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Human endogenous retrovirus HERV-Fc1 association with multiple sclerosis susceptibility: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90182. [PMID: 24594754 PMCID: PMC3971560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are repetitive sequences derived from ancestral germ-line infections by exogenous retroviruses and different HERV families have been integrated in the genome. HERV-Fc1 in chromosome X has been previously associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) in Northern European populations. Additionally, HERV-Fc1 RNA levels of expression have been found increased in plasma of MS patients with active disease. Considering the North-South latitude gradient in MS prevalence, we aimed to evaluate the role of HERV-Fc1on MS risk in three independent Spanish cohorts. Methods A single nucleotide polymorphism near HERV-Fc1, rs391745, was genotyped by Taqman chemistry in a total of 2473 MS patients and 3031 ethnically matched controls, consecutively recruited from: Northern (569 patients and 980 controls), Central (883 patients and 692 controls) and Southern (1021 patients and 1359 controls) Spain. Our results were pooled in a meta-analysis with previously published data. Results Significant associations of the HERV-Fc1 polymorphism with MS were observed in two Spanish cohorts and the combined meta-analysis with previous data yielded a significant association [rs391745 C-allele carriers: pM-H = 0.0005; ORM-H (95% CI) = 1.27 (1.11–1.45)]. Concordantly to previous findings, when the analysis was restricted to relapsing remitting and secondary progressive MS samples, a slight enhancement in the strength of the association was observed [pM-H = 0.0003, ORM-H (95% CI) = 1.32 (1.14–1.53)]. Conclusion Association of the HERV-Fc1 polymorphism rs391745 with bout-onset MS susceptibility was confirmed in Southern European cohorts.
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Faraone SV, Seidman LJ, Buka S, Goldstein JM, Lyons M, Kremen WS, Glatt SJ. Festschrift celebrating the career of Ming T. Tsuang. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:551-8. [PMID: 24132890 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
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Gadelha A, Ota VK, Cano JP, Melaragno MI, Smith MAC, de Jesus Mari J, Bressan RA, Belangero SI, Breen G. Linkage replication for chromosomal region 13q32 in schizophrenia: evidence from a Brazilian pilot study on early onset schizophrenia families. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52262. [PMID: 23300629 PMCID: PMC3534097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report analyses of a Brazilian study of early onset schizophrenia (BEOS) families. We genotyped 22 members of 4 families on a linkage SNP array and report here non-parametric linkage analyses using MERLIN® software. We found suggestive evidence for linkage on two chromosomal regions, 13q32 and 11p15.4. A LOD score of 2.71 was observed at 13q32 with a one LOD interval extending from 60.63–92.35 cM. From simulations, this LOD score gave a genome-wide empirical corrected p = 0.33, after accounting for all markers tested. Similarly 11p15.4 showed the same maximum LOD of 2.71 and a narrower one LOD interval of 4–14 cM. Of these, 13q32 has been reported to be linked to schizophrenia by multiple different studies. Thus, our study provides additional supporting evidence for an aetiological role of variants at 13q32 in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary Gadelha
- Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), and Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
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Chiesa A, Pae CU, Porcelli S, Han C, Lee SJ, Patkar AA, Park MH, Serretti A. DAOA variants and schizophrenia: influence on diagnosis and treatment outcomes. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2011; 15:303-10. [PMID: 22122005 DOI: 10.3109/13651501.2011.589518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study explored whether d-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA) variants were associated with schizophrenia and whether they could predict the clinical outcomes of patients treated with various antipsychotics. METHODS Two hundred and twenty-one (221) patients with schizophrenia and 170 psychiatrically healthy controls were genotyped for seven DAOA single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs3916966, rs3916967, rs2391191, rs3916968, rs7139958, rs9558571 and rs778293). We also administered baseline and final clinical measures, including the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), to patients with schizophrenia. RESULTS None of the SNPs under investigation was associated with the development of schizophrenia. However, the rs7139958 AA and rs9558571 TT as well as the rs7139958 A and rs9558571 T genotypes were associated with higher scores on the PANSS positive subscale among patients with schizophrenia, possibly reflecting their greater susceptibility to the development of more severe positive symptoms. No other allele, genotype, or haplotype under investigation was significantly associated with any of the clinical parameters, including clinical improvement, in patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that rs7139958 and rs9558571 SNPs may be associated with more severe baseline positive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. However, further research is needed to draw more definitive conclusions given the limitations of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Chiesa
