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Espinosa-Mojica AA, Varo Varo C. Determining the Linguistic Profile of Children With Rare Genetic Disorders. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2024; 67:170-186. [PMID: 38085694 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Language studies on populations with rare genetic disorders are limited. Hence, there is little data on commonly found or expected developmental linguistic traits and cognitive mechanisms that may be impaired. Based on the hypothesis that there is a close connection between language and cognition and the relevance of specific genetic changes in the development of each, our goal was to provide linguistic data on relationships with other executive functioning mechanisms. METHOD This study assessed language skills, communicative behaviors, and executive functions in four children, aged 7-9 years, with rare genetic disorders, using standardized protocols and tests. RESULTS The findings revealed different levels of language impairment and executive functioning problems in each case. The overall executive function index performance for each of the four cases studied was clinically significantly high, indicating executive dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS The cases analyzed illustrate different types of atypical development that affect both language and other cognitive mechanisms and underscore the importance of executive skills and the various ways in which they are involved in diverse levels of language that might be affected to a greater or lesser degree in rare genetic disorders. In conclusion, we found that language dysfunction is a salient feature of the rare genetic disorders included in our study, although this is not necessarily true for all genetic disorders. Along with these conclusive results, we performed a qualitative analysis of the linguistic and cognitive components that enable functional communication in order to allow optimal interpretation of the data we have collected, laying the foundations for a more effective therapeutic approach.
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Zhang X, Lu H, Yang H, Ji Y, Liu H, Liu W, Li J, Yang Z, Sun W. Genotype-phenotype correlation of deletions and duplications of 4p: case reports and literature review. Front Genet 2023; 14:1174314. [PMID: 37388934 PMCID: PMC10300434 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1174314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural rearrangements of chromosome 4p gives rise to a group of rare genomic disorders that mainly result in two different clinical entities: Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) and partial 4p trisomy. The severity of the phenotype depends on the size of the deletion or locus duplication. Here, we present two unrelated individuals with a copy number variation of chromosome 4p. Inverted duplication deletions (inv dup-del) in 4p are particularly rare. Case 1 describes a 15-year-old girl with a 1.055 Mb deletion of terminal 4p, distal to the recognized critical region of WHS, and a large duplication of 9.6 Mb in size from 4p16.3 to p16.1. She had postnatal development delay, intellectual disability (especially pronounced in speech), seizure/electroencephalogram anomalies, and facial dysmorphic features. This unusual chromosomal imbalance resulted in the WHS phenotype rather than the 4p trisomy syndrome phenotype. Case 2 describes a 21-month-old boy with a 1.386 Mb terminal 4p deletion who presented with slight developmental delay, borderline intellectual disability, and seizures. Combined with previous reported cases of 4 pter del-dup or pure 4p terminal deletions, our observations suggest that terminal chromosome 4p deletion is more pathogenic than the concomitant partial 4p duplication, and some regions of the 4p terminal may have regulatory effects on the remaining region of 4p. About nine cases have been reported thus far to date, and our study delineates further genotype-phenotype correlations about terminal 4p duplication-deletions for predicting disease prognosis and patient counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjuan Lu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanran Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Huixin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixian Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Wiel LC, Bruno I, Barbi E, Sirchia F. From Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome to NSD2 haploinsufficiency: a shifting paradigm through the description of a new case and a review of the literature. