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Kim JH, Kim HK, Son YD, Kim JH. In Vivo Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor Availability and Its Relationship with Aggression Traits in Healthy Individuals: A Positron Emission Tomography Study with C-11 MDL100907. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15697. [PMID: 37958691 PMCID: PMC10647245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonergic neurotransmission has been associated with aggression in several psychiatric disorders. Human aggression is a continuum of traits, ranging from normal to pathological phenomena. However, the individual differences in serotonergic neurotransmission and their relationships with aggression traits in healthy individuals remain unclear. In this study, we explored the relationship between 5-HT2A receptor availability in vivo and aggression traits in healthy participants. Thirty-three healthy participants underwent 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C]MDL100907, a selective radioligand for 5-HT2A receptors. To quantify 5-HT2A receptor availability, the binding potential (BPND) was derived using the basis function implementation of the simplified reference tissue model, with the cerebellum as the reference region. The participants' aggression levels were assessed using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. The voxel-based correlation analysis with age and sex as covariates revealed that the total aggression score was significantly positively correlated with [11C]MDL100907 BPND in the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG) pole, left fusiform gyrus (FUSI), right parahippocampal gyrus, and right hippocampus. The physical aggression subscale score had significant positive correlations with [11C]MDL100907 BPND in the left olfactory cortex, left orbital superior frontal gyrus (SFG), right anterior cingulate and paracingulate gyri, left orbitomedial SFG, left gyrus rectus, left MTG, left inferior temporal gyrus, and left angular gyrus. The verbal aggression subscale score showed significant positive correlations with [11C]MDL100907 BPND in the bilateral SFG, right medial SFG, left FUSI, and right MTG pole. Overall, our findings suggest the possibility of positive correlations between aggression traits and in vivo 5-HT2A receptor availability in healthy individuals. Future research should incorporate multimodal neuroimaging to investigate the downstream effects of 5-HT2A receptor-mediated signaling and integrate molecular and systems-level information in relation to aggression traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hee Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of IT Convergence, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang-Keun Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of IT Convergence, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Don Son
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of IT Convergence, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
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Arnold S, Correll CU, Jaite C. Frequency and correlates of lifetime suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among consecutively hospitalized youth with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: results from a retrospective chart review. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2023; 10:10. [PMID: 36998054 PMCID: PMC10064676 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-023-00216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth with eating disorders (EDs) face an increased risk of a premature suicide death. Precursors of completed suicide are suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, which need to be well understood to prevent suicide. However, epidemiological data on the lifetime prevalence and clinical correlates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts (i.e., "suicidality") are lacking for the vulnerable group of inpatient ED youth. METHODS This retrospective chart review was conducted at a psychiatric child and adolescent inpatient department, covering a 25-year period. Consecutively hospitalized youth with an ICD-10 diagnosis of anorexia nervosa (AN), restricting type (AN-R), binge-purging type (AN-BP), and bulimia nervosa (BN) were included. Data extraction and coding were standardized with trained raters extracting information from patient records according to a procedural manual and using a piloted data extraction template. The lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts was calculated for each ED subgroup, and clinical correlates of suicidality were analyzed via multivariable regression analyses. RESULTS In the sample of 382 inpatients aged 9-18 years (median age = 15.6, females = 97.1%; AN-R: n = 242, BN: n = 84, AN-BP: n = 56), 30.6% of patients had lifetime suicidal ideation (BN:52.4% ≈ AN-BP:44.6% > AN-R:19.8%, χ2(2,382) = 37.2, p < 0.001, Φ = 0.31), and 3.4% of patients reported a history of suicide attempts (AN-BP:8.9% ≈ BN:4.8% > AN-R:1.7%, χ2(2,382) = 7.9, p = 0.019, Φ = 0.14). Independent clinical correlates of suicidality were i) for AN-R a higher number of psychiatric comorbidities (OR = 3.02 [1.90, 4.81], p < 0.001), and body weight < 1st BMI percentile at hospital admission (OR = 1.25 [1.07,1.47], p = 0.005) (r2 = 0.20); ii) for AN-BP patients a higher number of psychiatric comorbidities (OR = 3.68 [1.50, 9.04], p = 0.004) and history of childhood abuse (OR = 0.16 [0.03, 0.96], p = 0.045) (r2 = 0.36), and iii) for BN patients a higher prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)(OR = 3.06 [1.37, 6.83], p = 0.006) (r2 = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS About half of youth inpatients with AN-BP and BN had lifetime suicidal ideation, and one-tenth of patients with AN-BP had attempted suicide. Treatment programs need to address specific clinical correlates of suicidality, namely, low body weight, psychiatric comorbidities, history of childhood abuse, and NSSI. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was not a clinical trial but a retrospective chart review based on routinely assessed clinical parameters. The study includes data from human participants; however: (1) no intervention and no prospective assignment to interventions were performed, and (2) no evaluation of intervention in participants was accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Arnold
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christoph U Correll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Charlotte Jaite
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Popova NK, Tsybko AS, Naumenko VS. The Implication of 5-HT Receptor Family Members in Aggression, Depression and Suicide: Similarity and Difference. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158814. [PMID: 35955946 PMCID: PMC9369404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Being different multifactorial forms of psychopathology, aggression, depression and suicidal behavior, which is considered to be violent aggression directed against the self, have principal neurobiological links: preclinical and clinical evidence associates depression, aggression and suicidal behavior with dysregulation in central serotonergic (5-HT) neurotransmission. The implication of different types of 5-HT receptors in the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of aggression, depression and suicidality has been well recognized. In this review, we consider and compare the orchestra of 5-HT receptors involved in these severe psychopathologies. Specifically, it concentrates on the role of 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptors in the mechanisms underlying the predisposition to aggression, depression and suicidal behavior. The review provides converging lines of evidence that: (1) depression-related 5-HT receptors include those receptors with pro-depressive properties (5-HT2A, 5-HT3 and 5-HT7) as well as those providing an antidepressant effect (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2C subtypes). (2) Aggression-related 5-HT receptors are identical to depression-related 5-HT receptors with the exception of 5-HT7 receptors. Activation of 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors attenuate aggressiveness, whereas agonists of 5-HT3 intensify aggressive behavior.
