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Froghi S, Hall A, Hanafi Bin Jalal A, de Andrade MO, Mohammad Hadi L, Rashidi H, Gélat P, Saffari N, Davidson B, Quaglia A. Ultrasound Histotripsy on a Viable Perfused Whole Porcine Liver: Histological Aspects, Including 3D Reconstruction of the Histotripsy Site. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10030278. [PMID: 36978669 PMCID: PMC10044833 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive therapeutic-focused ultrasound (US) can be used for the mechanical dissociation of tissue and is described as histotripsy. We have performed US histotripsy in viable perfused ex vivo porcine livers as a step in the development of a novel approach to hepatocyte cell transplantation. The histotripsy nidus was created with a 2 MHz single-element focused US transducer, producing 50 pulses of 10 ms duration, with peak positive and negative pressure values of P+ = 77.7 MPa and P− = –13.7 MPaat focus, respectively, and a duty cycle of 1%. Here, we present the histological analysis, including 3D reconstruction of histotripsy sites. Five whole porcine livers were retrieved fresh from the abattoir using human transplant retrieval and cold static preservation techniques and were then perfused using an organ preservation circuit. Whilst under perfusion, histotripsy was performed to randomly selected sites on the live. Fifteen lesional sites were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded. Sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin and picro-Sirius red, and they were also stained for reticulin. Additionally, two lesion sites were used for 3D reconstruction. The core of the typical lesion consisted of eosinophilic material associated with reticulin loss, collagen damage including loss of birefringence to fibrous septa, and perilesional portal tracts, including large portal vein branches, but intact peri-lesional hepatic plates. The 3D reconstruction of two histotripsy sites was successful and confirmed the feasibility of this approach to investigate the effects of histotripsy on tissue in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saied Froghi
- Department of HPB & Liver Transplantation Surgery, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Centre for Surgical Innovation, Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Sciences, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Andrew Hall
- Department of Cellular Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Arif Hanafi Bin Jalal
- UCL Medical School, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Matheus Oliveira de Andrade
- Ultrasonics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Roberts Engineering Building, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Layla Mohammad Hadi
- Centre for Surgical Innovation, Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Sciences, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Hassan Rashidi
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Program, UCL Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Pierre Gélat
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Nader Saffari
- Ultrasonics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Roberts Engineering Building, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Brian Davidson
- Department of HPB & Liver Transplantation Surgery, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Centre for Surgical Innovation, Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Sciences, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Alberto Quaglia
- Department of Cellular Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Correspondence:
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Lau C, Kalantari B, Batts KP, Ferrell LD, Nyberg SL, Graham RP, Moreira RK. The Voronoi theory of the normal liver lobular architecture and its applicability in hepatic zonation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9343. [PMID: 33927276 PMCID: PMC8085188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise characterization of the lobular architecture of the liver has been subject of investigation since the earliest historical publications, but an accurate model to describe the hepatic lobular microanatomy is yet to be proposed. Our aim was to evaluate whether Voronoi diagrams can be used to describe the classic liver lobular architecture. We examined the histology of normal porcine and human livers and analyzed the geometric relationships of various microanatomic structures utilizing digital tools. The Voronoi diagram model described the organization of the hepatic classic lobules with overall accuracy nearly 90% based on known histologic landmarks. We have also designed a Voronoi-based algorithm of hepatic zonation, which also showed an overall zonal accuracy of nearly 90%. Therefore, we have presented evidence that Voronoi diagrams represent the basis of the two-dimensional organization of the normal liver and that this concept may have wide applicability in liver pathology and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lau
- Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - B Kalantari
- Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - L D Ferrell
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S L Nyberg
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R P Graham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Roger K Moreira
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Teng CL, Chen JY, Chang TL, Hsiao SK, Hsieh YK, Villalobos Gorday K, Cheng YL, Wang J. Design of photocurable, biodegradable scaffolds for liver lobule regeneration via digital light process-additive manufacturing. Biofabrication 2020; 12:035024. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab69da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lada E, Anna M, Patrik M, Zbynek T, Miroslav J, Hynek M, Richard P, Sarah L, Vaclav L. Porcine Liver Anatomy Applied to Biomedicine. J Surg Res 2020; 250:70-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bekheit M, Bucur P, Vibert E. The ideal porcine model for major liver resection: is there any yet? J Surg Res 2017; 210:281-282. [PMID: 28318527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bekheit
- Department of Surgery, Specialist in HPB and Minimal Invasive Surgery, HPB Surgery Unit, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, UK; Department of Surgery, El Kabbary General Hospital, Egypt; Honorary Clinical Associate, University of Aberdeen, UK; INSERM Unite 1193, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France.