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:72. [PMID: 35550183 PMCID: PMC9097050 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a well-defined disorder, whose core phenotype encompasses growth restriction, facial gestalt, intellectual disability and seizures. Nevertheless, great phenotypic variability exists due to the variable extent of the responsible 4p deletion. In addition, exome sequencing analyses, recently identified two genes, namely NSD2 and NELFA, whose loss-of-function variants contribute to a clinical spectrum consistent with atypical or partial WHS. The observation of patients exhibiting clinical features resembling WHS, with only mild developmental delay and without the typical dysmorphic features, carrying microdeletions sparing NSD2, has lead to the hypothesis that NSD2 is responsible for the intellectual disability and the facial gestalt of WHS. While presenting some of the typical findings of WHS (intellectual disability, facial gestalt, microcephaly, growth restriction and congenital heart defects), NSD2-deleted children tend to display a milder spectrum of skeletal abnormalities, usually consisting of clinodactyly, and do not exhibit seizures. We describe the clinical picture of a child with WHS due to a de novo mutation of NSD2 and discuss the clinical and diagnostic implications. Case presentation A 6-year-old boy was evaluated for a history of intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, neonatal hypotonia, and psychomotor delay. No episodes of seizure were reported. At physical examination, he displayed marphanoid habitus, muscle hypotrophy and facial dysmorphisms consisting in high frontal hairline, upslanting palpebral fissures and full lips with bifid ugula. Cryptorchidism, shawl scrotum, mild clinodactyly of the right little finger and bilateral syndactyly of the II and III toes with sandal gap were also noted. The radiographic essay demonstrated delayed bone age and echocardiography showed mild mitral prolapse. Whole genome sequencing analysis revealed a heterozygous de novo variant of NSD2 (c.2523delG). Conclusions Full WHS phenotype likely arises from the cumulative effect of the combined haploinsufficiency of several causative genes mapping within the 4p16.3 region, as a contiguous genes syndrome, with slightly different phenotypes depending on the specific genes involved in the deletion. When evaluating children with pictures resembling WHS, in absence of seizures, clinicians should consider this differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Bruno
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Egidio Barbi
- University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa, 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio Sirchia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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4
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Garbincius JF, Elrod JW. Mitochondrial calcium exchange in physiology and disease. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:893-992. [PMID: 34698550 PMCID: PMC8816638 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of calcium into and extrusion of calcium from the mitochondrial matrix is a fundamental biological process that has critical effects on cellular metabolism, signaling, and survival. Disruption of mitochondrial calcium (mCa2+) cycling is implicated in numerous acquired diseases such as heart failure, stroke, neurodegeneration, diabetes, and cancer and is genetically linked to several inherited neuromuscular disorders. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for mCa2+ exchange therefore holds great promise for the treatment of these diseases. The past decade has seen the genetic identification of many of the key proteins that mediate mitochondrial calcium uptake and efflux. Here, we present an overview of the phenomenon of mCa2+ transport and a comprehensive examination of the molecular machinery that mediates calcium flux across the inner mitochondrial membrane: the mitochondrial uniporter complex (consisting of MCU, EMRE, MICU1, MICU2, MICU3, MCUB, and MCUR1), NCLX, LETM1, the mitochondrial ryanodine receptor, and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. We then consider the physiological implications of mCa2+ flux and evaluate how alterations in mCa2+ homeostasis contribute to human disease. This review concludes by highlighting opportunities and challenges for therapeutic intervention in pathologies characterized by aberrant mCa2+ handling and by summarizing critical unanswered questions regarding the biology of mCa2+ flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne F Garbincius
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Wang J, Zhou S, He F, Zhang X, Lu J, Zhang J, Zhang F, Xu X, Yang F, Xiong F. Familial Translocation t(2;4) (q37.3;p16.3), Resulting in a Partial Trisomy of 2q (or 4p) and a Partial Monosomy of 4p (or 2q), Causes Dysplasia. Front Genet 2021; 12:741607. [PMID: 34887900 PMCID: PMC8650131 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.741607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, a well-known contiguous microdeletion syndrome, is caused by deletions on chromosome 4p. While the clinical symptoms and the critical region for this disorder have been identified based on genotype-phenotype correlations, duplications in this region have been infrequently reported. Conclusion: Our case report shows that both deletions and duplications of the Wolf-Hirshhorn critical region cause intellectual disability/developmental delay and multiple congenital anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyuan Zhou
- Henan Provincial Research Institute for Population and Family Planning Zhengzhou China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei He
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianqi Lu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu Xiong
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Guangzhou, China