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Logue MW, Durner M, Heiman GA, Hodge SE, Hamilton SP, Knowles JA, Fyer AJ, Weissman MM. A linkage search for joint panic disorder/bipolar genes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:1139-46. [PMID: 19308964 PMCID: PMC3058784 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is comorbidity and a possible genetic connection between Bipolar disease (BP) and panic disorder (PD). Genes may exist that increase risk to both PD and BP. We explored this possibility using data from a linkage study of PD (120 multiplex families; 37 had > or =1 BP member). We calculated 2-point lodscores maximized over male and female recombination fractions by classifying individuals with PD and/or BP as affected (PD + BP). Additionally, to shed light on possible heterogeneity, we examine the pedigrees containing a bipolar member (BP+) separately from those that do not (BP-), using a Predivided-Sample Test (PST). Linkage evidence for common genes for PD + BP was obtained on chromosomes 2 (lodscore = 4.6) and chromosome 12 (lodscore = 3.6). These locations had already been implicated using a PD-only diagnosis, although at both locations this was larger when a joint PD + BP diagnosis was used. Examining the BP+ families and BP- families separately indicates that both BP+ and BP- pedigrees are contributing to the peaks on chromosomes 2 and 12. However, the PST indicates different evidence of linkage is obtained from BP+ and BP- pedigrees on chromosome 13. Our findings are consistent with risk loci for the combined PD + BP phenotype on chromosomes 2 and 12. We also obtained evidence of heterogeneity on chromosome 13. The regions on chromosomes 12 and 13 identified here have previously been implicated as regions of interest for multiple psychiatric disorders, including BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Logue
- Genetics Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martina Durner
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Gary A. Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Susan E. Hodge
- Division of Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, Department of Psychiatry College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Steven P. Hamilton
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - James A. Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Abby J. Fyer
- Department of Psychiatry College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Myrna M. Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York,Correspondence to: Myrna M. Weissman, College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University, NYS Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive Unit 24, New York, NY 10032.
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Elucidating the genetic architecture of familial schizophrenia using rare copy number variant and linkage scans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:16746-51. [PMID: 19805367 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908584106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the genetic architecture of familial schizophrenia we combine linkage analysis with studies of fine-level chromosomal variation in families recruited from the Afrikaner population in South Africa. We demonstrate that individually rare inherited copy number variants (CNVs) are more frequent in cases with familial schizophrenia as compared to unaffected controls and affect almost exclusively genic regions. Interestingly, we find that while the prevalence of rare structural variants is similar in familial and sporadic cases, the type of variants is markedly different. In addition, using a high-density linkage scan with a panel of nearly 2,000 markers, we identify a region on chromosome 13q34 that shows genome-wide significant linkage to schizophrenia and show that in the families not linked to this locus, there is evidence for linkage to chromosome 1p36. No causative CNVs were identified in either locus. Overall, our results from approaches designed to detect risk variants with relatively low frequency and high penetrance in a well-defined and relatively homogeneous population, provide strong empirical evidence supporting the notion that multiple genetic variants, including individually rare ones, that affect many different genes contribute to the genetic risk of familial schizophrenia. They also highlight differences in the genetic architecture of the familial and sporadic forms of the disease.
