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Mazen IM, Kamel AK, Mohamed AM, Hussien HA, Essawi ML, Hassan HA, El-Ruby MO, Aref A, Mekkawy MK. Unique karyotype: mos 46,X,dic(X;Y)(p22.33;p11.32)/ 45,X/45,dic(X;Y)(p22.33;p11.32) in an Egyptian patient with Ovotesticular disorder of sexual development. Sex Dev 2013; 7:235-43. [PMID: 23689268 DOI: 10.1159/000351039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovotesticular disorder of sexual development (OT-DSD) is an unusual form of DSD, characterized by the coexistence of testicular and ovarian tissue in the same individual. In this report, we present clinical, cytogenetic and molecular data of an Egyptian patient with ambiguous genitalia and OT-DSD, who had a unique karyotype comprising 3 different cell lines: mos 46,X,dic(X;Y)(p22.33;p11.32)/45,X/ 45,dic(X;Y)(p22.33;p11.32). This mosaic karyotype probably represents 2 different events: abnormal recombination between the X and Y chromosomes during paternal meiosis and postzygotic abnormality in mitotic segregation of the dic(X;Y) chromosome, resulting in a mosaic karyotype. The presence of the sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene explains the development of testicular tissue. On the other hand, other factors, including the presence of a 45,X cell line, partial SRY deletion, X inactivation pattern, and position effect, could be contributed to genital ambiguity. Explanation of the patient's phenotype in relation to the genotype is discussed with a literature review. We conclude that FISH analysis with X- and Y-specific probes and molecular analysis of the SRY gene are highly recommended and allow accurate diagnosis for optimal management of cases with ambiguous genitalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Mazen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Burnside RD, Mikhail FM, Cosper PC. A prenatally ascertained X;Y translocation characterized using conventional and molecular cytogenetics. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:1221-4. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Bernasconi S, Mariani S, Falcinelli C, Milioli S, Iughetti L, Forabosco A. SHOX gene in Leri-Weill syndrome and in idiopathic short stature. J Endocrinol Invest 2001; 24:737-41. [PMID: 11716161 DOI: 10.1007/bf03343919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Bernasconi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Parma, OORR, Italy.
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4
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Wei F, Cheng S, Badie N, Elder F, Scott C, Nicholson L, Ross JL, Zinn AR. A man who inherited his SRY gene and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis from his mother and neurofibromatosis type 1 from his father. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 102:353-8. [PMID: 11503163 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20010901)102:4<353::aid-ajmg1481>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report on a man with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD). His father had NF1. His mother had LWD plus additional findings of Turner syndrome (TS): high arched palate, bicuspid aortic valve, aortic stenosis, and premature ovarian failure. The proband's karyotype was 46,X,dic(X;Y)(p22.3;p11.32). Despite having almost the same genetic constitution as 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome, he was normally virilized, although slight elevation of serum gonadotropins indicated gonadal dysfunction. His mother's karyotype was mosaic 45,X[17 cells]/46,X,dic(X;Y)(p22.3;p11.32)[3 cells].ish dic(X;Y)(DXZ1 +,DYZ1 + ). The dic(X;Y) chromosome was also positive for Y markers PABY, SRY, and DYZ5, but negative for SHOX. The dic(X;Y) chromosome was also positive for X markers DXZ1 and a sequence < 300 kb from PABX, suggesting that the deletion encompassed only pseudoautosomal sequences. Replication studies indicated that the normal X and the dic(X;Y) were randomly inactivated in the proband's lymphocytes. LWD in the proband and his mother was explained by SHOX haploinsufficiency. The mother's female phenotype was most likely due to 45,X mosaicism. This family segregating Mendelian and chromosomal disorders illustrates extreme sex chromosome variation compatible with normal male and female sexual differentiation. The case also highlights the importance of karyotyping for differentiating LWD and TS, especially in patients with findings such as premature ovarian failure or aortic abnormalities not associated with isolated SHOX haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wei
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical School, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8591, USA
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5