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Corrêa T, Poswar F, Feltes BC, Riegel M. Candidate Genes Associated With Neurological Findings in a Patient With Trisomy 4p16.3 and Monosomy 5p15.2. Front Genet 2020; 11:561. [PMID: 32625234 PMCID: PMC7311770 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we present a patient with brain alterations and dysmorphic features associated with chromosome duplication seen in 4p16.3 region and chromosomal deletion in a critical region responsible for Cri-du-chat syndrome (CdCS). Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) revealed a 41.1 Mb duplication encompassing the band region 4p16.3-p13, and a 14.7 Mb deletion located between the bands 5p15.33 and p15.1. The patient's clinical findings overlap with previously reported cases of chromosome 4p duplication syndrome and CdCS. The patient's symptoms are notably similar to those of CdCS patients as she presented with a weak, high-pitched voice and showed a similar pathogenicity observed in the brain MRI. These contiguous gene syndromes present with distinct clinical manifestations. However, the phenotypic and cytogenetic variability in affected individuals, such as the low frequency and the large genomic regions that can be altered, make it challenging to identify candidate genes that contribute to the pathogenesis of these syndromes. Therefore, systems biology and CMA techniques were used to investigate the extent of chromosome rearrangement on critical regions in our patient's phenotype. We identified the candidate genes PPARGC1A, CTBP1, TRIO, TERT, and CCT5 that are associated with the neuropsychomotor delay, microcephaly, and neurological alterations found in our patient. Through investigating pathways that associate with essential nodes in the protein interaction network, we discovered proteins involved in cellular differentiation and proliferation, as well as proteins involved in the formation and disposition of the cytoskeleton. The combination of our cytogenomic and bioinformatic analysis provided these possible explanations for the unique clinical phenotype, which has not yet been described in scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Corrêa
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Poswar
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno César Feltes
- Department of Theoritical Informatics, Institute of Informatics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariluce Riegel
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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7
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Paz-Y-Miño C, Proaño A, Verdezoto SD, García JL, Hernández-Rivas JM, Leone PE. Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular findings in a patient with ring chromosome 4: case report and literature review. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:167. [PMID: 32293439 PMCID: PMC7087353 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since 1969, 49 cases have been presented on ring chromosome 4. All of these cases have been characterized for the loss of genetic material. The genes located in these chromosomal regions are related to the phenotype. Case presentation A 10-year-old Ecuadorian Mestizo girl with ring chromosome 4 was clinically, cytogenetically and molecularly analysed. Clinical examination revealed congenital anomalies, including microcephaly, prominent nose, micrognathia, low set ears, bilateral clinodactyly of the fifth finger, small sacrococcygeal dimple, short stature and mental retardation. Cytogenetic studies showed a mosaic karyotype, mos 46,XX,r(4)(p16.3q35.2)/46,XX, with a ring chromosome 4 from 75 to 79% in three studies conducted over ten years. These results were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Loss of 1.7 Mb and gain of 342 kb in 4p16.3 and loss of 3 Mb in 4q35.2 were identified by high-resolution mapping array. Conclusion Most cases with ring chromosome 4 have deletion of genetic material in terminal regions; however, our case has inv dup del rearrangement in the ring chromosome formation. Heterogeneous clinical features in all cases reviewed are related to the amount of genetic material lost or gained. The application of several techniques can increase our knowledge of ring chromosome 4 and its deviations from typical “ring syndrome.”
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Affiliation(s)
- César Paz-Y-Miño
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE. Av. Mariscal Sucre y Av. Mariana de Jesús, Sede Occidental, Bloque I, 2 floor, 170129, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Ana Proaño
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE. Av. Mariscal Sucre y Av. Mariana de Jesús, Sede Occidental, Bloque I, 2 floor, 170129, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Stella D Verdezoto
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE. Av. Mariscal Sucre y Av. Mariana de Jesús, Sede Occidental, Bloque I, 2 floor, 170129, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan Luis García
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-SACYL-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain.,Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús María Hernández-Rivas
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.,Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Paola E Leone
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE. Av. Mariscal Sucre y Av. Mariana de Jesús, Sede Occidental, Bloque I, 2 floor, 170129, Quito, Ecuador.