| | - Petru Bucur
- INSERM Unite 1193, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Eric Vibert
- INSERM Unite 1193, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France; Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, University of Paris-Sud, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
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Legesse FB, Heuke S, Galler K, Hoffmann P, Schmitt M, Neugebauer U, Bauer M, Popp J. Hepatic Vitamin A Content Investigation Using CoherentAnti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:4043-4051. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fisseha Bekele Legesse
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V.; Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Sandro Heuke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V.; Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kerstin Galler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V.; Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care; Jena University Hospital; Erlanger Allee 101 07747 Jena Germany
| | - Patrick Hoffmann
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V.; Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care; Jena University Hospital; Erlanger Allee 101 07747 Jena Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V.; Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care; Jena University Hospital; Erlanger Allee 101 07747 Jena Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care; Jena University Hospital; Erlanger Allee 101 07747 Jena Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine; Jena University Hospital; Am Klinikum 1 07747 Jena Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V.; Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care; Jena University Hospital; Erlanger Allee 101 07747 Jena Germany
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Toshihiro W, Kurata S, Takuro S, Ichiro O, Yasuaki S, Ikeda T, Ureshino H, Ayuse T. Protective Effect of Nitric Oxide on Liver Circulation from Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. J INVEST SURG 2015; 28:236-44. [PMID: 26290958 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2015.1024357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The reduction of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) production during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, generally via a reduction in endothelial NO synthase activity, leads to liver injury. We hypothesized that administration of an exogenous NO donor into the portal vein may ameliorate hepatic blood flow reduction after a period of ischemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 90 min of ischemia (portal vein and hepatic artery) was applied in 15 anesthetized pigs, using the Pringle method under sevoflurane anesthesia. All animals were administered either saline (control group, n = 8) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP, n = 7) as exogenous NO donor drugs into the portal vein, 30 min before and after ischemia. The portal venous blood flow and hepatic artery blood flow were measured continuously using transonic flow probes attached to each vessel. Endogenous NO (NOx = NO2- + NO3-) production was measured every 10 min using a microdialysis probe placed in the left lobe of the liver. RESULTS In the SNP group, portal venous flow remained unchanged and hepatic artery flow significantly increased compared to baseline. Although the production of liver tissue NOx transiently decreased to 60% after ischemia, its level in the SNP group remained higher than the control saline group. CONCLUSION Regional administration of SNP into the portal vein increases hepatic arterial flow during ischemia reperfusion periods without altering mean systemic arterial pressure. We speculate that administration of an exogenous NO donor may be effective in preventing liver injury via preservation of total hepatic blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watanabe Toshihiro
- a Divisions of Clinical Physiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Shinji Kurata
- a Divisions of Clinical Physiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Sanuki Takuro
- a Divisions of Clinical Physiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Okayasu Ichiro
- a Divisions of Clinical Physiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Shibata Yasuaki
- b Oral Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Toru Ikeda
- b Oral Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ureshino
- c Anesthesiology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Takao Ayuse
- a Divisions of Clinical Physiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
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Chanwimalueang N, Ekataksin W, Piyaman P, Pattanapen G, Hanboon BK. Twisting Tourniquet(©) Technique: introducing Schnogh, a novel device and its effectiveness in treating primary and secondary lymphedema of extremities. Cancer Med 2015; 4:1514-24. [PMID: 26247407 PMCID: PMC4618622 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Twisting Tourniquet© or in Thai “Schnogh” is a new invention for compression therapy of lymphedema. Twisting Tourniquet© Technique (TTT) is totally noninvasive for lymphedema management. After the amazing successful evidence in the first series of 28 patients, we have conducted preliminary studies in lymphedema clinics. It was found that the combination of gradually increasing constriction force by Schnogh until desired pressure was reached and maintained for 15 min, followed by a 5-min release, doing repeatedly this compression-decompression for at least 10 sessions a day, can generate acceptable results. The aim of the study was to evaluate the scientific effectiveness and establish a treatment protocol of TTT proposed as a therapeutic approach for clinical management of lymphedema. During 2006–2013, from over 3500 patients, 647 with primary/secondary lymphedema passed inclusion criteria, 307 for upper, and 340 for lower extremity. In the 5-day course of TTT, each day patients underwent 10 sessions of a 15-min compression followed by a 5-min decompression. Vegan diet was encouraged as an adjuvant therapy. Among lymphedema patients whose spectrum of edema severity ranged from mild to gigantic, TTT yielded an average volume reduction rate (VR) at 50.2% and 55.6%, making the average edema reduction volume attained at 463 and 1856 mL for upper and lower limb, respectively. The uniformed practice by Schnogh which supports a continual compression–decompression maneuver over 3.5 h daily for five consecutive days could induce an average VR at above half of the swelling in extremities of 647 patients. Schnogh is therefore effective in clinical management of lymphedema under TTT treatment of fibroblastic interstitium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumon Chanwimalueang
- Liver Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Lymphology Institute of Thailand and Lymphedema Day Care Center, Nontaburi, Thailand
| | - Wichai Ekataksin
- Liver Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Lymphology Institute of Thailand and Lymphedema Day Care Center, Nontaburi, Thailand.,Lymphedema Clinic, Tokushukai Overseas Medical Cooperation Center, Tateyama Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Parkpoom Piyaman
- Liver Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Lymphology Institute of Thailand and Lymphedema Day Care Center, Nontaburi, Thailand
| | - Gedsuda Pattanapen
- Lymphology Institute of Thailand and Lymphedema Day Care Center, Nontaburi, Thailand
| | - Borimas K Hanboon
- Lymphology Institute of Thailand and Lymphedema Day Care Center, Nontaburi, Thailand
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Debbaut C, Segers P, Cornillie P, Casteleyn C, Dierick M, Laleman W, Monbaliu D. Analyzing the human liver vascular architecture by combining vascular corrosion casting and micro-CT scanning: a feasibility study. J Anat 2014; 224:509-17. [PMID: 24433401 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a full understanding of the hepatic circulation is one of the keys to successfully perform liver surgery and to elucidate liver pathology, relatively little is known about the functional organization of the liver vasculature. Therefore, we materialized and visualized the human hepatic vasculature at different scales, and performed a morphological analysis by combining vascular corrosion casting with novel micro-computer tomography (CT) and image analysis techniques. A human liver vascular corrosion cast was obtained by simultaneous resin injection in the hepatic artery (HA) and portal vein (PV). A high resolution (110 μm) micro-CT scan of the total cast allowed gathering detailed macrovascular data. Subsequently, a mesocirculation sample (starting at generation 5; 88 × 68 × 80 mm³) and a microcirculation sample (terminal vessels including sinusoids; 2.0 × 1.5 × 1.7 mm³) were dissected and imaged at a 71-μm and 2.6-μm resolution, respectively. Segmentations and 3D reconstructions allowed quantifying the macro- and mesoscale branching topology, and geometrical features of HA, PV and hepatic venous trees up to 13 generations (radii ranging from 13.2 mm to 80 μm; lengths from 74.4 mm to 0.74 mm), as well as microvascular characteristics (mean sinusoidal radius of 6.63 μm). Combining corrosion casting and micro-CT imaging allows quantifying the branching topology and geometrical features of hepatic trees using a multiscale approach from the macro- down to the microcirculation. This may lead to novel insights into liver circulation, such as internal blood flow distributions and anatomical consequences of pathologies (e.g. cirrhosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Debbaut
