1
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Choudhury S, Joshi A, Baghel VS, Ananthasuresh GK, Asthana S, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Chatterjee K. Design-encoded dual shape-morphing and shape-memory in 4D printed polymer parts toward cellularized vascular grafts. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5678-5689. [PMID: 38747702 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Current additive manufacturing technologies wherein as-printed simple two-dimensional (2D) structures morph into complex tissue mimetic three-dimensional (3D) shapes are limited to multi-material hydrogel systems, which necessitates multiple fabrication steps and specific materials. This work utilizes a single shape memory thermoplastic polymer (SMP), PLMC (polylactide-co-trimethylene carbonate), to achieve programmable shape deformation through anisotropic design and infill angles encoded during 3D printing. The shape changes were first computationally predicted through finite element analysis (FEA) simulations and then experimentally validated through quantitative correlation. Rectangular 2D sheets could self-roll into complete hollow tubes of specific diameters (ranging from ≈6 mm to ≈10 mm) and lengths (as long as 40 mm), as quantitatively predicted from FEA simulations within one minute at relatively lower temperatures (≈80 °C). Furthermore, shape memory properties were demonstrated post-shape change to exhibit dual shape morphing at temperatures close to physiological levels. The tubes (retained as the permanent shape) were deformed into flat sheets (temporary shape), seeded with endothelial cells (at T < Tg), and thereafter triggered at ≈37 °C back into tubes (permanent shape), utilizing the shape memory properties to yield bioresorbable tubes with cellularized lumens for potential use as vascular grafts with improved long-term patency. Additionally, out-of-plane bending and twisting deformation were demonstrated in complex structures by careful control of infill angles that can unprecedently expand the scope of cellularized biomimetic 3D shapes. This work demonstrates the potential of the combination of shape morphing and SMP behaviors at physiological temperatures to yield next-generation smart implants with precise control over dimensions for tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswat Choudhury
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Akshat Joshi
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Vageesh Singh Baghel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - G K Ananthasuresh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Sonal Asthana
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Multi-Organ Transplantation Surgery, Aster CMI Hospital, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Shervanthi Homer-Vanniasinkam
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Division of Surgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India.
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India
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2
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Yue L, Ambergen EPJ, Lugger SJD, Peeketi AR, Annabattula RK, Schenning APHJ, Debije MG. Vacuum Thermoforming of Optically Switchable Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Spherical Actuators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402559. [PMID: 38627932 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) actuators are generally limited in shape, size, and quantity by the need for aligning via stretching and fixing via photopolymerizing. A thermoplastic LCE is presented that may be vacuum thermoformed into centimeter-sized hemispheres. The scalable industrial process induces LCE alignment without requiring postfixing. The hemispheres display remarkable properties, actuating with strains around 20% and transitioning from opaque and scattering to highly translucent upon heating: both the physical and optical effects are fully reversible. Simulations reveal the LCE experiences biaxial strains during processing, the magnitude varying as a function of location on the hemisphere: the resulting alignment describing the hemisphere actuation well. The thermoplastic LCE hemispheres may be combined to form complete spheres by simply heating the joint. The hemisphere can also be physically deformed into a ball which can then unfold back into the hemisphere again. By doping the hemispheres with photoswitches, fluorescent or photothermal dyes, devices are formed for light collection and redistribution, addressable water containers that may pour at will, and light-responsive surfing devices. This is the first example of an LCE amenable to high-volume industrial vacuum thermoforming which may lead to intricate 3D-shaped actuators with new functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lansong Yue
- Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Erik P J Ambergen
- Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Sean J D Lugger
- Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Akhil Reddy Peeketi
- Center for Soft and Biological Matter, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
- Stimuli-Responsive Systems Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Ratna Kumar Annabattula
- Center for Soft and Biological Matter, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
- Stimuli-Responsive Systems Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Interactive Polymer Materials (IPM), Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G Debije
- Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Interactive Polymer Materials (IPM), Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
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3
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Zhou S, Zhao Y, Xun Y, Wei Z, Yang Y, Yan W, Ding J. Programmable and Modularized Gas Sensor Integrated by 3D Printing. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3608-3643. [PMID: 38498933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The rapid advancement of intelligent manufacturing technology has enabled electronic equipment to achieve synergistic design and programmable optimization through computer-aided engineering. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, with the unique characteristics of near-net-shape forming and mold-free fabrication, serves as an effective medium for the materialization of digital designs into usable devices. This methodology is particularly applicable to gas sensors, where performance can be collaboratively optimized by the tailored design of each internal module including composition, microstructure, and architecture. Meanwhile, diverse 3D printing technologies can realize modularized fabrication according to the application requirements. The integration of artificial intelligence software systems further facilitates the output of precise and dependable signals. Simultaneously, the self-learning capabilities of the system also promote programmable optimization for the hardware, fostering continuous improvement of gas sensors for dynamic environments. This review investigates the latest studies on 3D-printed gas sensor devices and relevant components, elucidating the technical features and advantages of different 3D printing processes. A general testing framework for the performance evaluation of customized gas sensors is proposed. Additionally, it highlights the superiority and challenges of programmable and modularized gas sensors, providing a comprehensive reference for material adjustments, structure design, and process modifications for advanced gas sensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiang Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Yijing Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Yanran Xun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Zhicheng Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Yong Yang
- Temasek Laboratories, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Wentao Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
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4
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Wan X, Xiao Z, Tian Y, Chen M, Liu F, Wang D, Liu Y, Bartolo PJDS, Yan C, Shi Y, Zhao RR, Qi HJ, Zhou K. Recent Advances in 4D Printing of Advanced Materials and Structures for Functional Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312263. [PMID: 38439193 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
4D printing has attracted tremendous worldwide attention during the past decade. This technology enables the shape, property, or functionality of printed structures to change with time in response to diverse external stimuli, making the original static structures alive. The revolutionary 4D-printing technology offers remarkable benefits in controlling geometric and functional reconfiguration, thereby showcasing immense potential across diverse fields, including biomedical engineering, electronics, robotics, and photonics. Here, a comprehensive review of the latest achievements in 4D printing using various types of materials and different additive manufacturing techniques is presented. The state-of-the-art strategies implemented in harnessing various 4D-printed structures are highlighted, which involve materials design, stimuli, functionalities, and applications. The machine learning approach explored for 4D printing is also discussed. Finally, the perspectives on the current challenges and future trends toward further development in 4D printing are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wan
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhongmin Xiao
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yujia Tian
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Mei Chen
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Paulo Jorge Da Silva Bartolo
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chunze Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ruike Renee Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hang Jerry Qi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Kun Zhou
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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5
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Guo S, Cui H, Agarwal T, Zhang LG. Nanomaterials in 4D Printing: Expanding the Frontiers of Advanced Manufacturing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2307750. [PMID: 38431939 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
As an innovative technology, four-dimentional (4D) printing is built upon the principles of three-dimentional (3D) printing with an additional dimension: time. While traditional 3D printing creates static objects, 4D printing generates "responsive 3D printed structures", enabling them to transform or self-assemble in response to external stimuli. Due to the dynamic nature, 4D printing has demonstrated tremendous potential in a range of industries, encompassing aerospace, healthcare, and intelligent devices. Nanotechnology has gained considerable attention owing to the exceptional properties and functions of nanomaterials. Incorporating nanomaterials into an intelligent matrix enhances the physiochemical properties of 4D printed constructs, introducing novel functions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current applications of nanomaterials in 4D printing, exploring their synergistic potential to create dynamic and responsive structures. Nanomaterials play diverse roles as rheology modifiers, mechanical enhancers, function introducers, and more. The overarching goal of this review is to inspire researchers to delve into the vast potential of nanomaterial-enabled 4D printing, propelling advancements in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Guo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Haitao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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6