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Wang C, Ren H, Dong H, Liang M, Wu Q, Liao Y. 18q22.1-qter deletion and 4p16.3 microduplication in a boy with speech delay and mental retardation: case report and review of the literature. Mol Cytogenet 2018; 11:55. [PMID: 30377449 PMCID: PMC6194714 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-018-0404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deletions involving the long arm of chromosome 18 have been associated with a highly variable phenotypic spectrum that is related to the extent of the deleted region. Duplications in chromosomal region 4p16.3 have also been shown to cause 4p16.3 microduplication syndrome. Most reported patients of trisomy 4p16.3 have more duplications, including the Wolf-Hirschhorn critical region (WHSCR). Here, we present a patient with speech delay and mental retardation caused by a deletion of 18q (18q22.1-qter) and terminal microduplication of 4p (4p16.3-pter) distal to WHSCR. Case presentation The patient was a 23-month-old boy with moderate growth retardation, severe speech delay, mental retardation, and dysmorphic features. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis confirmed an 11.2-Mb terminal deletion at 18q22.1 and revealed a 1.8-Mb terminal duplication of 4p16.3. Our patient showed clinical overlap with these two syndromes, although his overall features were milder than what had been previously described. Some dosage-sensitive genes on the 18q terminal deleted region and 4p16.3 duplicated region of the present case may have contributed to his phenotype. Conclusions This is the first report of a patient with combined terminal deletion of 18q22.1 and duplication of 4p16.3. In this report, we provide clinical and molecular evidence supporting that the microduplication in 4p16.3, distal to WHSCR, is pathogenic. The coexistence of two chromosome aberrations complicates the clinical picture and creates a chimeric phenotype. This report provides further information on the genotype-phenotype correlation of 18q terminal deletion and 4p microduplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjing Wang
- 1Department of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui 233030 People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Ren
- 1Department of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui 233030 People's Republic of China
| | - Huaifu Dong
- 2Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui China
| | - Meng Liang
- 1Department of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui 233030 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wu
- 1Department of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui 233030 People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Liao
- 1Department of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui 233030 People's Republic of China
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Sagar A, Pinto D, Najjar F, Guter SJ, Macmillan C, Cook EH. De novo unbalanced translocation (4p duplication/8p deletion) in a patient with autism, OCD, and overgrowth syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1656-1662. [PMID: 28407363 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities, such as unbalanced translocations and copy number variants (CNVs), are found in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) [Sanders et al. (2011) Neuron 70: 863-885]. Many chromosomal abnormalities, including sub microscopic genomic deletions and duplications, are missed by G-banded karyotyping or Fragile X screening alone and are picked up by chromosomal microarrays [Shen et al. (2010) Pediatrics 125: e727-735]. Translocations involving chromosomes 4 and 8 are possibly the second most frequent translocation in humans and are often undetected in routine cytogenetics [Giglio et al. (2002) Circulation 102: 432-437]. Deletions of 4p16 have been associated with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome while 4p16 duplications have been associated with an overgrowth syndrome and mild to moderate mental retardation [Partington et al. (1997) Journal of Medical Genetics 34: 719-728]. The 8p23.3 region contains the autism candidate gene DLGAP2, which can contribute to autism when disrupted [Marshall et al. (2008) The American Journal of Human Genetics 82: 477-488] . There has been a case report of a family with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), prominent obsessional behavior, and overgrowth in patients with der (8) t (4;8) p (16;23) [Partington et al. (1997)]. This is an independent report of a male patient with autism, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and an overgrowth syndrome, whose de novo unbalanced translocation der (8) t (4;8) p (16.1→ter; 23.1→ter) was initially missed by routine cytogenetics but detected with SNP microarray, allowing higher resolution of translocation breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sagar
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia.,Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dalila Pinto
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Psychiatry, and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center, The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Fedra Najjar
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen J Guter
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carol Macmillan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Edwin H Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Reis VNDS, Kitajima JP, Tahira AC, Feio-dos-Santos AC, Fock RA, Lisboa BCG, Simões SN, Krepischi ACV, Rosenberg C, Lourenço NC, Passos-Bueno MR, Brentani H. Integrative Variation Analysis Reveals that a Complex Genotype May Specify Phenotype in Siblings with Syndromic Autism Spectrum Disorder. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170386. [PMID: 28118382 PMCID: PMC5261619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that copy number variations (CNVs) are associated with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and, in conjunction with other genetic changes, contribute to the heterogeneity of ASD phenotypes. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and exome sequencing, together with systems genetics and network analyses, are being used as tools for the study of complex disorders of unknown etiology, especially those characterized by significant genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Therefore, to characterize the complex genotype-phenotype relationship, we performed aCGH and sequenced the exomes of two affected siblings with ASD symptoms, dysmorphic features, and intellectual disability, searching for de novo CNVs, as well as for de novo and rare inherited point variations—single nucleotide variants (SNVs) or small insertions and deletions (indels)—with probable functional impacts. With aCGH, we identified, in both siblings, a duplication in the 4p16.3 region and a deletion at 8p23.3, inherited by a paternal balanced translocation, t(4, 8) (p16; p23). Exome variant analysis found a total of 316 variants, of which 102 were shared by both siblings, 128 were in the male sibling exome data, and 86 were in the female exome data. Our integrative network analysis showed that the siblings’ shared translocation could explain their similar syndromic phenotype, including overgrowth, macrocephaly, and intellectual disability. However, exome data aggregate genes to those already connected from their translocation, which are important to the robustness of the network and contribute to the understanding of the broader spectrum of psychiatric symptoms. This study shows the importance of using an integrative approach to explore genotype-phenotype variability.