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Seidel J, Schiller S, Kelbova C, Beensen V, Orth U, Vogt S, Claussen U, Zintl F, Rappold GA. Brachytelephalangic dwarfism due to the loss of ARSE and SHOX genes resulting from an X;Y translocation. Clin Genet 2001; 59:115-21. [PMID: 11260213 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2001.590209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we report an 8-year-old male patient who had mesomelic shortening of forearms and legs, brachytelephalangia and ichthyotic skin lesions. Chromosomal analysis showed an X;Y translocation involving the short arm of the X chromosome (Xp). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and molecular studies localized the breakpoints on Xp22.3 in the immediate vicinity of the KAL gene demonstrating deletions of steroid sulfatase (STS), arylsulfatase E (ARSE), and short stature homeo box (SHOX) genes. It was suspected that the patient was suffering from chondrodysplasia punctata because of a loss of the arylsulfatase E (ARSE) gene. However, no stippled epiphyses were to be seen in the neonatal radiograph. Interestingly, this patient is the first case with a proven loss of the ARSE gene without chondrodysplasia punctata, assuming that chondrodysplasia punctata is not an obligatory sign of ARSE gene loss. Brachytelephalangia was the only result of ARSE gene deletion in this case. The patient's mother also had dwarfism and showed Madelung deformity of the forearms. She was detected as a carrier of the same aberrant X chromosome. The male patient did not show Madelung deformity, demonstrating that Lerri-Weill syndrome phenotype may be still incomplete in children with SHOX gene deletion. The wide clinical spectrum in the male and the Leri-Weill phenotype in his mother are the results of both a deletion involving several sulfatase genes in Xp22.3 and the SHOX gene located in the pseudoautosomal region. Nevertheless, there is no explanation for the absence of chondrodysplasia punctata despite the total loss of the ARSE gene. Further studies are necessary to investigate genotype/phenotype correlation in cases with translocations or microdeletions on Xp22.3, including the ARSE and the SHOX gene loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Seidel
- Department of Pediatrics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Kochstrasse 2, D-07740 Jena, Germany.
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6
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Shanske A, Ellison J, Vuguin P, Dowling P, Wasserman E, Heinrich J, Saenger P. Deletion of the pseudoautosomal region in a male with a unique Y;13 translocation and short stature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990101)82:1<34::aid-ajmg7>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Spranger S, Kirsch S, Mertz A, Schiebel K, Tariverdian G, Rappold GA. Molecular studies of an X;Y translocation chromosome in a woman with deletion of the pseudoautosomal region but normal height. Clin Genet 1997; 51:346-50. [PMID: 9212185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1997.tb02486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A translocation chromosome in a woman with the karyotype 46,X,der(X)t(X;Y)(p22.3; q11.2) was investigated by FISH and STS analysis with molecular probes derived from the sex chromosomes. Due to the partial deletion of the short arm pseudoautosomal region (PAR1) from DXYS14 to DXYS147 in the translocation chromosome, the proband is hemizygous for the gene responsible for growth control (SS) located in this region, yet does not show growth retardation. Molecular analysis of the Yq arm of the translocation chromosome revealed the presence of markers DYS273 to DYS246 harboring the hypothesized growth control gene critical region (GCY) on Yq, thereby placing the deletion breakpoint between markers DYS11 and DYS273. These results suggest that the Y-specific growth gene GCY on Yq compensates for the missing growth gene SS on Xp22.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Spranger
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Rao E, Weiss B, Fukami M, Rump A, Niesler B, Mertz A, Muroya K, Binder G, Kirsch S, Winkelmann M, Nordsiek G, Heinrich U, Breuning MH, Ranke MB, Rosenthal A, Ogata T, Rappold GA. Pseudoautosomal deletions encompassing a novel homeobox gene cause growth failure in idiopathic short stature and Turner syndrome. Nat Genet 1997; 16:54-63. [PMID: 9140395 DOI: 10.1038/ng0597-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Growth retardation resulting in short stature is a major concern for parents and due to its great variety of causes, a complex diagnostic challenge for clinicians. A major locus involved in linear growth has been implicated within the pseudoautosomal region (PAR1) of the human sex chromosomes. We have determined an interval of 170 kb of DNA within PAR1 which was deleted in 36 individuals with short stature and different rearrangements on Xp22 or Yp11.3. This deletion was not detected in any of the relatives with normal stature or in a further 30 individuals with rearrangements on Xp22 or Yp11.3 with normal height. We have isolated a homeobox-containing gene (SHOX) from this region, which has at least two alternatively spliced forms, encoding proteins with different patterns of expression. We also identified one functionally significant SHOX mutation by screening 91 individuals with idiopathic short stature. Our data suggest an involvement of SHOX in idiopathic growth retardation and in the short stature phenotype of Turner syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rao
