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Kuchar L, Berna L, Poupetova H, Ledvinova J, Ruzicka P, Dostalova G, Reichmannova S, Asfaw B, Linhart A, Sikora J. LysoGb3 quantification facilitates phenotypic categorization of Fabry disease patients: Insights gained by a novel MS/MS method. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 561:119824. [PMID: 38906396 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease resulting from pathogenic variants in the GLA gene coding α-galactosidase A (AGAL) and cleaving terminal alpha-linked galactose. Globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) is the predominantly accumulated sphingolipid. Gb3, deacylated-Gb3 (lysoGb3), and methylated-Gb3 (metGb3) have been suggested as FD biomarkers. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed a novel LC-MS/MS method for assessing lysoGb3 levels in plasma and Gb3 and metGb3 in urine and tested 62 FD patients, 34 patients with GLA variants of unknown significance (VUS) and 59 healthy controls. AGAL activity in white blood cells (WBCs) and plasma was evaluated in parallel. RESULTS In males, lysoGb3 concentrations in plasma separated classic and late-onset FD patients from each other and from individuals carrying GLA VUS and healthy controls. Calculating AGAL activity/plasmatic lysoGb3 ratio allowed to correctly categorize all females with classic and majority of patients with late-onset FD phenotypes. Correlation of AGAL activity in WBCS with lipid biomarkers identified threshold activity values under which the biomarkers' concentrations increase. CONCLUSION We developed a novel simplified LC-MS/MS method for quantitation of plasma lysoGb3. AGAL activity/plasma lysoGb3 ratio was identified as the best predictor for FD. AGAL activity correlated with plasma lysoGb3 and corresponded to individual FD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Kuchar
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Linda Berna
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Poupetova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ledvinova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ruzicka
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Dostalova
- Second Department of Internal Cardiovascular Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stella Reichmannova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Befekadu Asfaw
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Linhart
- Second Department of Internal Cardiovascular Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Sikora
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Pavan E, Peruzzo P, Cattarossi S, Bergamin N, Bordugo A, Sechi A, Scarpa M, Biasizzo J, Colucci F, Dardis A. Deficiency of Glucocerebrosidase Activity beyond Gaucher Disease: PSAP and LIMP-2 Dysfunctions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6615. [PMID: 38928321 PMCID: PMC11204053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) is a lysosomal enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of glucosylceramide in the presence of its activator saposin C (SapC). SapC arises from the proteolytical cleavage of prosaposin (encoded by PSAP gene), which gives rise to four saposins. GCase is targeted to the lysosomes by LIMP-2, encoded by SCARB2 gene. GCase deficiency causes Gaucher Disease (GD), which is mainly due to biallelic pathogenetic variants in the GCase-encoding gene, GBA1. However, impairment of GCase activity can be rarely caused by SapC or LIMP-2 deficiencies. We report a new case of LIMP-2 deficiency and a new case of SapC deficiency (missing all four saposins, PSAP deficiency), and measured common biomarkers of GD and GCase activity. Glucosylsphingosine and chitotriosidase activity in plasma were increased in GCase deficiencies caused by PSAP and GBA1 mutations, whereas SCARB2-linked deficiency showed only Glucosylsphingosine elevation. GCase activity was reduced in fibroblasts and leukocytes: the decrease was sharper in GBA1- and SCARB2-mutant fibroblasts than PSAP-mutant ones; LIMP-2-deficient leukocytes displayed higher residual GCase activity than GBA1-mutant ones. Finally, we demonstrated that GCase mainly undergoes proteasomal degradation in LIMP-2-deficient fibroblasts and lysosomal degradation in PSAP-deficient fibroblasts. Thus, we analyzed the differential biochemical profile of GCase deficiencies due to the ultra-rare PSAP and SCARB2 biallelic pathogenic variants in comparison with the profile observed in GBA1-linked GCase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Pavan
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.P.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Paolo Peruzzo
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.P.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Silvia Cattarossi
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.P.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Natascha Bergamin
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.P.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrea Bordugo
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.P.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Annalisa Sechi
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.P.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Maurizio Scarpa
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.P.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Jessica Biasizzo
- Clinical Pathology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Friuli Centrale ASUFC, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Fabiana Colucci
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Andrea Dardis
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.P.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
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3
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Shih HY, Raas Q, Bonkowsky JL. Progress in leukodystrophies with zebrafish. Dev Growth Differ 2024; 66:21-34. [PMID: 38239149 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Inherited leukodystrophies are genetic disorders characterized by abnormal white matter in the central nervous system. Although individually rare, there are more than 400 distinct types of leukodystrophies with a cumulative incidence of 1 in 4500 live births. The pathophysiology of most leukodystrophies is poorly understood, there are treatments for only a few, and there is significant morbidity and mortality, suggesting a critical need for improvements in this field. A variety of animal, cell, and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived models have been developed for leukodystrophies, but with significant limitations in all models. Many leukodystrophies lack animal models, and extant models often show no or mixed recapitulation of key phenotypes. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become increasingly used as disease models for studying leukodystrophies due to their early onset of disease phenotypes and conservation of molecular and neurobiological mechanisms. Here, we focus on reviewing new zebrafish disease models for leukodystrophy or models with recent progress. This includes discussion of leukodystrophy with vanishing white matter disease, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, Zellweger spectrum disorders and peroxisomal disorders, PSAP deficiency, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Krabbe disease, hypomyelinating leukodystrophy-8/4H leukodystrophy, Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, RNASET2-deficient cystic leukoencephalopathy, hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids-1 (CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy), and ultra-rare leukodystrophies. Zebrafish models offer important potentials for the leukodystrophy field, including testing of new variants in known genes; establishing causation of newly discovered genes; and early lead compound identification for therapies. There are also unrealized opportunities to use humanized zebrafish models which have been sparsely explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Shih
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Utah Tech University, Saint George, Utah, USA
- Center for Precision & Functional Genomics, Utah Tech University, Saint George, Utah, USA
| | - Quentin Raas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Laboratory of Translational Research for Neurological Disorders, Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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4
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Cabasso O, Kuppuramalingam A, Lelieveld L, Van der Lienden M, Boot R, Aerts JM, Horowitz M. Animal Models for the Study of Gaucher Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16035. [PMID: 38003227 PMCID: PMC10671165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In Gaucher disease (GD), a relatively common sphingolipidosis, the mutant lysosomal enzyme acid β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), encoded by the GBA1 gene, fails to properly hydrolyze the sphingolipid glucosylceramide (GlcCer) in lysosomes, particularly of tissue macrophages. As a result, GlcCer accumulates, which, to a certain extent, is converted to its deacylated form, glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph), by lysosomal acid ceramidase. The inability of mutant GCase to degrade GlcSph further promotes its accumulation. The amount of mutant GCase in lysosomes depends on the amount of mutant ER enzyme that shuttles to them. In the case of many mutant GCase forms, the enzyme is largely misfolded in the ER. Only a fraction correctly folds and is subsequently trafficked to the lysosomes, while the rest of the misfolded mutant GCase protein undergoes ER-associated degradation (ERAD). The retention of misfolded mutant GCase in the ER induces ER stress, which evokes a stress response known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). GD is remarkably heterogeneous in clinical manifestation, including the variant without CNS involvement (type 1), and acute and subacute neuronopathic variants (types 2 and 3). The present review discusses animal models developed to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Cabasso
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel; (O.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Aparna Kuppuramalingam
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel; (O.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Lindsey Lelieveld
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 9502 Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.V.d.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Martijn Van der Lienden
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 9502 Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.V.d.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Rolf Boot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 9502 Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.V.d.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Johannes M. Aerts
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 9502 Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.V.d.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Mia Horowitz
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel; (O.C.); (A.K.)