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Baniasadi H, Abidnejad R, Fazeli M, Lipponen J, Niskanen J, Kontturi E, Seppälä J, Rojas OJ. Innovations in hydrogel-based manufacturing: A comprehensive review of direct ink writing technique for biomedical applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 324:103095. [PMID: 38301316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Direct ink writing (DIW) stands as a pioneering additive manufacturing technique that holds transformative potential in the field of hydrogel fabrication. This innovative approach allows for the precise deposition of hydrogel inks layer by layer, creating complex three-dimensional structures with tailored shapes, sizes, and functionalities. By harnessing the versatility of hydrogels, DIW opens up possibilities for applications spanning from tissue engineering to soft robotics and wearable devices. This comprehensive review investigates DIW as applied to hydrogels and its multifaceted applications. The paper introduces a diverse range of printing techniques while providing a thorough exploration of DIW for hydrogel-based printing. The investigation aims to explain the progress made, challenges faced, and potential trajectories that lie ahead for DIW in hydrogel-based manufacturing. The fundamental principles underlying DIW are carefully examined, specifically focusing on rheological attributes and printing parameters, prompting a comprehensive survey of the wide variety of hydrogel materials. These encompass both natural and synthetic variations, all of which can be effectively harnessed for this purpose. Furthermore, the review explores the latest applications of DIW for hydrogels in biomedical areas, with a primary focus on tissue engineering, wound dressing, and drug delivery systems. The document not only consolidates the existing state of DIW within the context of hydrogel-based manufacturing but also charts potential avenues for further research and innovative breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Baniasadi
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Roozbeh Abidnejad
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Mahyar Fazeli
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Juha Lipponen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Jukka Niskanen
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Jukka Seppälä
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland; Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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7
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Xue E, Liu L, Wu W, Wang B. Soft Fiber/Textile Actuators: From Design Strategies to Diverse Applications. ACS NANO 2024; 18:89-118. [PMID: 38146868 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Fiber/textile-based actuators have garnered considerable attention due to their distinctive attributes, encompassing higher degrees of freedom, intriguing deformations, and enhanced adaptability to complex structures. Recent studies highlight the development of advanced fibers and textiles, expanding the application scope of fiber/textile-based actuators across diverse emerging fields. Unlike sheet-like soft actuators, fibers/textiles with intricate structures exhibit versatile movements, such as contraction, coiling, bending, and folding, achieved through adjustable strain and stroke. In this review article, we provide a timely and comprehensive overview of fiber/textile actuators, including structures, fabrication methods, actuation principles, and applications. After discussing the hierarchical structure and deformation of the fiber/textile actuator, we discuss various spinning strategies, detailing the merits and drawbacks of each. Next, we present the actuation principles of fiber/fabric actuators, along with common external stimuli. In addition, we provide a summary of the emerging applications of fiber/textile actuators. Concluding with an assessment of existing challenges and future opportunities, this review aims to provide a valuable perspective on the enticing realm of fiber/textile-based actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enbo Xue
- School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, P. R. China
| | - Limei Liu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Binghao Wang
- School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, P. R. China
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8
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Peng W, Mu H, Liang X, Zhang X, Zhao Q, Xie T. Digital Laser Direct Writing of Internal Stress in Shape Memory Polymer for Anticounterfeiting and 4D Printing. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1698-1704. [PMID: 38039381 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a type of smart shape-shifting material that can respond to various stimuli. Their shape recovery pathway is determined by the internal stress stored in the temporary shapes. Thus, manipulating the internal stress is key to the potential applications of SMPs. This is commonly achieved by the types of deformation forces applied during the programming stage. In contrast, we present here a digital laser direct writing method to selectively induce thermal relaxation of internal stress stored in the two-dimensional (2D) shape of a thermoplastic SMP. The internal stress field, while invisible under natural light, can be visualized under polarized light. Consequently, the digital stress pattern can be used for anticounterfeiting. In addition, further uniform heating induces the release of the programmed internal stress within the 2D film. This triggers its transformation into a three-dimensional (3D) shape, enabling 4D printing. The simplicity and versatility of our approach in manipulating internal stress and shape-shifting make it attractive for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Hongfeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xin Liang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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9
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Barrulas RV, Corvo MC. Rheology in Product Development: An Insight into 3D Printing of Hydrogels and Aerogels. Gels 2023; 9:986. [PMID: 38131974 PMCID: PMC10742728 DOI: 10.3390/gels9120986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheological characterisation plays a crucial role in developing and optimising advanced materials in the form of hydrogels and aerogels, especially if 3D printing technologies are involved. Applications ranging from tissue engineering to environmental remediation require the fine-tuning of such properties. Nonetheless, their complex rheological behaviour presents unique challenges in additive manufacturing. This review outlines the vital rheological parameters that influence the printability of hydrogel and aerogel inks, emphasising the importance of viscosity, yield stress, and viscoelasticity. Furthermore, the article discusses the latest developments in rheological modifiers and printing techniques that enable precise control over material deposition and resolution in 3D printing. By understanding and manipulating the rheological properties of these materials, researchers can explore new possibilities for applications such as biomedicine or nanotechnology. An optimal 3D printing ink requires strong shear-thinning behaviour for smooth extrusion, forming continuous filaments. Favourable thixotropic properties aid viscosity recovery post-printing, and adequate yield stress and G' are crucial for structural integrity, preventing deformation or collapse in printed objects, and ensuring high-fidelity preservation of shapes. This insight into rheology provides tools for the future of material design and manufacturing in the rapidly evolving field of 3D printing of hydrogels and aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta C. Corvo
- i3N|Cenimat, Department of Materials Science (DCM), NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
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10
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Yan S, Zhang F, Luo L, Wang L, Liu Y, Leng J. Shape Memory Polymer Composites: 4D Printing, Smart Structures, and Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0234. [PMID: 37941913 PMCID: PMC10629366 DOI: 10.34133/research.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) and their composites (SMPCs) are smart materials that can be stably deformed and then return to their original shape under external stimulation, thus having a memory of their shape. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an advanced technology for fabricating products using a digital software tool. Four-dimensional (4D) printing is a new generation of additive manufacturing technology that combines shape memory materials and 3D printing technology. Currently, 4D-printed SMPs and SMPCs are gaining considerable research attention and are finding use in various fields, including biomedical science. This review introduces SMPs, SMPCs, and 4D printing technologies, highlighting several special 4D-printed structures. It summarizes the recent research progress of 4D-printed SMPs and SMPCs in various fields, with particular emphasis on biomedical applications. Additionally, it presents an overview of the challenges and development prospects of 4D-printed SMPs and SMPCs and provides a preliminary discussion and useful reference for the research and application of 4D-printed SMPs and SMPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Yan
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures,
Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No.2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures,
Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No.2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Luo
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures,
Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No.2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures,
Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No.2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Department of Astronautic Science and Mechanics,
Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No. 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures,
Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No.2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150000, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Cianciosi A, Simon J, Bartolf-Kopp M, Grausgruber H, Dargaville TR, Forget A, Groll J, Jungst T, Beaumont M. Direct ink writing of multifunctional nanocellulose and allyl-modified gelatin biomaterial inks for the fabrication of mechanically and functionally graded constructs. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 319:121145. [PMID: 37567703 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Recreating the intricate mechanical and functional gradients found in natural tissues through additive manufacturing poses significant challenges, including the need for precise control over time and space and the availability of versatile biomaterial inks. In this proof-of-concept study, we developed a new biomaterial ink for direct ink writing, allowing the creation of 3D structures with tailorable functional and mechanical gradients. Our ink formulation combined multifunctional cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), allyl-functionalized gelatin (0.8-2.0 wt%), and polyethylene glycol dithiol (3.0-7.5 wt%). The CNF served as a rheology modifier, whereas a concentration of 1.8 w/v % in the inks was chosen for optimal printability and shape fidelity. In addition, CNFs were functionalized with azido groups, enabling the spatial distribution of functional moieties within a 3D structure. These functional groups were further modified using a spontaneous click chemistry reaction. Through additive manufacturing and a readily available static mixer, we successfully demonstrated the fabrication of mechanical gradients - ranging from 3 to 6 kPa in indentation strength - and functional gradients. Additionally, we introduced dual gradients by combining gradient printing with an anisotropic photocrosslinking step. The developed biomaterial ink opens up possibilities for printing intricate multigradient structures, resembling the complex hierarchical organization seen in living tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cianciosi
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, Würzburg 97070, Germany
| | - Jonas Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Michael Bartolf-Kopp
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, Würzburg 97070, Germany
| | - Heinrich Grausgruber
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Tim R Dargaville
- ARC Centre for Cell & Tissue Engineering Technologies, Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, QUT Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Aurélien Forget
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, Würzburg 97070, Germany
| | - Tomasz Jungst
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, Würzburg 97070, Germany.