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Germany
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9
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Maraschio P, Tupler R, Barbierato L, Dainotti E, Larizza D, Bernardi F, Hoeller H, Garau A, Tiepolo L. An analysis of Xq deletions. Hum Genet 1996; 97:375-81. [PMID: 8786087 DOI: 10.1007/bf02185777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization and Southern blotting 14 partial Xq monosomies, 11 due to terminal deletions and 3 secondary to X/autosome translocations. Three cases were mosaics with a XO cell line. In view of the possible role played by telomeres in chromosome segregation, we hypothesize a relationship between the loss of telomeric sequences in terminal deletions and the presence of 45,X cells. A correlation between phenotype and extent of deletion reveal that there is no correspondence between the size of the deletion and impairment of gonadal function. Turner stigmata are absent in patients without an XO cell line, when the breakpoint is distal to Xq24. A low birthweight is present whenever the breakpoint is at q22 or more proximal.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maraschio
- Biologia Generale e Genetica Medica, Università di Pavia, Italy
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10
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Hsu LY. Phenotype/karyotype correlations of Y chromosome aneuploidy with emphasis on structural aberrations in postnatally diagnosed cases. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 53:108-40. [PMID: 7856637 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320530204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Over 600 cases with a Y aneuploidy (other than non-mosaic 47,XYY) were reviewed for phenotype/karyotype correlations. Except for 93 prenatally diagnosed cases of mosaicism 45,X/46,XY (79 cases), 45,X/47,XYY (8 cases), and 45,X/46,XY/47,XYY (6 cases), all other cases were ascertained postnatally. Special emphasis was placed on structural abnormalities. This review includes 11 cases of 46,XYp-; 90 cases of 46,XYq- (52 cases non-mosaic; 38 cases 45,X mosaic); 34 cases of 46,X,r(Y) (9 cases non-mosaic and 25 cases 45,X mosaic); 8 cases of 46,X,i(Yp) (4 non-mosaic and 4 mosaic with 45,X); 12 cases of 46,X,i(Yq) (7 non-mosaic and 5 mosaic); 44 cases of 46,X,idic(Yq); 80 cases of 46,X, idic(Yp) (74 cases had breakpoints at Yq11 and 6 cases had breakpoints at Yq12); 130 cases of Y/autosome translocations (50 cases with a Y/A reciprocal translocation, 20 cases of Y/A translocation in 45,X males, 60 cases of Y/DP or Y/Gp translocations); 52 cases of Y/X translocations [47 cases with der(X); 4 cases with der(Y), and 1 case with 45,X with a der(X)], 7 cases of Y/Y translocations; 151 postnatally diagnosed cases of 45,X/46,XY; 14 postnatally diagnosed cases of 45,X/47,XYY; 18 cases of 45,X/46,XY/47,XYY; and 93 aforementioned prenatally diagnosed cases with a 45,X cell line. It is clear that in the absence of a 45,X cell line, the presence of an entire Yp or a region of it including SRY would lead to a male phenotype in an individual with a Y aneuploidy, whereas the lack of Yp invariably leads to a female phenotype with typical or atypical Ullrich-Turner syndrome (UTS). Once there is a 45,X cell line, regardless of whether there is Yp, Yq, or both Yp and Yq, or even a free Y chromosome in other cell line, there is an increased chance for that individual to be a phenotypic female with UTS manifestations or to have ambiguous external genitalia. This review once again shows a major difference in reported phenotypes between postnatally and prenatally diagnosed cases of 45,X/46,XY, 45,X/47,XYY, and 45,X/46,XY/47,XYY mosaicism. It appears that ascertainment bias can explain the fact that all known patients with postnatal diagnosis are phenotypically abnormal, while over 90% of prenatally diagnosed cases are reported to have a normal male phenotype. Further elucidation of major Y genes and their clinical significance can be expected in the rapidly expanding gene mapping projects. More, consequently better, phenotype/karyotype correlations can be anticipated at both the cytogenetic and the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Hsu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory of New York City, NY 10016
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11