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MESH Headings
- Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics
- Child
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/ultrastructure
- Comparative Genomic Hybridization
- DNA Copy Number Variations
- Exome/genetics
- Female
- Gene Duplication
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Genetic Association Studies
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Intellectual Disability/genetics
- Learning Disabilities/genetics
- Male
- Megalencephaly/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
- Sequence Deletion
- Siblings
- Syndrome
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Carolina Tahira
- LIM23-Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Ambrósio Fock
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sérgio Nery Simões
- Department of Informatics, Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Serra, Brazil
| | - Ana C. V. Krepischi
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Rosenberg
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naila Cristina Lourenço
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Brentani
- LIM23-Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rutherford EL, Lowery LA. Exploring the developmental mechanisms underlying Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome: Evidence for defects in neural crest cell migration. Dev Biol 2016; 420:1-10. [PMID: 27777068 PMCID: PMC5193094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome (WHS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by mental retardation, craniofacial malformation, and defects in skeletal and heart development. The syndrome is associated with irregularities on the short arm of chromosome 4, including deletions of varying sizes and microduplications. Many of these genotypic aberrations in humans have been correlated with the classic WHS phenotype, and animal models have provided a context for mapping these genetic irregularities to specific phenotypes; however, there remains a significant knowledge gap concerning the cell biological mechanisms underlying these phenotypes. This review summarizes literature that has made recent contributions to this topic, drawing from the vast body of knowledge detailing the genetic particularities of the disorder and the more limited pool of information on its cell biology. Finally, we propose a novel characterization for WHS as a pathophysiology owing in part to defects in neural crest cell motility and migration during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Rutherford
- Boston College, Department of Biology, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States
| | - Laura Anne Lowery
- Boston College, Department of Biology, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States.
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12
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Complex chromosomal rearrangement involving five chromosomes: deciphering genomic imbalances in an apparently balanced chromosomal translocation. Clin Dysmorphol 2016; 25:63-7. [PMID: 26866301 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Tabet AC, Verloes A, Pilorge M, Delaby E, Delorme R, Nygren G, Devillard F, Gérard M, Passemard S, Héron D, Siffroi JP, Jacquette A, Delahaye A, Perrin L, Dupont C, Aboura A, Bitoun P, Coleman M, Leboyer M, Gillberg C, Benzacken B, Betancur C. Complex nature of apparently balanced chromosomal rearrangements in patients with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism 2015; 6:19. [PMID: 25844147 PMCID: PMC4384291 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apparently balanced chromosomal rearrangements can be associated with an abnormal phenotype, including intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Genome-wide microarrays reveal cryptic genomic imbalances, related or not to the breakpoints, in 25% to 50% of patients with an abnormal phenotype carrying a microscopically balanced chromosomal rearrangement. Here we performed microarray analysis of 18 patients with ASD carrying balanced chromosomal abnormalities to identify submicroscopic imbalances implicated in abnormal neurodevelopment. Methods Eighteen patients with ASD carrying apparently balanced chromosomal abnormalities were screened using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. Nine rearrangements were de novo, seven inherited, and two of unknown inheritance. Genomic imbalances were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR. Results We detected clinically significant de novo copy number variants in four patients (22%), including three with de novo rearrangements and one with an inherited abnormality. The sizes ranged from 3.3 to 4.9 Mb; three were related to the breakpoint regions and one occurred elsewhere. We report a patient with a duplication of the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome critical region, contributing to the delineation of this rare genomic disorder. The patient has a chromosome 4p inverted duplication deletion, with a 0.5 Mb deletion of terminal 4p and a 4.2 Mb duplication of 4p16.2p16.3. The other cases included an apparently balanced de novo translocation t(5;18)(q12;p11.2) with a 4.2 Mb deletion at the 18p breakpoint, a subject with de novo pericentric inversion inv(11)(p14q23.2) in whom the array revealed a de novo 4.9 Mb deletion in 7q21.3q22.1, and a patient with a maternal inv(2)(q14.2q37.3) with a de novo 3.3 Mb terminal 2q deletion and a 4.2 Mb duplication at the proximal breakpoint. In addition, we identified a rare de novo deletion of unknown significance on a chromosome unrelated to the initial rearrangement, disrupting a single gene, RFX3. Conclusions These findings underscore the utility of SNP arrays for investigating apparently balanced chromosomal abnormalities in subjects with ASD or related neurodevelopmental disorders in both clinical and research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claude Tabet
