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Park JH, Im M, Kim YJ, Jang JH, Lee SM, Kim MS, Cho SY. Cartilage-hair hypoplasia-anauxetic dysplasia spectrum disorders harboring RMRP mutations in two Korean children: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37247. [PMID: 38787970 PMCID: PMC11124728 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH, OMIM # 250250) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, which includes cartilage-hair hypoplasia-anauxetic dysplasia (CHH-AD) spectrum disorders. CHH-AD is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the RNA component of the mitochondrial RNA-processing Endoribonuclease (RMRP) gene. PATIENT CONCERNS Here, we report 2 cases of Korean children with CHH-AD. DIAGNOSES In the first case, the patient had metaphyseal dysplasia without hypotrichosis, diagnosed by whole exome sequencing (WES), and exhibited only skeletal dysplasia and lacked extraskeletal manifestations, such as hair hypoplasia and immunodeficiency. In the second case, the patient had skeletal dysplasia, hair hypoplasia, and immunodeficiency, which were identified by WES. INTERVENTIONS The second case is the first CHH reported in Korea. The patients in both cases received regular immune and lung function checkups. OUTCOMES Our cases suggest that children with extremely short stature from birth, with or without extraskeletal manifestations, should include CHH-AD as a differential diagnosis. LESSONS SUBSECTIONS Clinical suspicion is the most important and RMRP sequencing should be considered for the diagnosis of CHH-AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Heon Park
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minji Im
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yae-Jean Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Yoon Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Arponen H, Vakkilainen S, Tomnikov N, Kallonen T, Silling S, Mäkitie O, Rautava J. Altered oral microbiome, but normal human papilloma virus prevalence in cartilage-hair hypoplasia patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:169. [PMID: 38637854 PMCID: PMC11027548 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH) is a rare syndromic immunodeficiency with metaphyseal chondrodysplasia and increased risk of malignancy. In this cross-sectional observational study, we examined HPV status and oral microbiome in individuals with CHH. Oral brush samples were collected from 20 individuals with CHH (aged 5-59 years) and 41 controls (1-69 years). Alpha HPVs (43 types) were tested by nested PCR followed by bead-based probe hybridization. Separately, beta-, gamma-, mu- and nu- HPV types were investigated, and a genome-based bacterial microbiome sequencing was performed. RESULTS We found a similar alpha HPV prevalence in individuals with CHH (45%) and controls (36%). The HPV types of individuals with CHH were HPV-16 (25%), 27, 28, and 78, and of controls HPV-3, 16 (21%), 27, and 61. Beta HPV positivity and combined beta/gamma/mu/nu prevalence was detected in 11% and 11% of individuals with CHH and in 5% and 3% of the controls, respectively. Individuals with CHH differed from the controls in bacterial microbiota diversity, richness, and in microbial composition. Individuals with CHH had lower abundance of species Mitsuokella sp000469545, Parascardovia denticolens, Propionibacterium acidifaciens, UMGS1907 sp004151455, Salinicola halophilus, Haemophilus_A paraphrohaemolyticus, Fusobacterium massiliense, and Veillonella parvula, and higher abundance of Slackia exigua. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with CHH exhibit similar prevalence of HPV DNA but different bacterial microbiota on their oral mucosa compared to healthy controls. This may partly explain the previously observed high prevalence of oral diseases in CHH, and regular oral examination is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Arponen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 1, Helsinki, Finland.
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- Western Uusimaa Wellbeing Services County, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Svetlana Vakkilainen
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natalie Tomnikov
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu Kallonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Steffi Silling
- National Reference Centre for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaana Rautava
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 1, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland
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Wang M, Vulcano S, Xu C, Xie R, Peng W, Wang J, Liu Q, Jia L, Li Z, Li Y. Potentials of ribosomopathy gene as pharmaceutical targets for cancer treatment. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:308-320. [PMID: 38618250 PMCID: PMC11010632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ribosomopathies encompass a spectrum of disorders arising from impaired ribosome biogenesis and reduced functionality. Mutation or dysexpression of the genes that disturb any finely regulated steps of ribosome biogenesis can result in different types of ribosomopathies in clinic, collectively known as ribosomopathy genes. Emerging data suggest that ribosomopathy patients exhibit a significantly heightened susceptibility to cancer. Abnormal ribosome biogenesis and dysregulation of some ribosomopathy genes have also been found to be intimately associated with cancer development. The correlation between ribosome biogenesis or ribosomopathy and the development of malignancies has been well established. This work aims to review the recent advances in the research of ribosomopathy genes among human cancers and meanwhile, to excavate the potential role of these genes, which have not or rarely been reported in cancer, in the disease development across cancers. We plan to establish a theoretical framework between the ribosomopathy gene and cancer development, to further facilitate the potential of these genes as diagnostic biomarker as well as pharmaceutical targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Stephen Vulcano
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery New York, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Changlu Xu
- Division of Oral and Systemic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Renjian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Weijie Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qiaojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Lee Jia
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Division of Oral and Systemic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yumei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
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Jerome MS, Nanjappa DP, Chakraborty A, Chakrabarty S. Molecular etiology of defective nuclear and mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis: Clinical phenotypes and therapy. Biochimie 2023; 207:122-136. [PMID: 36336106 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomopathies are rare congenital disorders associated with defective ribosome biogenesis due to pathogenic variations in genes that encode proteins related to ribosome function and biogenesis. Defects in ribosome biogenesis result in a nucleolar stress response involving the TP53 tumor suppressor protein and impaired protein synthesis leading to a deregulated translational output. Despite the accepted notion that ribosomes are omnipresent and essential for all cells, most ribosomopathies show tissue-specific phenotypes affecting blood cells, hair, spleen, or skin. On the other hand, defects in mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis are associated with a range of clinical manifestations affecting more than one organ. Intriguingly, the deregulated ribosomal function is also a feature in several human malignancies with a selective upregulation or downregulation of specific ribosome components. Here, we highlight the clinical conditions associated with defective ribosome biogenesis in the nucleus and mitochondria with a description of the affected genes and the implicated pathways, along with a note on the treatment strategies currently available for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sona Jerome
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Dechamma Pandyanda Nanjappa
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Cancer, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), NITTE (Deemed to Be University), Deralakate, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Cancer, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), NITTE (Deemed to Be University), Deralakate, Mangaluru, 575018, India.