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Geerkens C, Just W, Vogel W. Deletions of Xq and growth deficit: a review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 50:105-13. [PMID: 8010343 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320500202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of the literature disclosed 44 cases with a 46,X,Xq- karyotype without apparent mosaicism. Of these, 17 were of normal height (compared to the respective population), 11 had a height of over 1 SD below the mean, and 16 had a height of over 2 SD below the mean with breakpoints between Xq13 and Xq25. Since patients of normal height occurred with breakpoints as proximal as Xq13 we conclude that there is no major "growth gene" on Xq distal to q13. The most likely explanation for the variable phenotypic effect of Xq- is to assume that growth gene(s) in Xp or proximal Xq are inactivated on such a chromosome with some variability similar to the variable spreading of X inactivation seen in some X-autosome translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Geerkens
- Abteilung Klinische Genetik, Universität Ulm, Germany
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12
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Ballabio A, Bardoni B, Carrozzo R, Andria G, Bick D, Campbell L, Hamel B, Ferguson-Smith MA, Gimelli G, Fraccaro M. Contiguous gene syndromes due to deletions in the distal short arm of the human X chromosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:10001-5. [PMID: 2602357 PMCID: PMC298630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.24.10001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mendelian inherited disorders due to deletions of adjacent genes on a chromosome have been described as "contiguous gene syndromes." Short stature, chondrodysplasia punctata, mental retardation, steroid sulfatase deficiency, and Kallmann syndrome have been found as isolated entities or associated in various combinations in 27 patients with interstitial and terminal deletions involving the distal short arm of the X chromosome. The use of cDNA and genomic probes from the Xp22-pter region allowed us to identify 12 different deletion intervals and to confirm, and further refine, the chromosomal assignment of X-linked recessive chondrodysplasia punctata and Kallmann syndrome genes. A putative pseudoautosomal gene affecting height and an X-linked non-specific mental retardation gene have been tentatively assigned to specific intervals. The deletion panel described is a useful tool for mapping new sequences and orienting chromosome walks in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ballabio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Reggio Calabria, Catanzaro, Italy
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13
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Ohdo S, Yamada K, Madokoro H, Sonoda T, Kawaguchi K, Ohba K. Familial X;Y translocation in a malformed male infant and his mother. JINRUI IDENGAKU ZASSHI. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 1988; 33:377-84. [PMID: 3204691 DOI: 10.1007/bf02032869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Weckworth PF, Johnson HW, Pantzar JT, Coleman GU, Masterson JS, McGillivray B, Tze WJ. Dicentric Y chromosome and mixed dysgenesis. J Urol 1988; 139:91-4. [PMID: 2891862 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)42303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report 4 cases of mixed gonadal dysgenesis with a karyotype containing a dicentric Y chromosome. All cases were mosaic with 45X and 46X, dic(Y) cell lines. Of the patients 1 had ambiguous genitalia and some features of Turner's syndrome, 2 had classical features of Turner's syndrome with normal female external genitalia and 1 had no features of Turner's syndrome but he presented with penoscrotal hypospadias, inguinal hernia and cryptorchidism. Female gender assignment and early total gonadectomy should be considered when a dicentric Y chromosome is present in cases of mixed gonadal dysgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Weckworth
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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15
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Johnston K, Schonberg S, Littman V, Gregory T, Gelbart S, O'Donnell J, Cox DR. De novo X;Y translocation associated with imperforate anus and retinal pigmentary abnormalities. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1987; 27:603-11. [PMID: 3631132 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320270313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetically detectable translocations of Y chromosome material onto the distal short arm of an X chromosome are rare and result in a variable and poorly defined phenotype of short stature and short limbs occasionally associated with mental retardation. We report on a patient with a de novo 46,X,t(X;Y)(p22;q11) chromosome constitution who has additional features not previously described with this chromosome abnormality, including abnormal retinal pigmentation, imperforate anus, and hydronephrosis. Our patient extends the phenotype associated with X;Y translocations, raising new considerations for the clinical management and genetic counseling of such patients and their families.