| | - Marco Beaumont
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
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12
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Zheng J, Zhao X, Guo H, Qiu Y, Wang X, Liu L, Yu H. A 4D-Printing Inverse Design Strategy for Micromachines with Customized Shape-Morphing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302656. [PMID: 37345000 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
An active heterostructure with smart-response material used as "muscle" and inactive material as "skeleton" can deform over time to respond to external stimuli. 4D printing integrated with two-photon polymerization technology and smart material allows the material or characteristic distribution of active heterostructures to be defined directly at the microscale, providing a huge programmable space. However, the high degree of design freedom and the microscale pose a challenge to the construction of micromachines with customized shape morphing. Here, a reverse design strategy based on multi-material stepwise 4D printing is proposed to guide the structural design of biomimetic micromachines. Inspired by the piecewise constant curvature model of soft robot, a reverse design algorithm based on the Timoshenko model is developed. The algorithm can approximate 2D features to a constant-curvature model and determine an acceptable material distribution within the explored printing range. Three Chinese "Long" (Chinese dragon heralds of good fortune) designed by the strategy can deform to the customized shape. In addition, a microcrawler printed using this method can imitate a real inchworm gait. These results demonstrate that this method can be an efficient tool for the action or shape design of bionic soft microrobots or micromachines with predetermined functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110169, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuzhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110169, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianchen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110169, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiubao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- School of Information Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongji Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110169, China
| | - Ye Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110169, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoduo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110169, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110169, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110169, China
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13
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Zhou Y, Chen J, Liu X, Xu J. Three/Four-Dimensional Printed PLA Nano/Microstructures: Crystallization Principles and Practical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13691. [PMID: 37761994 PMCID: PMC10531236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to traditional methods, three/four-dimensional (3D/4D) printing technologies allow rapid prototyping and mass customization, which are ideal for preparing nano/microstructures of soft polymer materials. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is a biopolymer material widely used in additive manufacturing (AM) because of its biocompatibility and biodegradability. Unfortunately, owing to its intrinsically poor nucleation ability, a PLA product is usually in an amorphous state after industrial processing, leading to some undesirable properties such as a barrier property and low thermal resistance. Crystallization mediation offers a most practical way to improve the properties of PLA products. Herein, we summarize and discuss 3D/4D printing technologies in the processing of PLA nano/microstructures, focusing on crystallization principles and practical applications including bio-inspired structures, flexible electronics and biomedical engineering mainly reported in the last five years. Moreover, the challenges and prospects of 3D/4D printing technologies in the fabrication of high-performance PLA materials nano/microstructures will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jianwei Xu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
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14
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Soleymani S, Naghib SM. 3D and 4D printing hydroxyapatite-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and regeneration. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19363. [PMID: 37662765 PMCID: PMC10474476 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The osseous tissue can be classified as a nanocomposite that encompasses a complex interweaving of organic and inorganic matrices. This intricate amalgamation consists of a collagen component and a mineral phase that are intricately arranged to form elaborate and perforated configurations. Hydroxyapatite, whether synthesized artificially or obtained from natural sources, has garnered considerable attention as a composite material in the field of bone tissue engineering due to its striking resemblance to bone in terms of structure and characteristics. Hydroxyapatite (HA) constitutes the predominant ceramic biomaterial for biomedical applications due to its ability to replicate the mineral composition of vertebrate bone. Nonetheless, it is noteworthy that the present biomimetic substance exhibits unfavorable mechanical characteristics, characterized by insufficient tensile and compressive strength, thus rendering it unsuitable for effective employment in the field of bone tissue engineering. Due to its beneficial attributes, hydroxyapatite (HA) is frequently employed in conjunction with various polymers and crosslinkers as composites to enhance mechanical properties and overall efficacy of implantable biomaterials engineered. The restoration of skeletal defects through the use of customized replacements is an effective way to replace damaged or lost bone structures. This method not only restores the bones' original functions but also reinstates their initial aesthetic appearance. The utilization of hydroxyapatite-polymer composites within 3D-printed grafts necessitates meticulous optimization of both mechanical and biological properties, in order to ensure their suitability for employment in medical devices. The utilization of 3D-printing technology represents an innovative approach in the manufacturing of HA-based scaffolds, which offers advantageous prospects for personalized bone regeneration. The expeditious prototyping method, with emphasis on the application of 3D printing, presents a viable approach in the development of bespoke prosthetic implants, grounded on healthcare data sets. 4D printing approach is an evolved form of 3D printing that utilizes programmable materials capable of altering the intended shape of printed structures, contingent upon single or dual stimulating factors. These factors include aspects such as pH level, temperature, humidity, crosslinking degree, and leaching factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Soleymani
- Nanotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Morteza Naghib
- Nanotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
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15
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Ma RY, Sun WJ, Xu L, Jia LC, Yan DX, Li ZM. Permanent Shape Reconfiguration and Locally Reversible Actuation of a Carbon Nanotube/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Composite by Constructing a Dynamic Cross-Linked Network. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:40954-40962. [PMID: 37584965 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Given the rapid developments in modern devices, there is an urgent need for shape-memory polymer composites (SMPCs) in soft robots and other fields. However, it remains a challenge to endow SMPCs with both a reconfigurable permanent shape and a locally reversible shape transformation. Herein, a dynamic cross-linked network was facilely constructed in carbon nanotube/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (CNT/EVA) composites by designing the molecular structure of EVA. The CNT/EVA composite with 0.05 wt % CNT realized a steady-state temperature of ∼75 °C under 0.11 W/cm2 light intensity, which gave rise to remote actuation behavior. The dynamic cross-linked network along with a wide melting temperature offered opportunities for chemical and physical programming, thus realizing the achievement of the programmable three-dimensional (3D) structure and locally reversible actuation. Specifically, the CNT/EVA composite exhibited a superior permanent shape reconfiguration by activating the dynamic cross-linked network at 140 °C. The composite also showed a high reversible deformation rate of 11.1%. These features endowed the composites with the capability of transformation to 3D structure as well as locally reversible actuation performance. This work provides an attractive guideline for the future design of SMPCs with sophisticated structures and actuation capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Yu Ma
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wen-Jin Sun
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ling Xu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li-Chuan Jia
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ding-Xiang Yan
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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16
