Transcriptomic analysis of CCl4-treated transgenic AD mouse livers uncovers the regulatory effects of Aβ42 on mitochondrial function, lipid metabolism, and its onco-suppressive effects accompanied by reduced synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins. Combined, these data reveal Aβ as an indispensable regulator of cell-cell interactions in healthy liver and a powerful protector against liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayane Hrachia Buniatian
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity Hospital of TuebingenAuf der Morgenstelle 872076TuebingenGermany
| | - Ute Schwinghammer
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity Hospital of TuebingenAuf der Morgenstelle 872076TuebingenGermany
| | - Roman Tremmel
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical PharmacologyAuerbachstr. 11270376StuttgartGermany
- University of Tuebingen72074TuebingenGermany
| | - Holger Cynis
- Department of Drug Design and Target ValidationFraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and ImmunologyWeinbergweg 2206120Halle (Saale)Germany
- Junior Research Group, Immunomodulation in Pathophysiological ProcessesFaculty of MedicineMartin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergWeinbergweg 2206120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Children's University Hospital (KUNO)University Hospital RegensburgFranz‐Josef‐Strauss‐Allee 1193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular PathobiochemistryExperimental Gene Therapy and Clinical ChemistryRWTH University Hospital AachenPauwelsstr. 3052074AachenGermany
| | - Volker M. Lauschke
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical PharmacologyAuerbachstr. 11270376StuttgartGermany
- University of Tuebingen72074TuebingenGermany
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska InstituteStockholm171 77Sweden
| | - Sonia Youhanna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska InstituteStockholm171 77Sweden
| | - Isbaal Ramos
- Innovative Technologies in Biological Systems SL (INNOPROT)BizkaiaDerio48160Spain
| | - Maria Valcarcel
- Innovative Technologies in Biological Systems SL (INNOPROT)BizkaiaDerio48160Spain
| | - Torgom Seferyan
- H. Buniatian Institute of BiochemistryNational Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia (NAS RA)5/1 Paruir Sevak St.Yerevan0014Armenia
| | - Jens‐Ulrich Rahfeld
- Department of Drug Design and Target ValidationFraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and ImmunologyWeinbergweg 2206120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Vera Rieckmann
- Department of Drug Design and Target ValidationFraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and ImmunologyWeinbergweg 2206120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Kathrin Klein
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical PharmacologyAuerbachstr. 11270376StuttgartGermany
- University of Tuebingen72074TuebingenGermany
| | - Marine Buadze
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity Hospital of TuebingenAuf der Morgenstelle 872076TuebingenGermany
| | - Victoria Weber
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity Hospital of TuebingenAuf der Morgenstelle 872076TuebingenGermany
| | - Valentina Kolak
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity Hospital of TuebingenAuf der Morgenstelle 872076TuebingenGermany
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Rudolf‐Schönheimer Institute of BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of LeipzigJohannisstraße 3004103LeipzigGermany
| | - Scott L. Friedman
- Division of Liver DiseasesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai1425 Madison AveNew YorkNY10029USA
| | - Ulrike C. Müller
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMBDepartment of Functional GenomicsUniversity of HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 36469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity Hospital of TuebingenAuf der Morgenstelle 872076TuebingenGermany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical PharmacologyAuerbachstr. 11270376StuttgartGermany
- Departments of Biochemistry and Clinical Pharmacologyand Neuroscience LaboratoryYerevan State Medical University2‐ Koryun StYerevan0025Armenia
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image‐guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”University of Tübingen72076TübingenGermany
| | - Lusine Danielyan
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity Hospital of TuebingenAuf der Morgenstelle 872076TuebingenGermany
- Departments of Biochemistry and Clinical Pharmacologyand Neuroscience LaboratoryYerevan State Medical University2‐ Koryun StYerevan0025Armenia
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Xing C, Kemas A, Mickols E, Klein K, Artursson P, Lauschke VM. The choice of ultra-low attachment plates impacts primary human and primary canine hepatocyte spheroid formation, phenotypes, and function. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300587. [PMID: 38403411 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Organotypic three-dimensional liver spheroid cultures in which hepatic cells retain their molecular phenotype and functionality have emerged as powerful tools for preclinical drug development. In recent years a multitude of culture systems have been developed; however, a thorough side-by-side benchmarking of the different methods is lacking. Here, we compared the performance of ten different 96- and 384-well microplate types to support spheroid formation and long-term culture. Specifically, we evaluated differences in spheroid formation kinetics, viability, functionality, expression patterns, and their utility for hepatotoxicity assessments using primary human hepatocytes (PHH) and primary canine hepatocytes (PCH). All 96-well plates enabled formation of PHH liver spheroids, albeit with differences between plates in spheroid size, geometry, and reproducibility. Performance of different 384-wells was less consistent. Only 6/10 microplates supported the formation of PCH aggregates. Interestingly, even if PCH aggregates in these six microplates were more loosely packed than PHH spheroids, they maintained their function and were compatible with long-term pharmacological and toxicological assays. Overall, Corning and Biofloat plates showed the best performance in the formation of both human and canine liver spheroids with highest viability, most physiologically relevant phenotypes, superior CYP activity and lowest coefficient of variation in toxicity assays. The presented data constitutes a valuable resource that demonstrates the impacts of current ultra-low attachment plates on liver spheroid metrics and can guide evidence-based plate selection. Combined, these results have important implications for the cross-comparison of different studies and can facilitate the standardization and reproducibility of three-dimensional liver culture experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xing
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aurino Kemas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kathrin Klein
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Zhang C, Sun C, Zhao Y, Ye B, Yu G. Signaling pathways of liver regeneration: Biological mechanisms and implications. iScience 2024; 27:108683. [PMID: 38155779 PMCID: PMC10753089 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver possesses a unique regenerative ability to restore its original mass, in this regard, partial hepatectomy (PHx) and partial liver transplantation (PLTx) can be executed smoothly and safely, which has important implications for the treatment of liver disease. Liver regeneration (LR) can be the very complicated procedure that involves multiple cytokines and transcription factors that interact with each other to activate different signaling pathways. Activation of these pathways can drive the LR process, which can be divided into three stages, namely, the initiation, progression, and termination stages. Therefore, it is important to investigate the pathways involved in LR to elucidate the mechanism of LR. This study reviews the latest research on the key signaling pathways in the different stages of LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Caifang Sun
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yabin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Bingyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - GuoYing Yu
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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6
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Li W, Wu Y, Hu W, Zhou J, Shu X, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Wu H, Du Y, Lü D, Lü S, Li N, Long M. Direct mechanical exposure initiates hepatocyte proliferation. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100905. [PMID: 37920845 PMCID: PMC10618550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Liver paracrine signaling from liver sinusoid endothelial cells to hepatocytes in response to mechanical stimuli is crucial in highly coordinated liver regeneration. Interstitial flow through the fenestrated endothelium inside the space of Disse potentiates the role of direct exposure of hepatocytes to fluid flow in the immediate regenerative responses after partial hepatectomy, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods Mouse liver perfusion was used to identify the effects of interstitial flow on hepatocyte proliferation ex vivo. Isolated hepatocytes were further exposed to varied shear stresses directly in vitro. Knockdown and/or inhibition of mechanosensitive proteins were used to unravel the signaling pathways responsible for cell proliferation. Results An increased interstitial flow was visualized and hepatocytes' regenerative response was demonstrated experimentally by ex vivo perfusion of mouse livers. In vitro measurements also showed that fluid flow initiated hepatocyte proliferation in a duration- and amplitude-dependent manner. Mechanistically, flow enhanced β1 integrin expression and nuclear translocation of YAP (yes-associated protein), via the Hippo pathway, to stimulate hepatocytes to re-enter the cell cycle. Conclusions Hepatocyte proliferation was initiated after direct exposure to interstitial flow ex vivo or shear stress in vitro, which provides new insights into the contributions of mechanical forces to liver regeneration. Impact and implications By using both ex vivo liver perfusion and in vitro flow exposure tests, we identified the roles of interstitial flow in the space of Disse in stimulating hepatocytes to re-enter the cell cycle. We found an increase in shear flow-induced hepatocyte proliferation via β1 integrin-YAP mechanotransductive pathways. This serves as a useful model to potentiate hepatocyte expansion in vitro using mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Shu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziliang Zhang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Du