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Kukkola HL, Utriainen P, Huttunen P, Taskinen M, Mäkitie O, Vakkilainen S. Lymphomas in cartilage-hair hypoplasia – A case series of 16 patients reveals advanced stage DLBCL as the most common form. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1004694. [PMID: 36211439 PMCID: PMC9541526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1004694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH) have an increased risk of malignancy, particularly non-Hodgkin lymphoma and basal cell carcinoma. The characteristics, clinical course, response to therapy and outcome of lymphomas in CHH remains unexplored. Methods We assessed clinical features of lymphoma cases among Finnish patients with CHH. Data were collected from the Finnish Cancer Registry, hospital records, the National Medical Databases and Cause-of-Death Registry of Statistics Finland. Results Among the 160 CHH patients, 16 (6 men, 10 women) were diagnosed with lymphoma during 1953-2016. Lymphoma was diagnosed in young adulthood (median age 26.4 years, range from 6.4 to 69.5 years), mostly in advanced stage. The most common lymphoma type was diffuse large cell B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (6/16, 38%). Eight patients received chemotherapy (8/16, 50%), and two of them survived. Standard lymphoma chemotherapy regimens were administered in the majority of cases. Altogether, eleven CHH patients died due to lymphomas (11/16, 69%). In almost all surviving lymphoma patients, the diagnosis was made either during routine follow-up or after evaluation for non-specific mild symptoms. Search for CHH-related clinical predictors demonstrated higher prevalence of recurrent respiratory infections, in particular otitis media, and Hirschsprung disease in patients with lymphoma. However, three patients had no clinical signs of immunodeficiency prior to lymphoma diagnosis. Conclusion DLBCL is the most common type of lymphoma in CHH. The outcome is poor probably due to advanced stage of lymphoma at the time of diagnosis. Other CHH-related manifestations poorly predicted lymphoma development, implying that all CHH patients should be regularly screened for malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna-Leena Kukkola
- Children and Adolescents, Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauliina Utriainen
- Children and Adolescents, Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT), Children‘s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Huttunen
- Children and Adolescents, Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT), Children‘s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mervi Taskinen
- Children and Adolescents, Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT), Children‘s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Children and Adolescents, Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Vakkilainen
- Children and Adolescents, Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Svetlana Vakkilainen,
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6
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Genetic Disorders with Predisposition to Paediatric Haematopoietic Malignancies—A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153569. [PMID: 35892827 PMCID: PMC9329786 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The view of paediatric cancer as a genetic disease arises as genetic research develops. Germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes have been identified in about 10% of children. Paediatric cancers are characterized by heterogeneity in the types of genetic alterations that drive tumourigenesis. Interactions between germline and somatic mutations are a key determinant of cancer development. In 40% of patients, the family history does not predict the presence of inherited cancer predisposition syndromes and many cases go undetected. Paediatricians should be aware of specific symptoms, which highlight the need of evaluation for cancer syndromes. The quickest possible identification of such syndromes is of key importance, due to the possibility of early detection of neoplasms, followed by presymptomatic genetic testing of relatives, implementation of appropriate clinical procedures (e.g., avoiding radiotherapy), prophylactic surgical resection of organs at risk, or searching for donors of hematopoietic stem cells. Targetable driver mutations and corresponding signalling pathways provide a novel precision medicine strategy.Therefore, there is a need for multi-disciplinary cooperation between a paediatrician, an oncologist, a geneticist, and a psychologist during the surveillance of families with an increased cancer risk. This review aimed to emphasize the role of cancer-predisposition gene diagnostics in the genetic surveillance and medical care in paediatric oncology.
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Diagnostic Challenges in Patients with Inborn Errors of Immunity with Different Manifestations of Immune Dysregulation. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144220. [PMID: 35887984 PMCID: PMC9324612 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI), formerly known as primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs), are inherited disorders caused by damaging germline variants in single genes, which result in increased susceptibility to infections and in allergic, autoimmune, autoinflammatory, nonmalignant lymphoproliferative, and neoplastic conditions. Along with well-known warning signs of PID, attention should be paid to signs of immune dysregulation, which seem to be equally important to susceptibility to infection in defining IEI. The modern diagnostics of IEI offer a variety of approaches but with some problems. The aim of this review is to discuss the diagnostic challenges in IEI patients in the context of an immune dysregulation background.
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8
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Szmyd B, Mlynarski W, Pastorczak A. Genetic predisposition to lymphomas: Overview of rare syndromes and inherited familial variants. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108386. [PMID: 34893151 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 10 % of malignancies occur in carriers of germline mutations predisposing to cancer. A high risk of developing lymphomas has been noted in many primary immunodeficiencies, including DNA repair disorders. Moreover, implementation of next-generation sequencing has recently enabled to uncover rare genetic variants predisposing patients to lymphoid neoplasms. Some patients harboring inherited predisposition to lymphomas require dedicated clinical management, which will contribute to effective cancer treatment and to the prevention of potential severe toxicities and secondary malignancies. In line with that, our review summarizes the natural history of lymphoid tumors developing on different germline genetic backgrounds and discusses the progress that has been made toward successfully treating these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szmyd
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Mlynarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agata Pastorczak
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Costantini A, Muurinen MH, Mäkitie O. New gene discoveries in skeletal diseases with short stature. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:R160-R174. [PMID: 33830070 PMCID: PMC8183621 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the widespread use of massively parallel sequencing has considerably boosted the number of novel gene discoveries in monogenic skeletal diseases with short stature. Defects in genes playing a role in the maintenance and function of the growth plate, the site of longitudinal bone growth, are a well-known cause of skeletal diseases with short stature. However, several genes involved in extracellular matrix composition or maintenance as well as genes partaking in various biological processes have also been characterized. This review aims to describe the latest genetic findings in spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias, spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasias, and some monogenic forms of isolated short stature. Some examples of novel genetic mechanisms leading to skeletal conditions with short stature will be described. Strategies on how to successfully characterize novel skeletal phenotypes with short stature and genetic approaches to detect and validate novel gene-disease correlations will be discussed in detail. In summary, we review the latest gene discoveries underlying skeletal diseases with short stature and emphasize the importance of characterizing novel molecular mechanisms for genetic counseling, for an optimal management of the disease, and for therapeutic innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Costantini
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mari H Muurinen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence should be addressed to O Mäkitie:
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Venturi G, Montanaro L. How Altered Ribosome Production Can Cause or Contribute to Human Disease: The Spectrum of Ribosomopathies. Cells 2020; 9:E2300. [PMID: 33076379 PMCID: PMC7602531 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of different defects in the process of ribosome production can lead to a diversified spectrum of disorders that are collectively identified as ribosomopathies. The specific factors involved may either play a role only in ribosome biogenesis or have additional extra-ribosomal functions, making it difficult to ascribe the pathogenesis of the disease specifically to an altered ribosome biogenesis, even if the latter is clearly affected. We reviewed the available literature in the field from this point of view with the aim of distinguishing, among ribosomopathies, the ones due to specific alterations in the process of ribosome production from those characterized by a multifactorial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Venturi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Montanaro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Speckhart BA, Bugaieski E, Antony R, Fernandez KS. Rituximab and intense chemotherapy in a patient with defective cell mediated immunity due to cartilage-hair hypoplasia and Burkitt lymphoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28259. [PMID: 32400949 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Speckhart
- Department of Oncology and Radiology, Children's Hospital of Illinois at OSF-Medical Center, Peoria, Illinois
| | - Eric Bugaieski
- Department of Oncology and Radiology, Children's Hospital of Illinois at OSF-Medical Center, Peoria, Illinois
| | - Reuben Antony
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Karen S Fernandez