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Chen H, Liu Y, Balabani S, Hirayama R, Huang J. Machine Learning in Predicting Printable Biomaterial Formulations for Direct Ink Writing. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0197. [PMID: 37469394 PMCID: PMC10353544 DOI: 10.34133/research.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is emerging as a transformative technology for biomedical engineering. The 3D printed product can be patient-specific by allowing customizability and direct control of the architecture. The trial-and-error approach currently used for developing the composition of printable inks is time- and resource-consuming due to the increasing number of variables requiring expert knowledge. Artificial intelligence has the potential to reshape the ink development process by forming a predictive model for printability from experimental data. In this paper, we constructed machine learning (ML) algorithms including decision tree, random forest (RF), and deep learning (DL) to predict the printability of biomaterials. A total of 210 formulations including 16 different bioactive and smart materials and 4 solvents were 3D printed, and their printability was assessed. All ML methods were able to learn and predict the printability of a variety of inks based on their biomaterial formulations. In particular, the RF algorithm has achieved the highest accuracy (88.1%), precision (90.6%), and F1 score (87.0%), indicating the best overall performance out of the 3 algorithms, while DL has the highest recall (87.3%). Furthermore, the ML algorithms have predicted the printability window of biomaterials to guide the ink development. The printability map generated with DL has finer granularity than other algorithms. ML has proven to be an effective and novel strategy for developing biomaterial formulations with desired 3D printability for biomedical engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University College London, London, UK
- Department of Computer Science,
University College London, London, UK
| | - Yuanchang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University College London, London, UK
| | - Stavroula Balabani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome-EPSRC Centre for Interventional Surgical Sciences (WEISS),
University College London, London, UK
| | - Ryuji Hirayama
- Department of Computer Science,
University College London, London, UK
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University College London, London, UK
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17
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Ramezani M, Mohd Ripin Z. 4D Printing in Biomedical Engineering: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:347. [PMID: 37504842 PMCID: PMC10381284 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14070347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
4D printing has emerged as a transformative technology in the field of biomedical engineering, offering the potential for dynamic, stimuli-responsive structures with applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, medical devices, and diagnostics. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the advancements, challenges, and future directions of 4D printing in biomedical engineering. We discuss the development of smart materials, including stimuli-responsive polymers, shape-memory materials, and bio-inks, as well as the various fabrication techniques employed, such as direct-write assembly, stereolithography, and multi-material jetting. Despite the promising advances, several challenges persist, including material limitations related to biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and degradation rates; fabrication complexities arising from the integration of multiple materials, resolution and accuracy, and scalability; and regulatory and ethical considerations surrounding safety and efficacy. As we explore the future directions for 4D printing, we emphasise the need for material innovations, fabrication advancements, and emerging applications such as personalised medicine, nanomedicine, and bioelectronic devices. Interdisciplinary research and collaboration between material science, biology, engineering, regulatory agencies, and industry are essential for overcoming challenges and realising the full potential of 4D printing in the biomedical engineering landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Ramezani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Zaidi Mohd Ripin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Malaysia
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18
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Vidler C, Crozier K, Collins D. Ultra-resolution scalable microprinting. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:67. [PMID: 37251709 PMCID: PMC10212948 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Projection micro stereolithography (PµSL) is a digital light processing (DLP) based printing technique for producing structured microparts. In this approach there is often a tradeoff between the largest object that can be printed and the minimum feature size, with higher resolution generally reducing the overall extent of the structure. The ability to produce structures with high spatial resolution and large overall volume, however, is immensely important for the creation of hierarchical materials, microfluidic devices and bioinspired constructs. In this work, we report a low-cost system with 1 µm optical resolution, representing the highest resolution system yet developed for the creation of micro-structured parts whose overall dimensions are nevertheless on the order of centimeters. To do so, we examine the limits at which PµSL can be applied at scale as a function of energy dosage, resin composition, cure depth and in-plane feature resolution. In doing so we develop a unique exposure composition approach that allows us to greatly improve the resolution of printed features. This ability to construct high-resolution scalable microstructures has the potential to accelerate advances in emerging areas, including 3D metamaterials, tissue engineering and bioinspired constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Vidler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Kenneth Crozier
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010 Australia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010 Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010 Australia
| | - David Collins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia
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19
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Cai H, Xu X, Lu X, Zhao M, Jia Q, Jiang HB, Kwon JS. Dental Materials Applied to 3D and 4D Printing Technologies: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102405. [PMID: 37242980 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technologies have matured, three-dimensional (3D) printing materials suitable for dentistry have attracted considerable research interest, owing to their high efficiency and low cost for clinical treatment. Three-dimensional printing technology, also known as additive manufacturing, has developed rapidly over the last forty years, with gradual application in various fields from industry to dental sciences. Four-dimensional (4D) printing, defined as the fabrication of complex spontaneous structures that change over time in response to external stimuli in expected ways, includes the increasingly popular bioprinting. Existing 3D printing materials have varied characteristics and scopes of application; therefore, categorization is required. This review aims to classify, summarize, and discuss dental materials for 3D printing and 4D printing from a clinical perspective. Based on these, this review describes four major materials, i.e., polymers, metals, ceramics, and biomaterials. The manufacturing process of 3D printing and 4D printing materials, their characteristics, applicable printing technologies, and clinical application scope are described in detail. Furthermore, the development of composite materials for 3D printing is the main focus of future research, as combining multiple materials can improve the materials' properties. Updates in material sciences play important roles in dentistry; hence, the emergence of newer materials are expected to promote further innovations in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongXin Cai
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaotong Xu
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Xinyue Lu
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Menghua Zhao
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Qi Jia
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Heng-Bo Jiang
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Jae-Sung Kwon
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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20
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Wang X, Meng Z, Chen CQ. Robotic Materials Transformable Between Elasticity and Plasticity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206637. [PMID: 36793150 PMCID: PMC10161124 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Robotic materials, with coupled sensing, actuation, computation, and communication, have attracted increasing attention because they are able to not only tune their conventional passive mechanical property via geometrical transformation or material phase change but also become adaptive and even intelligent to suit varying environments. However, the mechanical behavior of most robotic materials is either reversible (elastic) or irreversible (plastic), but not transformable between them. Here, a robotic material whose behavior is transformable between elastic and plastic is developed, based upon an extended neutrally stable tensegrity structure. The transformation does not depend on conventional phase transition and is fast. By integrating with sensors, the elasticity-plasticity transformable (EPT) material is able to self-sense deformation and decides whether to undergo transformation or not. This work expands the capability of the mechanical property modulation of robotic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, CNMM and AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, CNMM and AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chang Qing Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, CNMM and AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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21