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyuan Lü
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shouqin Lü
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mian Long
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Krejčová G, Morgantini C, Zemanová H, Lauschke VM, Kovářová J, Kubásek J, Nedbalová P, Kamps‐Hughes N, Moos M, Aouadi M, Doležal T, Bajgar A. Macrophage-derived insulin antagonist ImpL2 induces lipoprotein mobilization upon bacterial infection. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114086. [PMID: 37807855 PMCID: PMC10690471 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response is an energy-demanding process that must be coordinated with systemic metabolic changes redirecting nutrients from stores to the immune system. Although this interplay is fundamental for the function of the immune system, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Our data show that the pro-inflammatory polarization of Drosophila macrophages is coupled to the production of the insulin antagonist ImpL2 through the activity of the transcription factor HIF1α. ImpL2 production, reflecting nutritional demands of activated macrophages, subsequently impairs insulin signaling in the fat body, thereby triggering FOXO-driven mobilization of lipoproteins. This metabolic adaptation is fundamental for the function of the immune system and an individual's resistance to infection. We demonstrated that analogically to Drosophila, mammalian immune-activated macrophages produce ImpL2 homolog IGFBP7 in a HIF1α-dependent manner and that enhanced IGFBP7 production by these cells induces mobilization of lipoproteins from hepatocytes. Hence, the production of ImpL2/IGFBP7 by macrophages represents an evolutionarily conserved mechanism by which macrophages alleviate insulin signaling in the central metabolic organ to secure nutrients necessary for their function upon bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Krejčová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Cecilia Morgantini
- Department of Medicine, Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC)Karolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
| | - Helena Zemanová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Medicine, Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC)Karolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
- Dr Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical PharmacologyStuttgartGermany
- University of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Julie Kovářová
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of ParasitologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Jiří Kubásek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Pavla Nedbalová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | | | - Martin Moos
- Institute of EntomologyBiology Centre CASCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Myriam Aouadi
- Department of Medicine, Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC)Karolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
| | - Tomáš Doležal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Adam Bajgar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
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8
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Jin Y, Zhang J, Xu Y, Yi K, Li F, Zhou H, Wang H, Chan HF, Lao YH, Lv S, Tao Y, Li M. Stem cell-derived hepatocyte therapy using versatile biomimetic nanozyme incorporated nanofiber-reinforced decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogels for the treatment of acute liver failure. Bioact Mater 2023; 28:112-131. [PMID: 37250866 PMCID: PMC10209199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated oxidative stress, inflammation storm, and massive hepatocyte necrosis are the typical manifestations of acute liver failure (ALF), therefore specific therapeutic interventions are essential for the devastating disease. Here, we developed a platform consisting of versatile biomimetic copper oxide nanozymes (Cu NZs)-loaded PLGA nanofibers (Cu NZs@PLGA nanofibers) and decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) hydrogels for delivery of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells-derived hepatocyte-like cells (hADMSCs-derived HLCs) (HLCs/Cu NZs@fiber/dECM). Cu NZs@PLGA nanofibers could conspicuously scavenge excessive ROS at the early stage of ALF, and reduce the massive accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, herein efficiently preventing the deterioration of hepatocytes necrosis. Moreover, Cu NZs@PLGA nanofibers also exhibited a cytoprotection effect on the transplanted HLCs. Meanwhile, HLCs with hepatic-specific biofunctions and anti-inflammatory activity acted as a promising alternative cell source for ALF therapy. The dECM hydrogels further provided the desirable 3D environment and favorably improved the hepatic functions of HLCs. In addition, the pro-angiogenesis activity of Cu NZs@PLGA nanofibers also facilitated the integration of the whole implant with the host liver. Hence, HLCs/Cu NZs@fiber/dECM performed excellent synergistic therapeutic efficacy on ALF mice. This strategy using Cu NZs@PLGA nanofiber-reinforced dECM hydrogels for HLCs in situ delivery is a promising approach for ALF therapy and shows great potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jin
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yanteng Xu
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Ke Yi
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Fenfang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Huicong Zhou
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hon Fai Chan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yeh-Hsing Lao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Shixian Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, 510630, China
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9
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Oliva-Vilarnau N, Vorrink SU, Büttner FA, Heinrich T, Sensbach J, Koscielski I, Wienke D, Petersson C, Perrin D, Lauschke VM. Comparative analysis of YAP/TEAD inhibitors in 2D and 3D cultures of primary human hepatocytes reveals a novel non-canonical mechanism of CYP induction. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115755. [PMID: 37607620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes constitutes an important cause of drug-drug interactions and preclinical evaluation of induction liability is mandatory for novel drug candidates. YAP/TEAD signaling has emerged as an attractive target for various oncological indications and multiple chemically distinct YAP/TEAD inhibitors are rapidly progressing towards clinical stages. Here, we tested the liability for CYP induction of a diverse set of YAP/TEAD inhibitors with different modes of action and TEAD isoform selectivity profiles in monolayers and 3D spheroids of primary human hepatocytes (PHH). We found that YAP/TEAD inhibition resulted in broad induction of CYPs in 2D monolayers, whereas, if at all, only marginal induction was seen in spheroid culture. Comprehensive RNA-Seq indicated that YAP/TEAD signaling was increased in 2D culture compared to spheroids, which was paralleled by elevated activities of the interacting transcription factors LXR and ESRRA, likely at least in part due to altered mechanosensing. Inhibition of this YAP/TEAD hyperactivation resulted in an overall reduction of hepatocyte dedifferentiation marked by increased hepatic functionality, including CYPs. These results thus demonstrate that the observed induction is due to on-target effects of the compounds rather than direct activation of xenobiotic sensing nuclear receptors. Combined, the presented data link hepatocyte dedifferentiation to YAP/TEAD dysregulation, reveal a novel non-canonical pathway of CYP induction and highlight the advantage of organotypic 3D cultures to predict clinically relevant pharmacokinetic properties, particularly for atypical induction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Oliva-Vilarnau
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Florian A Büttner
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Timo Heinrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Janike Sensbach
- Department of Chemical and Pre-Clinical Safety, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Isabel Koscielski
- Department of Chemical and Pre-Clinical Safety, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dirk Wienke
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Carl Petersson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dominique Perrin
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; HepaPredict AB, Stockholm, Sweden; Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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10
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Klöditz K, Tewolde E, Nordling Å, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Mechanistic, Functional, and Clinical Aspects of Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Mediated Regulation of ADME Gene Expression in 3D Human Liver Spheroids. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:673-685. [PMID: 37307233 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During systemic inflammation, pro-inflammatory cytokines alter metabolism and transport of drugs affecting the clinical outcome. We used an in vivo like human 3D liver spheroid model to study the effects and mechanisms of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the expression of 9 different genes encoding enzymes responsible for the metabolism of > 90% of clinically used drugs. Treatment of spheroids with pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, or TNFα resulted in a pronounced decrease in mRNA expression of CYP3A4 and UGT2B10 within 5 hours. The reduction of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 mRNA expression was less pronounced, whereas the pro-inflammatory cytokines caused increased CYP2E1, and UGT1A3 mRNA expression. The cytokines did not influence expression of key nuclear proteins, nor the activities of specific kinases involved in the regulation of genes encoding drug metabolizing enzymes. However, ruxolitinib, a JAK1/2 inhibitor, inhibited the IL-6 dependent increase in CYP2E1 and the decrease in CYP3A4 and UGT2B10 mRNA expression. We evaluated the effect of TNFα in hepatocytes in 2D plates and found a rapid decrease in drug-metabolizing enzyme mRNA both in the absence or presence of the cytokines. Taken together, these data suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines regulate multiple gene- and cytokine-specific events seen in in vivo and in 3D but not in 2D liver models. We propose that the 3D spheroid system is suitable for the prediction of drug metabolism under conditions of inflammation and constitutes a versatile system for short- and long-term preclinical and mechanistic studies of cytokine-induced changes in drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Klöditz