- Department of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, California
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12
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Vakkilainen S, Taskinen M, Mäkitie O. Immunodeficiency in cartilage-hair hypoplasia: Pathogenesis, clinical course and management. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12913. [PMID: 32506568 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH) is an autosomal recessive syndromic immunodeficiency with skeletal dysplasia, short stature, hypotrichosis, variable degree of immune dysfunction and increased incidence of anaemia, Hirschsprung disease and malignancy. CHH is caused by variants in the RMRP gene, encoding the untranslated RNA molecule of the mitochondrial RNA-processing endoribonuclease, which participates in for example cell cycle regulation and telomere maintenance. Recent studies have expanded our understanding of the complex pathogenesis of CHH. Immune dysfunction has a major impact on clinical course and prognosis. Clinical features of immune dysfunction are highly variable, progressive and include infections, lung disease, immune dysregulation and malignancy. Mortality is increased compared with the general population, due to infections, malignancy and pulmonary disease. Several risk factors for early mortality have been reported in the Finnish CHH cohort and can be used to guide management. Newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency can possibly be of prognostic value in CHH. Regular follow-up by a multidisciplinary team should be implemented to address immune dysfunction in all patients with CHH, also in asymptomatic cases. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation can cure immune dysfunction, but its benefits in mildly symptomatic patients with CHH remain debatable. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms behind the variability of clinical features, to search for potential molecular treatment targets, to examine and validate risk factors for early mortality outside the Finnish CHH cohort and to develop management guidelines. This review focuses on the pathogenesis, clinical course and management of CHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Vakkilainen
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mervi Taskinen
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Kampen KR, Sulima SO, Vereecke S, De Keersmaecker K. Hallmarks of ribosomopathies. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:1013-1028. [PMID: 31350888 PMCID: PMC7026650 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomopathies are diseases caused by defects in ribosomal constituents or in factors with a role in ribosome assembly. Intriguingly, congenital ribosomopathies display a paradoxical transition from early symptoms due to cellular hypo-proliferation to an elevated cancer risk later in life. Another association between ribosome defects and cancer came into view after the recent discovery of somatic mutations in ribosomal proteins and rDNA copy number changes in a variety of tumor types, giving rise to somatic ribosomopathies. Despite these clear connections between ribosome defects and cancer, the molecular mechanisms by which defects in this essential cellular machinery are oncogenic only start to emerge. In this review, the impact of ribosomal defects on the cellular function and their mechanisms of promoting oncogenesis are described. In particular, we discuss the emerging hallmarks of ribosomopathies such as the appearance of ‘onco-ribosomes’ that are specialized in translating oncoproteins, dysregulation of translation-independent extra-ribosomal functions of ribosomal proteins, rewired cellular protein and energy metabolism, and extensive oxidative stress leading to DNA damage. We end by integrating these findings in a model that can provide an explanation how ribosomopathies could lead to the transition from hypo- to hyper-proliferation in bone marrow failure syndromes with elevated cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim R Kampen
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, LKI - Leuven Cancer Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergey O Sulima
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, LKI - Leuven Cancer Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Vereecke
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, LKI - Leuven Cancer Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim De Keersmaecker
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, LKI - Leuven Cancer Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Vakkilainen S, Skoog T, Einarsdottir E, Middleton A, Pekkinen M, Öhman T, Katayama S, Krjutškov K, Kovanen PE, Varjosalo M, Lindqvist A, Kere J, Mäkitie O. The human long non-coding RNA gene RMRP has pleiotropic effects and regulates cell-cycle progression at G2. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13758. [PMID: 31551465 PMCID: PMC6760211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RMRP was the first non-coding nuclear RNA gene implicated in a disease. Its mutations cause cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH), an autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia with growth failure, immunodeficiency, and a high risk for malignancies. This study aimed to gain further insight into the role of RNA Component of Mitochondrial RNA Processing Endoribonuclease (RMRP) in cellular physiology and disease pathogenesis. We combined transcriptome analysis with single-cell analysis using fibroblasts from CHH patients and healthy controls. To directly assess cell cycle progression, we followed CHH fibroblasts by pulse-labeling and time-lapse microscopy. Transcriptome analysis identified 35 significantly upregulated and 130 downregulated genes in CHH fibroblasts. The downregulated genes were significantly connected to the cell cycle. Multiple other pathways, involving regulation of apoptosis, bone and cartilage formation, and lymphocyte function, were also affected, as well as PI3K-Akt signaling. Cell-cycle studies indicated that the CHH cells were delayed specifically in the passage from G2 phase to mitosis. Our findings expand the mechanistic understanding of CHH, indicate possible pathways for therapeutic intervention and add to the limited understanding of the functions of RMRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Vakkilainen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. .,Folkhälsan Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tiina Skoog
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Middleton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna Pekkinen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Öhman
- Institute of Biotechnology, and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kaarel Krjutškov
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Panu E Kovanen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, UK
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Vakkilainen S, Costantini A, Taskinen M, Wartiovaara-Kautto U, Mäkitie O. 'Metaphyseal dysplasia without hypotrichosis' can present with late-onset extraskeletal manifestations. J Med Genet 2019; 57:18-22. [PMID: 31413121 PMCID: PMC6929920 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metaphyseal dysplasia without hypotrichosis (MDWH) is a rare form of chondrodysplasia with no extraskeletal manifestations. MDWH is caused by RMRP mutations, but it is differentiated from the allelic condition cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH), which in addition to chondrodysplasia is characterised by thin hair, immunodeficiency and increased risk of malignancy. The long-term outcome of MDWH remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We diagnosed severe agranulocytosis in a subject with RMRP mutations and normal hair. Based on this observation, we hypothesised that MDWH may, similar to CHH, associate with immune deficiency and malignancy. METHODS We collected clinical and laboratory data for a cohort of 80 patients with RMRP mutations followed for over 30 years and analysed outcome data for those with features consistent with MDWH. RESULTS In our cohort, we identified 10 patients with skeletal but no extraskeletal features during preschool age. Eight of these patients developed malignancy or clinically significant immunodeficiency during follow-up. Two of them died during chemotherapy for malignancy. At the time of the first extraskeletal manifestation, patients were school aged, 20, 43 and 50 years old. Laboratory signs of immunodeficiency (impaired lymphocyte proliferative responses) were demonstrated in four patients before the onset of symptoms. The patient outside this cohort, who had RMRP mutations, skeletal dysplasia, normal hair and severe agranulocytosis at 18 years of age, underwent haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. CONCLUSIONS MDWH can present with severe late-onset extraskeletal manifestations and thus should be reclassified and managed as CHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Vakkilainen
- New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland .,Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alice Costantini
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mervi Taskinen
- New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulla Wartiovaara-Kautto
- Department of Hematology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Applied Tumor Genomics / Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center and Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital and Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Vakkilainen S, Taskinen M, Klemetti P, Pukkala E, Mäkitie O. A 30-Year Prospective Follow-Up Study Reveals Risk Factors for Early Death in Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1581. [PMID: 31379817 PMCID: PMC6646460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH) is a skeletal dysplasia with combined immunodeficiency, variable clinical course and increased risk of malignancy. Management of CHH is complicated by a paucity of long-term follow-up data, as well as knowledge on prognostic factors. We assessed clinical course and risk factors for mortality in a prospective cohort study of 80 patients with CHH recruited in 1985-1991 and followed up until 2016. For all patients we collected additional health information from health records and from the national Medical Databases and Cause-of-death Registry. The primary outcome was immunodeficiency-related death, including death from infections, lung disease and malignancy. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated using national mortality rates as reference. Half of the patients (57%, n = 46) manifested no symptoms of immunodeficiency during follow-up while 19% (n = 15) and 24% (n = 19) demonstrated symptoms of humoral or combined immunodeficiency, including six cases of adult-onset immunodeficiency. In a significant proportion of patients (17/79, 22%), clinical features of immunodeficiency progressed over time. Of the 15 patients with non-skin cancer, eight had no preceding clinical symptoms of immunodeficiency. Altogether 20 patients had deceased (SMR = 7.0, 95%CI = 4.3-11); most commonly from malignancy (n = 7, SMR = 10, 95%CI = 4.1-21) and lung disease (n = 4, SMR = 46, 95%CI = 9.5-130). Mortality associated with birth length below -4 standard deviation (compared to normal, SMR/SMR ratio = 5.4, 95%CI = 1.5-20), symptoms of combined immunodeficiency (compared to asymptomatic, SMR/SMR ratio = 3.9, 95%CI = 1.3-11), Hirschsprung disease (odds ratio (OR) 7.2, 95%CI = 1.04-55), pneumonia in the first year of life or recurrently in adulthood (OR = 7.6/19, 95%CI = 1.3-43/2.6-140) and autoimmunity in adulthood (OR = 39, 95%CI = 3.5-430). In conclusion, patients with CHH may develop adult-onset immunodeficiency or malignancy without preceding clinical symptoms of immune defect, warranting careful follow-up. Variable disease course and risk factors for mortality should be acknowledged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Vakkilainen