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Bass NJ, Datta SR, McQuillin A, Puri V, Choudhury K, Thirumalai S, Lawrence J, Quested D, Pimm J, Curtis D, Gurling HM. Evidence for the association of the DAOA (G72) gene with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder but not for the association of the DAO gene with schizophrenia. Behav Brain Funct 2009; 5:28. [PMID: 19586533 PMCID: PMC2717980 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-5-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous linkage and association studies have implicated the D-amino acid oxidase activator gene (DAOA)/G30 locus or neighbouring region of chromosome 13q33.2 in the genetic susceptibility to both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) gene located at 12q24.11 have also been found to show allelic association with schizophrenia. Methods We used the case control method to test for genetic association with variants at these loci in a sample of 431 patients with schizophrenia, 303 patients with bipolar disorder and 442 ancestrally matched supernormal controls all selected from the UK population. Results Ten SNPs spanning the DAOA locus were genotyped in these samples. In addition three SNPs were genotyped at the DAO locus in the schizophrenia sample. Allelic association was detected between the marker rs3918342 (M23), 3' to the DAOA gene and both schizophrenia (χ2 = 5.824 p = 0.016) and bipolar disorder (χ2 = 4.293 p = 0.038). A trend towards association with schizophrenia was observed for two other DAOA markers rs3916967 (M14, χ2 = 3.675 p = 0.055) and rs1421292 (M24; χ2 = 3.499 p = 0.062). A test of association between a three marker haplotype comprising of the SNPs rs778293 (M22), rs3918342 (M23) and rs1421292 (M24) and schizophrenia gave a global empirical significance of p = 0.015. No evidence was found to confirm the association of genetic markers at the DAO gene with schizophrenia. Conclusion Our results provide some support for a role for DAOA in susceptibility to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bass
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Research Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, 46 Cleveland Street, London, W1T 4JF, UK.
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Maziade M, Chagnon YC, Roy MA, Bureau A, Fournier A, Mérette C. Chromosome 13q13-q14 locus overlaps mood and psychotic disorders: the relevance for redefining phenotype. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17:1034-42. [PMID: 19172987 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nosology of major psychoses is challenged by the findings that schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) share several neurobiological, neuropsychological and clinical phenotypic characteristics. Moreover, several vulnerability loci or genes may be common to the two DSM disorders. We previously reported, in a sample of 21 kindreds (sample 1), a genome-wide suggestive linkage in 13q13-q14 with a common locus (CL) phenotype that crossed the diagnostic boundaries by combining SZ, BP and schizoaffective disorders. Our objectives were to test phenotype specificity in a separate sample (sample 2) of 27 kindreds from Eastern Quebec and to also analyze the combined sample of 48 kindreds (1274 family members). We performed nonparametric and parametric analyses and tested as phenotypes: SZ alone, BP alone, and a CL phenotype. We replicated in sample 2 our initial finding with CL with a maximum NPL(pair) score of 3.36 at D13S1272 (44 Mb), only 2.1 Mb telomeric to our previous maximum result. In the combined sample, the peak with CL was at marker D13S1297 (42.1 Mb) with a NPL(pair) score reaching 5.21, exceeding that obtained in each sample and indicating consistency across the two samples. Our data suggest a susceptibility locus in 13q13-q14 that is shared by schizophrenia and mood disorder. That locus would be additional to another well documented and more distal 13q locus where the G72/G30 gene is mapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Maziade
- Department of Psychiatry, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada.
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Abrams DJ, Rojas DC, Arciniegas DB. Is schizoaffective disorder a distinct categorical diagnosis? A critical review of the literature. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4:1089-109. [PMID: 19337453 PMCID: PMC2646642 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable debate surrounds the inclusion of schizoaffective disorder in psychiatric nosology. Schizoaffective disorder may be a variant of schizophrenia in which mood symptoms are unusually prominent but not unusual in type. This condition may instead reflect a severe form of either major depressive or bipolar disorder in which episode-related psychotic symptoms fail to remit completely between mood episodes. Alternatively, schizoaffective disorder may reflect the co-occurrence of two relatively common psychiatric illnesses, schizophrenia and a mood disorder (major depressive or bipolar disorder). Each of these formulations of schizoaffective disorder presents nosological challenges because the signs and symptoms of this condition cross conventional categorical diagnostic boundaries between psychotic disorders and mood disorders. The study, evaluation, and treatment of persons presently diagnosed with schizoaffective may be more usefully informed by a dimensional approach. It is in this context that this article reviews and contrasts the categorical and dimensional approaches to its description, neurobiology, and treatment. Based on this review, an argument for the study and treatment of this condition using a dimensional approach is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Abrams
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
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Abstract
A recent study suggested that the cadherin gene FAT exerts an influence on susceptibility to bipolar affective disorder (BPAD). We aimed to replicate this finding in a German sample (425 BPAD I and 419 controls). In addition, we performed a comprehensive linkage disequilibrium mapping of the whole genomic region of FAT and the neighboring circadian gene MTNR1A (48 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering 191 kb). No significant association was observed for SNPs located in the MTNR1A gene. In FAT, however, nine SNPs showed association, eight of them being located in the same haplotype block found to be associated with BPAD by Blair et al. The smallest P-value of 0.00028 (OR 1.71) was seen for non-synonymous SNP rs2637777. A combination of five markers including this marker showed a haplotype distribution with a nominal P-value of 1.8 x 10(-5) that withstands correction for multiple testing. While the control allele frequencies between our sample and the samples of the original study are comparable, tendencies of risk allele frequencies are opposite. Possible explanations for this include potential differences in linkage disequilibrium structure between the German, Australian, UK, and Bulgarian populations sampling variation, multilocus effects and/or the occurrence of independent mutational events. We conclude that our results support an involvement of variation at the FAT gene in the etiology of BPAD, but that further work is needed both to clarify possible reasons for the observed risk allele differences and to ultimately identify the functionally relevant variant(s).