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Zhang T, Alonzo I, Stubben C, Geng Y, Herdman C, Chandler N, Doane KP, Pluimer BR, Trauger SA, Peterson RT. A zebrafish model of combined saposin deficiency identifies acid sphingomyelinase as a potential therapeutic target. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049995. [PMID: 37183607 PMCID: PMC10320721 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipidoses are a subcategory of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) caused by mutations in enzymes of the sphingolipid catabolic pathway. Like many LSDs, neurological involvement in sphingolipidoses leads to early mortality with limited treatment options. Given the role of myelin loss as a major contributor toward LSD-associated neurodegeneration, we investigated the pathways contributing to demyelination in a CRISPR-Cas9-generated zebrafish model of combined saposin (psap) deficiency. psap knockout (KO) zebrafish recapitulated major LSD pathologies, including reduced lifespan, reduced lipid storage, impaired locomotion and severe myelin loss; loss of myelin basic protein a (mbpa) mRNA was progressive, with no changes in additional markers of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Brain transcriptomics revealed dysregulated mTORC1 signaling and elevated neuroinflammation, where increased proinflammatory cytokine expression preceded and mTORC1 signaling changes followed mbpa loss. We examined pharmacological and genetic rescue strategies via water tank administration of the multiple sclerosis drug monomethylfumarate (MMF), and crossing the psap KO line into an acid sphingomyelinase (smpd1) deficiency model. smpd1 mutagenesis, but not MMF treatment, prolonged lifespan in psap KO zebrafish, highlighting the modulation of acid sphingomyelinase activity as a potential path toward sphingolipidosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ivy Alonzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chris Stubben
- Bioinformatic Analysis Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Yijie Geng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chelsea Herdman
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nancy Chandler
- Electron Microscopy Core Laboratory, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kim P. Doane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Brock R. Pluimer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sunia A. Trauger
- Harvard Center for Mass Spectrometry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Randall T. Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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6
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Sheth J, Nair A, Bhavsar R, Shah H, Tayade N, Prabha CR, Sheth F, Sheth H. Late infantile and adult-onset metachromatic leukodystrophy due to novel missense variants in the PSAP gene: Case report from India. JIMD Rep 2023; 64:265-273. [PMID: 37404680 PMCID: PMC10315378 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) due to Sap-B deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused due to biallelic variants in the PSAP gene. The PSAP gene encodes a precursor protein prosaposin, which is subsequently cleaved to form four active glycoproteins: Sap-A, Sap-B, Sap-C, and Sap-D. In case of deficiency of the sphingolipid activator protein Sap-B, there is a gradual accumulation of cerebroside-3-sulfate in the myelin of the nervous system resulting in progressive demyelination. Only 12 variants have been reported in the PSAP gene causing Sap-B deficiency to date. Here, we report two cases of MLD due to Sap-B deficiency (late-infantile and adult-onset form) harboring two novel missense variants c.688T > G and c.593G > A in the PSAP gene respectively. This study reports the third case of adult-onset MLD due to Sap-B deficiency in the world. The proband, a 3-year-old male child presented with complaints of hypotonia, lower limb tremors and global developmental delay. His MRI showed hyperintense signals in the bilateral cerebellar white matter. Overall, the findings were suggestive of metachromatic leukodystrophy. The second case was a 19-year-old male child with clinical features of regression of speech, gait ataxia and bilateral tremors referred to our clinic. MRI data suggested metachromatic leukodystrophy. Normal enzyme activity of arylsulfatase-A led to a suspicion of saposin B deficiency. For both cases, targeted sequencing was performed. This identified homozygous variant c.688T > G (p.Cys230Gly) and c.593G > A (p.Cys198Tyr) in exon 6 of the PSAP gene, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Sheth
- FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE HouseAhmedabadIndia
| | - Aadhira Nair
- FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE HouseAhmedabadIndia
| | - Riddhi Bhavsar
- FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE HouseAhmedabadIndia
| | - Heli Shah
- Smt. NHL Municipal Medical CollegeAhmedabadIndia
| | - Naresh Tayade
- Department of PediatricsDr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Memorial Medical CollegeAmravatiIndia
| | - C. Ratna Prabha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceThe M. S. University of BarodaVadodaraIndia
| | - Frenny Sheth
- FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE HouseAhmedabadIndia
| | - Harsh Sheth
- FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE HouseAhmedabadIndia
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Bhat V, Thergaonkar R, Thakur M, Rajkamal T. Combined saposin deficiency: A rare occurrence. Med J Armed Forces India 2023; 79:238-240. [PMID: 36969110 PMCID: PMC10037043 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined saposin deficiency (OMIM #611721), an exceedingly rare lysosomal storage disorder, is caused by a mutation in the gene PSAP. This gene encodes a protein, prosaposin, that cleaves into four constituent proteins, each of which has a role as a cofactor for the enzymes whose deficiency results in Krabbe disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Gaucher disease, and Farber disease, respectively. Intact prosaposin itself is essential for neuronal survival. The typical manifestation of combined saposin deficiency is of severe neurological features in the neonatal period, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, and early death. We report, to the best of our knowledge, the first Indian case with these clinical manifestations and confirmation by genetic and enzymatic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Bhat
- Senior Advisor (Pediatrics) & Neonatologist, INHS Kalyani, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - R.W. Thergaonkar
- Senior Advisor (Pediatrics) & Pediatric Nephrologist, INHS Asvini, Mumbai, India
| | - Manisha Thakur
- Ex-Classified Specialist (Pediatrics), INHS Kalyani, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - T. Rajkamal
- Classified Specialist (Dermatology), INHS Kalyani, Visakhapatnam, India
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Shaimardanova AA, Solovyeva VV, Issa SS, Rizvanov AA. Gene Therapy of Sphingolipid Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043627. [PMID: 36835039 PMCID: PMC9964151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipidoses are defined as a group of rare hereditary diseases resulting from mutations in the genes encoding lysosomal enzymes. This group of lysosomal storage diseases includes more than 10 genetic disorders, including GM1-gangliosidosis, Tay-Sachs disease, Sandhoff disease, the AB variant of GM2-gangliosidosis, Fabry disease, Gaucher disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Krabbe disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Farber disease, etc. Enzyme deficiency results in accumulation of sphingolipids in various cell types, and the nervous system is also usually affected. There are currently no known effective methods for the treatment of sphingolipidoses; however, gene therapy seems to be a promising therapeutic variant for this group of diseases. In this review, we discuss gene therapy approaches for sphingolipidoses that are currently being investigated in clinical trials, among which adeno-associated viral vector-based approaches and transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells genetically modified with lentiviral vectors seem to be the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa A. Shaimardanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Valeriya V. Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Shaza S. Issa
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Albert A. Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(905)-316-7599
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Gonzalez EA, Nader H, Siebert M, Suarez DA, Alméciga-Díaz CJ, Baldo G. Genome Editing Tools for Lysosomal Storage Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1429:127-155. [PMID: 37486520 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-33325-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing has multiple applications in the biomedical field. They can be used to modify genomes at specific locations, being able to either delete, reduce, or even enhance gene transcription and protein expression. Here, we summarize applications of genome editing used in the field of lysosomal disorders. We focus on the development of cell lines for study of disease pathogenesis, drug discovery, and pathogenicity of specific variants. Furthermore, we highlight the main studies that use gene editing as a gene therapy platform for these disorders, both in preclinical and clinical studies. We conclude that gene editing has been able to change quickly the scenario of these disorders, allowing the development of new therapies and improving the knowledge on disease pathogenesis. Should they confirm their hype, the first gene editing-based products for lysosomal disorders could be available in the next years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Alberto Gonzalez
- Cell, Tissue and Gene Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Helena Nader
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Farmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Siebert
- Postgraduate Program in Sciences of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Unit of Laboratorial Research, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego A Suarez
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos J Alméciga-Díaz
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Guilherme Baldo
- Cell, Tissue and Gene Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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10
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Pan X, Dutta D, Lu S, Bellen HJ. Sphingolipids in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1137893. [PMID: 36875645 PMCID: PMC9978793 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1137893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDDs) are a group of disorders that cause progressive deficits of neuronal function. Recent evidence argues that sphingolipid metabolism is affected in a surprisingly broad set of NDDs. These include some lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), hereditary sensory and autonomous neuropathy (HSAN), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD), Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), as well as some forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Many of these diseases have been modeled in Drosophila melanogaster and are associated with elevated levels of ceramides. Similar changes have also been reported in vertebrate cells and mouse models. Here, we summarize studies using fly models and/or patient samples which demonstrate the nature of the defects in sphingolipid metabolism, the organelles that are implicated, the cell types that are initially affected, and potential therapeutics for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Pan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Debdeep Dutta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shenzhao Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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11
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Rybova J, Kuchar L, Sikora J, McKillop WM, Medin JA. Skin inflammation and impaired adipogenesis in a mouse model of acid ceramidase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:1175-1190. [PMID: 36083604 PMCID: PMC9826362 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acid ceramidase catalyzes the degradation of ceramide into sphingosine and a free fatty acid. Acid ceramidase deficiency results in lipid accumulation in many tissues and leads to the development of Farber disease (FD). Typical manifestations of classical FD include formation of subcutaneous nodules and joint contractures as well as the development of a hoarse voice. Healthy skin depends on a unique lipid profile to form a barrier that confers protection from pathogens, prevents excessive water loss, and mediates cell-cell communication. Ceramides comprise ~50% of total epidermis lipids and regulate cutaneous homeostasis and inflammation. Abnormal skin development including visual skin lesions has been reported in FD patients, but a detailed study of FD skin has not been performed. We conducted a pathophysiological study of the skin in our mouse model of FD. We observed altered lipid composition in FD skin dominated by accumulation of all studied ceramide species and buildup of abnormal storage structures affecting mainly the dermis. A deficiency of acid ceramidase activity also led to the activation of inflammatory IL-6/JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathways. Last, we report reduced proliferation of FD mouse fibroblasts and adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (ASC) along with impaired differentiation of ASCs into mature adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Rybova
- Departments of Pediatrics and BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Ladislav Kuchar
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic DisordersCharles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University HospitalPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jakub Sikora
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic DisordersCharles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University HospitalPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of PathologyCharles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University HospitalPragueCzech Republic
| | - William M. McKillop
- Departments of Pediatrics and BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Jeffrey A. Medin
- Departments of Pediatrics and BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Department of BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
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12
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Rodrigues KF, Yong WTL, Bhuiyan MSA, Siddiquee S, Shah MD, Venmathi Maran BA. Current Understanding on the Genetic Basis of Key Metabolic Disorders: A Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091308. [PMID: 36138787 PMCID: PMC9495729 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Metabolic disorders (MD) are a challenge to healthcare systems; the emergence of the modern socio-economic system has led to a profound change in lifestyles in terms of dietary habits, exercise regimens, and behavior, all of which complement the genetic factors associated with MD. Diabetes Mellitus and Familial hypercholesterolemia are two of the 14 most widely researched MD, as they pose the greatest challenge to the public healthcare system and have an impact on productivity and the economy. Research findings have led to the development of new therapeutic molecules for the mitigation of MD as well as the invention of experimental strategies, which target the genes themselves via gene editing and RNA interference. Although these approaches may herald the emergence of a new toolbox to treat MD, the current therapeutic approaches still heavily depend on substrate reduction, dietary restrictions based on genetic factors, exercise, and the maintenance of good mental health. The development of orphan drugs for the less common MD such as Krabbe, Farber, Fabry, and Gaucher diseases, remains in its infancy, owing to the lack of investment in research and development, and this has driven the development of personalized therapeutics based on gene silencing and related technologies. Abstract Advances in data acquisition via high resolution genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic platforms have driven the discovery of the underlying factors associated with metabolic disorders (MD) and led to interventions that target the underlying genetic causes as well as lifestyle changes and dietary regulation. The review focuses on fourteen of the most widely studied inherited MD, which are familial hypercholesterolemia, Gaucher disease, Hunter syndrome, Krabbe disease, Maple syrup urine disease, Metachromatic leukodystrophy, Mitochondrial encephalopathy lactic acidosis stroke-like episodes (MELAS), Niemann-Pick disease, Phenylketonuria (PKU), Porphyria, Tay-Sachs disease, Wilson’s disease, Familial hypertriglyceridemia (F-HTG) and Galactosemia based on genome wide association studies, epigenetic factors, transcript regulation, post-translational genetic modifications and biomarker discovery through metabolomic studies. We will delve into the current approaches being undertaken to analyze metadata using bioinformatic approaches and the emerging interventions using genome editing platforms as applied to animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Francis Rodrigues
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (K.F.R.); (B.A.V.M.); Tel.: +60-16-2096905 (B.A.V.M.)