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; INSERM, UMR 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; INSERM, UMR 1141, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Marion Pilorge
- INSERM, UMR 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elsa Delaby
- INSERM, UMR 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; Fondation Fondamental, 40 rue de Mesly, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Gudrun Nygren
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Kungsgatan 12, 41119 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Françoise Devillard
- Département de Génétique et Procréation, CHU de Grenoble, Hôpital Couple-Enfant, avenue du Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Marion Gérard
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Passemard
- INSERM, UMR 1141, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; Neurology Unit, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Héron
- Medical Genetics Unit, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Siffroi
- Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie Médicales, AP-HP, Trousseau Hospital, 26 avenue du Docteur Arnold Netter, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Aurelia Jacquette
- Medical Genetics Unit, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Andrée Delahaye
- INSERM, UMR 1141, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; Cytogenetics Unit, AP-HP, Jean Verdier Hospital, allée du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France ; Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Laurence Perrin
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Céline Dupont
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Azzedine Aboura
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bitoun
- Medical Genetics Unit, AP-HP, Jean Verdier Hospital, allée du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - Mary Coleman
- Foundation for Autism Research, 3081 Quail Hollow, Sarasota, FL 34235 USA
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Fondation Fondamental, 40 rue de Mesly, 94000 Créteil, France ; Department of Psychiatry, AP-HP, Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier Hospital, 40 rue de Mesly, 94000 Créteil, France ; INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatric Genetics, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94000 Créteil, France ; Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Est Créteil, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Kungsgatan 12, 41119 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Brigitte Benzacken
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; INSERM, UMR 1141, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; Cytogenetics Unit, AP-HP, Jean Verdier Hospital, allée du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France ; Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Catalina Betancur
- INSERM, UMR 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
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Palumbo O, Palumbo P, Ferri E, Riviello FN, Cloroformio L, Carella M, Di Giacomo MC. Report of a patient and further clinical and molecular characterization of interstitial 4p16.3 microduplication. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:15. [PMID: 25774220 PMCID: PMC4359789 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pure interstitial duplications of chromosome band 4p16.3 represent an infrequent chromosomal finding with, to the best of our knowledge, only two patients to date reported. Case presentation We report on a 13-year-old boy showing a set of dysmorphic facial features, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, learning difficulties, speech and cognitive delays, overgrowth and musculoskeletal anomalies in whom an interstitial duplication of about 400 kb in 4p16.3 was detected by SNP-array analysis. The duplication includes the complete coding sequence of FAM53A, SLBP, TMEM129 and TACC3 genes and the first exon of the FGFR3 gene. Phenotypic comparison with previously described patients harboring a microduplication of similar size and position contributes to better define the clinical correlation of 4p16.3 microduplications, suggesting the existence of a novel distinct and phenotypically recognizable syndrome. In addition, being the duplication identified in our case the smallest so far reported, it allowed us to refine the smallest region of overlap among patients to 222 kb, enabling a more accurate genotype-phenotype correlation for 4p16.3 microduplications. Conclusions Our case report provide clinical and molecular evidences supporting the existence of a novel 4p16.3 microduplication syndrome. The genes FAM53A, TACC3 and FGFR3 seems to play a key role in the etiology of the clinical phenotype. Interestingly, our patient is the oldest described so far and for this reason useful to delineate the long-term prognosis of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orazio Palumbo
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG Italy