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Detera-Wadleigh SD, Liu CY, Maheshwari M, Cardona I, Corona W, Akula N, Steele CJM, Badner JA, Kundu M, Kassem L, Potash JB, Gibbs R, Gershon ES, McMahon FJ. Sequence variation in DOCK9 and heterogeneity in bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2007; 17:274-86. [PMID: 17728666 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e328133f352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linkage of bipolar disorder to a broad region on chromosome 13q has been supported in several studies including a meta-analysis on genome scans. Subsequent reports have shown that variations in the DAOA (G72) locus on 13q33 display association with bipolar disorder but these may not account for all of the linkage evidence in the region. OBJECTIVE To identify additional susceptibility loci on 13q32-q33 by linkage disequilibrium mapping and explore the impact of phenotypic heterogeneity on association. METHODS In the initial phase, 98 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) located on 13q32-q33 were genotyped on 285 probands with bipolar disorder and their parents were drawn from families in the NIMH Genetics Initiative consortium for bipolar disorder (NIMH1-4) and two other series. Fine scale mapping using one family series (NIMH1-2) as the test sample was targeted on a gene that displayed the highest evidence of association. A secondary analysis of familial component phenotypes of bipolar disorder was conducted. RESULTS Three of seven SNPs in DOCK9, a gene that encodes an activator of the Rho-GTPase Cdc42, showed significant excess allelic transmission (P=0.0477-0.00067). Fine scale mapping on DOCK9 yielded evidence of association at nine SNPs in the gene (P=0.02-0.006). Follow-up tests detected excess transmission of the same allele of rs1340 in two out of three other sets of families. The association signals were largely attributable to maternally transmitted alleles (rs1927568: P=0.000083; odds ratio=3.778). A secondary analysis of familial component phenotypes of bipolar disorder detected significant association across multiple DOCK9 markers for racing thoughts, psychosis, delusion during mania and course of illness indicators. CONCLUSION These results suggest that DOCK9 contributes to both risk and increased illness severity in bipolar disorder. We found evidence for the effect of phenotypic heterogeneity on association. To our knowledge this is the first report to implicate DOCK9 or the Rho-GTPase pathway in the etiology of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevilla D Detera-Wadleigh
- Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Mood and Anxiety Program, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health/U.S. DHHS, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Lin PI, Vance JM, Pericak-Vance MA, Martin ER. No gene is an island: the flip-flop phenomenon. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80:531-8. [PMID: 17273975 PMCID: PMC1821115 DOI: 10.1086/512133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of publications are replicating a previously reported disease-marker association but with the risk allele reversed from the previous report. Do such "flip-flop" associations confirm or refute the previous association findings? We hypothesized that these associations may indeed be confirmations but that multilocus effects and variation in interlocus correlations contribute to this flip-flop phenomenon. We used theoretical modeling to demonstrate that flip-flop associations can occur when the investigated variant is correlated, through interactive effects or linkage disequilibrium, with a causal variant at another locus, and we show how these findings could explain previous reports of flip-flop associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-I Lin
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Yue W, Kang G, Zhang Y, Qu M, Tang F, Han Y, Ruan Y, Lu T, Zhang J, Zhang D. Association of DAOA polymorphisms with schizophrenia and clinical symptoms or therapeutic effects. Neurosci Lett 2007; 416:96-100. [PMID: 17293043 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the correlation between variants in the d-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA) locus and clinical symptoms and response to antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Case-control analysis and the family-based association test (FBAT) were performed to investigate whether four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at DAOA gene are associated with schizophrenia. The association between the DAOA risk haplotype and clinical symptoms were examined by the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) and the brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS). Our findings showed that the SNP rs947267 was significantly associated with schizophrenia in both case control and familial trio samples (A>C, chi(2)=8.36, p=0.004; Z=2.335, p=0.019), as well as with specific haplotypes, in particular those formed by the A allele of rs947267. In addition, the risk haplotype AAG was significantly correlated with negative, depression and cognitive impairment factors of PANSS, even with the BPRS change scores after 6-week treatment of atypical antipsychotic drugs (p<0.05). These results support the hypothesis that variations in DAOA may play a role in schizophrenia and clinical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Yue