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16
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Müller U, Lalande M, Disteche CM, Latt SA. Construction, analysis, and application to 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis of a recombinant phage DNA library from flow-sorted human Y chromosomes. CYTOMETRY 1986; 7:418-24. [PMID: 3019620 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of a recombinant human Y-enriched Hind III total digest phage library prepared from the DNA of flow sorted human Y chromosomes is described. Out of 43 phage inserts from the library thus far mapped, 25 revealed hybridization with Y chromosomal DNA. These inserts may be divided into five groups according to their degree of Y specific hybridization: inserts that hybridize with one single copy or slightly repeated Y-specific DNA sequence, Y-specific repeated sequences of various restriction fragment lengths, Y-chromosomal DNA sequence(s) shared by a sequence on the X and/or on autosomes, Y-specific DNA sequences in addition to multiple X and/or autosomal sequences, or Y-specific repeated DNA in addition to multiple X and/or autosomal sequences. Application of probes from this library for diagnostic purposes is shown in two 46,XY patients with gonadal dysgenesis and small deletions of the Y short arm.
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17
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Müller U, Donlon T, Schmid M, Fitch N, Richer CL, Lalande M, Latt SA. Deletion mapping of the testis determining locus with DNA probes in 46,XX males and in 46,XY and 46,X,dic(Y) females. Nucleic Acids Res 1986; 14:6489-505. [PMID: 3748818 PMCID: PMC311659 DOI: 10.1093/nar/14.16.6489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eleven Y-specific DNA probes hybridizing with DNA from one or more 46,XX males were isolated from a recombinant phage DNA library constructed from flow sorted human Y chromosomes. Two probes hybridized with DNA from nine out of eleven, i.e. greater than 80% of these 46,XX males. The relative frequency of hybridization of the probes in the 46,XX males and in a 46,X,dic(Y) female, together with in situ hybridization data, allowed mapping of the probes on Yp in relation to a putative testis determining locus. Several of those probes were also absent in a 46,XY female, further refining a model for ordering the probes on Yp. The DNA of one XX male hybridized both with probes from Yp and probes from proximal Yq (excluding the pericentral region). This suggests that complex translocations may occur into the DNA of 46,XX males that involve not only parts of Yp but also parts of Yq.
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18
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Peretti D, Maraschio P, Lambiase S, Lo Curto F, Zuffardi O. Indirect immunofluorescence of inactive centromeres as indicator of centromeric function. Hum Genet 1986; 73:12-6. [PMID: 3519430 DOI: 10.1007/bf00292655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Two previous single case reports from the literature showed the presence or absence of centromeric antigens at the site of the inactive centromeres in one (X;X) and in one (9;11) dicentric chromosome. We studied nine different dicentric chromosomes using anticentromeric antibodies and immunofluorescence techniques. In the four autosomal dicentrics the inactive centromere was consistently positive while the dicentrics composed of two X chromosomes were either positive or negative; one case of (X;Y) dicentric was negative. The results indicate that the X chromosome mode of replication may be involved in the suppression of immunofluorescence at the site of the inactive centromere and that one centromere of the dicentric chromosome may lose its function but conserve some of its antigenic properties. This indicates that not all these antigens play a rôle in the microtubules-centromere interaction.
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19
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Nakagome Y, Nakahori Y, Mitani K, Matsumoto M. The loss of centromeric heterochromatin from an inactivated centromere of a dicentric chromosome. JINRUI IDENGAKU ZASSHI. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 1986; 31:21-6. [PMID: 3735755 DOI: 10.1007/bf01876798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Müller U, Lalande M, Donlon T, Latt SA. Moderately repeated DNA sequences specific for the short arm of the human Y chromosome are present in XX males and reduced in copy number in an XY female. Nucleic Acids Res 1986; 14:1325-40. [PMID: 3951989 PMCID: PMC339507 DOI: 10.1093/nar/14.3.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Four DNA sequences specific for the Y chromosome were isolated from a recombinant phage library constructed from flow sorted human Y chromosomes. Two of these sequences were moderately repeated and assigned to the short arm of the Y chromosome by in situ hybridization. Both sequences were detected in five out of six [corrected] 46,XX males and were reduced in copy number in one out of two 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis patients tested. The findings suggest close proximity of these Y-specific moderately repeated DNA sequences to a testis determining locus.