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eida Tewolde
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Nordling
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Traxler L, Lucciola R, Herdy JR, Jones JR, Mertens J, Gage FH. Neural cell state shifts and fate loss in ageing and age-related diseases. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:434-443. [PMID: 37268723 PMCID: PMC10478103 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Most age-related neurodegenerative diseases remain incurable owing to an incomplete understanding of the disease mechanisms. Several environmental and genetic factors contribute to disease onset, with human biological ageing being the primary risk factor. In response to acute cellular damage and external stimuli, somatic cells undergo state shifts characterized by temporal changes in their structure and function that increase their resilience, repair cellular damage, and lead to their mobilization to counteract the pathology. This basic cell biological principle also applies to human brain cells, including mature neurons that upregulate developmental features such as cell cycle markers or glycolytic reprogramming in response to stress. Although such temporary state shifts are required to sustain the function and resilience of the young human brain, excessive state shifts in the aged brain might result in terminal fate loss of neurons and glia, characterized by a permanent change in cell identity. Here, we offer a new perspective on the roles of cell states in sustaining health and counteracting disease, and we examine how cellular ageing might set the stage for pathological fate loss and neurodegeneration. A better understanding of neuronal state and fate shifts might provide the means for a controlled manipulation of cell fate to promote brain resilience and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Traxler
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Raffaella Lucciola
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph R Herdy
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Jones
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerome Mertens
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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12
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Li X, Abdel-Moneim AME, Yang B. Signaling Pathways and Genes Associated with Hexavalent Chromium-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1888-1904. [PMID: 35648283 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] causes human and animal hepatotoxicity. However, it is unclear how Cr(VI) induces hepatotoxicity, nor is it clear which pathways and genes may be involved. This study aimed to identify the key molecular pathways and genes engaged in Cr(VI)-induced hepatotoxicity. Publicly available microarray GSE19662 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. GSE19662 consists of primary rat hepatocyte (PRH) groups treated with or without 0.10 ppm potassium dichromate (PD), with three samples per group. Compared to the control group, a total of 400 differentially expressed genes were obtained. Specially 262 and 138 genes were up- and downregulated in PD-treated PRHs, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment indicated that those DEGs were primarily engaged in many biological processes, including androgen biosynthetic process, the positive regulation of cell death, the response to activity, the toxic substance and hepatocyte growth factor stimulus, and others. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) suggested that the DEGs are fundamentally enriched in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatitis B, p53, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, AMPK, metabolic pathways, estrogen, cGMP-PKG, metabolic pathways, etc. Moreover, many genes, including UBE2C, TOP2A, PRC1, CENPF, and MKI67, might contribute to Cr(VI)-induced hepatotoxicity. Taken together, this study enhances our understanding of the regulation, prevention, and treatment strategies of Cr(VI)-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Abdel-Moneim Eid Abdel-Moneim
- Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal, 13759, Egypt
| | - Bing Yang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China.
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13
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Yang S, Ooka M, Margolis RJ, Xia M. Liver three-dimensional cellular models for high-throughput chemical testing. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100432. [PMID: 37056374 PMCID: PMC10088249 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is a leading cause of drug withdrawal from the market. High-throughput screening utilizing in vitro liver models is critical for early-stage liver toxicity testing. Traditionally, monolayer human hepatocytes or immortalized liver cell lines (e.g., HepG2, HepaRG) have been used to test compound liver toxicity. However, monolayer-cultured liver cells sometimes lack the metabolic competence to mimic the in vivo condition and are therefore largely appropriate for short-term toxicological testing. They may not, however, be adequate for identifying chronic and recurring liver damage caused by drugs. Recently, several three-dimensional (3D) liver models have been developed. These 3D liver models better recapitulate normal liver function and metabolic capacity. This review describes the current development of 3D liver models that can be used to test drugs/chemicals for their pharmacologic and toxicologic effects, as well as the advantages and limitations of using these 3D liver models for high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masato Ooka
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ryan Jared Margolis
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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14
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Álvarez-Urdiola R, Matus JT, Riechmann JL. Multi-Omics Methods Applied to Flower Development. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2686:495-508. [PMID: 37540374 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3299-4_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Developmental processes in multicellular organisms depend on the proficiency of cells to orchestrate different gene expression programs. Over the past years, several studies of reproductive organ development have considered genomic analyses of transcription factors and global gene expression changes, modeling complex gene regulatory networks. Nevertheless, the dynamic view of developmental processes requires, as well, the study of the proteome in its expression, complexity, and relationship with the transcriptome. In this chapter, we describe a dual extraction method-for protein and RNA-for the characterization of genome expression at proteome level and its correlation to transcript expression data. We also present a shotgun proteomic procedure (LC-MS/MS) followed by a pipeline for the imputation of missing values in mass spectrometry results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Álvarez-Urdiola
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Tomás Matus
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis Riechmann
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Inui J, Ueyama-Toba Y, Mitani S, Mizuguchi H. Development of a method of passaging and freezing human iPS cell-derived hepatocytes to improve their functions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285783. [PMID: 37200286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) are expected to replace primary human hepatocytes as a new source of functional hepatocytes in various medical applications. However, the hepatic functions of HLCs are still low and it takes a long time to differentiate them from human iPS cells. Furthermore, HLCs have very low proliferative capacity and are difficult to be passaged due to loss of hepatic functions after reseeding. To overcome these problems, we attempted to develop a technology to dissociate, cryopreserve, and reseed HLCs in this study. By adding epithelial-mesenchymal transition inhibitors and optimizing the cell dissociation time, we have developed a method for passaging HLCs without loss of their functions. After passage, HLCs showed a hepatocyte-like polygonal cell morphology and expressed major hepatocyte marker proteins such as albumin and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). In addition, the HLCs had low-density lipoprotein uptake and glycogen storage capacity. The HLCs also showed higher CYP3A4 activity and increased gene expression levels of major hepatocyte markers after passage compared to before passage. Finally, they maintained their functions even after their cryopreservation and re-culture. By applying this technology, it will be possible to provide ready-to-use availability of cryopreserved HLCs for drug discovery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Inui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ueyama-Toba
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Mitani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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16