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Abou Jamra R, Schmael C, Cichon S, Rietschel M, Schumacher J, Nöthen MM. The G72/G30 gene locus in psychiatric disorders: a challenge to diagnostic boundaries? Schizophr Bull 2006; 32:599-608. [PMID: 16914640 PMCID: PMC2632259 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbl028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In follow-up from evidence obtained in linkage studies, systematic linkage disequilibrium mapping within chromosomal region 13q33 has led to the identification of a schizophrenia susceptibility locus which harbors the genes G72 and G30. These association findings have been replicated in several independent schizophrenia samples. Association has also been found between genetic variants at the G72/G30 locus and bipolar affective disorder (BPAD), with replication in independent studies. Results from studies of more detailed psychiatric phenotypes show that association exists with symptom clusters that are common to several disorders as well as with specific psychiatric diagnoses. These findings may indicate that the association lies not with the diagnostic categories per se but with more specific aspects of the phenotype, such as affective symptoms and cognitive effects, which cross traditional psychiatric diagnostic boundaries. At the molecular level, the picture remains far from clear. No putative functional variants have been identified in the coding regions of G72 or G30, and it is therefore likely that disease susceptibility is caused by as yet unidentified variants which alter gene expression or splicing. A further complication is the fact that inconsistencies are evident in the risk alleles and haplotypes observed to be associated across different samples and studies, which may suggest the presence of multiple susceptibility variants at this locus. Functional analyses indicate that the G72 gene product plays a role in the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, a molecular pathway implicated in both schizophrenia and BPAD, making it the most plausible candidate gene at this locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Wilhelmstrasse 31, D-53111 Bonn, Germany.
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Hong CJ, Hou SJ, Yen FC, Liou YJ, Tsai SJ. Family-based association study between G72/G30 genetic polymorphism and schizophrenia. Neuroreport 2006; 17:1067-9. [PMID: 16791105 DOI: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000224763.61959.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variations in G72/G30 have been reported to be associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders in several case-control studies. This gene is located in a genomic region known to contain susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. As case-control studies carry an increased risk of confounding through population stratification, we investigate whether the rs947267 (A/C) polymorphism is associated with schizophrenia in a family-based association study. This polymorphism is located within the G72/G30 gene and has been previously associated with bipolar disorders. The sample consisted of a total of 216 Chinese families that included an affected offspring and parents. Transmission disequilibrium analysis revealed a significant association between the G72/G30 rs947267 polymorphism and schizophrenia (P=0.016), with the A allele more commonly transmitted to patients. Further analysis stratified by sex showed that the A allele was significantly more overtransmitted than nontransmitted in the trios of male probands (P=0.031), but not in the trios of female probands. Our family-based association study supports the suggestion that the G72/G30 gene may be implicated in susceptibility to schizophrenia and there may be an interaction between this gene and sex in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Jee Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
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Detera-Wadleigh SD, McMahon FJ. G72/G30 in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:106-14. [PMID: 16581030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Association of the G72/G30 locus with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder has now been reported in several studies. The G72/G30 locus may be one of several that account for the evidence of linkage that spans a broad region of chromosome 13q. However, the story of G72/G30 is complex. Our meta-analysis of published association studies shows highly significant evidence of association between nucleotide variations in the G72/G30 region and schizophrenia, along with compelling evidence of association with bipolar disorder. But the associated alleles and haplotypes are not identical across studies, and some strongly associated variants are located approximately 50 kb telomeric of G72. Interestingly, G72 and G30 are transcribed in opposite directions; hence, their transcripts could cross-regulate translation. A functional native protein and functional motifs for G72 or G30 remain to be demonstrated. The interaction of G72 with d-amino acid oxidase, itself of interest as a modulator of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors through regulation of d-serine levels, has been reported in one study and could be a key functional link that deserves further investigation. The association findings in the G72/G30 region, among the most compelling in psychiatry, may expose an important molecular pathway involved in susceptibility to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevilla D Detera-Wadleigh
- National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3719, USA.