| | - Wilson Thau Lym Yong
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Muhammad Dawood Shah
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Balu Alagar Venmathi Maran
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (K.F.R.); (B.A.V.M.); Tel.: +60-16-2096905 (B.A.V.M.)
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13
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Grabowski GA, Mistry PK. Therapies for lysosomal storage diseases: Principles, practice, and prospects for refinements based on evolving science. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 137:81-91. [PMID: 35933791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Grabowski
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, United States of America; Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America.
| | - Pramod K Mistry
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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14
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Gomez-Arboledas A, Carvalho K, Balderrama-Gutierrez G, Chu SH, Liang HY, Schartz ND, Selvan P, Petrisko TJ, Pan MA, Mortazavi A, Tenner AJ. C5aR1 antagonism alters microglial polarization and mitigates disease progression in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:116. [PMID: 35978440 PMCID: PMC9386996 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have recognized the involvement of the complement cascade during Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. However, the specific role of C5a-C5aR1 signaling in the progression of this neurodegenerative disease is still not clear. Furthermore, its potential as a therapeutic target to treat AD still remains to be elucidated. Canonically, generation of the anaphylatoxin C5a as the result of complement activation and interaction with its receptor C5aR1 triggers a potent inflammatory response. Previously, genetic ablation of C5aR1 in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease exerted a protective effect by preventing cognitive deficits. Here, using PMX205, a potent, specific C5aR1 antagonist, in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease we show a striking reduction in dystrophic neurites in parallel with the reduced amyloid load, rescue of the excessive pre-synaptic loss associated with AD cognitive impairment and the polarization of microglial gene expression towards a DAM-like phenotype that are consistent with the neuroprotective effects seen. These data support the beneficial effect of a pharmacological inhibition of C5aR1 as a promising therapeutic approach to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Supportive of the safety of this treatment is the recent FDA-approval of another other C5a receptor 1 antagonist, Avacopan, as a treatment for autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gomez-Arboledas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Klebea Carvalho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Shu-Hui Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Heidi Yahan Liang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nicole D Schartz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Purnika Selvan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany J Petrisko
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Miranda A Pan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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15
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Laugwitz L, Zizmare L, Santhanakumaran V, Cannet C, Böhringer J, Okun JG, Spraul M, Krägeloh‐Mann I, Groeschel S, Trautwein C. Identification of neurodegeneration indicators and disease progression in metachromatic leukodystrophy using quantitative
NMR
‐based urinary metabolomics. JIMD Rep 2022; 63:168-180. [PMID: 35281658 PMCID: PMC8898726 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of the arylsulfatase A (ARSA). ARSA deficiency leads to an accumulation of sulfatides primarily in the nervous system ultimately causing demyelination. With evolving therapeutic options, there is an increasing need for indicators to evaluate disease progression. Here, we report targeted metabolic urine profiling of 56 MLD patients including longitudinal sampling, using 1H (proton) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 1H‐NMR urine spectra of 119 MLD samples and 323 healthy controls were analyzed by an in vitro diagnostics research (IVDr) tool, covering up to 50 endogenous and 100 disease‐related metabolites on a 600‐MHz IVDr NMR spectrometer. Quantitative data reports were analyzed regarding age of onset, clinical course, and therapeutic intervention. The NMR data reveal metabolome changes consistent with a multiorgan affection in MLD patients in comparison to controls. In the MLD cohort, N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) excretion in urine is elevated. Early onset MLD forms show a different metabolic profile suggesting a metabolic shift toward ketogenesis in comparison to late onset MLD and controls. In samples of juvenile MLD patients who stabilize clinically after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), the macrophage activation marker neopterin is elevated. We were able to identify different metabolic patterns reflecting variable organ disturbances in MLD, including brain and energy metabolism and inflammatory processes. We suggest NAA in urine as a quantitative biomarker for neurodegeneration. Intriguingly, elevated neopterin after HSCT supports the hypothesis that competent donor macrophages are crucial for favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Laugwitz
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Laimdota Zizmare
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Vidiyaah Santhanakumaran
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | | | - Judith Böhringer
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Jürgen G. Okun
- Dietmar‐Hopp Metabolic Center Children's Hospital Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Manfred Spraul
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Ingeborg Krägeloh‐Mann
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Samuel Groeschel
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
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16
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Root J, Merino P, Nuckols A, Johnson M, Kukar T. Lysosome dysfunction as a cause of neurodegenerative diseases: Lessons from frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105360. [PMID: 33812000 PMCID: PMC8113138 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that are thought to exist on a clinical and pathological spectrum. FTD and ALS are linked by shared genetic causes (e.g. C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions) and neuropathology, such as inclusions of ubiquitinated, misfolded proteins (e.g. TAR DNA-binding protein 43; TDP-43) in the CNS. Furthermore, some genes that cause FTD or ALS when mutated encode proteins that localize to the lysosome or modulate endosome-lysosome function, including lysosomal fusion, cargo trafficking, lysosomal acidification, autophagy, or TFEB activity. In this review, we summarize evidence that lysosomal dysfunction, caused by genetic mutations (e.g. C9orf72, GRN, MAPT, TMEM106B) or toxic-gain of function (e.g. aggregation of TDP-43 or tau), is an important pathogenic disease mechanism in FTD and ALS. Further studies into the normal function of many of these proteins are required and will help uncover the mechanisms that cause lysosomal dysfunction in FTD and ALS. Mutations or polymorphisms in genes that encode proteins important for endosome-lysosome function also occur in other age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's (e.g. APOE, PSEN1, APP) and Parkinson's (e.g. GBA, LRRK2, ATP13A2) disease. A more complete understanding of the common and unique features of lysosome dysfunction across the spectrum of neurodegeneration will help guide the development of therapies for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Root
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Paola Merino
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Austin Nuckols
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Michelle Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Department of Neurology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia.