- Biofluid, Tissue and Solid Mechanics for Medical Applications, Institute Biomedical Technology, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, iMinds Future Health Department, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Debbaut C, Vierendeels J, Siggers JH, Repetto R, Monbaliu D, Segers P. A 3D porous media liver lobule model: the importance of vascular septa and anisotropic permeability for homogeneous perfusion. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2012; 17:1295-310. [PMID: 23237543 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2012.744399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hepatic blood circulation is complex, particularly at the microcirculatory level. Previously, 2D liver lobule models using porous media and a 3D model using real sinusoidal geometries have been developed. We extended these models to investigate the role of vascular septa (VS) and anisotropic permeability. The lobule was modelled as a hexagonal prism (with or without VS) and the tissue was treated as a porous medium (isotropic or anisotropic permeability). Models were solved using computational fluid dynamics. VS inclusion resulted in more spatially homogeneous perfusion. Anisotropic permeability resulted in a larger axial velocity component than isotropic permeability. A parameter study revealed that results are most sensitive to the lobule size and radial pressure drop. Our model provides insight into hepatic microhaemodynamics, and suggests that inclusion of VS in the model leads to perfusion patterns that are likely to reflect physiological reality. The model has potential for applications to unphysiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Debbaut
- a Biofluid, Tissue and Solid Mechanics for Medical Applications (bioMMeda), Institute Biomedical Technology, Ghent University , Campus Heymans - Blok B, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent , Belgium
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Transsinusoidal portal vein embolization with ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx): a feasibility study in pigs. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2011; 35:1172-80. [PMID: 21979794 PMCID: PMC3447144 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-011-0285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Portal vein embolization is performed to increase the future liver remnant before liver surgery in patients with liver malignancies. This study assesses the feasibility of a transsinusoidal approach for portal vein embolization (PVE) with the ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, Onyx. Methods Indirect portography through contrast injection in the cranial mesenteric artery was performed in eight healthy pigs. Onyx was slowly injected through a microcatheter from a wedged position in the hepatic vein and advanced through the liver lobules into the portal system. The progression of Onyx was followed under fluoroscopy, and the extent of embolization was monitored by indirect portography. The pigs were euthanized immediately (n = 2), at 7 days (n = 4), or at 21 days postprocedure (n = 2). All pigs underwent necropsy and the ex vivo livers were grossly and histopathologically analyzed. Results Transsinusoidal PVE was successfully performed in five of eight pigs (63%). In 14 of 21 injections (67%), a segmental portal vein could be filled completely. A mean of 1.6 liver lobes per pig was embolized (range 1–2 lobes). There were no periprocedural adverse events. Focal capsular scarring was visible on the surface of two resected livers, yet the capsules remained intact. Histopathological examination showed no signs of recanalization or abscess formation. Mild inflammatory reaction to Onyx was observed in the perivascular parenchyma. Conclusions The porcine portal vein can be embolized through injection of Onyx from a wedged position in the hepatic vein. Possible complications of transsinusoidal PVE and the effect on contralateral hypertrophy need further study.
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Desmet VJ. Ductal plates in hepatic ductular reactions. Hypothesis and implications. II. Ontogenic liver growth in childhood. Virchows Arch 2011; 458:261-70. [PMID: 21298286 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the processes of bile duct growth and new lobule formation in the liver during childhood in the light of the ductal plate (DP) hypothesis. Unlike in other organs in which tubular elongation and branching ends with the creation of the organ-specific terminal differentiation products, in the liver a steadily enlarging parenchymal mass needs to establish continuity of its canalicular network with the existing bile duct system. The hypothesis suggests that this occurs by DP formation, like in the embryonic liver, and further assumes that pathological ductular reactions (DRs) induced by cholestasis or hypoxia are amplified equivalents of similar mechanisms operating at low level during liver growth. The concept is confronted with data on porcine liver growth, since swine and non-swine liver growth is thought to be comparable. Relative bile acid load may be the driving force for establishment of new canaliculo-ductular connections, supported in zones of relative hypoxia by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha secreted by hepatocytes. The latter mechanism is at the base for induction of appropriate vascular changes in selected sinusoids, resulting in the development of portal inlet venules and additional draining central veins. The process gives rise to the formation of new single lobules by formation of new portal tracts or to the transformation of single lobules in compound lobules by development of new vascular septa. The concept of postnatal DP formation is important in the elucidation of several unexplained findings in adult liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeer J Desmet
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital K.U.Leuven, Rafael, Leuven, Belgium.
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Papp V, Dezsö K, László V, Nagy P, Paku S. Architectural changes during regenerative and ontogenic liver growth in the rat. Liver Transpl 2009; 15:177-83. [PMID: 19177433 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Although liver architecture has a major impact on function, morphological aspects of liver growth are relatively neglected. In our recent experiments, the architectural changes of the rat liver were compared during 2 basic processes: ontogeny and regenerative liver growth. The hepatic tissue is constructed as structural/functional units, and probably the most established and well-defined such unit is the classic lobule. The extent and orientation of the lobules are variable in the liver, and this renders their accurate size determination more difficult. The filling of the liver vasculature by a colored resin nicely outlined the surface lobules, enabling an analysis of the alterations of these structures during liver growth. There are 3 structural components of postnatal physiological liver development: enlargement of the hepatocytes and expansion and multiplication of the liver lobules. However, the enlargement of the lobules is exclusively responsible for the regenerative liver growth following partial hepatectomy. The number of hepatic lobules does not change during this latter reaction, but they gain a more complex, irregular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Papp
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Fabre JW, Grehan A, Whitehorne M, Sawyer GJ, Dong X, Salehi S, Eckley L, Zhang X, Seddon M, Shah AM, Davenport M, Rela M. Hydrodynamic gene delivery to the pig liver via an isolated segment of the inferior vena cava. Gene Ther 2007; 15:452-62. [PMID: 18004400 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic gene delivery is an attractive option for non-viral liver gene therapy, but requires evaluation of efficacy, safety and clinically applicable techniques in large animal models. We have evaluated retrograde delivery of DNA to the whole liver via the isolated segment of inferior vena cava (IVC) draining the hepatic veins. Pigs (18-20 kg weight) were given the pGL3 plasmid via two programmable syringe pumps in parallel. Volumes corresponding to 2% of body weight (360-400 ml) were delivered at 100 ml s(-1) via a Y connector. The IVC segment pressure, portal venous pressure, arterial pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG) and pulse were monitored. Concurrent studies were performed in rats for interspecies comparisons. The hydrodynamic procedure generated intrahepatic vascular pressures of 101-126 mm Hg, which is approximately 4 times higher than in rodents, but levels of gene delivery were approximately 200-fold lower. Suprahepatic IVC clamping caused a fall in arterial pressure, with the development of ECG signs of myocardial ischaemia, but these abnormalities resolved rapidly. The IVC segment approach is a clinically acceptable approach to liver gene therapy. However, it is less effective in pigs than in rodents, possibly because of larger liver size or a less compliant connective tissue framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Fabre
- Department of Hepatology and Transplantation, King's College London School of Medicine, James Black Centre, London, UK.