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21
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Shapiro LJ. Steroid sulfatase deficiency and the genetics of the short arm of the human X chromosome. ADVANCES IN HUMAN GENETICS 1985; 14:331-81, 388-9. [PMID: 2859745 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9400-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Curry CJ, Magenis RE, Brown M, Lanman JT, Tsai J, O'Lague P, Goodfellow P, Mohandas T, Bergner EA, Shapiro LJ. Inherited chondrodysplasia punctata due to a deletion of the terminal short arm of an X chromosome. N Engl J Med 1984; 311:1010-5. [PMID: 6482910 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198410183111603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We studied two families with an inherited deletion of the short arm of an X chromosome (Xp) in which affected male offspring have epiphyseal stippling in infancy (chondrodysplasia punctata), nasal hypoplasia, ichthyosis, and mental retardation. The presence of ichthyosis and the apparent pattern of X-linked recessive inheritance prompted investigation of the short arm of the X chromosome through studies of genetic markers and focused cytogenetic analysis. Biochemical studies suggested that there was a deletion of three genes previously mapped to the X-chromosome short arm, including the steroid sulfatase locus, the Xg locus, and the M1C2X locus. Prometaphase chromosomes demonstrated a deletion of Xp at p22.32 in the affected boys, in their obligate-carrier mothers, and in 11 of 25 women at risk as potential carriers. The women carrying the Xp deletion had normal gonadal function and fertility but were shorter than the noncarriers in their families (P less than 0.00001). These findings have implications for the genetic organization of this portion of the human X chromosome and demonstrate that small cytogenetic abnormalities may account for disorders with apparent mendelian patterns of inheritance.
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23
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Müller U, Maier N, Gimelli G, Fraccaro M. Y-dependent polypeptides identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of monozygotic X0 and XY fibroblasts. Hum Genet 1984; 67:108-10. [PMID: 6540241 DOI: 10.1007/bf00270568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of X0 and XY fibroblasts from a monozygotic twin pair reveals two Y-dependent polypeptides. The polypeptides have molecular weights and isoelectric points of 38,000/6.3 and 30,000/5.4 and are designated as Y-38 and Y-30.
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24
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Zenzes MT, Reed TE. Variability in serologically detected male antigen titer and some resulting problems: a critical review. Hum Genet 1984; 66:103-9. [PMID: 6370828 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Seroologically detected male antigen" (also called H-Y antigen) was first described in normal male mammals but now appears to occur in normal female mammals as well. "Serologically detected male predominant" (SDMP) antigen is a more appropriate name since the titer in normal males usually exceeds that of normal females. As we show, in each sex there is a considerable inter-individual variability in SDMP antigen titer, and in moderate-to-large size samples the low end of the male range of titers usually coincides with the high end of the female range. Several major problems arise from failure to recognize and/or to deal adequately with this normal variation in SDMP antigen titer. The chief problem is that the "controls" used (often a single individual) may be inadequate and misleading, leading to unjustified designation of samples as "positive", "negative", or even "deviant" ("intermediate", "reduced") for SDMP antigen titer. Other problems include deficiencies in technique and lack of statistical control for test and sample variability. Adequate attention to these problems, especially to the normal variability in SDMP antigen titer, could reduce the contradictions and inconsistencies which have troubled this field.
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Müller U. H-Y antigen and disorders of gonadal development. ERGEBNISSE DER INNEREN MEDIZIN UND KINDERHEILKUNDE 1984; 53:73-101. [PMID: 6389117 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-69841-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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26
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Müller U, Mayerova A, Fraccaro M, Zuffardi O, Mikkelsen M, Prader A. Presence of H-Y antigen in female patients with sex-chromosome mosaics and absence of testicular tissue. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1983; 15:315-21. [PMID: 6603793 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320150215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
H-Y antigen was tested in five women with sex chromosome mosaicism and gonadal streaks. Three patients had a 45,X/46,XY or 46,X,der(Y) and two a 45,X/46,X, der(X) chromosome constitution. All patients were H-Y antigen positive. Lack of testis differentiation in these women may be explained by subthreshold expression of H-Y antigen, different H-Y antigen molecules, and/or different tissue distribution of the chromosome mosaicism.