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17
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Maruyama H, Taguchi A, Mikame M, Izawa A, Morito N, Izaki K, Seto T, Onishi A, Sugiyama H, Sakai N, Yamabe K, Yokoyama Y, Yamashita S, Satoh H, Toyoda S, Hosojima M, Ito Y, Tazawa R, Ishii S. Plasma Globotriaosylsphingosine and α-Galactosidase A Activity as a Combined Screening Biomarker for Fabry Disease in a Large Japanese Cohort. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:389-404. [PMID: 34205365 PMCID: PMC8928976 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is an X-linked disorder of α-galactosidase A (GLA) deficiency. Our previous interim analysis (1 July 2014 to 31 December 2015) revealed plasma globotriaosylsphingosine as a promising primary screening biomarker for Fabry disease probands. Herein, we report the final results, including patients enrolled from 1 January to 31 December 2016 for evaluating the potential of plasma globotriaosylsphingosine and GLA activity as a combined screening marker. We screened 5691 patients (3439 males) referred from 237 Japanese specialty clinics based on clinical findings suggestive of Fabry disease using plasma globotriaosylsphingosine and GLA activity as primary screening markers, and GLA variant status as a secondary screening marker. Of the 14 males who tested positive in the globotriaosylsphingosine screen (≥2.0 ng/mL), 11 with low GLA activity (<4.0 nmol/h/mL) displayed GLA variants (four classic, seven late-onset) and one with normal GLA activity and no pathogenic variant displayed lamellar bodies in affected organs, indicating late-onset biopsy-proven Fabry disease. Of the 19 females who tested positive in the globotriaosylsphingosine screen, eight with low GLA activity displayed GLA variants (six classic, two late-onset) and five with normal GLA activity displayed a GLA variant (one classic) and no pathogenic variant (four late-onset biopsy-proven). The combination of plasma globotriaosylsphingosine and GLA activity can be a primary screening biomarker for classic, late-onset, and late-onset biopsy-proven Fabry disease probands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Maruyama
- Department of Clinical Nephroscience, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (A.T.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-25-227-0436
| | - Atsumi Taguchi
- Department of Clinical Nephroscience, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (A.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Mariko Mikame
- Department of Clinical Nephroscience, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (A.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Atsushi Izawa
- School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan;
| | - Naoki Morito
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan;
| | - Kazufumi Izaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Yao Municipal Hospital, Yao 581-0069, Japan;
| | - Toshiyuki Seto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan;
| | - Akifumi Onishi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fukuyama City Hospital, Fukuyama 721-8511, Japan;
| | - Hitoshi Sugiyama
- Department of Human Resource Development of Dialysis Therapy for Kidney Disease, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
| | - Norio Sakai
- Child Healthcare and Genetic Science Laboratory, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Kenji Yamabe
- Department of Cardiology, Toyooka Hospital, Toyooka 668-8501, Japan;
| | - Yukio Yokoyama
- Division of Nephrology, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima 730-8619, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Department of Cardiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Satoh
- Department of Cardiology, Fujinomiya City Hospital, Fujinomiya 418-0076, Japan;
| | - Shigeru Toyoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu 321-0293, Japan;
| | - Michihiro Hosojima
- Department of Clinical Nutrition Science, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan;
| | - Yumi Ito
- Department of Health Promotion Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan;
| | - Ryushi Tazawa
- Health Administration Center, Student Support and Health Administration Organization, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku 113-8510, Japan;
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18
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Lee JY, Marian OC, Don AS. Defective Lysosomal Lipid Catabolism as a Common Pathogenic Mechanism for Dementia. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 23:1-24. [PMID: 33550528 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dementia poses an ever-growing burden to health care and social services as life expectancies have grown across the world and populations age. The most common forms of dementia are Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Lewy body dementia, which includes Parkinson's disease (PD) dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Genomic studies over the past 3 decades have identified variants in genes regulating lipid transporters and endosomal processes as major risk determinants for AD, with the most significant being inheritance of the ε4 allele of the APOE gene, encoding apolipoprotein E. A recent surge in research on lipid handling and metabolism in glia and neurons has established defective lipid clearance from endolysosomes as a central driver of AD pathogenesis. The most prevalent genetic risk factors for DLB are the APOE ε4 allele, and heterozygous loss of function mutations in the GBA gene, encoding the lysosomal catabolic enzyme glucocerebrosidase; whilst heterozygous mutations in the GRN gene, required for lysosomal catabolism of sphingolipids, are responsible for a significant proportion of FTD cases. Homozygous mutations in the GBA or GRN genes produce the lysosomal storage diseases Gaucher disease and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Research from mouse and cell culture models, and neuropathological evidence from lysosomal storage diseases, has established that impaired cholesterol or sphingolipid catabolism is sufficient to produce the pathological hallmarks of dementia, indicating that defective lipid catabolism is a common mechanism in the etiology of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yup Lee
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Oana C Marian
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony S Don
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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19
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Ortigoza-Escobar JD. A Proposed Diagnostic Algorithm for Inborn Errors of Metabolism Presenting With Movements Disorders. Front Neurol 2020; 11:582160. [PMID: 33281718 PMCID: PMC7691570 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.582160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited metabolic diseases or inborn errors of metabolism frequently manifest with both hyperkinetic (dystonia, chorea, myoclonus, ataxia, tremor, etc.) and hypokinetic (rigid-akinetic syndrome) movement disorders. The diagnosis of these diseases is in many cases difficult, because the same movement disorder can be caused by several diseases. Through a literature review, two hundred and thirty one inborn errors of metabolism presenting with movement disorders have been identified. Fifty-one percent of these diseases exhibits two or more movement disorders, of which ataxia and dystonia are the most frequent. Taking into account the wide range of these disorders, a methodical evaluation system needs to be stablished. This work proposes a six-step diagnostic algorithm for the identification of inborn errors of metabolism presenting with movement disorders comprising red flags, characterization of the movement disorders phenotype (type of movement disorder, age and nature of onset, distribution and temporal pattern) and other neurological and non-neurological signs, minimal biochemical investigation to diagnose treatable diseases, radiological patterns, genetic testing and ultimately, symptomatic, and disease-specific treatment. As a strong action, it is emphasized not to miss any treatable inborn error of metabolism through the algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Darío Ortigoza-Escobar
- Movement Disorders Unit, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERER-ISCIII and European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Guerreiro R, Gibbons E, Tábuas-Pereira M, Kun-Rodrigues C, Santo GC, Bras J. Genetic architecture of common non-Alzheimer's disease dementias. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 142:104946. [PMID: 32439597 PMCID: PMC8207829 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the most common forms of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD). The heterogeneity of these disorders and/or the clinical overlap with other diseases hinder the study of their genetic components. Even though Mendelian dementias are rare, the study of these forms of disease can have a significant impact in the lives of patients and families and have successfully brought to the fore many of the genes currently known to be involved in FTD and VaD, starting to give us a glimpse of the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenotypes. More recently, genome-wide association studies have also pointed to disease risk-associated loci. This has been particularly important for DLB where familial forms of disease are very rarely described. In this review we systematically describe the Mendelian and risk genes involved in these non-AD dementias in an effort to contribute to a better understanding of their genetic architecture, find differences and commonalities between different dementia phenotypes, and uncover areas that would benefit from more intense research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Guerreiro
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Gibbons
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Miguel Tábuas-Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Celia Kun-Rodrigues
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Gustavo C Santo
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jose Bras
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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Aldosari KH, Al-Ghamdi S, Alkhathlan KM, Alkhalidi HM. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of limb-Girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B. NEUROSCIENCES (RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA) 2020; 25:214-217. [PMID: 32683403 PMCID: PMC8015473 DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2020.3.20200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dysferlinopathies are rare autosomal recessive muscular dystrophies caused by mutation in the dysferlin (DYSF) gene, resulting in varied phenotype. In this case report, we review a 26-year-old diabetic male patient who presented to hospital suffering from progressive muscle weakness. We confirmed the diagnosis of dysferlinopathy with phenotype of limb girdle muscular dystrophy, followed by a muscle biopsy, immunohistochemistry and a molecular technique, exome sequencing. The specific homozygous mutations in DYSF and heterozygous mutation PSAP genes identified in the present case of LGMD-2B are found in the Saudi population. Received 10th March 2020. Accepted 25th April 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid H Aldosari
- College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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22