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Markandan K, Tiong YW, Sankaran R, Subramanian S, Markandan UD, Chaudhary V, Numan A, Khalid M, Walvekar R. Emergence of infectious diseases and role of advanced nanomaterials in point-of-care diagnostics: a review. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022:1-89. [PMID: 36243900 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2127070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infectious outbreaks are the foremost global public health concern, challenging the current healthcare system, which claims millions of lives annually. The most crucial way to control an infectious outbreak is by early detection through point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. POC diagnostics are highly advantageous owing to the prompt diagnosis, which is economical, simple and highly efficient with remote access capabilities. In particular, utilization of nanomaterials to architect POC devices has enabled highly integrated and portable (compact) devices with enhanced efficiency. As such, this review will detail the factors influencing the emergence of infectious diseases and methods for fast and accurate detection, thus elucidating the underlying factors of these infections. Furthermore, it comprehensively highlights the importance of different nanomaterials in POCs to detect nucleic acid, whole pathogens, proteins and antibody detection systems. Finally, we summarize findings reported on nanomaterials based on advanced POCs such as lab-on-chip, lab-on-disc-devices, point-of-action and hospital-on-chip. To this end, we discuss the challenges, potential solutions, prospects of integrating internet-of-things, artificial intelligence, 5G communications and data clouding to achieve intelligent POCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaimani Markandan
- Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Drive, Singapore
- Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yong Wei Tiong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive, Singapore
| | - Revathy Sankaran
- Graduate School, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sakthinathan Subramanian
- Department of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology (NTUT), Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Vishal Chaudhary
- Research Cell & Department of Physics, Bhagini Nivedita College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Arshid Numan
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Sunway Materials Smart Science & Engineering (SMS2E) Research Cluster School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Sunway Materials Smart Science & Engineering (SMS2E) Research Cluster School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
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17
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Model-based translation of DNA damage signaling dynamics across cell types. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010264. [PMID: 35802572 PMCID: PMC9269748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interindividual variability in DNA damage response (DDR) dynamics may evoke differences in susceptibility to cancer. However, pathway dynamics are often studied in cell lines as alternative to primary cells, disregarding variability. To compare DDR dynamics in the cell line HepG2 with primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), we developed a HepG2-based computational model that describes the dynamics of DDR regulator p53 and targets MDM2, p21 and BTG2. We used this model to generate simulations of virtual PHHs and compared the results to those for PHH donor samples. Correlations between baseline p53 and p21 or BTG2 mRNA expression in the absence and presence of DNA damage for HepG2-derived virtual samples matched the moderately positive correlations observed for 50 PHH donor samples, but not the negative correlations between p53 and its inhibitor MDM2. Model parameter manipulation that affected p53 or MDM2 dynamics was not sufficient to accurately explain the negative correlation between these genes. Thus, extrapolation from HepG2 to PHH can be done for some DDR elements, yet our analysis also reveals a knowledge gap within p53 pathway regulation, which makes such extrapolation inaccurate for the regulator MDM2. This illustrates the relevance of studying pathway dynamics in addition to gene expression comparisons to allow reliable translation of cellular responses from cell lines to primary cells. Overall, with our approach we show that dynamical modeling can be used to improve our understanding of the sources of interindividual variability of pathway dynamics. Susceptibility to develop cancer varies among people, partially due to differences in genetic background. Ideally, healthy human-derived cells are used to investigate intracellular signaling pathways and their interindividual variability contributing to cancer susceptibility. Because cells from healthy human tissue are difficult to obtain and culture for periods longer than a few days, cell lines are often used as substitute. However, it is unclear to what extent signaling dynamics in cell lines represent dynamics in healthy human tissue. We asked whether we could reproduce interindividual variability in DNA damage response gene expression in a set of 50 human liver cell donors. Therefore, we built a mathematical model that simulates temporal expression dynamics of the DNA damage response in the HepG2 liver cell line upon chemical activation and used the simulations to create virtual donors. Our virtual donors displayed similar relations between genes as the samples from human donors, provided that we adjusted the strength of specific molecular interactions. Thus, our approach can be used to examine the applicability of widely used cell systems to healthy human tissue in terms of their dynamic responses.
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18
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Cuvellier M, Rose S, Ezan F, Jarry U, De Oliveira H, Bruyère A, Drieu La Rochelle C, Legagneux V, Langouet S, Baffet G. In vitro long term differentiation and functionality of three-dimensional bioprinted primary human hepatocytes: application for in vivo engraftment. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35696992 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac7825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, 3D in vitro cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) have been increasingly developed to establish models capable of faithfully mimicking main liver functions. The use of 3D bioprinting, capable of recreating structures composed of cells embedded in matrix with controlled microarchitectures, is an emergent key feature for tissue engineering. In this work, we used an extrusion-based system to print PHH in a methacrylated gelatin matrix (GelMa). PHH bioprinted in GelMa rapidly organized into polarized hollow spheroids and were viable for at least 28 days of culture. These PHH were highly differentiated with maintenance of liver differentiation genes over time, as demonstrated by transcriptomic analysis and functional approaches. The cells were polarized with localization of apico/canalicular regions, and displayed activities of phase I and II biotransformation enzymes that could be regulated by inducers. Furthermore, the implantation of the bioprinted structures in mice demonstrated their capability to vascularize, and their ability to maintain human hepatic specific functions for at least 28 days was illustrated by albumin secretion and debrisoquine metabolism. This model could hold great promise for human liver tissue generation and its use in future biotechnological developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cuvellier
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé́ environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
| | - Sophie Rose
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé́ environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Av du pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
| | - Frédéric Ezan
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé́ environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Av du pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
| | - Ulrich Jarry
- Unité de Pharmacologie Préclinique, Rennes, France, Biotrial Pharmacology, 7-9 Rue Jean-Louis Bertrand, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
| | - Hugo De Oliveira
- , Université de Bordeaux, Bioingénierie tissulaire, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076, FRANCE
| | - Arnaud Bruyère
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé́ environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Av. du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
| | - Christophe Drieu La Rochelle
- Unité de Pharmacologie Préclinique, Rennes, France, Biotrial Pharmacology, 7-9 Rue Jean-Louis Bertrand, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
| | - Vincent Legagneux
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé́ environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Av. du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
| | - Sophie Langouet
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé́ environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Av. du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
| | - Georges Baffet
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé́ environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Av. du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35000, FRANCE
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19
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Towards better prediction of xenobiotic genotoxicity: CometChip technology coupled with a 3D model of HepaRG human liver cells. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2087-2095. [PMID: 35419617 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Toxicology is facing a major change in the way toxicity testing is conducted by moving away from animal experimentation towards animal-free methods. To improve the in vitro genotoxicity assessment of chemical and physical compounds, there is an urgent need to accelerate the development of 3D cell models in high-throughput DNA damage detection platforms. Among the alternative methods, hepatic cell lines are a relevant in vitro model for studying the functions of the liver. 3D HepaRG spheroids show improved hepatocyte differentiation, longevity, and functionality compared with 2D HepaRG cultures and are therefore a relevant model for predicting in vivo responses. Recently, the comet assay was developed on 3D HepaRG cells. However, this approach is still low throughput and does not meet the challenge of evaluating the toxicity and risk to humans of tens of thousands of compounds. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the high-throughput in vitro CometChip assay on 2D and 3D HepaRG cells. HepaRG cells were exposed for 48 h to several compounds (methyl methanesulfonate, etoposide, benzo[a]pyrene, cyclophosphamide, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, and acrylamide) known to have different genotoxic modes of action. The resulting dose responses were quantified using benchmark dose modelling. DNA damage was observed for all compounds except 2-AAF in 2D HepaRG cells and etoposide in 3D HepaRG cells. Results indicate that the platform is capable of reliably identifying genotoxicants in 3D HepaRG cells, and provide further insights regarding specific responses of 2D and 3D models.