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Xie Z, Zhang X, Xiao Y, Wang H, Shen M, Zhang S, Sun H, Huang R, Yu T, Huang W. Realizing Photoswitchable Mechanoluminescence in Organic Crystals Based on Photochromism. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2212273. [PMID: 36896893 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202212273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organic mechanoluminescent (ML) materials possessing photophysical properties that are sensitive to multiple external stimuli have shown great potential in many fields, including optic and sensing. Particularly, the photoswitchable ML property for these materials is fundamental to their applications but remains a formidable challenge. Herein, photoswitchable ML is successfully realized by endowing reversible photochromic properties to an ML molecule, namely 2-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl) fluoropyridine (o-TPF). o-TPF shows both high-contrast photochromism with a distinct color change from white to purplish red, as well as bright blue ML (λML = 453 nm). The ML property can be repeatedly switched between ON and OFF states under alternate UV and visible light irradiation. Impressively, the photoswitchable ML is of high stability and repeatability. The ML can be reversibly switched on and off by conducting alternate UV and visible light irradiation in cycles under ambient conditions. Experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that the change of dipole moment of o-TPF during the photochromic process is responsible for the photoswitchable ML. These results outline a fundamental strategy to achieve for the control of organic ML and pave the way to the development of expanded smart luminescent materials and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongliang Xie
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, China
| | - Xiayu Zhang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Xiao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Hailan Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Mingyao Shen
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Simin Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Haodong Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Rongjuan Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
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22
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Elbadawi M, Basit A, Gaisford S. Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint of 3D Printing in Pharmaceutical Manufacture. Int J Pharm 2023; 639:122926. [PMID: 37030639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Achieving carbon neutrality is seen as an important goal in order to mitigate the effects of climate change, as carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. Many countries, cities and organizations have set targets to become carbon neutral. The pharmaceutical sector is no exception, being a major contributor of carbon emissions (emitting approximately 55% more than the automotive sector for instance) and hence is in need of strategies to reduce its environmental impact. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an advanced pharmaceutical fabrication technology that has the potential to replace traditional manufacturing tools. Being a new technology, the environmental impact of 3D printed medicines has not been investigated, which is a barrier to its uptake by the pharmaceutical industry. Here, the energy consumption (and carbon emission) of 3D printers is considered, focusing on technologies that have successfully been demonstrated to produce solid dosage forms. The energy consumption of 6 benchtop 3D printers was measured during standby mode and printing. On standby, energy consumption ranged from 0.03 to 0.17 kWh. The energy required for producing 10 printlets ranged from 0.06 to 3.08 kWh, with printers using high temperatures consuming more energy. Carbon emissions ranged between 11.60-112.16 g CO2 (eq) per 10 printlets, comparable with traditional tableting. Further analyses revealed that decreasing printing temperature was found to reduce the energy demand considerably, suggesting that developing formulations that are printable at lower temperatures can reduce CO2 emissions. The study delivers key initial insights into the environmental impact of a potentially transformative manufacturing technology and provides encouraging results in demonstrating that 3D printing can deliver quality medicines without being environmentally detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Elbadawi
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Abdul Basit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Bai X, Gou X, Zhang J, Liang J, Yang L, Wang S, Hou X, Chen F. A Review of Smart Superwetting Surfaces Based on Shape-Memory Micro/Nanostructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206463. [PMID: 36609999 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired smart superwetting surfaces with special wettability have aroused great attention from fundamental research to technological applications including self-cleaning, oil-water separation, anti-icing/corrosion/fogging, drag reduction, cell engineering, liquid manipulation, and so on. However, most of the reported smart superwetting surfaces switch their wettability by reversibly changing surface chemistry rather than surface microstructure. Compared with surface chemistry, the regulation of surface microstructure is more difficult and can bring novel functions to the surfaces. As a kind of stimulus-responsive material, shape-memory polymer (SMP) has become an excellent candidate for preparing smart superwetting surfaces owing to its unique shape transformation property. This review systematically summarizes the recent progress of smart superwetting SMP surfaces including fabrication methods, smart superwetting phenomena, and related application fields. The smart superwettabilities, such as superhydrophobicity/superomniphobicity with tunable adhesion, reversible switching between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity, switchable isotropic/anisotropic wetting, slippery surface with tunable wettability, and underwater superaerophobicity/superoleophobicity with tunable adhesion, can be obtained on SMP micro/nanostructures by regulating the surface morphology. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of smart superwetting SMP surfaces are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Northwest Institute for Non-ferrous Metal Research, Xi'an, 710016, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Gou
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Lijing Yang
- Northwest Institute for Non-ferrous Metal Research, Xi'an, 710016, P. R. China
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Northwest Institute for Non-ferrous Metal Research, Xi'an, 710016, P. R. China
| | - Xun Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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Imrie P, Diegel O, Jin J. Direct-ink-write 3D printing of “living” polymer hydrogels via type I photoinitiated RAFT polymerization. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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25
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Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposites via 3D and 4D Printing—Design and Technical Potential. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene is an important nanocarbon nanofiller for polymeric matrices. The polymer–graphene nanocomposites, obtained through facile fabrication methods, possess significant electrical–thermal–mechanical and physical properties for technical purposes. To overcome challenges of polymer–graphene nanocomposite processing and high performance, advanced fabrication strategies have been applied to design the next-generation materials–devices. This revolutionary review basically offers a fundamental sketch of graphene, polymer–graphene nanocomposite and three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) printing techniques. The main focus of the article is to portray the impact of 3D and 4D printing techniques in the field of polymer–graphene nanocomposites. Polymeric matrices, such as polyamide, polycaprolactone, polyethylene, poly(lactic acid), etc. with graphene, have been processed using 3D or 4D printing technologies. The 3D and 4D printing employ various cutting-edge processes and offer engineering opportunities to meet the manufacturing demands of the nanomaterials. The 3D printing methods used for graphene nanocomposites include direct ink writing, selective laser sintering, stereolithography, fused deposition modeling and other approaches. Thermally stable poly(lactic acid)–graphene oxide nanocomposites have been processed using a direct ink printing technique. The 3D-printed poly(methyl methacrylate)–graphene have been printed using stereolithography and additive manufacturing techniques. The printed poly(methyl methacrylate)–graphene nanocomposites revealed enhanced morphological, mechanical and biological properties. The polyethylene–graphene nanocomposites processed by fused diffusion modeling have superior thermal conductivity, strength, modulus and radiation- shielding features. The poly(lactic acid)–graphene nanocomposites have been processed using a number of 3D printing approaches, including fused deposition modeling, stereolithography, etc., resulting in unique honeycomb morphology, high surface temperature, surface resistivity, glass transition temperature and linear thermal coefficient. The 4D printing has been applied on acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, poly(lactic acid) and thermosetting matrices with graphene nanofiller. Stereolithography-based 4D-printed polymer–graphene nanomaterials have revealed complex shape-changing nanostructures having high resolution. These materials have high temperature stability and high performance for technical applications. Consequently, the 3D- or 4D-printed polymer–graphene nanocomposites revealed technical applications in high temperature relevance, photovoltaics, sensing, energy storage and other technical fields. In short, this paper has reviewed the background of 3D and 4D printing, graphene-based nanocomposite fabrication using 3D–4D printing, development in printing technologies and applications of 3D–4D printing.
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26
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A Generalised Time-Dependent Mathematical Formulation for Magnetoelectrically Coupled Soft Solids at Finite Strains. Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15030628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the mechanical models of magnetoelectric couplings at finite strains have mainly been limited to time-independent constitutive equations. This paper enhances the literature by developing a time-dependent electromagnetic constitutive equation to characterise the mechanical behaviour of soft solids at finite strains and take into account the full form of the Maxwell equations. Our formulation introduces a symmetrical total stress and uses recently developed spectral invariants in the amended energy function; as a result, the proposed constitutive equation is relatively simple and is amenable to a finite-element formulation.