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mervi Taskinen
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Klemetti
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Pukkala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Yang J, Wang X. Role of long non-coding RNAs in lymphoma: A systematic review and clinical perspectives. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 141:13-22. [PMID: 31202125 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are over 200 nucleotides in length, and they rarely act as templates for protein synthesis. Mounting studies have shown that lncRNAs play a crucial regulatory role in various processes that sustain life, such as epigenetic regulation, cell cycle control, splicing, and post-transcriptional regulation. LncRNAs were aberrantly expressed in most hematological malignancies including lymphoma, participating in tumor suppression or promoting oncogenesis and modulating key genes in different pathways. The specific expression patterns of lncRNAs in lymphoma make them good candidates to be used as diagnostic biomarkers or as therapeutic targets. LncRNAs can be targeted by multiple approaches including nucleic acid therapeutics, CRISPR/Cas genome editing techniques, small molecule inhibitors, and gene therapy. Efforts are made to develop therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting lncRNAs, but there are still some avenues to be covered before they can be applied to the clinical treatment of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China; School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China; School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China; Key Laboratory for Kidney Regeneration of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
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18
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Walkovich K, Connelly JA. Congenital Neutropenia and Rare Functional Phagocyte Disorders in Children. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2019; 33:533-551. [PMID: 31030818 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Both profound neutropenia and functional phagocyte disorders render patients susceptible to recurrent, unusual, and/or life-threatening infections. Many disorders also have nonhematologic manifestations and a substantial risk of leukemogenesis. Diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion and interrogation of the complete blood count with differential/bone marrow examination coupled with immunologic and genetic analyses. Treatment of the quantitative neutrophil disorders depends on granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, whereas management of functional phagocyte disease is reliant on antimicrobials and/or targeted therapies. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant remains the only curative option for most disorders but is not used on a routine basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Walkovich
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, D4202 Medical Professional Building, SPC 5718, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5718, USA.
| | - James A Connelly
- Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, 397 PRB, Nashville, TN 37232-6310, USA
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19
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Riaz IB, Faridi W, Patnaik MM, Abraham RS. A Systematic Review on Predisposition to Lymphoid (B and T cell) Neoplasias in Patients With Primary Immunodeficiencies and Immune Dysregulatory Disorders (Inborn Errors of Immunity). Front Immunol 2019; 10:777. [PMID: 31057537 PMCID: PMC6477084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies and immune dysregulatory disorders (PIDDs; now referred to as inborn errors in immunity) are rare disorders with a prevalence of 41. 4 or 50.5 per 100,000 persons (1). The incidence of malignancy in PIDD patents is the second-highest cause of death in children as well as adults, after infection, and is higher in certain PIDDs compared to others. We performed a systematic review of the literature to identify reports of B cell and T cell neoplasias in PIDDs and clustered them based on their classification in the IUIS schema. As would be expected, higher susceptibility to malignancies are typically reported in patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID), combined immunodeficiencies affecting cellular immunity, in particular, DNA repair defects, or in the context of impaired immune regulatory control. There is not much evidence of increased risk for cancer in patients with innate immune defects, indicating that not all types of infection or genetic susceptibility predispose equally to cancer risk. Viral infections, in particular EBV, HHV and HPV, have been shown to increase susceptibility to developing cancer, but also patients with defects in immune regulation, such as Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS), activated p110delta syndrome (APDS type 1) and IL-10 receptor deficiency among others have a higher incidence of neoplastic disease, particularly lymphomas. In fact, lymphomas account for two-thirds of all malignancies reported in PIDD patients (2), with either a combined immunodeficiency or DNA repair defect predominating as the underlying immune defect in one registry, or antibody deficiencies in another (3). The vast majority of lymphomas reported in the context of PIDDs are B cell lymphomas, though T cell lymphomas have been reported in a few studies, and tend to largely be associated with chromosomal breakage disorders (4) or Cartilage Hair Hypoplasia (5). There appears to be a much higher prevalence of T cell lymphomas in patients with secondary immunodeficiencies (6), though this could reflect treatment bias. We reviewed the literature and summarized the reports of B and T cell lymphoma in PIDD patients to survey the current state of knowledge in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irbaz Bin Riaz
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Warda Faridi
- Department of Hematology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Mrinal M Patnaik
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Roshini S Abraham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
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20
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Abstract
Long thought to be too big and too ubiquitous to fail, we now know that human cells can fail to make sufficient amounts of ribosomes, causing a number of diseases collectively known as ribosomopathies. The best characterized ribosomopathies, with the exception of Treacher Collins syndrome, are inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, each of which has a marked increase in cancer predisposition relative to the general population. Although rare, emerging data reveal that the inherited bone marrow failure syndromes may be underdiagnosed on the basis of classical symptomology, leaving undiagnosed patients with these syndromes at an elevated risk of cancer without adequate counselling and surveillance. The link between the inherited ribosomopathies and cancer has led to greater awareness that somatic mutations in factors involved in ribosome biogenesis may also be drivers in sporadic cancers. Our goal here is to compare and contrast the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning ribosomopathies to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms that predispose these disorders to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aspesi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Steven R Ellis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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21
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Sulima SO, Kampen KR, De Keersmaecker K. Cancer Biogenesis in Ribosomopathies. Cells 2019; 8:E229. [PMID: 30862070 PMCID: PMC6468915 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomopathies are congenital diseases with defects in ribosome assembly and are characterized by elevated cancer risks. Additionally, somatic mutations in ribosomal proteins have recently been linked to a variety of cancers. Despite a clear correlation between ribosome defects and cancer, the molecular mechanisms by which these defects promote tumorigenesis are unclear. In this review, we focus on the emerging mechanisms that link ribosomal defects in ribosomopathies to cancer progression. This includes functional "onco-specialization" of mutant ribosomes, extra-ribosomal consequences of mutations in ribosomal proteins and ribosome assembly factors, and effects of ribosomal mutations on cellular stress and metabolism. We integrate some of these recent findings in a single model that can partially explain the paradoxical transition from hypo- to hyperproliferation phenotypes, as observed in ribosomopathies. Finally, we discuss the current and potential strategies, and the associated challenges for therapeutic intervention in ribosome-mutant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey O Sulima
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, LKI⁻Leuven Cancer Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kim R Kampen
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, LKI⁻Leuven Cancer Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kim De Keersmaecker
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, LKI⁻Leuven Cancer Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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22