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27
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Polani PE, Adinolfi M. The H-Y antigen and its functions: a review and a hypothesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS 1983; 10:85-102. [PMID: 6343509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1983.tb01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Having reviewed the status of H-Y as the sex-determining antigen concerned with the differentiation of the dominant gonad, we consider some of the problems deriving from the tests for this antigen, and from their application to the study of natural experiments. To reconcile the results of these studies with the alleged influence of H-Y on gonadal development, we propose and discuss a hypothesis on the genetic control of the synthesis of this antigen. This states that an autosomally-coded, positively cross-reacting precursor is rendered biologically active by a Y-chromosomal gene, and transformed (in a dose-dependent manner) into a biologically inactive, antigenically negative substance under the influence of an X-chromosomal gene.
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28
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Schempp W, Meer B. Cytologic evidence for three human X-chromosomal segments escaping inactivation. Hum Genet 1983; 63:171-4. [PMID: 6682404 DOI: 10.1007/bf00291539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Early replication of prometaphasic human sex chromosomes was studied with the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-replication technique. The studies reveal that two distal segments of Xp, including bands Xp 22.13 and Xp 22.3, replicate early in S-phase and therefore may not be subject to random inactivation. Furthermore, the replication of these distal segments of Xp occurs synchronously with those of the short arm of the Y chromosome including bands Yp 11.2 and Yp 11.32. These segments of Xp and Yp correspond well to the pairing segment of the X and Y chromosomes where a synaptonemal complex forms at early pachytene of human spermatogenesis. The homologous early replication of Yp and the distal portion of Xp may be interpreted as a remnant left untouched by the differentiation of heteromorphic sex chromosomes from originally homomorphic autosomes. A third early replicating segment is situated on the long arm of the X chromosome and corresponds to band Xq 13.1. This segment may be correlated with the X-inactivation center postulated by Therman et al. (1979).
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Abstract
The averaged incidence of chromosome abnormalities from samples of infertile males has been estimated to be approximately 5%, of which 4% are sex chromosome abnormalities and 1% autosomal abnormalities. Variations in the frequencies among different samples are probably due to ascertainment bias. The autosomal abnormalities consist mainly of balanced translocations which are found with a frequency of nine per thousand. Most translocations are Robertsonian ones and most of them are familial. The reasons why a balanced translocation interferes with the normal meiotic process are discussed. The effects on female fertility of numerical and structural aberrations of the X chromosome are discussed with special attention to the deficiencies of the short and long arm of the X chromosome. Several of these deficiencies are secondary to X/autosome translocations transmitted by the mother of the probands. It is concluded that the function of the abnormal X chromosome rather than the loss of specific segments is probably correlated with the lack of gamete production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fraccaro
- Istituto di Biologia Generale e Genetica Medica, Università di Pavia, Italy
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Magenis RE, Webb MJ, McKean RS, Tomar D, Allen LJ, Kammer H, Van Dyke DL, Lovrien E. Translocation(X;Y)(p22.33;p11.2) in XX males: etiology of male phenotype. Hum Genet 1982; 62:271-6. [PMID: 6892019 DOI: 10.1007/bf00333535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of G-banded prometaphase chromosomes from three XX males revealed extra bands on the distal end of one X short arm. These bands were similar both in size and staining properties to the distal Y short arm of their fathers (in the two cases examined) and also to other chromosomally normal males. The extra material on the abnormal X chromosomes was not C- or G-11 positive in the two cases examined, suggesting that the proximal Y long arm was not present. Previous karyotype-phenotype correlations with structurally altered Y chromosomes provided evidence for localization of male determinants on the Y short arm. The present findings in XX males provide support for more precise localization, to bands p11.2 leads to pter of Y short arm.
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