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27
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Chan ST, Varchanis S, Shen AQ, Haward SJ. Edge fracture of thixotropic elastoviscoplastic liquid bridges. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad042. [PMID: 36926224 PMCID: PMC10011968 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that torsion can break liquid bridges of viscoelastic fluids, with potential application to their clean and rapid dispensing. However, many commonplace fluids (paints, adhesives, pastes, and foodstuffs like chocolate) have more complex thixotropic elastoviscoplastic (TEVP) properties that depend on the imposed stress and the timescale of deformation. Using a commercial thermal paste, we show that liquid bridges of TEVP fluids can also be broken by torsion, demonstrating the applicability of the technique for improved dispensing of real industrial fluids. The liquid bridge breaking mechanism is an elastic instability known as "edge fracture." Dimensional analysis predicts that the effects of thixotropy and plasticity can be neglected during edge fracture. Simulation using a nonlinear, phenomenological TEVP constitutive model confirms such a prediction. Our work yields new insight into the free-surface flows of TEVP fluids, which may be important to processes such as electronic packaging, additive manufacturing, and food engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- San To Chan
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Stylianos Varchanis
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Simon J Haward
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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28
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Abdullah T, Okay O. 4D Printing of Body Temperature-Responsive Hydrogels Based on Poly(acrylic acid) with Shape-Memory and Self-Healing Abilities. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:703-711. [PMID: 36700540 PMCID: PMC9945108 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing of smart materials that can be dynamically programmed with external stimuli is known as 4D printing. Among the 4D printable materials, hydrogels are the most extensively studied materials in various biomedical areas because of their hierarchical structure, similarity to native human tissues, and supreme bioactivity. However, conventional smart hydrogels suffer from poor mechanical properties, slow actuation speed, and instability of actuated shape. Herein, we present 4D-printed hydrogels based on poly(acrylic acid) that can concurrently possess shape-memory and self-healing properties. The printing of the hydrogels is achieved by solvent-free copolymerization of the hydrophilic acrylic acid (AAc) and hydrophobic hexadecyl acrylate (C16A) monomers in the presence of TPO photoinitiator using a stereolithography-based commercial resin printer followed by swelling in water. The printed hydrogels undergo a reversible strong-to-weak gel transition below and above human body temperature due to the melting and crystallization of the hydrophobic C16A domains. In this way, the shape-memory and self-healing properties of the hydrogels can be magically actuated near the body temperature by adjusting the molar ratio of the monomers. Furthermore, the printed hydrogels display a high Young's modulus (up to ∼215 MPa) and high toughness (up to ∼7 MJ/m3), and their mechanical properties can be tuned from brittle to ductile by reducing the molar fraction of C16A, or the deformation speed. Overall, the developed 4D printable hydrogels have great potential for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oguz Okay
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469Maslak, IstanbulTurkey
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29
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RANDHAWA AAYUSHI, DEB DUTTA SAYAN, GANGULY KEYA, V. PATIL TEJAL, LUTHFIKASARI RACHMI, LIM KITAEK. Understanding cell-extracellular matrix interactions for topology-guided tissue regeneration. BIOCELL 2023. [DOI: 10.32604/biocell.2023.026217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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30
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Emerging 4D printing strategies for on-demand local actuation & micro printing of soft materials. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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31
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Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Waterborne Polyurethane-Urea and Cellulose Nanocrystal Scaffolds through Crosslinking. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224999. [PMID: 36433126 PMCID: PMC9698531 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, shape-customized scaffolds based on waterborne polyurethane-urea (WBPUU) were prepared via the combination of direct ink writing 3D-printing and freeze-drying techniques. To improve the printing performance of the ink and guarantee a good shape fidelity of the scaffold, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were added during the synthesis of the WBPUU and some of the printed constructs were immersed in CaCl2 prior to the freeze-drying process to promote ionic crosslinking between calcium ions and the polyurethane. The results showed that apart from allowing the ink to be successfully printed, obtaining scaffolds with good shape fidelity, the addition of the CNC resulted in a greater homogeneity of the porous structure as well as an increase of the swelling capacity of the scaffolds. Additionally, the CNC has a reinforcement effect in the printed systems, presenting a higher compression modulus as the CNC content increases. In the case of samples crosslinked by calcium ions, a rigid shell was observed by scanning electron microscopy, which resulted in stiffer scaffolds that presented a lower water absorption capacity as well as an enhancement of the thermal stability. These results showed the potential of this type of post-printing process to tune the mechanical properties of the scaffold, thus widening the potential of this type of material.
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32
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Krishna Kumar B, Dickens TJ. Dynamic bond exchangeable thermoset vitrimers in 3D‐printing. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Krishna Kumar
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering High‐Performance Materials Institute, FAMU‐FSU College of Engineering Tallahassee Florida USA
| | - Tarik J. Dickens
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering High‐Performance Materials Institute, FAMU‐FSU College of Engineering Tallahassee Florida USA
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33
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Cao P, Yang J, Gong J, Tao L, Wang T, Ju J, Zhou Y, Wang Q, Zhang Y. 4D
printing of bilayer tubular structure with dual‐stimuli responsive based on self‐rolling behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengrui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou People's Republic of China
- Yantai Zhongke Research Institute of Advanced Materials and Green Chemical Engineering Yantai People's Republic of China
| | - Junhui Gong
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Tao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Tingmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐Textiles Qingdao University Qingdao People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Qihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
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34
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Li R, Zhao X, Wang Y, Guo C, Wang Z, Feng L. Self-assemblies with cascade effect to boost antitumor systemic immunotherapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10853-10856. [PMID: 36073502 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04471d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bio-organic hybrid self-assemblies based on amino acids, conjugated polymers, Fe3+ and enzymes are fabricated with tumor environment-responsive and light-triggered NO release properties. By sequential energy consumption, NO attack and immune activation, FFPG shows boosted antitumor activity toward both primary and distant tumors. The three-level cascade strategy (starvation/NO/immunotherapy) adopted in this work offers a pathway to address the dilemma of low cure rate of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Yunxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Chenhao Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi, 046011, P. R. China.
| | - Liheng Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China.