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20
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Youhanna S, Kemas AM, Preiss L, Zhou Y, Shen JX, Cakal SD, Paqualini FS, Goparaju SK, Shafagh RZ, Lind JU, Sellgren CM, Lauschke VM. Organotypic and Microphysiological Human Tissue Models for Drug Discovery and Development-Current State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:141-206. [PMID: 35017176 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of successful drug development projects has been stagnant for decades despite major breakthroughs in chemistry, molecular biology, and genetics. Unreliable target identification and poor translatability of preclinical models have been identified as major causes of failure. To improve predictions of clinical efficacy and safety, interest has shifted to three-dimensional culture methods in which human cells can retain many physiologically and functionally relevant phenotypes for extended periods of time. Here, we review the state of the art of available organotypic culture techniques and critically review emerging models of human tissues with key importance for pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity. In addition, developments in bioprinting and microfluidic multiorgan cultures to emulate systemic drug disposition are summarized. We close by highlighting important trends regarding the fabrication of organotypic culture platforms and the choice of platform material to limit drug absorption and polymer leaching while supporting the phenotypic maintenance of cultured cells and allowing for scalable device fabrication. We conclude that organotypic and microphysiological human tissue models constitute promising systems to promote drug discovery and development by facilitating drug target identification and improving the preclinical evaluation of drug toxicity and pharmacokinetics. There is, however, a critical need for further validation, benchmarking, and consolidation efforts ideally conducted in intersectoral multicenter settings to accelerate acceptance of these novel models as reliable tools for translational pharmacology and toxicology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Organotypic and microphysiological culture of human cells has emerged as a promising tool for preclinical drug discovery and development that might be able to narrow the translation gap. This review discusses recent technological and methodological advancements and the use of these systems for hit discovery and the evaluation of toxicity, clearance, and absorption of lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Youhanna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Aurino M Kemas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Lena Preiss
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Joanne X Shen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Selgin D Cakal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Francesco S Paqualini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Sravan K Goparaju
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Reza Zandi Shafagh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Johan Ulrik Lind
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Carl M Sellgren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
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21
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Handin N, Mickols E, Ölander M, Rudfeldt J, Blom K, Nyberg F, Senkowski W, Urdzik J, Maturi V, Fryknäs M, Artursson P. Conditions for maintenance of hepatocyte differentiation and function in 3D cultures. iScience 2021; 24:103235. [PMID: 34746700 PMCID: PMC8551077 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spheroid cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are used in studies of hepatic drug metabolism and toxicity. The cultures are maintained under different conditions, with possible confounding results. We performed an in-depth analysis of the influence of various culture conditions to find the optimal conditions for the maintenance of an in vivo like phenotype. The formation, protein expression, and function of PHH spheroids were followed for three weeks in a high-throughput 384-well format. Medium composition affected spheroid histology, global proteome profile, drug metabolism and drug-induced toxicity. No epithelial-mesenchymal transition was observed. Media with fasting glucose and insulin levels gave spheroids with phenotypes closest to normal PHH. The most expensive medium resulted in PHH features most divergent from that of native PHH. Our results provide a protocol for culture of healthy PHH with maintained function - a prerequisite for studies of hepatocyte homeostasis and more reproducible hepatocyte research. 3D spheroid cultures were established in 384-well format Eight different media variants were used to optimize the 3D cultures Optimized William's medium was as good as expensive commercial medium The 3D cultures were used to study drug metabolism and toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Handin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Evgeniya Mickols
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ölander
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jakob Rudfeldt
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristin Blom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frida Nyberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wojciech Senkowski
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC) and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jozef Urdzik
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Varun Maturi
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mårten Fryknäs
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Abstract
Significance: During aging, excessive production of reactive species in the liver leads to redox imbalance with consequent oxidative damage and impaired organ homeostasis. Nevertheless, slight amounts of reactive species may modulate several transcription factors, acting as second messengers and regulating specific signaling pathways. These redox-dependent alterations may impact the age-associated decline in liver regeneration. Recent Advances: In the last few decades, relevant findings related to redox alterations in the aging liver were investigated. Consistently, recent research broadened understanding of redox modifications and signaling related to liver regeneration. Other than reporting the effect of oxidative stress, epigenetic and post-translational modifications, as well as modulation of specific redox-sensitive cellular signaling, were described. Among them, the present review focuses on Wnt/β-catenin, the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2), members of the Forkhead box O (FoxO) family, and the p53 tumor suppressor. Critical Issues: Even though alteration in redox homeostasis occurs both in aging and in impaired liver regeneration, the associative mechanisms are not clearly defined. Of note, antioxidants are not effective in slowing hepatic senescence, and do not clearly improve liver repopulation after hepatectomy or transplant in humans. Future Directions: Further investigations are needed to define mutual redox-dependent molecular pathways involved both in aging and in the decline of liver regeneration. Preclinical studies aimed at the characterization of these pathways would define possible therapeutic targets for human trials. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 832-847.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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23
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Xu Q. Human Three-Dimensional Hepatic Models: Cell Type Variety and Corresponding Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:730008. [PMID: 34631680 PMCID: PMC8497968 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.730008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to retained hepatic phenotypes and functions, human three-dimensional (3D) hepatic models established with diverse hepatic cell types are thought to recoup the gaps in drug development and disease modeling limited by a conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture system and species-specific variability in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Primary human hepatocytes, human hepatic cancer cell lines, and human stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells are three main hepatic cell types used in current models and exhibit divergent hepatic phenotypes. Primary human hepatocytes derived from healthy hepatic parenchyma resemble in vivo-like genetic and metabolic profiling. Human hepatic cancer cell lines are unlimitedly reproducible and tumorigenic. Stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells derived from patients are promising to retain the donor's genetic background. It has been suggested in some studies that unique properties of cell types endue them with benefits in different research fields of in vitro 3D modeling paradigm. For instance, the primary human hepatocyte was thought to be the gold standard for hepatotoxicity study, and stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells have taken a main role in personalized medicine and regenerative medicine. However, the comprehensive review focuses on the hepatic cell type variety, and corresponding applications in 3D models are sparse. Therefore, this review summarizes the characteristics of different cell types and discusses opportunities of different cell types in drug development, liver disease modeling, and liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, and Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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24