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Shamin M, Benedyk TH, Graham SC, Deane JE. The lipid transfer protein Saposin B does not directly bind CD1d for lipid antigen loading. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:117. [PMID: 31667358 PMCID: PMC6807164 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15368.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lipid antigens are presented on the surface of cells by the CD1 family of glycoproteins, which have structural and functional similarity to MHC class I molecules. The hydrophobic lipid antigens are embedded in membranes and inaccessible to the lumenal lipid-binding domain of CD1 molecules. Therefore, CD1 molecules require lipid transfer proteins for lipid loading and editing. CD1d is loaded with lipids in late endocytic compartments, and lipid transfer proteins of the saposin family have been shown to play a crucial role in this process. However, the mechanism by which saposins facilitate lipid binding to CD1 molecules is not known and is thought to involve transient interactions between protein components to ensure CD1-lipid complexes can be efficiently trafficked to the plasma membrane for antigen presentation. Of the four saposin proteins, the importance of Saposin B (SapB) for loading of CD1d is the most well-characterised. However, a direct interaction between CD1d and SapB has yet to be described. Methods: In order to determine how SapB might load lipids onto CD1d, we used purified, recombinant CD1d and SapB and carried out a series of highly sensitive binding assays to monitor direct interactions. We performed equilibrium binding analysis, chemical cross-linking and co-crystallisation experiments, under a range of different conditions. Results: We could not demonstrate a direct interaction between SapB and CD1d using any of these binding assays. Conclusions: This work strongly indicates that the role of SapB in lipid loading does not involve direct binding to CD1d. We discuss the implication of this for our understanding of lipid loading of CD1d and propose several factors that may influence this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Shamin
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Tomasz H. Benedyk
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Stephen C. Graham
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Janet E. Deane
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Shamin M, Benedyk TH, Graham SC, Deane JE. The lipid transfer protein Saposin B does not directly bind CD1d for lipid antigen loading. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:117. [PMID: 31667358 PMCID: PMC6807164 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15368.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Lipid antigens are presented on the surface of cells by the CD1 family of glycoproteins, which have structural and functional similarity to MHC class I molecules. The hydrophobic lipid antigens are embedded in membranes and inaccessible to the lumenal lipid-binding domain of CD1 molecules. Therefore, CD1 molecules require lipid transfer proteins for lipid loading and editing. CD1d is loaded with lipids in late endocytic compartments, and lipid transfer proteins of the saposin family have been shown to play a crucial role in this process. However, the mechanism by which saposins facilitate lipid binding to CD1 molecules is not known and is thought to involve transient interactions between protein components to ensure CD1-lipid complexes can be efficiently trafficked to the plasma membrane for antigen presentation. Of the four saposin proteins, the importance of Saposin B (SapB) for loading of CD1d is the most well-characterised. However, a direct interaction between CD1d and SapB has yet to be described. Methods: In order to determine how SapB might load lipids onto CD1d, we used purified, recombinant CD1d and SapB and carried out a series of highly sensitive binding assays to monitor direct interactions. We performed equilibrium binding analysis, chemical cross-linking and co-crystallisation experiments, under a range of different conditions. Results: We could not demonstrate a direct interaction between SapB and CD1d using any of these binding assays. Conclusions: This work establishes comprehensively that the role of SapB in lipid loading does not involve direct binding to CD1d. We discuss the implication of this for our understanding of lipid loading of CD1d and propose several factors that may influence this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Shamin
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Tomasz H. Benedyk
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Stephen C. Graham
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Janet E. Deane
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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24
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Inherited monogenic defects of ceramide metabolism: Molecular bases and diagnoses. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 495:457-466. [PMID: 31128082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ceramides are membrane lipids implicated in the regulation of numerous biological functions. Recent evidence suggests that specific subsets of molecular species of ceramide may play distinct physiological roles. The importance of this family of molecules in vertebrates is witnessed by the deleterious consequences of genetic alterations in ceramide metabolism. This brief review summarizes the clinical presentation of human disorders due to the deficiency of enzymes involved either in the biosynthesis or the degradation of ceramides. Information on the possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is also provided, based on knowledge gathered from animal models of these inherited rare conditions. When appropriate, tools for chemical and molecular diagnosis of these disorders and therapeutic options are also presented.
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25
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Kolnikova M, Jungova P, Skopkova M, Foltan T, Gasperikova D, Mattosova S, Chandoga J. Late Infantile Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Due to Novel Pathogenic Variants in the PSAP Gene. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 67:559-563. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-1259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism, also known as inherited metabolic diseases, constitute an important group of conditions presenting with neurologic signs in newborns. They are individually rare but collectively common. Many are treatable through restoration of homeostasis of a disrupted metabolic pathway. Given their frequency and potential for treatment, the clinician should be aware of this group of conditions and learn to identify the typical manifestations of the different inborn errors of metabolism. In this review, we summarize the clinical, laboratory, electrophysiologic, and neuroimaging findings of the different inborn errors of metabolism that can present with florid neurologic signs and symptoms in the neonatal period.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Female
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/diagnosis
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/diagnostic imaging
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/physiopathology
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/therapy
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diagnosis
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diagnostic imaging
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/physiopathology
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/therapy
- Neuroimaging
- Pregnancy
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Ferreira
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Rare Disease Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Clara D M van Karnebeek
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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27
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Tanphaichitr N, Kongmanas K, Faull KF, Whitelegge J, Compostella F, Goto-Inoue N, Linton JJ, Doyle B, Oko R, Xu H, Panza L, Saewu A. Properties, metabolism and roles of sulfogalactosylglycerolipid in male reproduction. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 72:18-41. [PMID: 30149090 PMCID: PMC6239905 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfogalactosylglycerolipid (SGG, aka seminolipid) is selectively synthesized in high amounts in mammalian testicular germ cells (TGCs). SGG is an ordered lipid and directly involved in cell adhesion. SGG is indispensable for spermatogenesis, a process that greatly depends on interaction between Sertoli cells and TGCs. Spermatogenesis is disrupted in mice null for Cgt and Cst, encoding two enzymes essential for SGG biosynthesis. Sperm surface SGG also plays roles in fertilization. All of these results indicate the significance of SGG in male reproduction. SGG homeostasis is also important in male fertility. Approximately 50% of TGCs become apoptotic and phagocytosed by Sertoli cells. SGG in apoptotic remnants needs to be degraded by Sertoli lysosomal enzymes to the lipid backbone. Failure in this event leads to a lysosomal storage disorder and sub-functionality of Sertoli cells, including their support for TGC development, and consequently subfertility. Significantly, both biosynthesis and degradation pathways of the galactosylsulfate head group of SGG are the same as those of sulfogalactosylceramide (SGC), a structurally related sulfoglycolipid important for brain functions. If subfertility in males with gene mutations in SGG/SGC metabolism pathways manifests prior to neurological disorder, sperm SGG levels might be used as a reporting/predicting index of the neurological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongnuj Tanphaichitr
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Kessiri Kongmanas
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kym F Faull
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Julian Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Federica Compostella
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Naoko Goto-Inoue
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - James-Jules Linton
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon Doyle
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Oko
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hongbin Xu
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luigi Panza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Arpornrad Saewu
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Piraud M, Pettazzoni M, Lavoie P, Ruet S, Pagan C, Cheillan D, Latour P, Vianey-Saban C, Auray-Blais C, Froissart R. Contribution of tandem mass spectrometry to the diagnosis of lysosomal storage disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:457-477. [PMID: 29556840 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a highly sensitive and specific technique. Thanks to the development of triple quadrupole analyzers, it is becoming more widely used in laboratories working in the field of inborn errors of metabolism. We review here the state of the art of this technique applied to the diagnosis of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) and how MS/MS has changed the diagnostic rationale in recent years. This fine technology brings more sensitive, specific, and reliable methods than the previous biochemical ones for the analysis of urinary glycosaminoglycans, oligosaccharides, and sialic acid. In sphingolipidoses, the quantification of urinary sphingolipids (globotriaosylceramide, sulfatides) is possible. The measurement of new plasmatic biomarkers such as oxysterols, bile acids, and lysosphingolipids allows the screening of many sphingolipidoses and related disorders (Niemann-Pick type C), replacing tedious biochemical techniques. Applied to amniotic fluid, a more reliable prenatal diagnosis or screening of LSDs is now available for fetuses presenting with antenatal manifestations. Applied to enzyme measurements, it allows high throughput assays for the screening of large populations, even newborn screening. The advent of this new method can modify the diagnostic rationale behind LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Piraud
- Unité Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron cedex, France.