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Furutani E, Newburger PE, Shimamura A. Neutropenia in the age of genetic testing: Advances and challenges. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:384-393. [PMID: 30536760 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Identification of genetic causes of neutropenia informs precision medicine approaches to medical management and treatment. Accurate diagnosis of genetic neutropenia disorders informs treatment options, enables risk stratification, cancer surveillance, and attention to associated medical complications. The rapidly expanding genetic testing options for the evaluation of neutropenia have led to exciting advances but also new challenges. This review provides a practical guide to germline genetic testing for neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa Furutani
- Dana Farber and Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Boston MA
| | - Peter E. Newburger
- Dana Farber and Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Boston MA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester MA
| | - Akiko Shimamura
- Dana Farber and Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Boston MA
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23
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Gynecologic assessment of 19 adult females with cartilage-hair hypoplasia - high rate of HPV positivity. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018; 13:207. [PMID: 30445974 PMCID: PMC6240206 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH), a rare metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, manifest severe growth failure, variable immunodeficiency and increased risk of malignancies. The impact of CHH on gynecologic and reproductive health is unknown. Vulnerability to genital infections may predispose CHH patients to prolonged human papillomavirus (HPV) infections potentially leading to cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancer. Methods We carried out gynecologic evaluation, pelvic ultrasound and laboratory assessment in 19 women with genetically confirmed CHH. All patients were clinically examined and retrospective data were collected from hospital records. Results The women ranged in age from 19.2 to 70.8 years (median 40.8 years) and in height from 103 to 150 cm (median 123 cm). All women had undergone normal pubertal development as assessed by breast development according to Tanner scale and by age of menarche (mean 12.5 yrs., range 11–14 yrs). Despite significant short stature and potentially small pelvic diameters, a well-developed uterus with fairly normal size and shape was found by pelvic ultrasound in most of the patients. Ovarian follicle reserve, assessed by ultrasound was normal in relation to age in all premenopausal women it could be assessed (12 cases). Anti-Müllerian hormone was normal in relation to age in 17 women (89%). HPV was detected in 44% (8/18) and three women carried more than one HPV serotype; findings did not associate with immunological parameters. Three patients had a concurrent cell atypia in Pap smear. Conclusions Pubertal development, reproductive hormones and ovarian structure and function were usually normal in women with CHH suggesting fairly normal reproductive health. However, the immunodeficiency characteristic to CHH may predispose the patients to HPV infections. High prevalence of HPV infections detected in this series highlights the importance of careful gynecologic follow up of these patients.
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24
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Hematological Malignancies Associated With Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders. Clin Immunol 2018; 194:46-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Satgé D. A Tumor Profile in Primary Immune Deficiencies Challenges the Cancer Immune Surveillance Concept. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1149. [PMID: 29881389 PMCID: PMC5976747 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Under the concept of cancer immune surveillance, individuals with primary immune deficiencies would be expected to develop many more malignancies and show an excess of all types of cancers, compared to people with a normal immune system. A review of the nine most frequent and best-documented human conditions with primary immune deficiency reveals a 1.6- to 2.3-fold global increase of cancer in the largest epidemiological studies. However, the spectrum of cancer types with higher frequencies is narrow, limited mainly to lymphoma, digestive tract cancers, and virus-induced cancers. Increased lymphoma is also reported in animal models of immune deficiency. Overstimulation of leukocytes, chronic inflammation, and viruses explain this tumor profile. This raises the question of cancers being foreign organisms or tissues. Organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites as well as non-compatible grafts are seen as foreign (non-self) and identified and destroyed or rejected by the body (self). As cancer cells rarely show strong (and unique) surface antibodies, their recognition and elimination by the immune system is theoretically questionable, challenging the immune surveillance concept. In the neonatal period, the immune system is weak, but spontaneous regression and good outcomes occur for some cancers, suggesting that non-immune factors are effective in controlling cancer. The idea of cancer as a group of cells that must be destroyed and eliminated appears instead as a legacy of methods and paradigms in microbiological medicine. As an alternative approach, cancer cells could be considered part of the body and could be controlled by an embryonic and neonatal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Satgé
- Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Team Cancer EA 2415 and Oncodéfi, Montpellier, France
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26
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Sathishkumar D, Gach JE, Ogboli M, Desai M, Cole T, Högler W, Motwani J, Norton A, Morland B, Colmenero I. Cartilage hair hypoplasia with cutaneous lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2018; 43:713-717. [PMID: 29744913 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH) is an autosomal recessive chondrodysplasia characterized by short-stature, sparse hair and impaired cellular immunity. We describe a young girl who was diagnosed with CHH based on the findings of recurrent infections, short stature with metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, and a confirmed bi-allelic RMRP gene mutation. At 13 years, the patient developed an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven lymphoproliferative disorder involving the lung, which responded partially to chemotherapy. Simultaneously, she developed multiple indurated plaques involving her face, which had histological findings of granulomatous inflammation and EBV-associated low-grade lymphomatoid granulomatosis. The patient received a matched unrelated peripheral blood stem cell transplant at 15 years of age, and her immunological parameters and skin lesions improved. Lymphomatoid forms of granulomatosis and cutaneous EBV-associated malignancies have not been described previously in CHH. This case highlights the possibility of EBV-associated cutaneous malignancy in CHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sathishkumar
- Department of Dermatology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - J E Gach
- Department of Dermatology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Ogboli
- Department of Dermatology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Desai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - T Cole
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - W Högler
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - J Motwani
- Department of Haematology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Norton
- Department of Haematology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - B Morland
- Department of Oncology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - I Colmenero
- Department of Pathology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Klemetti P, Valta H, Kostjukovits S, Taskinen M, Toiviainen-Salo S, Mäkitie O. Cartilage-hair hypoplasia with normal height in childhood-4 patients with a unique genotype. Clin Genet 2017; 92:204-207. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Klemetti
- Children's Hospital; University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - H. Valta
- Children's Hospital; University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - S. Kostjukovits
- Children's Hospital; University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics; Biomedicum Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - M. Taskinen
- Children's Hospital; University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - S. Toiviainen-Salo
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - O. Mäkitie
- Children's Hospital; University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics; Biomedicum Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
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Aubert G, Strauss KA, Lansdorp PM, Rider NL. Defects in lymphocyte telomere homeostasis contribute to cellular immune phenotype in patients with cartilage-hair hypoplasia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1120-1129.e1. [PMID: 28126377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the long noncoding RNA RNase component of the mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease (RMRP) give rise to the autosomal recessive condition cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH). The CHH disease phenotype has some overlap with dyskeratosis congenita, a well-known "telomere disorder." RMRP binds the telomerase reverse transcriptase (catalytic subunit) in some cell lines, raising the possibility that RMRP might play a role in telomere biology. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether a telomere phenotype is present in immune cells from patients with CHH and explore mechanisms underlying these observations. METHODS We assessed proliferative capacity and telomere length using flow-fluorescence in situ hybridization (in situ hybridization and flow cytometry) of primary lymphocytes from patients with CHH, carrier relatives, and control subjects. The role of telomerase holoenzyme components in gene expression and activity were assessed by using quantitative PCR and the telomere repeat amplification protocol from PBMCs and enriched lymphocyte cultures. RESULTS Lymphocyte cultures from patients with CHH display growth defects in vitro, which is consistent with an immune deficiency cellular phenotype. Here we show that telomere length and telomerase activity are impaired in primary lymphocyte subsets from patients with CHH. Notably, telomerase activity is affected in a gene dose-dependent manner when comparing heterozygote RMRP carriers with patients with CHH. Telomerase deficiency in patients with CHH is not mediated by abnormal telomerase gene transcript levels relative to those of endogenous genes. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that telomere deficiency is implicated in the CHH disease phenotype through an as yet unidentified mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Aubert