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Shen JX, Couchet M, Dufau J, de Castro Barbosa T, Ulbrich MH, Helmstädter M, Kemas AM, Zandi Shafagh R, Marques M, Hansen JB, Mejhert N, Langin D, Rydén M, Lauschke VM. 3D Adipose Tissue Culture Links the Organotypic Microenvironment to Improved Adipogenesis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100106. [PMID: 34165908 PMCID: PMC8373086 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are strongly associated with adipose tissue dysfunction and impaired adipogenesis. Understanding the molecular underpinnings that control adipogenesis is thus of fundamental importance for the development of novel therapeutics against metabolic disorders. However, translational approaches are hampered as current models do not accurately recapitulate adipogenesis. Here, a scaffold-free versatile 3D adipocyte culture platform with chemically defined conditions is presented in which primary human preadipocytes accurately recapitulate adipogenesis. Following differentiation, multi-omics profiling and functional tests demonstrate that 3D adipocyte cultures feature mature molecular and cellular phenotypes similar to freshly isolated mature adipocytes. Spheroids exhibit physiologically relevant gene expression signatures with 4704 differentially expressed genes compared to conventional 2D cultures (false discovery rate < 0.05), including the concerted expression of factors shaping the adipogenic niche. Furthermore, lipid profiles of >1000 lipid species closely resemble patterns of the corresponding isogenic mature adipocytes in vivo (R2 = 0.97). Integration of multi-omics signatures with analyses of the activity profiles of 503 transcription factors using global promoter motif inference reveals a complex signaling network, involving YAP, Hedgehog, and TGFβ signaling, that links the organotypic microenvironment in 3D culture to the activation and reinforcement of PPARγ and CEBP activity resulting in improved adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne X. Shen
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholm171 77Sweden
| | - Morgane Couchet
- Department of MedicineHuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholm141 86Sweden
| | - Jérémy Dufau
- InsermInstitute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC)UMR1297Toulouse31432France
- Université de ToulouseUniversité Paul SabatierFaculté de Médecine, I2MCUMR1297Toulouse31432France
| | - Thais de Castro Barbosa
- Department of MedicineHuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholm141 86Sweden
| | - Maximilian H. Ulbrich
- Renal DivisionDepartment of MedicineUniversity Hospital Freiburg and Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79106Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79104Germany
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Renal DivisionDepartment of MedicineUniversity Hospital Freiburg and Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79106Germany
| | - Aurino M. Kemas
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholm171 77Sweden
| | - Reza Zandi Shafagh
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholm171 77Sweden
- Division of Micro‐ and NanosystemsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm100 44Sweden
| | - Marie‐Adeline Marques
- InsermInstitute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC)UMR1297Toulouse31432France
- Université de ToulouseUniversité Paul SabatierFaculté de Médecine, I2MCUMR1297Toulouse31432France
| | - Jacob B. Hansen
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen2100Denmark
| | - Niklas Mejhert
- Department of MedicineHuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholm141 86Sweden
| | - Dominique Langin
- InsermInstitute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC)UMR1297Toulouse31432France
- Université de ToulouseUniversité Paul SabatierFaculté de Médecine, I2MCUMR1297Toulouse31432France
- Toulouse University HospitalsDepartment of BiochemistryToulouse31079France
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of MedicineHuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholm141 86Sweden
| | - Volker M. Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholm171 77Sweden
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25
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Higgins CE, Tang J, Higgins SP, Gifford CC, Mian BM, Jones DM, Zhang W, Costello A, Conti DJ, Samarakoon R, Higgins PJ. The Genomic Response to TGF-β1 Dictates Failed Repair and Progression of Fibrotic Disease in the Obstructed Kidney. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:678524. [PMID: 34277620 PMCID: PMC8284093 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.678524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a common and diagnostic hallmark of a spectrum of chronic renal disorders. While the etiology varies as to the causative nature of the underlying pathology, persistent TGF-β1 signaling drives the relentless progression of renal fibrotic disease. TGF-β1 orchestrates the multifaceted program of kidney fibrogenesis involving proximal tubular dysfunction, failed epithelial recovery or re-differentiation, capillary collapse and subsequent interstitial fibrosis eventually leading to chronic and ultimately end-stage disease. An increasing complement of non-canonical elements function as co-factors in TGF-β1 signaling. p53 is a particularly prominent transcriptional co-regulator of several TGF-β1 fibrotic-response genes by complexing with TGF-β1 receptor-activated SMADs. This cooperative p53/TGF-β1 genomic cluster includes genes involved in cellular proliferative control, survival, apoptosis, senescence, and ECM remodeling. While the molecular basis for this co-dependency remains to be determined, a subset of TGF-β1-regulated genes possess both p53- and SMAD-binding motifs. Increases in p53 expression and phosphorylation, moreover, are evident in various forms of renal injury as well as kidney allograft rejection. Targeted reduction of p53 levels by pharmacologic and genetic approaches attenuates expression of the involved genes and mitigates the fibrotic response confirming a key role for p53 in renal disorders. This review focuses on mechanisms underlying TGF-β1-induced renal fibrosis largely in the context of ureteral obstruction, which mimics the pathophysiology of pediatric unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction, and the role of p53 as a transcriptional regulator within the TGF-β1 repertoire of fibrosis-promoting genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E. Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Stephen P. Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Cody C. Gifford
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Badar M. Mian
- The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany, NY, United States
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - David M. Jones
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Angelica Costello
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - David J. Conti
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Rohan Samarakoon
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Paul J. Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
- The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany, NY, United States
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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26
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Preiss LC, Liu R, Hewitt P, Thompson D, Georgi K, Badolo L, Lauschke VM, Petersson C. Deconvolution of Cytochrome P450 Induction Mechanisms in HepaRG Nuclear Hormone Receptor Knockout Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:668-678. [PMID: 34035124 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and PXR/CAR knockout (KO) HepaRG cells, as well as a PXR reporter gene assay, were used to investigate the mechanism of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 induction by prototypical substrates and a group of compounds from the Merck KGaA oncology drug discovery pipeline. The basal and inducible gene expression of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 of nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) KO HepaRG relative to control HepaRG was characterized. The basal expression of CYP3A4 was markedly higher in the PXR (10-fold) and CAR (11-fold) KO cell lines compared with control HepaRG, whereas inducibility was substantially lower. Inversely, basal expression of CYP3A4 in PXR/CAR double KO (dKO) was low (10-fold reduction). Basal CYP2B6 expression was high in PXR KO (9-fold) cells which showed low inducibility, whereas the basal expression remained unchanged in CAR and dKO cell lines compared with control cells. Most of the test compounds induced CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 via PXR and, to a lesser extent, via CAR. Furthermore, other non-NHR-driven induction mechanisms were implicated, either alone or in addition to NHRs. Notably, 5 of the 16 compounds (31%) that were PXR inducers in HepaRG did not activate PXR in the reporter gene assay, illustrating the limitations of this system. This study indicates that HepaRG is a highly sensitive system fit for early screening of cytochrome P450 (P450) induction in drug discovery. Furthermore, it shows the applicability of HepaRG NHR KO cells as tools to deconvolute mechanisms of P450 induction using novel compounds representative for oncology drug discovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work describes the identification of induction mechanisms of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 for an assembly of oncology drug candidates using HepaRG nuclear hormone receptor knockout and displays its advantages compared to a pregnane X receptor reporter gene assay. With this study, risk assessment of drug candidates in early drug development can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena C Preiss
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Ruoqi Liu
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Philip Hewitt
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - David Thompson
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Katrin Georgi
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Lassina Badolo
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
| | - Carl Petersson
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (L.C.P., R.L., K.G., L.B., C.P.) and Early Chemical and Preclinical Safety (P.H.), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.C.P., V.M.L.); and Research & Development, In Vitro Safety Systems, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri (D.T.)