| | - Magali Pettazzoni
- Unité Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron cedex, France
| | - Pamela Lavoie
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Séverine Ruet
- Unité Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron cedex, France
| | - Cécile Pagan
- Unité Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron cedex, France
| | - David Cheillan
- Unité Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron cedex, France
| | - Philippe Latour
- Unité de Neurogénétique Moléculaire, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christine Vianey-Saban
- Unité Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron cedex, France
| | - Christiane Auray-Blais
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Roseline Froissart
- Unité Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron cedex, France
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29
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Rybová J, Kuchař L, Hůlková H, Asfaw B, Dobrovolný R, Sikora J, Havlíček V, Škultéty Ľ, Ledvinová J. Specific storage of glycoconjugates with terminal α-galactosyl moieties in the exocrine pancreas of Fabry disease patients with blood group B. Glycobiology 2018; 28:382-391. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Rybová
- Research Unit For Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, 12808, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Kuchař
- Research Unit For Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, 12808, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Hůlková
- Research Unit For Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, 12808, Czech Republic
- Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague 12808, Czech Republic
| | - Befekadu Asfaw
- Research Unit For Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, 12808, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Dobrovolný
- Research Unit For Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, 12808, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Sikora
- Research Unit For Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, 12808, Czech Republic
- Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague 12808, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Havlíček
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ľudovít Škultéty
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ledvinová
- Research Unit For Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, 12808, Czech Republic
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30
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Alfadhel M, Nashabat M, Alrifai MT, Alshaalan H, Al Mutairi F, Al-Shahrani SA, Plecko B, Almass R, Alsagob M, Almutairi FB, Al-Rumayyan A, Al-Twaijri W, Al-Owain M, Taylor RW, Kaya N. Further delineation of the phenotypic spectrum of ISCA2 defect: A report of ten new cases. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2018; 22:46-55. [PMID: 29122497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Iron-Sulfur Cluster (ISC) biogenesis is a vital cellular process required to produce various ISC-containing proteins. These ISC proteins are responsible for essential functions such as glycine cleavage and the formation of lipoic acid, an essential cofactor of respiratory chain complexes. Defects in ISC biogenesis lead to multiple mitochondrial dysfunction syndromes including: ISCA2 with infantile onset leukodystrophy. Recently, a founder mutation, c.229G > A, p.Gly77Ser in ISCA2 was reported to cause Multiple Mitochondrial Dysfunction Syndrome type 4. In a retrospective review of children diagnosed with the ISCA2 defect, we were able to identify ten new patients who were not reported previously with the identical founder mutation. High CSF glycine levels and elevated glycine peaks on MR spectroscopy were demonstrated in all tested probands. All patients were between 3 and 7 months of age with a triad of neurodevelopmental regression, nystagmus and optic atrophy and leukodystrophy. MRI findings were typical in the patients with diffuse, abnormal white matter signal in the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord. The patients ended up in a vegetative state, and often premature death due to respiratory infections. We alert clinicians to consider the ISCA2 defect as a differential diagnosis of infantile onset leukodystrophies affecting the brain as well as the spinal cord, especially in the presence of elevated CSF glycine or elevated glycine peaks in MR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Alfadhel
- Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Marwan Nashabat
- Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Talal Alrifai
- Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham Alshaalan
- Medical Imaging Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (NGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad Al Mutairi
- Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif A Al-Shahrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rawan Almass
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maysoon Alsagob
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faten B Almutairi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al-Rumayyan
- Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al-Twaijri
- Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Owain
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Namik Kaya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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31
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Co-localization of cystatin C and prosaposin in cultured neurons and in anterior horn neurons with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2018; 384:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Boudewyn LC, Sikora J, Kuchar L, Ledvinova J, Grishchuk Y, Wang SL, Dobrenis K, Walkley SU. N-butyldeoxynojirimycin delays motor deficits, cerebellar microgliosis, and Purkinje cell loss in a mouse model of mucolipidosis type IV. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:257-270. [PMID: 28610891 PMCID: PMC5555164 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) is a lysosomal storage disease exhibiting progressive intellectual disability, motor impairment, and premature death. There is currently no cure or corrective treatment. The disease results from mutations in the gene encoding mucolipin-1, a transient receptor potential channel believed to play a key role in lysosomal calcium egress. Loss of mucolipin-1 and subsequent defects lead to a host of cellular aberrations, including accumulation of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) in neurons and other cell types, microgliosis and, as reported here, cerebellar Purkinje cell loss. Several studies have demonstrated that N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ, also known as miglustat), an inhibitor of the enzyme glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), successfully delays the onset of motor deficits, improves longevity, and rescues some of the cerebellar abnormalities (e.g., Purkinje cell death) seen in another lysosomal disease known as Niemann-Pick type C (NPC). Given the similarities in pathology between MLIV and NPC, we examined whether miglustat would be efficacious in ameliorating disease progression in MLIV. Using a full mucolipin-1 knockout mouse (Mcoln1-/-), we found that early miglustat treatment delays the onset and progression of motor deficits, delays cerebellar Purkinje cell loss, and reduces cerebellar microgliosis characteristic of MLIV disease. Quantitative mass spectrometry analyses provided new data on the GSL profiles of murine MLIV brain tissue and showed that miglustat partially restored the wild type profile of white matter enriched lipids. Collectively, our findings indicate that early miglustat treatment delays the progression of clinically relevant pathology in an MLIV mouse model, and therefore supports consideration of miglustat as a therapeutic agent for MLIV disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Boudewyn
- Dominick P. Purpura Dept. of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jakub Sikora
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Kuchar
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ledvinova
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yulia Grishchuk
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shirley L Wang
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kostantin Dobrenis
- Dominick P. Purpura Dept. of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Steven U Walkley
- Dominick P. Purpura Dept. of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Intracellular Proteolysis of Progranulin Generates Stable, Lysosomal Granulins that Are Haploinsufficient in Patients with Frontotemporal Dementia Caused by GRN Mutations. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0100-17. [PMID: 28828399 PMCID: PMC5562298 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0100-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Homozygous or heterozygous mutations in the GRN gene, encoding progranulin (PGRN), cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) or frontotemporal dementia (FTD), respectively. NCL and FTD are characterized by lysosome dysfunction and neurodegeneration, indicating PGRN is important for lysosome homeostasis in the brain. PGRN is trafficked to the lysosome where its functional role is unknown. PGRN can be cleaved into seven 6-kDa proteins called granulins (GRNs); however, little is known about how GRNs are produced or if levels of GRNs are altered in FTD-GRN mutation carriers. Here, we report the identification and characterization of antibodies that reliably detect several human GRNs by immunoblot and immunocytochemistry. Using these tools, we find that endogenous GRNs are present within multiple cell lines and are constitutively produced. Further, extracellular PGRN is endocytosed and rapidly processed into stable GRNs within lysosomes. Processing of PGRN into GRNs is conserved between humans and mice and is modulated by sortilin expression and mediated by cysteine proteases (i.e. cathpesin L). Induced lysosome dysfunction caused by alkalizing agents or increased expression of transmembrane protein 106B (TMEM106B) inhibit processing of PGRN into GRNs. Finally, we find that multiple GRNs are haploinsufficient in primary fibroblasts and cortical brain tissue from FTD-GRN patients. Taken together, our findings raise the interesting possibility that GRNs carry out critical lysosomal functions and that loss of GRNs should be explored as an initiating factor in lysosomal dysfunction and neurodegeneration caused by GRN mutations.
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Abstract
Lysosomes are cytoplasmic organelles that contain a variety of different hydrolases. A genetic deficiency in the enzymatic activity of one of these hydrolases will lead to the accumulation of the material meant for lysosomal degradation. Examples include glycogen in the case of Pompe disease, glycosaminoglycans in the case of the mucopolysaccharidoses, glycoproteins in the cases of the oligosaccharidoses, and sphingolipids in the cases of Niemann-Pick disease types A and B, Gaucher disease, Tay-Sachs disease, Krabbe disease, and metachromatic leukodystrophy. Sometimes, the lysosomal storage can be caused not by the enzymatic deficiency of one of the hydrolases, but by the deficiency of an activator protein, as occurs in the AB variant of GM2 gangliosidosis. Still other times, the accumulated lysosomal material results from failed egress of a small molecule as a consequence of a deficient transporter, as in cystinosis or Salla disease. In the last couple of decades, enzyme replacement therapy has become available for a number of lysosomal storage diseases. Examples include imiglucerase, taliglucerase and velaglucerase for Gaucher disease, laronidase for Hurler disease, idursulfase for Hunter disease, elosulfase for Morquio disease, galsulfase for Maroteaux-Lamy disease, alglucosidase alfa for Pompe disease, and agalsidase alfa and beta for Fabry disease. In addition, substrate reduction therapy has been approved for certain disorders, such as eliglustat for Gaucher disease. The advent of treatment options for some of these disorders has led to newborn screening pilot studies, and ultimately to the addition of Pompe disease and Hurler disease to the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel (RUSP) in 2015 and 2016, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R. Ferreira
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
- George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William A. Gahl