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Peter M Lansdorp
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; European Research Institute on the Biology of Aging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicholas L Rider
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
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29
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Kostjukovits S, Degerman S, Pekkinen M, Klemetti P, Landfors M, Roos G, Taskinen M, Mäkitie O. Decreased telomere length in children with cartilage-hair hypoplasia. J Med Genet 2016; 54:365-370. [PMID: 27986801 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH) is an autosomal recessive chondrodysplasia caused by RMRP (RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease) gene mutations. Manifestations include short stature, variable immunodeficiency, anaemia and increased risk of malignancies, all of which have been described also in telomere biology disorders. RMRP interacts with the telomerase RT (TERT) subunit, but the influence of RMRP mutations on telomere length is unknown. We measured relative telomere length (RTL) in patients with CHH, their first-degree relatives and healthy controls and correlated RTL with clinical and laboratory features. METHODS The study cohort included 48 patients with CHH with homozygous (n=36) or compound heterozygous RMRP mutations (median age 38.2 years, range 6.0-70.8 years), 86 relatives (74 with a heterozygous RMRP mutation) and 94 unrelated healthy controls. We extracted DNA from peripheral blood, sequenced the RMRP gene and measured RTL by qPCR. RESULTS Compared with age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls, median RTL was significantly shorter in patients with CHH (n=40 pairs, 1.05 vs 1.21, p=0.017), but not in mutation carriers (n=48 pairs, 1.16 vs 1.10, p=0.224). RTL correlated significantly with age in RMRP mutation carriers (r=-0.482, p<0.001) and non-carriers (r=-0.498, p<0.001), but not in patients (r=-0.236, p=0.107). In particular children (<18 years) with CHH had shorter telomeres than controls (median RTL 1.12 vs 1.26, p=0.008). In patients with CHH, RTL showed no correlation with genotype, clinical or laboratory characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Telomere length was decreased in children with CHH. We found no correlation between RTL and clinical or laboratory parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Kostjukovits
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sofie Degerman
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Paula Klemetti
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mattias Landfors
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Göran Roos
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mervi Taskinen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Deisenroth C, Franklin DA, Zhang Y. The Evolution of the Ribosomal Protein-MDM2-p53 Pathway. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a026138. [PMID: 27908926 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The progression of our understanding of ribosomal proteins as static building blocks of the ribosome to highly integrated sensors of p53 surveillance and function has achieved a tremendous rate of growth over the past several decades. As the workhorse of the cell, ribosomes are responsible for translating the genetic code into the functional units that drive cell growth and proliferation. The seminal identification of ribosomal protein binding to MDM2, the negative regulator of p53, has evolved into a paradigm for ribosomal protein-MDM2-p53 signaling that extends into processes as diverse as energy metabolism to proliferation. The central core of signaling occurs when perturbations to rRNA synthesis, processing, and assembly modulate the rate of ribosome biogenesis, signaling a nucleolar stress response to p53. This has led to identification of a number of disease pathologies related to ribosomal protein dysfunction that are manifested as developmental disorders or cancer. Advancing research into the basic mechanics of ribosomal protein-MDM2-p53 signaling is paving the way for novel translational research into biomarker identification and therapeutic strategies for ribosome-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Deisenroth
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Derek A Franklin
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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31
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Abolhassani H, Aghamohammadi A, Hammarström L. Monogenic mutations associated with IgA deficiency. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:1321-1335. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1198696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Liu Y, Deisenroth C, Zhang Y. RP-MDM2-p53 Pathway: Linking Ribosomal Biogenesis and Tumor Surveillance. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:191-204. [PMID: 28741571 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomal biogenesis is tightly associated with cellular activities, such as growth, proliferation, and cell cycle progression. Perturbations in ribosomal biogenesis can initiate so-called nucleolar stress. The process through which ribosomal proteins (RPs) transduce nucleolar stress signals via MDM2 to p53 has been described as a crucial tumor-suppression mechanism. In this review we focus on recent progress pertaining to the function and mechanism of RPs in association with the MDM2-p53 tumor-suppression network, and the potential implications this surveillance network has for cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chad Deisenroth
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, 6 Davis Drive, PO Box 12137, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.
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Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a dynamic process in which blood cells are continuously generated from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The regulatory mechanisms controlling HSC fate have been studied extensively over the past several decades. Although many protein-coding genes have been shown to regulate hematopoietic differentiation, additional levels of HSC regulation are not well studied. Advances in deep sequencing have revealed many new classes of regulatory noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as enhancer RNAs and antisense ncRNAs. Functional analysis of some of these ncRNAs has provided insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate hematopoietic development and disease. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of functional regulatory ncRNAs associated with hematopoietic self-renewal and differentiation, as well as those dysregulated ncRNAs involved in hematologic malignancies.
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34
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Jongmans MCJ, Loeffen JLCM, Waanders E, Hoogerbrugge PM, Ligtenberg MJL, Kuiper RP, Hoogerbrugge N. Recognition of genetic predisposition in pediatric cancer patients: An easy-to-use selection tool. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 59:116-25. [PMID: 26825391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic predisposition for childhood cancer is under diagnosed. Identifying these patients may lead to therapy adjustments in case of syndrome-related increased toxicity or resistant disease and syndrome-specific screening programs may lead to early detection of a further independent malignancy. Cancer surveillance might also be warranted for affected relatives and detection of a genetic mutation can allow for reproductive counseling. Here we present an easy-to-use selection tool, based on a systematic review of pediatric cancer predisposing syndromes, to identify patients who may benefit from genetic counseling. The selection tool involves five questions concerning family history, the type of malignancy, multiple primary malignancies, specific features and excessive toxicity, which results in the selection of those patients that may benefit from referral to a clinical geneticist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolijn C J Jongmans
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan L C M Loeffen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esmé Waanders
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marjolijn J L Ligtenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roland P Kuiper
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline Hoogerbrugge
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Riley P, Weiner DS, Leighley B, Jonah D, Morton DH, Strauss KA, Bober MB, Dicintio MS. Cartilage hair hypoplasia: characteristics and orthopaedic manifestations. J Child Orthop 2015; 9:145-52. [PMID: 25764362 PMCID: PMC4417732 DOI: 10.1007/s11832-015-0646-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cartilage hair hypoplasia (CHH) is a rare metaphyseal chondrodysplasia characterized by short stature and short limbs, found primarily in Amish and Finnish populations. Cartilage hair hypoplasia is caused by mutations in the RMRP gene located on chromosome 9p13.3. The disorder has several characteristic orthopaedic manifestations, including joint laxity, limited elbow extension, ankle varus, and genu varum. Immunodeficiency is of concern in most cases. Although patients exhibit orthopaedic problems, the orthopaedic literature on CHH patients is scant at best. The objective of this study was to characterize the orthopaedic manifestations of CHH based on the authors' unique access to the largest collection of CHH patients ever reported. METHODS The authors examined charts and/or radiographs in 135 cases of CHH. We analyzed the orthopaedic manifestations to better characterize and further understand the orthopaedic surgeon's role in this disorder. In addition to describing the clinical characteristics, we report on our surgical experience in caring for CHH patients. RESULTS Genu varum, with or without knee pain, is the most common reason a patient with CHH will seek orthopaedic consultation. Of the cases reviewed, 32 patients had undergone surgery, most commonly to correct genu varum. CONCLUSION This paper characterizes the orthopaedic manifestations of CHH. Characterizing this condition in the orthopaedic literature will likely assist orthopaedic surgeons in establishing a correct diagnosis and appreciating the orthopaedic manifestations. It is important that the accompanying medical conditions are appreciated and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Riley