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27
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Shibuya K, Watanabe M, Goto R, Zaitsu M, Ganchiku Y, Taketomi A. The Efficacy of the Hepatocyte Spheroids for Hepatocyte Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211000014. [PMID: 33900126 PMCID: PMC8085376 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety and short-term efficacy of hepatocyte transplantation (HCTx) have been widely proven. However, issues such as reduced viability and/or function of hepatocytes, insufficient engraftment, and lack of a long-term effect have to be overcome for widespread application of HCTx. In this study, we evaluated hepatocyte spheroids (HSs), formed by self-aggregation of hepatocytes, as an alternative to hepatocytes in single-cell suspension. Hepatocytes were isolated from C57BL/6 J mice liver using a three-step collagenase perfusion technique and HSs were formed by the hanging drop method. After the spheroids formation, the HSs showed significantly higher mRNA expression of albumin, ornithine transcarbamylase, glucose-6-phosphate, alpha-1-antitrypsin, low density lipoprotein receptor, coagulation factors, and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) than 2 dimensional (2D)-cultured hepatocytes (p < 0.05). Albumin production by HSs was significantly higher than that by 2D-cultured hepatocytes (9.5 ± 2.5 vs 3.5 ± 1.8 μg/dL, p < 0.05). The HSs, but not single hepatocytes, maintained viability and albumin mRNA expression in suspension (92.0 ± 2.8% and 1.03 ± 0.09 at 6 h). HSs (3.6 × 106 cells) or isolated hepatocytes (fSH, 3.6 × 106 cells) were transplanted into the liver of ApoE knockout (KO-/-) mice via the portal vein. Following transplantation, serum ApoE concentration (ng/mL) of HS-transplanted mice (1w: 63.1 ± 56.7, 4w: 17.0 ± 10.9) was higher than that of fSH-transplanted mice (1 w: 33.4 ± 13.0, 4w: 13.7 ± 9.6). In both groups, the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, and MIP-1β) were upregulated in the liver following transplantation; however, no significant differences were observed. Pathologically, transplanted HSs were observed as flat cell clusters in contact with the portal vein wall on day 7. Additionally, ApoE positive cells were observed in the liver parenchyma distant from the portal vein on day 28. Our results indicate that HS is a promising alternative to single hepatocytes and can be applied for HCTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Shibuya
- Department of Gastroenterological surgery I, 12810Hokkaido university graduate school, kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Watanabe
- Transplant surgery, 163693Hokkaido University Hospital, kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Goto
- Department of Gastroenterological surgery I, 12810Hokkaido university graduate school, kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Zaitsu
- Department of Gastroenterological surgery I, 12810Hokkaido university graduate school, kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ganchiku
- Department of Gastroenterological surgery I, 12810Hokkaido university graduate school, kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Taketomi
- Department of Gastroenterological surgery I, 12810Hokkaido university graduate school, kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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28
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Ingelman-Sundberg M, Lauschke VM. 3D human liver spheroids for translational pharmacology and toxicology. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 130 Suppl 1:5-15. [PMID: 33872466 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug development is a failure-prone endeavour, and more than 85% of drugs fail during clinical development, showcasing that current preclinical systems for compound selection are clearly inadequate. Liver toxicity remains a major reason for safety failures. Furthermore, all efforts to develop pharmacological therapies for a variety of chronic liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis, remain unsuccessful. Considering the time and expense of clinical trials, as well as the substantial burden on patients, new strategies are thus of paramount importance to increase clinical success rates. To this end, human liver spheroids are becoming increasingly utilized as they allow to preserve patient-specific phenotypes and functions for multiple weeks in culture. We here review the recent application of such systems for i) predictive and mechanistic analyses of drug hepatotoxicity, ii) the evaluation of hepatic disposition and metabolite formation of low clearance drugs and iii) the development of drugs for metabolic and infectious liver diseases, including NASH, fibrosis, malaria and viral hepatitis. We envision that with increasing dissemination, liver spheroids might become the new gold standard for such applications in translational pharmacology and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Dufau J, Shen JX, Couchet M, De Castro Barbosa T, Mejhert N, Massier L, Griseti E, Mouisel E, Amri EZ, Lauschke VM, Rydén M, Langin D. In vitro and ex vivo models of adipocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C822-C841. [PMID: 33439778 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00519.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipocytes are specialized cells with pleiotropic roles in physiology and pathology. Several types of fat cells with distinct metabolic properties coexist in various anatomically defined fat depots in mammals. White, beige, and brown adipocytes differ in their handling of lipids and thermogenic capacity, promoting differences in size and morphology. Moreover, adipocytes release lipids and proteins with paracrine and endocrine functions. The intrinsic properties of adipocytes pose specific challenges in culture. Mature adipocytes float in suspension culture due to high triacylglycerol content and are fragile. Moreover, a fully differentiated state, notably acquirement of the unilocular lipid droplet of white adipocyte, has so far not been reached in two-dimensional culture. Cultures of mouse and human-differentiated preadipocyte cell lines and primary cells have been established to mimic white, beige, and brown adipocytes. Here, we survey various models of differentiated preadipocyte cells and primary mature adipocyte survival describing main characteristics, culture conditions, advantages, and limitations. An important development is the advent of three-dimensional culture, notably of adipose spheroids that recapitulate in vivo adipocyte function and morphology in fat depots. Challenges for the future include isolation and culture of adipose-derived stem cells from different anatomic location in animal models and humans differing in sex, age, fat mass, and pathophysiological conditions. Further understanding of fat cell physiology and dysfunction will be achieved through genetic manipulation, notably CRISPR-mediated gene editing. Capturing adipocyte heterogeneity at the single-cell level within a single fat depot will be key to understanding diversities in cardiometabolic parameters among lean and obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Dufau
- Inserm, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), UMR1297, Toulouse, France.,Faculté de Médecine, I2MC, UMR1297, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Joanne X Shen
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Morgane Couchet
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine (H7), Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Niklas Mejhert
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine (H7), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucas Massier
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine (H7), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Griseti
- Inserm, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), UMR1297, Toulouse, France.,Faculté de Médecine, I2MC, UMR1297, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Mouisel
- Inserm, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), UMR1297, Toulouse, France.,Faculté de Médecine, I2MC, UMR1297, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Volker M Lauschke
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine (H7), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dominique Langin
- Inserm, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), UMR1297, Toulouse, France.,Faculté de Médecine, I2MC, UMR1297, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse University Hospitals, Department of Biochemistry, Toulouse, France
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30
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Rose S, Ezan F, Cuvellier M, Bruyère A, Legagneux V, Langouët S, Baffet G. Generation of proliferating human adult hepatocytes using optimized 3D culture conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:515. [PMID: 33436872 PMCID: PMC7804446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Generating the proliferation of differentiated normal adult human hepatocytes is a major challenge and an expected central step in understanding the microenvironmental conditions that regulate the phenotype of human hepatocytes in vitro. In this work, we described optimized 3D culture conditions of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) to trigger two waves of proliferation and we identified matrix stiffness and cell–cell interactions as the main actors necessary for this proliferation. We demonstrated that DNA replication and overexpression of cell cycle markers are modulate by the matrix stiffness while PHH cultured in 3D without prior cellular interactions did not proliferate. Besides, we showed that PHH carry out an additional cell cycle after transient inhibition of MAPK MER1/2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Collagen cultured hepatocytes are organized as characteristic hollow spheroids able to maintain survival, cell polarity and hepatic differentiation for long-term culture periods of at least 28 days. Remarkably, we demonstrated by transcriptomic analysis and functional experiments that proliferating cells are mature hepatocytes with high detoxication capacities. In conclusion, the advanced 3D model described here, named Hepoid, is particularly relevant for obtaining normal human proliferating hepatocytes. By allowing concomitant proliferation and differentiation, it constitutes a promising tool for many pharmacological and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Rose
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Ezan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Marie Cuvellier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Bruyère
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Legagneux
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Langouët
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Georges Baffet
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France.