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17
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Faraone SV, Skol AD, Tsuang DW, Young KA, Haverstock SL, Prabhudesai S, Mena F, Menon AS, Leong L, Sautter F, Baldwin C, Bingham S, Weiss D, Collins J, Keith T, Vanden Eng JL, Boehnke M, Tsuang MT, Schellenberg GD. Genome scan of schizophrenia families in a large Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study sample: evidence for linkage to 18p11.32 and for racial heterogeneity on chromosomes 6 and 14. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 139B:91-100. [PMID: 16152571 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide linkage analyses of schizophrenia have identified several regions that may harbor schizophrenia susceptibility genes but, given the complex etiology of the disorder, it is unlikely that all susceptibility regions have been detected. We report results from a genome scan of 166 schizophrenia families collected through the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program. Our definition of affection status included schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, depressed type and we defined families as European American (EA) and African American (AA) based on the probands' and parents' races based on data collected by interviewing the probands. We also assessed evidence for racial heterogeneity in the regions most suggestive of linkage. The maximum LOD score across the genome was 2.96 for chromosome 18, at 0.5 cM in the combined race sample. Both racial groups showed LOD scores greater than 1.0 for chromosome 18. The empirical P-value associated with that LOD score is 0.04 assuming a single genome scan for the combined sample with race narrowly defined, and 0.06 for the combined sample allowing for broad and narrow definitions of race. The empirical P-value of observing a LOD score as large as 2.96 in the combined sample, and of at least 1.0 in each racial group, allowing for narrow and broad racial definitions, is 0.04. Evidence for the second and third largest linkage signals come solely from the AA sample on chromosomes 6 (LOD = 2.11 at 33.2 cM) and 14 (LOD = 2.13 at 51.0). The linkage evidence differed between the AA and EA samples (chromosome 6 P-value = 0.007 and chromosome 14 P-value = 0.004).
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Faraone
- Genetics Research Program and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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18
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Wei J, Hemmings GP. The KPNA3 gene may be a susceptibility candidate for schizophrenia. Neurosci Res 2005; 52:342-6. [PMID: 15882913 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the possible association of the KPNA3 locus in the 13q14 region with schizophrenia. We detected 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 13q14, one (rs6313) present at the HTR2A locus and the other 6 at the KPNA3 locus, among 124 British family trios consisting of mother, father and affected offspring with schizophrenia. The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) showed allelic association for rs3736830 (chi(2)=8.66, P=0.003), rs2181185 (chi(2)=3.86, P=0.049) and rs626716 (chi(2)=5.82, P=0.016), but not for rs6313 (chi(2)=0.009, P=0.926). The global P-value was 0.029 for 1000 permutations with the TDT. The 2-SNP haplotype analysis showed a disease association for the rs2273816-rs3736830 haplotypes (chi(2)=7.63, d.f.=2, P=0.022), the rs3736830-rs2181185 haplotypes (chi(2)=10.30, d.f.=2, P=0.006) and the rs2181185-rs3782929 haplotypes (chi(2)=9.26, d.f.=2, P=0.01). The global P-value was 0.034 for 1000 permutations with the 2-SNP haplotype analysis. The 6-SNP haplotype system also showed a weak association with the illness (chi(2)=15.62, d.f.=8, P=0.048), although the 1-d.f. test did not show the association for nine individual haplotypes when a P-value was corrected by the Bonferroni corrections. The present study suggests that the KPNA3 may contribute genetically to schizophrenia in a small effect size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Schizophrenia Association of Great Britain, Bryn Hyfryd, The Crescent, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2AG, UK.