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH 44308 USA
| | - Dennis S. Weiner
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH 44308 USA ,Akron Children’s Hospital, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Akron, OH 44308 USA ,Regional Skeletal Dysplasia Clinic, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH 44308 USA ,300 Locust Street, Ste. 250, Akron, OH 44302-1821 USA
| | - Bonnie Leighley
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH 44308 USA ,Regional Skeletal Dysplasia Clinic, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH 44308 USA
| | - David Jonah
- Little People’s Research Fund, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | | | | | - Michael B. Bober
- Regional Skeletal Dysplasia Clinic, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH 44308 USA ,Skeletal Dysplasia Program, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - Martin S. Dicintio
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH 44308 USA
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36
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Variable phenotype of severe immunodeficiencies associated with RMRP gene mutations. J Clin Immunol 2015; 35:147-57. [PMID: 25663137 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-015-0135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in RMRP primarily give rise to Cartilage Hair Hypoplasia (CHH), a highly diverse skeletal disorder which can be associated with severe immunodeficiency. Increased availability of RMRP mutation screening has uncovered a number of infants with significant immunodeficiency but only mild or absent skeletal features. We surveyed the clinical and immunological phenotype of children who have undergone allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for this condition in the UK. METHODS Thirteen patients with confirmed RMRP mutations underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) at two nationally commissioned centres using a variety of donors and conditioning regimens. Records were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Median time from clinical presentation to diagnosis was 12 months (range 1 to 276 months), with three infants diagnosed with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) without radiographical manifestations of CHH. A total of 17 allogeneic procedures were performed on 13 patients including two stem-cell top-ups. The median age at transplant was 32.4 months (range 1.5 to 125 months). Of the eleven surviving patients, median follow-up was 50 months (range 21.6 to 168 months). CONCLUSIONS RMRP mutations can cause short stature and significant immunodeficiency which can be corrected by allogeneic SCT and the diagnosis should be considered even in the absence of skeletal manifestations.
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Clinical Features and Management of Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia: A Narrative Review. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.5812/jpr.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
Peripheral blood cytopenia in children can be due to a variety of acquired or inherited diseases. Genetic disorders affecting a single hematopoietic lineage are frequently characterized by typical bone marrow findings, such as lack of progenitors or maturation arrest in congenital neutropenia or a lack of megakaryocytes in congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, whereas antibody-mediated diseases such as autoimmune neutropenia are associated with a rather unremarkable bone marrow morphology. By contrast, pancytopenia is frequently associated with a hypocellular bone marrow, and the differential diagnosis includes acquired aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, inherited bone marrow failure syndromes such as Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenita, and a variety of immunological disorders including hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Thorough bone marrow analysis is of special importance for the diagnostic work-up of most patients. Cellularity, cellular composition, and dysplastic signs are the cornerstones of the differential diagnosis. Pancytopenia in the presence of a normo- or hypercellular marrow with dysplastic changes may indicate myelodysplastic syndrome. More challenging for the hematologist is the evaluation of the hypocellular bone marrow. Although aplastic anemia and hypocellular refractory cytopenia of childhood (RCC) can reliably be differentiated on a morphological level, the overlapping pathophysiology remains a significant challenge for the choice of the therapeutic strategy. Furthermore, inherited bone marrow failure syndromes are usually associated with the morphological picture of RCC, and the recognition of these entities is essential as they often present a multisystem disease requiring different diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This paper gives an overview over the different disease entities presenting with (pan)cytopenia, their pathophysiology, characteristic bone marrow findings, and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Erlacher
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany ; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Brigitte Strahm
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
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Nakhoul H, Ke J, Zhou X, Liao W, Zeng SX, Lu H. Ribosomopathies: mechanisms of disease. PLASMATOLOGY 2014; 7:7-16. [PMID: 25512719 PMCID: PMC4251057 DOI: 10.4137/cmbd.s16952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomopathies are diseases caused by alterations in the structure or function of ribosomal components. Progress in our understanding of the role of the ribosome in translational and transcriptional regulation has clarified the mechanisms of the ribosomopathies and the relationship between ribosomal dysfunction and other diseases, especially cancer. This review aims to discuss these topics with updated information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Nakhoul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, LA, USA
| | - Jiangwei Ke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, LA, USA. ; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangxi Children's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, LA, USA
| | - Wenjuan Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, LA, USA
| | - Shelya X Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, LA, USA
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, LA, USA
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Loreni F, Mancino M, Biffo S. Translation factors and ribosomal proteins control tumor onset and progression: how? Oncogene 2014; 33:2145-56. [PMID: 23644661 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression is shaped by translational control. The modalities and the extent by which translation factors modify gene expression have revealed therapeutic scenarios. For instance, eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4E activity is controlled by the signaling cascade of growth factors, and drives tumorigenesis by favoring the translation of specific mRNAs. Highly specific drugs target the activity of eIF4E. Indeed, the antitumor action of mTOR complex 1 (mTORc1) blockers like rapamycin relies on their capability to inhibit eIF4E assembly into functional eIF4F complexes. eIF4E biology, from its inception to recent pharmacological targeting, is proof-of-principle that translational control is druggable. The case for eIF4E is not isolated. The translational machinery is involved in the biology of cancer through many other mechanisms. First, untranslated sequences on mRNAs as well as noncoding RNAs regulate the translational efficiency of mRNAs that are central for tumor progression. Second, other initiation factors like eIF6 show a tumorigenic potential by acting downstream of oncogenic pathways. Third, genetic alterations in components of the translational apparatus underlie an entire class of inherited syndromes known as 'ribosomopathies' that are associated with increased cancer risk. Taken together, data suggest that in spite of their evolutionary conservation and ubiquitous nature, variations in the activity and levels of ribosomal proteins and translation factors generate highly specific effects. Beside, as the structures and biochemical activities of several noncoding RNAs and initiation factors are known, these factors may be amenable to rational pharmacological targeting. The future is to design highly specific drugs targeting the translational apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Loreni
- Department of Biology, University 'Tor Vergata', Roma, Italy
| | - M Mancino
- 1] San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy [2] DISIT, Alessandria, Italy
| | - S Biffo
- 1] San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy [2] DISIT, Alessandria, Italy
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Garitano-Trojaola A, Agirre X, Prósper F, Fortes P. Long non-coding RNAs in haematological malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15386-422. [PMID: 23887658 PMCID: PMC3759866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are functional RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides in length. LncRNAs are as diverse as mRNAs and they normally share the same biosynthetic machinery based on RNA polymerase II, splicing and polyadenylation. However, lncRNAs have low coding potential. Compared to mRNAs, lncRNAs are preferentially nuclear, more tissue specific and expressed at lower levels. Most of the lncRNAs described to date modulate the expression of specific genes by guiding chromatin remodelling factors; inducing chromosomal loopings; affecting transcription, splicing, translation or mRNA stability; or serving as scaffolds for the organization of cellular structures. They can function in cis, cotranscriptionally, or in trans, acting as decoys, scaffolds or guides. These functions seem essential to allow cell differentiation and growth. In fact, many lncRNAs have been shown to exert oncogenic or tumor suppressor properties in several cancers including haematological malignancies. In this review, we summarize what is known about lncRNAs, the mechanisms for their regulation in cancer and their role in leukemogenesis, lymphomagenesis and hematopoiesis. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of lncRNAs in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy in cancer, with special attention to haematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andoni Garitano-Trojaola
- Laboratory of Myeloproliferative Syndromes, Oncology Area, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; E-Mails: (A.G.-T.); (X.A.); (F.P.)