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Figueiredo-Fernandes AM, Fontaínhas-Fernandes AA, Monteiro RAF, Reis-Henriques MA, Rocha E. Spatial relationships of the intrahepatic vascular–biliary tracts and associated pancreatic acini of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Teleostei, Cichlidae): A serial section study by light microscopy. Ann Anat 2007; 189:17-30. [PMID: 17319605 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reports on teleost liver morphology reflect both controversial and confirmed interspecies variations. Choosing Nile tilapia as a model, we described the histology and 3D organization of all types of vascular-biliary tracts and their spatial relationships from the organ hilum toward the hepatic vein opening(s). The portal tracts entering the hilum, termed pancreatic-venous-biliary-arteriolar tracts (P-VBAT), are associated with pancreocytes and have an afferent axially located vein, plus biliary duct(s) and small artery(ies). The P-VBAT gradually disappears toward the anterior (efferent) end of the liver; those tracts ramify and originate new types of tracts, which may carry one type of element (vascular or biliary) or groups of two, in all possible combinations. Most tracts carrying afferent veins had pancreocytes, thus forming (pancreatic-venous tracts (P-VT), pancreatic-venous-biliary tracts (P-VBT), and pancreatic-venous-arteriolar tracts (P-VAT). There were terminal (and smaller) afferent isolated veins that had no associated pancreocytes. Also, the pancreatic sleeve of a vein could end abruptly or attenuate and disappear, reappearing in distal portions of the same vein. Thus, veins without pancreatic covering as seen in sections are not always efferent. Small arterioles can enter the liver retrogradely, via the adventitia of efferent hepatic veins, thus forming venous-arteriolar tracts (VAT). In comparison with the salmonid-liver type, there were no VBAT without associated pancreocytes and there was a smaller degree of ambiguity in identification of the afferent vs. efferent veins. Thus, the tilapine-liver type is proposed to be a more promising model for studying hepatic metabolic zonation in fish, defined not as in mammals, but eventually considering a gradient radiating from the hilum. Our data and differences from mammals supported the adequacy of the previously proposed nomenclature for the vascular-biliary tracts of fish livers, extending it to those that contain the exocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- António M Figueiredo-Fernandes
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Department of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Apartado 1013, 5000-911 Vila Real, Portugal
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16
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Abstract
The morphological homogeneity of the liver parenchyma has represented a major obstacle in finding an acceptable definition of the structural/functional units of the liver. Concepts such as the "lobule," the "portal unit" and the "acinus" remain debatable. This study investigates the modular microarchitecture on the basis of the lobular concept. Using alkaline phosphatase activity as a histochemical marker, modules could be recognized clearly. In autopsy specimens of human liver, modules were traced through sequential cryosections, and a "secondary" module having a height of 1.9 mm, a surface of 14.7 mm(2), and a volume of 5.1 mm(3) was reconstructed three-dimensionally. It was subdivided into 14 "primary" modules by portal tracts and vascular septa and by a common draining central venular tree. Primary modules were polyhedral, with seven to nine facets, having heights from 0.3 to 0.9 mm, surface areas from 1.7 to 5.0 mm(2), and volumes from 0.1 to 0.9 mm(3). Such variation in shape and size is considered an important part of the modular organization of the human liver. In conclusion, the findings on the three-dimensionality and microcirculation of liver modules support and extend the lobular concept and, at the same time, make apparent the shortcomings of the concepts of acinar and portal units. The results of this study should permit a better interpretation of histological sections of normal and pathological liver and provide a basis for understanding the metabolic heterogeneity of liver cells and their functional integration into parenchymal units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald F Teutsch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany.
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17
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Prunescu CC, Serban-Parau N, Brock JH, Vaughan DM, Prunescu P. Liver and kidney structure and iron content in romanian brown bears (Ursus arctos) before and after hibernation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2003; 134:21-6. [PMID: 12507603 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The annual cycle of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in the Carpathian Mountains (Romania) consists of an active period from April to November, and an inactive period (hibernation) of approximately 4-5 months between November and March. During hibernation, the brown bears sleep continually and do not feed or drink water. Analyses of liver and kidney of male brown bears showed that liver iron content was 3 times higher in bears at the end of hibernation than at the end of the active period. A possible trend towards a decrease in iron content was noted for the kidney. The presence of iron in the liver was confirmed by the presence of the Perls-positive granules in the cytoplasm of Kupffer cells, in other non-parenchymal cells and also in some hepatocytes. The hepatic veins of the bear liver samples obtained in early spring showed narrower lumens with pleated walls, compared to the normal outline of the hepatic veins in the liver from the bears sampled during autumn. Also in the early spring bears, the renal glomeruli were partially fibrosed. Renal glomerular fibrosis was sometimes observed in samples from the prehibernation period. The tissue iron values from the livers and kidneys of brown bears in early spring or autumn might provide useful data on iron metabolism under conditions of hibernation and accompanying starvation.