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19
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Hu Y, Liu L, Ju G, Zhang X, Xie L, Liu S, Shi J, Yu Y, Sun Z, Guo Y, Xu Q, Fan Y, Shen Y, Wei J. An association study of the KPNB3 locus with schizophrenia in a Chinese population. Schizophr Res 2005; 76:363-5. [PMID: 15949672 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Ferraren DO, Liu C, Badner JA, Corona W, Rezvani A, Monje VD, Gershon ES, Bonner TI, Detera-Wadleigh SD. Linkage disequilibrium analysis in the LOC93081-KDELC1-BIVM region on 13q in bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 133B:12-7. [PMID: 15635705 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide scans in bipolar disorder and a meta analysis on published data have provided evidence for linkage to chromosome 13q, although the reported peaks from various studies have not converged in a narrow region. Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the G72/G30 locus have been shown to be associated with bipolar disorder suggesting its potential role in increasing disease risk. The proposed linkage region on 13q extends over a wide span, and could provide a clue to the existence of other susceptibility variants. In the present study, SNPs in the LOC93081-KDELC1-BIVM, a region proximal to G72, were interrogated in two bipolar family series. KDELC1 has a predicted filamin domain and BIVM contains an immunoglobulin-like motif. The small pedigree series yielded a nominally significant global P-value due to under-transmission of a rare haplotype but this finding was not supported by results from the larger series and in the case-control study that compared 278 cases and 277 controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilberto O Ferraren
- Genetic Basis for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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21
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Wei J, Hemmings GP. The KPNB3 locus is associated with schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2004; 368:323-6. [PMID: 15364420 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Revised: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present on 13q32 were detected among 124 British family trios consisting of fathers, mothers and affected offspring with schizophrenia. The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) demonstrated that of these 7 SNPs, rs626716, a T to C base change at the KPNB3 locus, was the only SNP associated with schizophrenia (chi(2) = 7.71, P = 0.005) although the global P-value given by a permutation test was 0.04 for 100 permutations. Of 248 parents, 20 were heterozygous. These heterozygous parents had transmitted 4 T-alleles and 16 C-alleles to their affected offspring. To further validate the rs626716 association, we analysed a haplotype system composed of 3 SNPs at the KPNB3 locus. The result showed that the KPNB3 haplotypes were also associated with schizophrenia (chi(2) = 10.18, d.f. = 2, P = 0.006). Because the KPNB3 finding has been replicated in a Chinese population, it could be hypothesized that the KPNB3 locus may contain a disease-causing variant for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Schizophrenia Association of Great Britain, Bryn Hyfryd, The Crescent, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2AG, UK.
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22
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Stassen HH, Bridler R, Hell D, Weisbrod M, Scharfetter C. Ethnicity-independent genetic basis of functional psychoses: a genotype-to-phenotype approach. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 124B:101-12. [PMID: 14681924 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The functional psychoses schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar illness represent complex clinical syndromes that are characterized by phenotypic heterogeneity. Yet evidence from numerous studies suggests that (1) the prevalence of schizophrenia and bipolar illness is with 1% very similar across ethnicities, and (2) a strong genetic component is involved in the disorders' pathogenesis. Using data from different US-American ethnicities (77 families with a total of 17 unaffected and 170 affected sib pairs; 276 marker loci), we searched for ethnicity-independent oligogenic susceptibility loci for which the between-sib genetic similarity in affected sib pairs deviated from the expected values. Specifically, we addressed the question of the extent to which genetic risk factors and their interactions constitute multigenic inheritance of functional psychoses across populations and might constitute universal targets for treatment. Our novel multivariate genotype-to-phenotype search strategy was based on a genetic similarity function that allowed us to quantify the inter-individual genetic distances d(x(i), x(j)) between the allelic genotype patterns x(i), x(j) of any two subjects i, j with respect to n loci l(1), l(2), em leader l(n). Thus, we were able to assess the between-ethnicity, the within-ethnicity, and the within-family genetic similarities. The problem of ethnicity-independent vulnerability was addressed by treating the Afro-American families as "training" samples, while the non-Afro-American families served as independent "test" samples. We evaluated the between-sib similarities, which were expected to deviate from "0.5" in affected sib pairs if the region of interest contained markers close to vulnerability genes. The reference value "0.5" was derived from the parent-offspring similarities that are always 0.5, irrespective of the affection status of parents and offspring. We found 12 vulnerability loci on chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 18, and 20, that were reproducible across the two samples under comparison and therefore, likely to constitute an ethnicity-independent, oligogenic vulnerability model of functional psychoses. The elevated vulnerability appeared to be unspecific and to act in such a way that exogenous factors become more likely to trigger the onset of psychiatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Stassen
- Psychiatric University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Skol AD, Young KA, Tsuang DW, Faraone SV, Haverstock SL, Bingham S, Prabhudesai S, Mena F, Menon AS, Yu CE, Rundell P, Pepple J, Sauter F, Baldwin C, Weiss D, Collins J, Keith T, Boehnke M, Schellenberg GD, Tsuang MT. Modest evidence for linkage and possible confirmation of association between NOTCH4 and schizophrenia in a large Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study sample. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 118B:8-15. [PMID: 12627457 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.10055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Wei and Hemmings [2000: Nat Genet 25:376-377], using 80 British parent-offspring trios, identified a number of NOTCH4 variants and haplotypes that showed statistically significant evidence of association to schizophrenia. Specifically, the 10 repeat allele of a (CTG)(n) marker and the 8 repeat allele of a (TAA)(n) marker demonstrated excess transmission to affected individuals; SNP21 and haplotypes SNP2-(CTG)(n) and SNP12-SNP2-(CTG)(n) also showed significant associations. In an attempt to replicate these findings, we tested for linkage and association between the same five markers used by Wei and Hemmings in 166 families collected from a multi-center study conducted by the Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) Cooperative Study Program (CSP). The families include 392 affected subjects (schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, depressed) and 216 affected sibling pairs. The families represent a mix of European Americans (n = 62, 37%), African Americans (n = 60, 36%), and racially mixed or other races (n = 44, 27%). We identified moderate evidence for linkage in the pooled race sample (LOD = 1.25) and found excess transmission of the 8 (P = 0.06) and 13 (P = 0.04) repeat alleles of the (TAA)(n) marker to African American schizophrenic subjects. The 8 and 13 repeat alleles were previously identified to be positively associated with schizophrenia by Wei and Hemmings [2000: Nat Genet 25:376-377] and Sklar et al. [2001: Nat Genet 28:126-128], respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Skol
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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24
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Hamilton SP, Fyer AJ, Durner M, Heiman GA, Baisre de Leon A, Hodge SE, Knowles JA, Weissman MM. Further genetic evidence for a panic disorder syndrome mapping to chromosome 13q. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:2550-5. [PMID: 12604791 PMCID: PMC151378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0335669100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence supports that there is a genetic component to panic disorder (PD). Until recently, attempts at localizing genes for PD by using standard phenotypic data have not proven successful. Previous work suggests that a potential subtype of PD called the panic syndrome exists, and it is characterized by a number of medical conditions, most notably bladder/renal disorders. In the current study, a genome scan with 384 microsatellite markers was performed on 587 individuals in 60 multiplex pedigrees segregating PD and bladder/kidney conditions. Using both single-locus and multipoint analytic methods, we found significant linkage on chromosome 22 (maximum heterogeneity logarithm of odds score = 4.11 at D22S445) and on chromosome 13q (heterogeneity logarithm of odds score = 3.57 at D13S793) under a dominant-genetic model and a broad phenotypic definition. Multipoint analyses did not support the observation on chromosome 22. The chromosome 13 findings were corroborated by multipoint findings, and extend our previous findings from 19 of the 60 families. Several other regions showed elevated scores by using when one analytic method was used, but not the other. These results suggest that there are genes on chromosome 13q, and possibly on chromosome 22 as well, that influence the susceptibility toward a pleiotropic syndrome that includes PD, bladder problems, severe headaches, mitral valve prolapse, and thyroid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Hamilton
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
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