| | - Xabier Agirre
- Laboratory of Myeloproliferative Syndromes, Oncology Area, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; E-Mails: (A.G.-T.); (X.A.); (F.P.)
| | - Felipe Prósper
- Laboratory of Myeloproliferative Syndromes, Oncology Area, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; E-Mails: (A.G.-T.); (X.A.); (F.P.)
- Hematology Service and Area of Cell Therapy, University of Navarra Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Puri Fortes
- Department of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neutropenia is a feature of several primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDDs). Because of the diverse pathophysiologies of the PIDDs and the rarity of each disorder, data are often lacking, leading to the necessity of empiric treatment. Recent developments in the understanding of neutropenia in several of the PIDDs make a review of the data timely. RECENT FINDINGS The category of severe congenital neutropenia continues to expand. Mutations in G6PC3 have been identified as the cause of neutropenia in a minority of previously molecularly undefined cases. Recent advances have broadened our understanding of the pathophysiology and the clinical expression of this disorder. A possible function of the C16orf57 gene has been hypothesized that may explain the clinical overlap between Clerucuzio-type poikiloderma with neutropenia and other marrow diseases. Plerixafor has been shown to be a potentially useful treatment in the warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infection, and myelokathexis syndrome. Investigations of patients with adenosine deaminase deficient severe combined immunodeficiency have identified neutropenia, and particularly susceptibility to myelotoxins, as a feature of this disorder. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor is the treatment of choice for neutropenia in PIDD, whereas hematopoietic cell transplantation is the only curative option. SUMMARY The number of PIDDs associated with neutropenia has increased, as has our understanding of the range of phenotypes. Additional data and hypotheses have been generated helping to explain the diversity of presentations of neutropenia in PIDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sokolic
- Disorders of Immunity Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1611, USA.
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Taskinen M, Jeskanen L, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Mäkitie A, Mäkitie O, Ranki A. Combating cancer predisposition in association with idiopathic immune deficiency: a recurrent nodal and cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferative disease in a patient with cartilage-hair hypoplasia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2012; 13:73-6. [PMID: 22999941 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mervi Taskinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Kwan A, Manning M, Zollars LK, Hoyme HE. Marked variability in the radiographic features of cartilage-hair hypoplasia: Case report and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2911-6. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Aulds J, Wierzbicki S, McNairn A, Schmitt ME. Global identification of new substrates for the yeast endoribonuclease, RNase mitochondrial RNA processing (MRP). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37089-97. [PMID: 22977255 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.389023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RNase mitochondrial RNA processing (MRP) is an essential, evolutionarily conserved endoribonuclease composed of 10 different protein subunits and a single RNA. RNase MRP has established roles in multiple pathways including ribosome biogenesis, cell cycle regulation, and mitochondrial DNA replication. Although each of these functions is important to cell growth, additional functions may exist given the essential nature of the complex. To identify novel RNase MRP substrates, we utilized RNA immunoprecipitation and microarray chip analysis to identify RNA that physically associates with RNase MRP. We identified several new potential substrates for RNase MRP including a cell cycle-regulated transcript, CTS1; the yeast homolog of the mammalian p27(Kip1), SIC1; and the U2 RNA component of the spliceosome. In addition, we found RNase MRP to be involved in the regulation of the Ty1 transposon RNA. These results reinforce and broaden the role of RNase MRP in cell cycle regulation and help to identify new roles of this endoribonuclease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Aulds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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Leechawengwongs E, Shearer WT. Lymphoma complicating primary immunodeficiency syndromes. Curr Opin Hematol 2012; 19:305-12. [DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e328353fa13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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47
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Abstract
Tiling array and novel sequencing technologies have made available the transcription profile of the entire human genome. However, the extent of transcription and the function of genetic elements that occur outside of protein-coding genes, particularly those involved in disease, are still a matter of debate. In this review, we focus on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are involved in cancer. We define lncRNAs and present a cancer-oriented list of lncRNAs, list some tools (for example, public databases) that classify lncRNAs or that scan genome spans of interest to find whether known lncRNAs reside there, and describe some of the functions of lncRNAs and the possible genetic mechanisms that underlie lncRNA expression changes in cancer, as well as current and potential future applications of lncRNA research in the treatment of cancer.
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Granulomatous inflammation in cartilage-hair hypoplasia: Risks and benefits of anti–TNF-α mAbs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:847-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kersseboom R, Brooks A, Weemaes C. Educational paper: syndromic forms of primary immunodeficiency. Eur J Pediatr 2011; 170:295-308. [PMID: 21337117 PMCID: PMC3068525 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-011-1396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The syndromic primary immunodeficiencies are disorders in which not only the immune system but also other organ systems are affected. Other features most commonly involve the ectodermal, skeletal, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems. Key in identifying syndromic immunodeficiencies is the awareness that increased susceptibility to infections or immune dysregulation in a patient known to have other symptoms or special features may hint at an underlying genetic syndrome. Because the extraimmune clinical features can be highly variable, it is more difficult establishing the correct diagnosis. Nevertheless, correct diagnosis at an early age is important because of the possible treatment options. Therefore, diagnostic work-up is best performed in a center with extensive expertise in this field, having immunologists and clinical geneticists, as well as adequate support from a specialized laboratory at hand. This paper provides the general pediatrician with the main clinical features that are crucial for the recognition of these syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier Kersseboom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Room Ee2014, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, NL-3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Thiel CT, Rauch A. The molecular basis of the cartilage-hair hypoplasia-anauxetic dysplasia spectrum. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 25:131-42. [PMID: 21396580 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage-hair hypoplasia and anauxetic dysplasia are two autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasias characterized by different degrees from metaphyseal to spondylo-meta-epiphyseal dysplasia and variable additional features including predisposition to cancer, anemia, immunodeficiency, and gastrointestinal malabsorption and Hirschsprung's disease. Both are caused by mutations in the untranslated RMRP gene, which forms the RNA subunit of the RNase MRP complex. This complex is involved in the ribosome assembly by cleavage of 5.8S rRNA, cell cycle control by Cyclin B2 mRNA cleavage at the end of mitosis, processing the mitochondrial RNA, and forming a complex with hTERT suggesting a possible involvement in expression regulation by siRNA synthesis. The degree of skeletal dysplasia correlates mainly with the rRNA cleavage activity, whereas significantly diminished mRNA cleavage activity is a prerequisite for immunodeficiency. Thus, the clinical phenotype emerges in most cases of the combined effect on the respective effect on RNase MRP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian T Thiel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 10, Erlangen, Germany.
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