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18
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Ishikawa T, Mori M, Ichikawa Y, Kitoh J, Yamashita K. Three-dimensional observations of spatial arrangement of hepatic zonation and vein system in mice and house musk shrews. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 2000; 260:228-37. [PMID: 11066034 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0185(20001101)260:3<228::aid-ar30>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) relationship among the hepatic domains and the efferent central and afferent portal veins was investigated by macroscopy, microscopy, and computer-aided 3D reconstruction methods. To clearly distinguish the pericentral domain from the periportal, we used CCl(4)-treated mice and diabetic house musk shrews, which show typical pericentral necrosis and deposition of fat, respectively. The 3D findings obtained were verified against normal control animals using advantages of our unique observations by light and fluorescent microscopy, which made it possible to differentiate the two domains well. The pericentral domains in the mice and shrews appeared three-dimensionally as continuous branched columns, and the periportal domains exist in a sponge-like network that fills the parenchymal space among the columnar pericentral domains. The efferent central veins were concentrically surrounded by the pericentral domain, and segments of the central veins flowed into large sublobular and lobar veins. The walls of these large veins faced the pericentral domain at the confluence with the central veins; the remaining portions of the walls faced the periportal domain. The afferent portal veins were placed at the two-dimensional center of the network of the periportal domain and gave off smaller portal branches radially at the intersections of the network. Three types of liver lobules-classic, portal, and acinar-have been discussed repeatedly at the (2D) level. At the 3D level, it is reasonable to consider that the liver parenchyma consists of the two continuous domains corresponding to the distribution of the vessels that we found.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ishikawa
- Department of Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan. tomoko/
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19
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Ekataksin W. The isolated artery: an intrahepatic arterial pathway that can bypass the lobular parenchyma in mammalian livers. Hepatology 2000; 31:269-79. [PMID: 10655246 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510310203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Controversy persists concerning the distribution of intrahepatic arterial termination. Apart from nourishing structures in the portal tract, several authors have suggested arterial supply to some isolated vascular beds that bypass the parenchyma, but this was not verified morphologically. In the present study, the existence of an isolated hepatic artery unaccompanied by a portal vein or a bile duct was shown in livers of pigs and other mammals including the dog, seal, ox, horse, and man. After colored media injection, liver blocks were sampled near the hepatic capsule and hepatic vein and subject to histologic assessment. The hepatic artery dissociated from superficial portal tract, ramified, and anastomosed extensively, forming a capsular plexus that drained at places into peripheral sinusoids in which resistive structural elaborations were observed. The artery also dissociated and fed an intramural plexus (vasa vasorum) of hepatic veins. This was collected into a vessel that penetrated the intima into the vein's lumen. In smaller sublobular veins, the plexus emptied into adjacent sinusoids; in central veins, the plexus was poorly developed. In canine and phocine livers, which have a special throttling musculature in sublobular veins, the isolated arterioles were numerous; in bovine and equine livers, which have a thick fibrous investment, the capsular plexus was well-developed. Occurrence of the isolated artery also was confirmed in the human but not in the rodent liver. In conclusion, the isolated artery is responsible for isolated vascular beds, in which the transintimal pathway can bypass the lobular sinusoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ekataksin
- Department of Anatomy Division I, Tokyo Medical and Dental University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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20
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Lamers WH, Vermeulen JL, Hakvoort TB, Moorman AF. Expression pattern of glutamine synthetase marks transition from collecting into conducting hepatic veins. J Histochem Cytochem 1999; 47:1507-12. [PMID: 10567434 DOI: 10.1177/002215549904701202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of glutamine synthetase (GS) is confined to a rim of hepatocytes surrounding the efferent hepatic veins in all mammalian species investigated. In rat liver, a two- to three-cell thick layer of GS-positive (GS(+)) hepatocytes uniformly surrounds the two to four terminal branching generations of the hepatic vein that collect blood from sinusoids (central veins). With increasing diameter of the efferent vessel, this multilayered rim of GS(+) hepatocytes becomes confined to patches surrounding the decreasing number of central vein outlets. The remaining part of the wall of these sublobar hepatic veins is bordered by a one-cell thick layer of GS(+) hepatocytes. Around still larger veins, this single-cell layer of GS(+) hepatocytes gradually disappears. The expression pattern of GS is therefore a convenient biological parameter to delimit sinusoidal draining ("collecting") from nondraining ("conducting") surfaces in the wall of the efferent hepatic vessels. The hepatocytes surrounding a single tree of central veins together form a compound liver lobule. (J Histochem Cytochem 47:1507-1511, 1999)
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Lamers
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Christoffels VM, Sassi H, Ruijter JM, Moorman AF, Grange T, Lamers WH. A mechanistic model for the development and maintenance of portocentral gradients in gene expression in the liver. Hepatology 1999; 29:1180-92. [PMID: 10094963 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510290413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the liver, genes are expressed along a portocentral gradient. Based on their adaptive behavior, a gradient versus compartment type, and a dynamic versus stable type of gradient have been recognized. To understand at least in principle the development and maintenance of these gradients in gene expression in relation to the limited number of signal gradients, we propose a simple and testable model. The model uses portocentral gradients of signal molecules as input, while the output depends on two gene-specific variables, viz., the affinity of the gene for its regulatory factors and the degree of cooperativity that determines the response in the signal-transduction pathways. As a preliminary validity test for its performance, the model was tested on control and hormonally induced expression patterns of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK), carbamoylphosphate synthetase I (CPS), and glutamine synthetase (GS). Affinity was found to determine the overall steepness of the gradient, whereas cooperativity causes these gradients to steepen locally, as is necessary for a compartment-like expression pattern. Interaction between two or more different signal gradients is necessary to ensure a stable expression pattern under different conditions. The diversity in sequence and arrangement of related DNA-response elements of genes appears to account for the gene-specific shape of the portocentral gradients in expression. The feasibility of testing the function of hepatocyte-specific DNA-response units in vivo is demonstrated by integrating such units into a ubiquitously active promoter/enhancer and analyzing the pattern of expression of these constructs in transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Christoffels