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31
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Stebbing J, Sánchez Nievas G, Falcone M, Youhanna S, Richardson P, Ottaviani S, Shen JX, Sommerauer C, Tiseo G, Ghiadoni L, Virdis A, Monzani F, Rizos LR, Forfori F, Avendaño Céspedes A, De Marco S, Carrozzi L, Lena F, Sánchez-Jurado PM, Lacerenza LG, Cesira N, Caldevilla Bernardo D, Perrella A, Niccoli L, Méndez LS, Matarrese D, Goletti D, Tan YJ, Monteil V, Dranitsaris G, Cantini F, Farcomeni A, Dutta S, Burley SK, Zhang H, Pistello M, Li W, Romero MM, Andrés Pretel F, Simón-Talero RS, García-Molina R, Kutter C, Felce JH, Nizami ZF, Miklosi AG, Penninger JM, Menichetti F, Mirazimi A, Abizanda P, Lauschke VM. JAK inhibition reduces SARS-CoV-2 liver infectivity and modulates inflammatory responses to reduce morbidity and mortality. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe4724. [PMID: 33187978 PMCID: PMC7775747 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe4724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Using AI, we identified baricitinib as having antiviral and anticytokine efficacy. We now show a 71% (95% CI 0.15 to 0.58) mortality benefit in 83 patients with moderate-severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with few drug-induced adverse events, including a large elderly cohort (median age, 81 years). An additional 48 cases with mild-moderate pneumonia recovered uneventfully. Using organotypic 3D cultures of primary human liver cells, we demonstrate that interferon-α2 increases ACE2 expression and SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in parenchymal cells by greater than fivefold. RNA-seq reveals gene response signatures associated with platelet activation, fully inhibited by baricitinib. Using viral load quantifications and superresolution microscopy, we found that baricitinib exerts activity rapidly through the inhibition of host proteins (numb-associated kinases), uniquely among antivirals. This reveals mechanistic actions of a Janus kinase-1/2 inhibitor targeting viral entry, replication, and the cytokine storm and is associated with beneficial outcomes including in severely ill elderly patients, data that incentivize further randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - Ginés Sánchez Nievas
- Department of Rheumatology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Marco Falcone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Youhanna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Joanne X Shen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Sommerauer
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Giusy Tiseo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ghiadoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Agostino Virdis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Monzani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luis Romero Rizos
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
- CIBERFES, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesco Forfori
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Pisa, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Almudena Avendaño Céspedes
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
- CIBERFES, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvatore De Marco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Carrozzi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Pisa, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Lena
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine, Misericordia Hospital, Grosseto, Italy
| | - Pedro Manuel Sánchez-Jurado
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
- CIBERFES, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nencioni Cesira
- Department of Medicine, Misericordia Hospital, Grosseto, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Niccoli
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
| | - Lourdes Sáez Méndez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Delia Goletti
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Yee-Joo Tan
- University of Singapore, Infectious Diseases Programme, Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vanessa Monteil
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, and SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George Dranitsaris
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Alessio Farcomeni
- Department of Economics and Finance, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome Italy
| | - Shuchismita Dutta
- RCSB Protein Data Bank, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Stephen K Burley
- RCSB Protein Data Bank, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Departments of Anesthesia, Medicine, and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - William Li
- The Angiogenesis Foundation, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marta Mas Romero
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Fernando Andrés Pretel
- Department of Statistics, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Rafael García-Molina
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Claudia Kutter
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Francesco Menichetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, and SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pedro Abizanda
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
- CIBERFES, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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32
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Cox CR, Lynch S, Goldring C, Sharma P. Current Perspective: 3D Spheroid Models Utilizing Human-Based Cells for Investigating Metabolism-Dependent Drug-Induced Liver Injury. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 2:611913. [PMID: 35047893 PMCID: PMC8757888 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2020.611913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a leading cause for the withdrawal of approved drugs. This has significant financial implications for pharmaceutical companies, places increasing strain on global health services, and causes harm to patients. For these reasons, it is essential that in-vitro liver models are capable of detecting DILI-positive compounds and their underlying mechanisms, prior to their approval and administration to patients or volunteers in clinical trials. Metabolism-dependent DILI is an important mechanism of drug-induced toxicity, which often involves the CYP450 family of enzymes, and is associated with the production of a chemically reactive metabolite and/or inefficient removal and accumulation of potentially toxic compounds. Unfortunately, many of the traditional in-vitro liver models fall short of their in-vivo counterparts, failing to recapitulate the mature hepatocyte phenotype, becoming metabolically incompetent, and lacking the longevity to investigate and detect metabolism-dependent DILI and those associated with chronic and repeat dosing regimens. Nevertheless, evidence is gathering to indicate that growing cells in 3D formats can increase the complexity of these models, promoting a more mature-hepatocyte phenotype and increasing their longevity, in vitro. This review will discuss the use of 3D in vitro models, namely spheroids, organoids, and perfusion-based systems to establish suitable liver models to investigate metabolism-dependent DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Cox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Christopher R. Cox
| | - Stephen Lynch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Goldring
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Parveen Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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