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Kuchar L, Sikora J, Gulinello ME, Poupetova H, Lugowska A, Malinova V, Jahnova H, Asfaw B, Ledvinova J. Quantitation of plasmatic lysosphingomyelin and lysosphingomyelin-509 for differential screening of Niemann-Pick A/B and C diseases. Anal Biochem 2017; 525:73-77. [PMID: 28259515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMd, Niemann-Pick disease A/B) and Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC) share core clinical symptoms. Initial diagnostic discrimination of these two rare lysosomal storage diseases is thus difficult. As sphingomyelin accumulates in ASMd as well as NPC, lysosphingomyelin (sphingosylphosphorylcholine) and its m/z 509 analog were suggested as biomarkers for both diseases. Herein we present results of simultaneous LC-ESI-MS/MS measurements of lysosphingomyelin and lysosphingomyelin 509 in plasma and dried blood spots (DBS) collected from ASMd and NPC patients and suggest that the plasma but not DBS levels of the two analytes allow differential biochemical screening of ASMd and NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kuchar
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - J Sikora
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M E Gulinello
- Behavioral Core Facility, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - H Poupetova
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Lugowska
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - V Malinova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - H Jahnova
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - B Asfaw
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Ledvinova
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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Hörtnagel K, Krägeloh-Mann I, Bornemann A, Döcker M, Biskup S, Mayrhofer H, Battke F, du Bois G, Harzer K. The second report of a new hypomyelinating disease due to a defect in the VPS11 gene discloses a massive lysosomal involvement. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:849-857. [PMID: 27473128 PMCID: PMC5065605 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular protein sorting-associated proteins (VPS, including VPS11) are indispensable in the endocytic network, in particular the endosome-lysosome biogenesis. Exome sequencing revealed the homozygous variant p.Leu387_ Gly395del in the VPS11 gene in two siblings. On immunoblotting, the mutant VPS11 protein showed a distinctly reduced immunostaining intensity. The children presented with primary and severe developmental delay associated with myoclonic seizures, spastic tetraplegia, trunk and neck hypotonia, blindness, hearing loss, and microcephaly. Neuro-imaging showed severe hypomyelination affecting cerebral and cerebellar white matter and corpus callosum, in the absence of a peripheral neuropathy. Electron microscopy of a skin biopsy revealed clusters of membranous cytoplasmic bodies in dermal unmyelinated nerve axons, and numbers of vacuoles in eccrine sweat glands, similar to what is seen in a classic lysosomal storage disease (LSD). Bone marrow cytology showed a high number of storage macrophages with a micro-vacuolated cytoplasm. Biochemically, changes in urinary glycosphingolipids were reminiscent of those in prosaposin deficiency (another LSD). The clinical and neuro-imaged features in our patients were almost identical to those in some recently reported patients with another variant in the VPS11 gene, p.Cys846Gly; underlining the presumed pathogenic potential of VPS11 defects. A new feature was the morphological evidence for lysosomal storage in VPS11 deficiency: This newly characterised disease can be viewed as belonging to the complex field of LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstanze Hörtnagel
- Praxis für Humangenetik, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 23, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- CeGaT GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 23, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Inge Krägeloh-Mann
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Neurometabolic Laboratory, Children's Hospital of the University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Antje Bornemann
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Calwer Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Döcker
- Praxis für Humangenetik, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 23, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Saskia Biskup
- Praxis für Humangenetik, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 23, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- CeGaT GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 23, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 27, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heidi Mayrhofer
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Neurometabolic Laboratory, Children's Hospital of the University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Battke
- CeGaT GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 23, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriele du Bois
- 'genetikum Stuttgart', Genetic Counselling and Diagnostics, Lautenschlagerstr. 23, 70173, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Harzer
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Neurometabolic Laboratory, Children's Hospital of the University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Kuchař L, Asfaw B, Rybová J, Ledvinová J. Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Sphingolipids: Applications for Diagnosis of Sphingolipidoses. Adv Clin Chem 2016; 77:177-219. [PMID: 27717417 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mass spectrometry (MS) has become the dominant technology in lipidomic analysis. It is widely used in diagnosis and research of lipid metabolism disorders including those characterized by impairment of lysosomal functions and storage of nondegraded-degraded substrates. These rare diseases, which include sphingolipidoses, have severe and often fatal clinical consequences. Modern MS methods have contributed significantly to achieve a definitive diagnosis, which is essential in clinical practice to begin properly targeted patient care. Here we summarize MS and tandem MS methods used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of sphingolipids (SL) relative to the diagnostic process for sphingolipidoses and studies focusing on alterations in cell functions due to these disorders. This review covers the following topics: Tandem MS is sensitive and robust in determining the composition of sphingolipid classes in various biological materials. Its ability to establish SL metabolomic profiles using MS bench-top analyzers, significantly benefits the first stages of a diagnosis as well as metabolic studies of these disorders. It can thus contribute to a better understanding of the biological significance of SL.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kuchař
- Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - B Asfaw
- Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Rybová
- Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Ledvinová
- Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Cesani M, Lorioli L, Grossi S, Amico G, Fumagalli F, Spiga I, Filocamo M, Biffi A. Mutation Update ofARSAandPSAPGenes Causing Metachromatic Leukodystrophy. Hum Mutat 2015; 37:16-27. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cesani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy; Division of Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cells and Gene Therapy; San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milan Italy
| | - Laura Lorioli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy; Division of Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cells and Gene Therapy; San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milan Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; Milan Italy
| | - Serena Grossi
- Centro di Diagnostica Genetica e Biochimica delle Malattie Metaboliche; Istituto G. Gaslini; Genova Italy
| | - Giulia Amico
- Centro di Diagnostica Genetica e Biochimica delle Malattie Metaboliche; Istituto G. Gaslini; Genova Italy
| | - Francesca Fumagalli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy; Division of Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cells and Gene Therapy; San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milan Italy
- Neurology Department; Division of Neuroscience; San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milan Italy
| | - Ivana Spiga
- Clinical Molecular Biology Laboratory; San Raffaele Hospital; Milan Italy
| | - Mirella Filocamo
- Centro di Diagnostica Genetica e Biochimica delle Malattie Metaboliche; Istituto G. Gaslini; Genova Italy
| | - Alessandra Biffi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy; Division of Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cells and Gene Therapy; San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milan Italy
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Sabourdy F, Astudillo L, Colacios C, Dubot P, Mrad M, Ségui B, Andrieu-Abadie N, Levade T. Monogenic neurological disorders of sphingolipid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1040-51. [PMID: 25660725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids comprise a wide variety of molecules containing a sphingoid long-chain base that can be N-acylated. These lipids are particularly abundant in the central nervous system, being membrane components of neurons as well as non-neuronal cells. Direct evidence that these brain lipids play critical functions in brain physiology is illustrated by the dramatic consequences of genetic disturbances of their metabolism. Inherited defects of both synthesis and catabolism of sphingolipids are now identified in humans. These monogenic disorders are due to mutations in the genes encoding for the enzymes that catalyze either the formation or degradation of simple sphingolipids such as ceramides, or complex sphingolipids like glycolipids. They cause varying degrees of central nervous system dysfunction, quite similarly to the neurological disorders induced in mice by gene disruption of the corresponding enzymes. Herein, the enzyme deficiencies and metabolic alterations that underlie these diseases are reviewed. Their possible pathophysiological mechanisms and the functions played by sphingolipids one can deduce from these conditions are discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Brain Lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Sabourdy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2013, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Leonardo Astudillo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2013, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Service de Médecine Interne, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Colacios
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2013, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Patricia Dubot
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Marguerite Mrad
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2013, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Ségui
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2013, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2013, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Levade
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2013, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
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40
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Kuchar L, Faltyskova H, Krasny L, Dobrovolny R, Hulkova H, Ledvinova J, Volny M, Strohalm M, Lemr K, Kryspinova L, Asfaw B, Rybová J, Desnick RJ, Havlicek V. Fabry disease: renal sphingolipid distribution in the α-Gal A knockout mouse model by mass spectrometric and immunohistochemical imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:2283-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Meyer RC, Giddens MM, Coleman BM, Hall RA. The protective role of prosaposin and its receptors in the nervous system. Brain Res 2014; 1585:1-12. [PMID: 25130661 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prosaposin (also known as SGP-1) is an intriguing multifunctional protein that plays roles both intracellularly, as a regulator of lysosomal enzyme function, and extracellularly, as a secreted factor with neuroprotective and glioprotective effects. Following secretion, prosaposin can undergo endocytosis via an interaction with the low-density lipoprotein-related receptor 1 (LRP1). The ability of secreted prosaposin to promote protective effects in the nervous system is known to involve activation of G proteins, and the orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR37 and GPR37L1 have recently been shown to mediate signaling induced by both prosaposin and a fragment of prosaposin known as prosaptide. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of prosaposin, its receptors and their importance in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Michelle M Giddens
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Brilee M Coleman
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Zigdon H, Meshcheriakova A, Futerman AH. From sheep to mice to cells: Tools for the study of the sphingolipidoses. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1189-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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43