| | - Pietro Palumbo
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG Italy
| | - Emanuela Ferri
- U.O.C Anatomia Patologica, AOR Ospedale "San Carlo", Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Lea Cloroformio
- U.O.C Anatomia Patologica, AOR Ospedale "San Carlo", Potenza, Italy
| | - Massimo Carella
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG Italy
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Hammond P, McKee S, Suttie M, Allanson J, Cobben JM, Maas SM, Quarrell O, Smith ACM, Lewis S, Tassabehji M, Sisodiya S, Mattina T, Hennekam R. Opposite effects on facial morphology due to gene dosage sensitivity. Hum Genet 2014; 133:1117-25. [PMID: 24889830 PMCID: PMC4148161 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sequencing technology is increasingly demonstrating the impact of genomic copy number variation (CNV) on phenotypes. Opposing variation in growth, head size, cognition and behaviour is known to result from deletions and reciprocal duplications of some genomic regions. We propose normative inversion of face shape, opposing difference from a matched norm, as a basis for investigating the effects of gene dosage on craniofacial development. We use dense surface modelling techniques to match any face (or part of a face) to a facial norm of unaffected individuals of matched age, sex and ethnicity and then we reverse the individual’s face shape differences from the matched norm to produce the normative inversion. We demonstrate for five genomic regions, 4p16.3, 7q11.23, 11p15, 16p13.3 and 17p11.2, that such inversion for individuals with a duplication or (epi)-mutation produces facial forms remarkably similar to those associated with a deletion or opposite (epi-)mutation of the same region, and vice versa. The ability to visualise and quantify face shape effects of gene dosage is of major benefit for determining whether a CNV is the cause of the phenotype of an individual and for predicting reciprocal consequences. It enables face shape to be used as a relatively simple and inexpensive functional analysis of the gene(s) involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hammond
- Molecular Medicine Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford St, London, WC1N 1EH, UK,
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Mundhofir FEP, Nillesen WM, Van Bon BWM, Smeets D, Pfundt R, van de Ven-Schobers G, Ruiterkamp-Versteeg M, Winarni TI, Hamel BCJ, Yntema HG, Faradz SMH. Subtelomeric chromosomal rearrangements in a large cohort of unexplained intellectually disabled individuals in Indonesia: A clinical and molecular study. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2013; 19:171-8. [PMID: 24019618 PMCID: PMC3758723 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.116118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Unbalanced subtelomeric chromosomal rearrangements are often associated with intellectual disability (ID) and malformation syndromes. The prevalence of such rearrangements has been reported to be 5-9% in ID populations. AIMS To study the prevalence of subtelomeric rearrangements in the Indonesian ID population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We tested 436 subjects with unexplained ID using multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification (MLPA) using the specific designed sets of probes to detect human subtelomeric chromosomal imbalances (SALSA P070 and P036D). If necessary, abnormal findings were confirmed by other MLPA probe kits, fluorescent in situ hybridization or Single Nucleotide Polymorphism array. RESULTS A subtelomeric aberration was identified in 3.7% of patients (16/436). Details on subtelomeric aberrations and confirmation analyses are discussed. CONCLUSION This is the first study describing the presence of subtelomeric rearrangements in individuals with ID in Indonesia. Furthermore, it shows that also in Indonesia such abnormalities are a prime cause of ID and that in developing countries with limited diagnostic services such as Indonesia, it is important and feasible to uncover the genetic etiology in a significant number of cases with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farmaditya E P Mundhofir
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia ; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Schönewolf-Greulich B, Ravn K, Hamborg-Petersen B, Brøndum-Nielsen K, Tümer Z. Segregation of a 4p16.3 duplication with a characteristic appearance, macrocephaly, speech delay and mild intellectual disability in a 3-generation family. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2358-62. [PMID: 23894085 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microscopically visible rearrangements of chromosome 4p includes the two well known abnormalities: partial trisomy 4p, and deletions of the Wolf-Hirschhorn critical regions 1 and 2 (WHSCR 1 and WHSCR2, respectively), which cause well-defined phenotypes including minor anomalies, and developmental delay/intellectual disability. In contrast small duplications of 4p are rare but with the advent of microarray techniques a few cases have been reported in recent years. Here we describe a 3 Mb duplication at 4p16.3 segregating with a characteristic phenotype, macrocephaly, speech delay and mild intellectual disability in a three generation family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bitten Schönewolf-Greulich
- Genetic Counselling Clinic Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
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