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35
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Lamnini S, Elsayed H, Lakhdar Y, Baino F, Smeacetto F, Bernardo E. Robocasting of advanced ceramics: ink optimization and protocol to predict the printing parameters - A review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10651. [PMID: 36164511 PMCID: PMC9508426 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct-Ink-Writing (or robocasting) is a subset of extrusion-based additive manufacturing techniques that has grown significantly in recent years to design simple to complex ceramic structures. Robocasting, relies on the use of high-concentration powder pastes, also known as inks. A successful optimization of ink rheology and formulation constitutes the major key factor to ensure printability for the fabrication of self-supporting ceramic structures with a very precise dimensional resolution. However, to date achieving a real balance between a comprehensive optimization of ink rheology and the determination of a relevant protocol to predict the printing parameters for a given ink is still relatively scarce and has been not yet standardized in the literature. The current review reports, in its first part, a detailed survey of recent studies on how ink constituents and composition affect the direct-ink-writing of ceramic parts, taking into account innovative ceramic-based-inks formulations and processing techniques. Precisely, the review elaborates the major factors influencing on ink rheology and printability, specifically binder type, particle physical features (size, morphology and density) and ceramic feedstock content. In the second part, this review suggests a standardized guideline to effectively adapt a suitable setting of the printing parameters, such as printing speed and pressure, printing substrate, strut spacing, layer height, nozzle diameter in function of ink intrinsic rheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Lamnini
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.,Materials Science, Energy & Nano engineering, MSN Department, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Hamada Elsayed
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy.,Ceramics Department, National Research Centre, El-Bohous Street, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yazid Lakhdar
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Francesco Baino
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Smeacetto
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Bernardo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
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36
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Chen X, Han S, Wu W, Wu Z, Yuan Y, Wu J, Liu C. Harnessing 4D Printing Bioscaffolds for Advanced Orthopedics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106824. [PMID: 35060321 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of programmable functional biomaterials makes 4D printing add a new dimension, time (t), based on 3D structures (x, y, z), therefore, 4D printed constructs could transform their morphology or function over time in response to environmental stimuli. Nowadays, highly efficient bone defect repair remains challenging in clinics. Combining programmable biomaterials, living cells, and bioactive factors, 4D bioprinting provides greater potential for constructing dynamic, personalized, and precise bone tissue engineering scaffolds by complex structure formation and functional maturation. Therefore, 4D bioprinting has been regarded as the next generation of bone repair technology. This review focuses on 4D printing and its advantages in orthopedics. The applications of different smart biomaterials and 4D printing strategies are briefly introduced. Furthermore, one summarizes the recent advancements of 4D printing in bone tissue engineering, uncovering the addressed and unaddressed medical requirements. In addition, current challenges and future perspectives are further discussed, which will offer more inspiration about the clinical transformation of this emerging 4D bioprinting technology in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shuyan Han
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weihui Wu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zihan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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37
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Guan Z, Wang L, Bae J. Advances in 4D printing of liquid crystalline elastomers: materials, techniques, and applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:1825-1849. [PMID: 35504034 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are polymer networks exhibiting anisotropic liquid crystallinity while maintaining elastomeric properties. Owing to diverse polymeric forms and self-alignment molecular behaviors, LCEs have fascinated state-of-the-art efforts in various disciplines other than the traditional low-molar-mass display market. By patterning order to structures, LCEs demonstrate reversible high-speed and large-scale actuations in response to external stimuli, allowing for close integration with 4D printing and architectures of digital devices, which is scarcely observed in homogeneous soft polymer networks. In this review, we collect recent advances in 4D printing of LCEs, with emphases on synthesis and processing methods that enable microscopic changes in the molecular orientation and hence macroscopic changes in the properties of end-use objects. Promising potentials of printed complexes include fields of soft robotics, optics, and biomedical devices. Within this scope, we elucidate the relationships among external stimuli, tailorable morphologies in mesophases of liquid crystals, and programmable topological configurations of printed parts. Lastly, perspectives and potential challenges facing 4D printing of LCEs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhecun Guan
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Jinhye Bae
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Saadi MASR, Maguire A, Pottackal NT, Thakur MSH, Ikram MM, Hart AJ, Ajayan PM, Rahman MM. Direct Ink Writing: A 3D Printing Technology for Diverse Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108855. [PMID: 35246886 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has gained significant attention due to its ability to drive technological development as a sustainable, flexible, and customizable manufacturing scheme. Among the various AM techniques, direct ink writing (DIW) has emerged as the most versatile 3D printing technique for the broadest range of materials. DIW allows printing of practically any material, as long as the precursor ink can be engineered to demonstrate appropriate rheological behavior. This technique acts as a unique pathway to introduce design freedom, multifunctionality, and stability simultaneously into its printed structures. Here, a comprehensive review of DIW of complex 3D structures from various materials, including polymers, ceramics, glass, cement, graphene, metals, and their combinations through multimaterial printing is presented. The review begins with an overview of the fundamentals of ink rheology, followed by an in-depth discussion of the various methods to tailor the ink for DIW of different classes of materials. Then, the diverse applications of DIW ranging from electronics to food to biomedical industries are discussed. Finally, the current challenges and limitations of this technique are highlighted, followed by its prospects as a guideline toward possible futuristic innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A S R Saadi
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Alianna Maguire
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Neethu T Pottackal
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | | | - Maruf Md Ikram
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - A John Hart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Muhammad M Rahman
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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Shokrani H, Shokrani A, Jouyandeh M, Seidi F, Gholami F, Kar S, Munir MT, Kowalkowska-Zedler D, Zarrintaj P, Rabiee N, Saeb MR. Green Polymer Nanocomposites for Skin Tissue Engineering. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2107-2121. [PMID: 35504039 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of an appropriate skin scaffold needs to meet several standards related to the mechanical and biological properties. Fully natural/green scaffolds with acceptable biodegradability, biocompatibility, and physiological properties quite often suffer from poor mechanical properties. Therefore, for appropriate skin tissue engineering and to mimic the real functions, we need to use synthetic polymers and/or additives as complements to green polymers. Green nanocomposites (either nanoscale natural macromolecules or biopolymers containing nanoparticles) are a class of scaffolds with acceptable biomedical properties window (drug delivery and cardiac, nerve, bone, cartilage as well as skin tissue engineering), enabling one to achieve the required level of skin regeneration and wound healing. In this review, we have collected, summarized, screened, analyzed, and interpreted the properties of green nanocomposites used in skin tissue engineering and wound dressing. We particularly emphasize the mechanical and biological properties that skin cells need to meet when seeded on the scaffold. In this regard, the latest state of the art studies directed at fabrication of skin tissue and bionanocomposites as well as their mechanistic features are discussed, whereas some unspoken complexities and challenges for future developments are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Shokrani
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037 Nanjing, China
| | - Amirhossein Shokrani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jouyandeh
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 11155-4563 Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037 Nanjing, China
| | - Fatemeh Gholami
- New Technologies - Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Veleslavínova 42, 301 00 Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Saptarshi Kar
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| | - Muhammad Tajammal Munir
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| | - Daria Kowalkowska-Zedler
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran 145888-9694, Iran.,School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Cao X, Xuan S, Gao Y, Lou C, Deng H, Gong X. 3D Printing Ultraflexible Magnetic Actuators via Screw Extrusion Method. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200898. [PMID: 35347888 PMCID: PMC9165489 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Soft magnetic actuators with programmable structure design and controllable deformation ability based on 3D printing technology have attracted extensive attention. In this paper, a novel 3D printing strategy is developed to manufacture the ultraflexible magnetic actuator, in which the printed material is composed of magnetic particles and thermoplastic rubber materials. Different from the traditional fused deposition printing, this printing strategy introduces screw extrusion technology to the heating components of the printer to overcome the problem of filament buckling in the flexible material. Thus, the tensile modulus of the printed products can be reduced to as low as ≈2 MPa. Based on the above method, biomimetic magnetic actuators of the sucker and the pump are constructed for adhering and releasing object and pumping liquid. The contraction performance of the magnetic actuator is studied via a series of experiments and the magnetic field-induced deformation is analyzed by the multiphysics-based finite element model. This work proves that ultraflexible magnetic actuators fabricated by this 3D printing strategy show broad prospects in the fields of soft robotics and bionics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230027China
| | - Shouhu Xuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230027China
| | - Yinduan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230027China
| | - Congcong Lou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230027China
| | - Huaxia Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230027China
| | - Xinglong Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of MaterialsDepartment of Modern MechanicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230027China
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41