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Winchester B. Lysosomal diseases: diagnostic update. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:599-608. [PMID: 24711203 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Technological developments in newborn and population screening, biomarker discovery for monitoring treatment and rapid high throughput DNA sequencing are having a great impact on the diagnostic procedure for symptomatic patients with lysosomal storage diseases. The use of dried blood spots, initially for newborn screening, has stimulated the introduction of automated, rapid and more sensitive methods for the assay of lysosomal enzymes, including the synthesis of novel substrates. Storage products and secondary metabolites in urine and cells can be identified and measured very accurately and sensitively by high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. This has enhanced the preliminary metabolite screen for LSDs and facilitated the diagnosis of transport defects. Fast, reliable and affordable high throughput DNA sequencing, such as whole or selected exome sequencing, is helping to make diagnoses in difficult cases, to reveal novel gene defects, to widen the clinical spectrum of diseases and possibly to identify modifying genetic factors. Bioinformatics will be necessary to handle the data generated by these new technologies. Notwithstanding, these technical innovations, accurate and reliable diagnosis will still depend on the knowledge and experience of skilled laboratory staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Winchester
- Biochemistry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health at Great Ormond Street Hospital, University College London, London, UK,
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Han M, Jun SH, Song SH, Park HD, Park KU, Song J. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for determination of sulfatides in dried blood spots from patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:587-594. [PMID: 24519821 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a genetic autosomal recessive disease caused by a deficiency in arylsulfatase A. Accumulated sulfatides can be detected in the urine and detection of sulfatiduria is a useful test for diagnosis and monitoring. To our knowledge, no studies have explored the accumulation of sulfatides in dried blood spots (DBSs). We developed an ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) method for measuring sulfatides in DBSs from patients with MLD. METHODS DBSs were eluted with internal standard. After mixing and centrifugation, the organic layer was transferred to a 96-well microplate and dried, then resuspended in methanol/propanol solution. Samples were analyzed on an UPLC system. Total running time was 4 min. Quantification was achieved by multiple reaction monitoring using a tandem mass spectrometer. We evaluated the precision, linearity, and ion suppression of the method and analyzed sulfatide concentrations in DBS specimens from MLD patients (n = 9), pseudodeficiency (PD) patient (n = 1), obligate heterozygotes (OH) (n = 2) and normal controls (n = 124). RESULTS In negative-ion mode, sulfatides species subjected to collision-induced dissociation readily fragment to produce an intense ion at m/z 96.8 (HSO4(-)). The precisions of low and high concentration controls ranged from 5.4 to 19.9%. The sulfatides produced linear responses. Molecular species of sulfatides were barely detected in DBSs from normal individuals and the PD-OH group [mean (range), 0.07 (<0.05-0.34) and 0.13 (<0.05-0.22) µg/mL, respectively]. In contrast, the DBSs from MLD patients showed a marked increase in several molecular species of sulfatide [mean (range), 2.02 (1.18-3.89) µg/mL]. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous detection for sulfatides using UPLC/MS/MS can be successfully applied to DBS analysis. This method provides a fast and effective screening and monitoring tool for the diagnosis and treatment of MLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minje Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Siri L, Rossi A, Lanza F, Mazzotti R, Costa A, Stroppiano M, Gaiero A, Cohen A, Biancheri R, Filocamo M. A novel homozygous splicing mutation in PSAP gene causes metachromatic leukodystrophy in two Moroccan brothers. Neurogenetics 2014; 15:101-6. [PMID: 24478108 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-014-0390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prosaposin (PSAP) gene mutations, affecting saposin B (Sap-B) domain, cause a rare metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) variant in which arylsulfatase A (ARSA) activity is normal. To date, only 10 different PSAP mutations have been associated with a total of 18 unrelated MLD patients worldwide. In this study, we report for the first time a family with Moroccan origins in which the proband, presenting with a late-infantile onset of neurological involvement and a brain MRI with the typical tigroid MLD pattern, showed normal values of ARSA activity in the presence of an abnormal pattern of urinary sulfatides. In view of these findings, PSAP gene was analyzed, identifying the newly genomic homozygous c.909 + 1G > A mutation occurring within the invariant GT dinucleotide of the intron 8 donor splice site. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), showing the direct junction of exon 7 to exon 9, confirmed the skipping of the entire exon 8 (p.Gln260_Lys303) which normally contains two cysteine residues (Cys271 and Cys265) involved in disulfide bridges. Our report provides further evidence that phenotypes of patients with Sap-B deficiency vary widely depending on age of onset, type, and severity of symptoms. Awareness of this rare MLD variant is crucial to prevent delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis and to promptly provide an accurate genetic counseling, including prenatal diagnosis, to families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Siri
- S.C. Pediatria e Neonatologia, Ospedale San Paolo, Savona, Italy
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Kuchař L, Asfaw B, Poupětová H, Honzíková J, Tureček F, Ledvinová J. Direct tandem mass spectrometric profiling of sulfatides in dry urinary samples for screening of metachromatic leukodystrophy. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 425:153-9. [PMID: 23838369 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prediagnostic steps in suspected metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) rely on clinical chemical methods other than enzyme assays. We report a new diagnostic method which evaluates changes in the spectrum of molecular types of sulfatides (3-O-sulfogalactosyl ceramides) in MLD urine. METHODS The procedure allows isolation of urinary sulfatides by solid-phase extraction on DEAE-cellulose membranes, transportation of a dry membrane followed by elution and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis in the clinical laboratory. Major sulfatide isoforms are normalized to the least variable component of the spectrum, which is the indigenous C18:0 isoform. This procedure does not require the use of specific internal standards and minimizes errors caused by sample preparation and measurement. RESULTS Urinary sulfatides were analyzed in a set of 21 samples from patients affected by sulfatidosis. The combined abundance of the five most elevated isoforms, C22:0, C22:0-OH, C24:0, C24:1-OH, and C24:0-OH sulfatides, was found to give the greatest distinction between MLD-affected patients and a control group. CONCLUSIONS The method avoids transportation of liquid urine samples and generates stable membrane-bound sulfatide samples that can be stored at ambient temperature. MS/MS sulfatide profiling targeted on the most MLD-representative isoforms is simple with robust results and is suitable for screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Kuchař
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine and General Teaching Hospital, Charles University, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
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Sun Y, Zamzow M, Ran H, Zhang W, Quinn B, Barnes S, Witte DP, Setchell KDR, Williams MT, Vorhees CV, Grabowski GA. Tissue-specific effects of saposin A and saposin B on glycosphingolipid degradation in mutant mice. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2435-50. [PMID: 23446636 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual saposin A (A-/-) and saposin B (B-/-)-deficient mice show unique phenotypes caused by insufficient degradation of myelin-related glycosphingolipids (GSLs): galactosylceramide and galactosylsphingosine and sulfatide, respectively. To gain insight into the interrelated functions of saposins A and B, combined saposin AB-deficient mice (AB-/-) were created by knock-in point mutations into the saposins A and B domains on the prosaposin locus. Saposin A and B proteins were undetectable in AB-/- mice, whereas prosaposin, saposin C and saposin D were expressed near wild-type (WT) levels. AB-/- mice developed neuromotor deterioration at >61 days and exhibited abnormal locomotor activity and enhanced tremor. AB-/- mice (~96 days) lived longer than A-/- mice (~85 days), but shorter than B-/- mice (~644 days). Storage materials were observed in Schwann cells and neuronal processes by electron microscopy. Accumulation of p62 and increased levels of LC3-II were detected in the brainstem suggesting altered autophagy. GSL analyses by (liquid chromatography) LC/MS identified substantial increases in lactosylceramide in AB-/- mouse livers. Sulfatide accumulated, but galactosylceramide remained at WT levels, in the AB-/- mouse brains and kidneys. Brain galactosylsphingosine in AB-/- mice was ~68% of that in A-/- mice. These findings indicate that combined saposins A and B deficiencies attenuated GalCer-β-galactosylceramidase and GM1-β-galactosidase functions in the degradation of lactosylceramide preferentially in the liver. Blocking sulfatide degradation from the saposin B deficiency diminished galactosylceramide accumulation in the brain and kidney and galctosylsphingosine in the brain. These analyses of AB-/- mice continue to delineate the tissue differential interactions of saposins in GSL metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Abstract
Leukodystrophies are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders that preferentially affect the CNS white matter. They are classified as demyelinating (or classic) or hypomyelinating according to brain MRI characteristics. As these disorders often have a similar clinical presentation according to their age of onset, the initial diagnostic approach is often challenging. This review aims to help clinicians approach these disorders using information from the history (e.g., age of onset), the examination (e.g., presence of macrocrania) and MRI scans in order to reduce the number of possible diagnoses for a given patient and to hopefully lead to a precise (molecular) diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Osterman
- Montreal Children’s Hospital, 2300 Tupper, Room A-506, Montreal, Quebec, H3H 1P3, Canada
| | - Roberta La Piana
- Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Geneviève Bernard
- Montreal Children’s Hospital, 2300 Tupper, Room A-506, Montreal, Quebec, H3H 1P3, Canada
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Tamargo RJ, Velayati A, Goldin E, Sidransky E. The role of saposin C in Gaucher disease. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 106:257-63. [PMID: 22652185 PMCID: PMC3534739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Saposin C is one of four homologous proteins derived from sequential cleavage of the saposin precursor protein, prosaposin. It is an essential activator for glucocerebrosidase, the enzyme deficient in Gaucher disease. Gaucher disease is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the GBA gene that exhibits vast phenotypic heterogeneity, despite its designation as a "simple" Mendelian disorder. The observed phenotypic variability has led to a search for disease modifiers that can alter the Gaucher phenotype. The PSAP gene encoding saposin C is a prime candidate modifier for Gaucher disease. In humans, saposin C deficiency due to mutations in PSAP results in a Gaucher-like phenotype, despite normal in vitro glucocerebrosidase activity. Saposin C deficiency has also been shown to modify phenotype in one mouse model of Gaucher disease. The role of saposin C as an activator required for normal glucocerebrosidase function, and the consequences of saposin C deficiency are described, and are being explored as potential modifying factors in patients with Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael J. Tamargo
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arash Velayati
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ehud Goldin
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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