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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22
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Teutsch HF, Schuerfeld D, Groezinger E. Three-dimensional reconstruction of parenchymal units in the liver of the rat. Hepatology 1999; 29:494-505. [PMID: 9918927 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510290243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the parenchymal units in the liver of the rat three-dimensionally, 15 micrometer cryosections were used for the demonstration of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity to visualize the borders of the individual units. Together with the supplying and draining vessels, they were traced through a sequence of 146 sections and reconstructed. A cone-shaped secondary unit with a height of 2.1 mm and a volume of 3.3 mm3 was reconstructed. It was "covered" by a continuous vascular surface, consisting of portal tracts and vascular septa, connecting the portal venular branches. The secondary unit was subdivided by portal tracts and vascular septa, and by branches of a draining central venular tree into 14 primary units. Most of them were tri- to heptahedral in shape. The height varied between 330 and 840 micrometer, and the volume varied between 0.094 and 0.621 mm3. The branches of the portal venular tree, with diameters from 28 +/- 5 micrometer to 61 +/- 14 micrometer, were oriented preferentially along the vertical axis of the units. Most of the primary units were drained by single branches of the central venular tree, located in the center and oriented along the vertical axis of the units. Vessel diameters ranged from 62 +/- 14 micrometer to 216 +/- 9 micrometer. The average length of the sinusoids was 355 +/- 3 micrometer. From the results of this reconstruction study, it was concluded that the concept of the liver acinus cannot be applied to the liver of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Teutsch
- Department of Anatomy, University of Ulm, Germany.
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23
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Abstract
In assessing adult human liver histology, questions remain concerning the normal number of portal tracts and bile ducts in a liver biopsy. We therefore reviewed liver biopsies obtained with use of a percutaneous Menghini cutting needle (14G, internal diameter 1.6 mm), from 16 patients undergoing liver biopsy for screening procedures (age 49 +/- 14 years, +/-SD) and found to be normal by histological examination. The average aggregate length of the liver tissue was 1.8 +/- 0.8 cm (area of 16.4 +/- 10.7 mm2), representing 7 +/- 3 tissue fragments. Portal triads containing at least one profile each of a portal vein, hepatic artery, and interlobular bile duct numbered 11 +/- 6 per biopsy (range 3-23). Portal dyads, which did not contain one of these profiles, usually the portal vein, numbered 8 +/- 5 (range 1-18). On a per-specimen basis, 38% of portal tracts did not contain a portal vein, 7% did not contain a bile duct, and 9% did not contain a hepatic artery. Because of multiplicity of profiles within portal tracts, however, the average number of profiles per portal tract was 6 +/- 5 (range 2-35). Notably, on average there were 2.3 +/- 2.2 interlobular bile ducts per portal tract, compared to 2.6 +/- 2.3 hepatic arteries and 0.7 +/- 0.7 portal veins. The average minimum external diameter of interlobular bile ducts was 13 +/- 4 microm, of hepatic arteries 12 +/- 5 microm, and of portal veins 35 +/- 25 microm. Bile ducts greater than 30 microm in diameter were rare, only one each in two biopsies were observed. In contrast, probable canals of Hering were occasionally evident at the periphery of portal tracts (6 +/- 6 per biopsy) and within the lobular parenchyma as strings of cuboidal cells (5 +/- 5 per biopsy). We conclude that, although multiplicity of profiles is normal, portal dyads are almost as common as portal triads in normal peripheral liver tissue. On average, there are two interlobular bile ducts, two hepatic arteries, and one portal vein per portal tract, with 6 full portal triads per linear cm of tissue obtained by external Menghini biopsy technique with use of a 14G needle, equivalent to 0.8 +/- 0.5 portal triads per mm2. By serving as a reference standard for adult human liver histology, these findings may assist in the histopathological assessment of liver biopsies, particularly those performed for disease conditions featuring loss of intrahepatic bile ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Crawford
- Program in Gastrointestinal Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine and Yale Liver Center New Haven, CT 06520-8023, USA
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24
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Zou Z, Ekataksin W, Wake K. Zonal and regional differences identified from precision mapping of vitamin A-storing lipid droplets of the hepatic stellate cells in pig liver: a novel concept of addressing the intralobular area of heterogeneity. Hepatology 1998; 27:1098-108. [PMID: 9537451 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510270427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of hepatic heterogeneity has been strikingly increased, while an accurate means for addressing intralobular positions is still lacking. We examined pig liver preparations of the gold impregnation method for vitamin A-storing lipid droplets in hepatic stellate cells. Droplet morphometry was performed under oil immersion, and the calculated volumes plotted on computerized maps. The heterogeneous results were assessed with five concentric zones and five radial regions; the latter were determined based on midseptum visualized by portal injection. Zonation and regionation thus subdivided lobules into 5-zone/5-region (5Z/5R) compartmentalization. Distribution of values exhibited a distinct zonal gradient, heightened at peripheral zones 1 and 2, decreased over intermediate zone 3 toward centrilobular zones 4 and 5; peak was always found at zone 2. Within a single zone, variations were obvious, forming a regional gradient. Values were significantly higher at periportal than midseptal regions. Digitized mapping showed that low values filled up centrilobular zones, whereas high values concentrated in periportal regions. Along the periphery, inlet venules were quantified, revealing an occurrence rate of 60% at periportal, and 5% at midseptal regions, closely compatible with the regional gradient of vitamin A-storing capacity. The interweaving between zonal and regional gradients results in a vitamin A-low territory, a compound area composed of centrilobular zones plus extensions into midseptal regions. Because the results could account for physiological and pathological events, we regard the 5Z/5R compartmentalization a model worth routine adoption for a precise description of any morphofunctionally demonstrable heterogeneity of the liver lobules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zou
- Department of Anatomy Division I, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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25