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Wang Y, Cui H, Esworthy T, Mei D, Wang Y, Zhang LG. Emerging 4D Printing Strategies for Next-Generation Tissue Regeneration and Medical Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109198. [PMID: 34951494 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of 3D printing has led to considerable progress in the field of biomedical engineering. Notably, 4D printing provides a potential strategy to achieve a time-dependent physical change within tissue scaffolds or replicate the dynamic biological behaviors of native tissues for smart tissue regeneration and the fabrication of medical devices. The fabricated stimulus-responsive structures can offer dynamic, reprogrammable deformation or actuation to mimic complex physical, biochemical, and mechanical processes of native tissues. Although there is notable progress made in the development of the 4D printing approach for various biomedical applications, its more broad-scale adoption for clinical use and tissue engineering purposes is complicated by a notable limitation of printable smart materials and the simplistic nature of achievable responses possible with current sources of stimulation. In this review, the recent progress made in the field of 4D printing by discussing the various printing mechanisms that are achieved with great emphasis on smart ink mechanisms of 4D actuation, construct structural design, and printing technologies, is highlighted. Recent 4D printing studies which focus on the applications of tissue/organ regeneration and medical devices are then summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of 4D printing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronics Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Haitao Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Timothy Esworthy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Deqing Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronics Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yancheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronics Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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In situ synthesis of reduction-responsive organogelators via oxidative coupling of tritylthio-terminated gallic acid derivatives. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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43
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Ding A, Jeon O, Cleveland D, Gasvoda KL, Wells D, Lee SJ, Alsberg E. Jammed Micro-Flake Hydrogel for Four-Dimensional Living Cell Bioprinting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109394. [PMID: 35065000 PMCID: PMC9012690 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
4D bioprinting is promising to build cell-laden constructs (bioconstructs) with complex geometries and functions for tissue/organ regeneration applications. The development of hydrogel-based 4D bioinks, especially those allowing living cell printing, with easy preparation, defined composition, and controlled physical properties is critically important for 4D bioprinting. Here, a single-component jammed micro-flake hydrogel (MFH) system with heterogeneous size distribution, which differs from the conventional granular microgel, has been developed as a new cell-laden bioink for 4D bioprinting. This jammed cytocompatible MFH features scalable production and straightforward composition with shear-thinning, shear-yielding, and rapid self-healing properties. As such, it can be smoothly printed into stable 3D bioconstructs, which can be further cross-linked to form a gradient in cross-linking density when a photoinitiator and a UV absorber are incorporated. After being subject to shape morphing, a variety of complex bioconstructs with well-defined configurations and high cell viability are obtained. Based on this system, 4D cartilage-like tissue formation is demonstrated as a proof-of-concept. The establishment of this versatile new 4D bioink system may open up a number of applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixiang Ding
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Oju Jeon
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - David Cleveland
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kaelyn L Gasvoda
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Derrick Wells
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Departments of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Orthopaedics, and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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45
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Akbar I, El Hadrouz M, El Mansori M, Lagoudas D. Toward enabling manufacturing paradigm of 4D printing of Shape Memory Materials: Open literature review. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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46
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Zhang Z, Yan H, Yin Z, Wang Y. Photopolymerized and acetylene-functionlized polyacrylates for photoclickable elastomers. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Qi J, Chen Z, Jiang P, Hu W, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Cao X, Zhang S, Tao R, Li Y, Fang D. Recent Progress in Active Mechanical Metamaterials and Construction Principles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102662. [PMID: 34716676 PMCID: PMC8728820 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Active mechanical metamaterials (AMMs) (or smart mechanical metamaterials) that combine the configurations of mechanical metamaterials and the active control of stimuli-responsive materials have been widely investigated in recent decades. The elaborate artificial microstructures of mechanical metamaterials and the stimulus response characteristics of smart materials both contribute to AMMs, making them achieve excellent properties beyond the conventional metamaterials. The micro and macro structures of the AMMs are designed based on structural construction principles such as, phase transition, strain mismatch, and mechanical instability. Considering the controllability and efficiency of the stimuli-responsive materials, physical fields such as, the temperature, chemicals, light, electric current, magnetic field, and pressure have been adopted as the external stimuli in practice. In this paper, the frontier works and the latest progress in AMMs from the aspects of the mechanics and materials are reviewed. The functions and engineering applications of the AMMs are also discussed. Finally, existing issues and future perspectives in this field are briefly described. This review is expected to provide the basis and inspiration for the follow-up research on AMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Zihao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Peng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Wenxia Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Yonghuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Zeang Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Xiaofei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Shushan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Ran Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Daining Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi‐functional Composite Materials and StructuresInstitute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
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48
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3D printing and properties of cellulose nanofibrils-reinforced quince seed mucilage bio-inks. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:1098-1107. [PMID: 34666132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based hydrogels have attracted great attention in biomedical fields since they are biocompatible and based on natural, sustainable, cost-effective, and widely accessible sources. Here, we introduced new viscoelastic bio-inks composed of quince seed mucilage and cellulose nanofibrils (QSM/CNF) easily extruded into 3D lattice structures through direct ink writing in ambient conditions. The QSM/CNF inks enabled precise control on printing fidelity where CNF endowed objects with shape stability after freeze-drying and with suitable porosity, water uptake capacity, and mechanical strength. The compressive and elastic moduli of samples produced at the highest CNF content were both increased by ~100% (from 5.1 ± 0.2 kPa and 32 ± 1 kPa to 10.7 ± 0.5 and 64 ± 2 kPa, respectively). These values ideally matched those reported for soft tissues; accordingly, the cell compatibility of the printed samples was evaluated against HepG2 cells (human liver cancer). The results confirmed the 3D hydrogels as being non-cytotoxic and suitable to support attachment, survival, and proliferation of the cells. All in all, the newly developed inks allowed sustainable 3D bio-hydrogels fitting the requirements as scaffolds for soft tissue engineering.
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Patdiya J, Kandasubramanian B. Progress in 4D printing of stimuli responsive materials. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1934016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jigar Patdiya
- Rapid Prototyping Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering,Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune India
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Rapid Prototyping Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering,Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune India
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50
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Xu W, Jambhulkar S, Ravichandran D, Zhu Y, Kakarla M, Nian Q, Azeredo B, Chen X, Jin K, Vernon B, Lott DG, Cornella JL, Shefi O, Miquelard-Garnier G, Yang Y, Song K. 3D Printing-Enabled Nanoparticle Alignment: A Review of Mechanisms and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100817. [PMID: 34176201 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
3D printing (additive manufacturing (AM)) has enormous potential for rapid tooling and mass production due to its design flexibility and significant reduction of the timeline from design to manufacturing. The current state-of-the-art in 3D printing focuses on material manufacturability and engineering applications. However, there still exists the bottleneck of low printing resolution and processing rates, especially when nanomaterials need tailorable orders at different scales. An interesting phenomenon is the preferential alignment of nanoparticles that enhance material properties. Therefore, this review emphasizes the landscape of nanoparticle alignment in the context of 3D printing. Herein, a brief overview of 3D printing is provided, followed by a comprehensive summary of the 3D printing-enabled nanoparticle alignment in well-established and in-house customized 3D printing mechanisms that can lead to selective deposition and preferential orientation of nanoparticles. Subsequently, it is listed that typical applications that utilized the properties of ordered nanoparticles (e.g., structural composites, heat conductors, chemo-resistive sensors, engineered surfaces, tissue scaffolds, and actuators based on structural and functional property improvement). This review's emphasis is on the particle alignment methodology and the performance of composites incorporating aligned nanoparticles. In the end, significant limitations of current 3D printing techniques are identified together with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiheng Xu
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Sayli Jambhulkar
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Dharneedar Ravichandran
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Yuxiang Zhu
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Mounika Kakarla
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, 501 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Qiong Nian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Multi-Scale Manufacturing Material Processing Lab (MMMPL), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Bruno Azeredo
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Xiangfan Chen
- Advanced Manufacturing and Functional Devices (AMFD) Laboratory, Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 Innovation Way W., Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Kailong Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering Matter, Transport and Energy (SEMTE), and Biodesign Institute Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing (BCSM3), Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler St., Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Brent Vernon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomaterials Lab, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - David G Lott
- Department Otolaryngology, Division of Laryngology, College of Medicine, and Mayo Clinic Arizona Center for Regenerative Medicine, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Cornella
- Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Division of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Orit Shefi
- Department of Engineering, Neuro-Engineering and Regeneration Laboratory, Bar Ilan Institute of Nanotechnologies and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Building 1105, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Guillaume Miquelard-Garnier
- laboratoire PIMM, UMR 8006, Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, CNAM, Hesam University, 151 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Yang Yang
- Additive Manufacturing & Advanced Materials Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-1323, USA
| | - Kenan Song
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Advanced Materials Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory (AMAML), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 Innovation Way W., Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
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