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Kaneda K, Ekataksin W, Sogawa M, Matsumura A, Cho A, Kawada N. Endothelin-1-induced vasoconstriction causes a significant increase in portal pressure of rat liver: localized constrictive effect on the distal segment of preterminal portal venules as revealed by light and electron microscopy and serial reconstruction. Hepatology 1998; 27:735-47. [PMID: 9500702 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510270315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intraportal infusion of endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, significantly elevates portal venous pressure. To determine the major site of vascular constriction in the intrahepatic porto-sinusoidal system, we performed an in situ perfusion of rat livers with 1 nmol/L ET-1 at a flow rate of 20 mL/min. Portal pressure rose from 22 cm H2O to 54 cm H2O within 25 minutes. Specimens were prepared for light-microscopic serial reconstruction and electron microscopy. The distal segment of preterminal portal venules (DS/PPV) with an inner diameter of 40 to 80 microm showed complete obliteration of the lumen over a 300-microm distance caused by the intense contraction of perivascular smooth muscle cells and protruding of endothelial cells into the lumen. The proximal segment of preterminal portal venules (PS/PPV) with a larger diameter up to 150 microm also underwent strong constriction, but still had luminal space for the flow, while the PS/PPV with a diameter of 150 to 400 microm showed moderate or mild constriction and retained a wide lumen. Neither terminal portal venules, inlet venules, sinusoids, nor central veins, however, exhibited demonstrable constriction. Liver parenchyma fed by the inlet venules that emerged from the PS/PPV exhibited a wide sinusoidal lumen and vacuolated hepatocytes caused by the influx of excess portal perfusate that escaped from the occlusive areas. The present study has revealed that the DS/PPV functions as a presinusoidal quasi-sphincter mechanism and is involved in the redistribution of intrahepatic portal flow under increased portal pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kaneda
- Department of Anatomy, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
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26
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Rothe CF, Maass-Moreno R. Hepatic venular resistance responses to norepinephrine, isoproterenol, adenosine, histamine, and ACh in rabbits. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:H777-85. [PMID: 9530188 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1998.274.3.h777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes in hepatic venous resistance were estimated in rabbits from the hepatic venular-inferior vena caval pressure gradient [servo-null micropipettes in 49 +/- 15 (SD) microns vessels] and the total hepatic blood flow (ultrasound probe encircling the hepatic artery and the portal vein). Changes in liver volume, and thus vascular capacitance, were estimated from measures of the liver lobe thickness. Norepinephrine (NE), isoproterenol (Iso), adenosine (Ado), histamine (Hist), or acetylcholine (ACh) was infused into the portal vein at a constant rate for 5 min. NE, Hist, and Ado increased hepatic venular pressure, but only NE and Hist significantly increased hepatic venular resistance. NE reduced the liver thickness, but Hist and Ado caused engorgement. Hepatic blood flow was increased by NE and Ado and decreased by ACh. The influence of intraportal vein infusion of Iso on the liver vasculature, at doses similar to that of NE, was insignificant. We conclude that NE acted on all the hepatic microvasculature, increasing resistance and actively decreasing vascular volume. Hist passively induced engorgement by increasing outflow resistance, whereas the liver engorgement seen with Ado was passively related to the increased blood flow. ACh constricted the portal venules but did not change the liver volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Rothe
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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27
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Abstract
We re-evaluated three schemes of liver organization: the classic lobule, the portal lobule, and Rappaport's liver acinus. The lobular angioarchitecture of normal rat liver and the three-dimensional structure of pseudolubules found in rat livers with fibrosis induced by swine serum were compared with the classic lobule of the pig. Normal and fibrotic rat livers and pig livers were perfused, injected with either India ink or 0.75% OsO4 through the portal and/or hepatic vein, and immersionfixed. Whole lobes and hand-cut thick sections were made transparent with a solution of benzyl benzoate and methyl salicylate. The angioarchitecture of normal rat liver differs from pig liver. In the former, terminal portal branches and central veins interdigitate, and in the latter, numerous terminal portal branches that arise from interlobular portal veins establish a vascular basket surrounding one central vein and forming classic lobule. The structure of liver acinus is never found in the pig liver. The terminal portal branch, together with the terminal hepatic artery and bile duct, are present inside each pseudolobule of fibrotic rat livers. Blood from the terminal portal branch flows through inlet venules into radiating sinusoids, and, at the periphery converges into newly formed septal and angular outlet venules; these venules terminate in fibrotic central veins located at each corner. Pseudolobules are not rugby ball-like as Rappaport's liver acini are but are polyhedron in shape. The rat pseudolobules are comparable with the portal lobule; its structure and microcirculation are the reverse of the pig classic lobule. Rat pseudolobules are different from liver acini, as shown by the following: 1) their three-dimensional shape is different; and 2) they have a reverse relationship to classic lobules while acini are defined to subdivide classic lobules. In normal and fibrotic rat livers, the liver unit is the portal lobule with a terminal portal branch as the axial branch and central veins at the periphery. The co-existence of liver acini and classic lobules is doubtful.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bhunchet
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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28
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Sato T, Kaneko M, Ekataksin W, Wake K. Expression of neuron-specific enolase in the pineal organ of the domestic fowl during post-hatching development. Cell Tissue Res 1995; 279:25-36. [PMID: 7895261 DOI: 10.1007/bf00300688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) revealed that NSE is localized in both a limited number of pinealocytes and intrinsic afferent neurons in the pineal organ of the domestic fowl. Furthermore, a computer-assisted three-dimensional imaging technique allowed to clarify the reverse distributional pattern of both elements: NSE-positive pinealocytes displayed a dense distribution especially in the vesicular portion of the gland, whereas NSE-immunoreactive nerve cells were mainly found in the pineal stalk. The number of NSE-positive intrinsic neurons in the pineal organ of chickens decreased rapidly after hatching, with a concentration of these elements in the basal portion (stalk) of the pineal organ. On the other hand, immunoreactive pinealocytes increased remarkably in the end-vesicle of the organ with age, followed by a gradual expansion toward the proximal portion. Thus, the spectacular increase in NSE-positive pinealocytes and the progressive reduction of reactive neurons occurred in parallel during the course of post-hatching development. NSE-immunoreactive pinealocytes displayed morphological characteristics of bipolar elements, endowed with an apical protrusion into the pineal lumen and a short basal process at younger stages, whereas multipolar types of NSE-positive pinealocytes were predominantly found in the adult domestic fowl. These results indicate that in the pineal organ of the domestic fowl (1) the ontogenetic expansion of NSE-immunoreactive pinealocytes is paralleled by a regressive afferent innervation, (2) the NSE-positive pinealocytes transform from a bipolar (columnar) type to a multipolar type during post-hatching development, and (3) these ontogenetic changes in the NSE-immunoreactivity and morphology of pinealocytes may reflect the development of a neurosecretory-like capacity of the organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sato
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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29
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Wagenaar GT, Geerts WJ, Chamuleau RA, Deutz NE, Lamers WH. Lobular patterns of expression and enzyme activities of glutamine synthase, carbamoylphosphate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase during postnatal development of the porcine liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1200:265-70. [PMID: 7915141 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(94)90166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbamoylphosphate synthase and glutamine synthase show a complementary distribution in the liver lobule of the rat. In the human liver lobule, which is approximately 2-fold larger than that of the rat, an intermediate, 'empty' zone is present between the periportal carbamoylphosphate synthase-positive and the pericentral glutamine synthase-positive zone. To investigate whether these differences in gene expression can be attributed to the size of the liver lobule, we investigated the patterns of expression of carbamoylphosphate synthase, glutamine synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase during postnatal development of the pig, a species in which the total number of lobules does not increase after birth. We demonstrate that lobular size increases 3-fold between 1 week and 8 months after birth. In the same developmental period the number of hepatocytes on the porto-central axis increases 2-fold, resulting in a 3-fold increase in cellular volume. However, the lobular patterns of expression of carbamoylphosphate synthase, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthase do not change anymore after 1 month, i.e., when lobular diameter is comparable to that in rat liver, showing that lobular size is not a major determinant of the heterogeneous patterns of expression of these enzymes. The adult patterns of expression of glutamine synthase, glutamate dehydrogenase and, in particular carbamoylphosphate synthase in the porcine liver resemble those of man. Changes in the enzyme activities of glutamate dehydrogenase and carbamoylphosphate synthase are not related to the lobular size. However, the 70% decrease of GS activity in the 8-month-old pigs corresponds with the gradual 2-3-fold decrease in the size of the GS-positive compartment during postnatal development. During adulthood GS activity increases again to values observed 1 week after birth demonstrating a 2-fold increase in cellular glutamine synthase content. The present data show that the pig is an excellent model to study the regulation and functional implication of zonation of gene expression in the human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Wagenaar
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Lukita-Atmadja W, Sato T, Wake K. Granuloma formation in the liver of Balb/c mice intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1993; 64:247-57. [PMID: 8287121 DOI: 10.1007/bf02915119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic granulomas induced by a single or several subcutaneous injections of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in Balb/c mice were examined electronmicroscopically and immunocytochemically. Stellate cells (fat-storing cells; lipocytes; Ito cells) were identified by the detection of cytoplasmic desmin, while T-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages were identified with monoclonal antibodies Thy 1.2 and MOMA-2, respectively. Following pericentral necrosis induced with CCl4, clear foci containing lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages and perisinusoidal stellate cells occurred in the surrounding hepatic parenchyma on day 5. These clear foci developed to granulomas with increasing numbers of macrophages and stellate cells. Mitotic and apoptotic figures in randomly distributed macrophages, and direct contacts between macrophages and stellate cells were frequently seen within the granulomas. The stellate cells were characterized by a well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Collagen fibrils were closely applied to the stellate cells and connective tissue septa extended between neighboring granulomas and/or the pericentral necrotic areas after several injections of CCl4. CCl4-induced hepatic granulomas provide a model for investigating paracrine and/or autocrine modulation within a well-organized microenvironment during progressive hepatic inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lukita-Atmadja
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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31
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Wake K, Sato T. Intralobular heterogeneity of perisinusoidal stellate cells in porcine liver. Cell Tissue Res 1993; 273:227-37. [PMID: 7689937 DOI: 10.1007/bf00312824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the intralobular heterogeneity of the perisinusoidal stellate cells (fat-storing cells, lipocytes) in the porcine liver. Their three-dimensional structure, desmin immunoreactivity and vitamin-A storage were studied by use of the Golgi silver, immunocytochemical and gold chloride methods. In order to locate the stellate cells, the hepatic lobules were divided into 10 zones. The stellate cells were readily identified in Golgi preparations by their striking dendritic appearance with branching processes encompassing the sinusoids. The stellate cells in the centrolobular zones were conspicuously dendritic with longer processes in comparison to those emitted by periportal elements. Such arborizations were studded with numerous thorn-like microprojections. Desmin immunoreaction in the periportal zones was stronger than that in the centrolobular zones. Vitamin-A storage in the stellate cells was well developed in zones 2-4, but reduced gradually toward the central region. The perisinusoidal stellate cells display marked heterogeneity in morphology and function based on their zonal location in the hepatic lobule.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wake
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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32
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Abstract
In the mature alligator, fibrous trabeculae run from the portal areas and capsule through the hepatic parenchyma. The extent of these trabeculae becomes clear only after staining for collagen with, for example, Fast green or Picrosirius red. The trabeculae are less well developed in young caiman. The alligator's liver might use the trabeculae to withstand thrashing of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Beresford
- Department of Anatomy, HSN, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506-9128
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