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Sener EF, Taheri S, Sahin MC, Bayramov KK, Marasli MK, Zararsiz G, Mehmetbeyoglu E, Oztop DB, Canpolat M, Canatan H, Ozkul Y. Altered Global mRNA Expressions of Pain and Aggression Related Genes in the Blood of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 67:89-96. [PMID: 30519864 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by repetitive stereotypic behaviors, restricted interests, social withdrawal, and communication deficits. Aggression and insensitivity to pain are largely unexplained in these cases. We analyzed nine mRNA expressions of the candidate genes related to aggression and insensitivity to pain in the peripheral blood of patients with ASD. Whole blood samples were obtained from 40 autistic patients (33 boys, 7 girls) and 50 age- and sex-matched controls (37 boys and 13 girls) to isolate RNA. Gene expression was assessed by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) in the Erciyes University Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK). All of the gene expressions except CRHR1 and SLC6A4 were found to be statistically different between the ASD patients and controls. Gene expression also differed according to gender. Alterations in the mRNA expression patterns of the HTR1E, OPRL1, OPRM1, TACR1, PRKG1, SCN9A and DRD4 genes provide further evidence for a relevant effect of the respective candidate genes on the pathophysiology of ASD. Future studies may determine the sensitivity of these candidate markers in larger samples including further neuropsychiatric diagnosis.
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MESH Headings
- Aggression
- Autism Spectrum Disorder/blood
- Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics
- Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology
- Biomarkers/blood
- Child, Preschool
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I/genetics
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- NAV1.7 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel/genetics
- NAV1.7 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel/metabolism
- Pain Perception
- RNA, Messenger/blood
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D4/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D4/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Funda Sener
- Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty , 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
- Erciyes University Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Serpil Taheri
- Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty , 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes University Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Gokmen Zararsiz
- Department of Biostatistics, Erciyes University Medical Faculty , 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ecmel Mehmetbeyoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty , 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes University Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Didem Behice Oztop
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara University Medical Faculty , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Canpolat
- Department of Child Neurology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Halit Canatan
- Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty , 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ozkul
- Department of Medical Genetics, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
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Bani-Fatemi A, Howe A, Zai C, Kennedy JL, Vincent J, Strauss J, Wong A, De Luca V. Differential Allelic Expression of HTR1B in Suicide Victims: Genetic and Epigenetic Effect of the Cis-Acting Variants. Neuropsychobiology 2018; 74:144-149. [PMID: 28445878 DOI: 10.1159/000456010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the present study, we tested the allelic imbalance of the C861G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of HTR1B in the frontal cortex of suicide victims. METHODS The study was conducted using 3 sets of samples. First, C861G allele-specific mRNA levels in the frontal cortex were compared between suicide (n = 13) and nonsuicide controls (n = 13) from the Stanley Medical Research postmortem brain collection. Second, we tested common variants in the HTR1B promoter for linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the C861G variant in an unrelated sample of suicide attempters (SA; n = 38) and non-SA (NSA; n = 42). Finally, we performed a family-based association study of the C861G and promoter variants in 162 nuclear families using suicidal behavior severity scores as phenotype. RESULTS We observed no alterations in the C/G expression ratio in suicide victims compared to nonsuicide controls (p = 0.370). When comparing the LD between the C861G and cis-acting SNPs, we did not find any differences in SA and NSA. There was no association between preferential transmission of cis-acting SNPs and suicidal behavior severity scores in both maternal and paternal meiosis. CONCLUSIONS We found several promoter variants in LD that may potentially influence the allelic imbalance in the C861G variant. However, no evidence of allelic imbalance nor parent-of-origin effects of the C861G variant was observed in suicidal behavior. Further research is required to assess this marker in larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bani-Fatemi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Group for Suicide Studies, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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The role of the Cys23Ser (rs6318) polymorphism of the HTR2C gene in suicidal behavior. Psychiatr Genet 2017; 27:199-209. [DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Cheah SY, Lawford BR, Young RM, Morris CP, Voisey J. mRNA Expression and DNA Methylation Analysis of Serotonin Receptor 2A (HTR2A) in the Human Schizophrenic Brain. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8010014. [PMID: 28054990 PMCID: PMC5295009 DOI: 10.3390/genes8010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A) is an important signalling factor implicated in cognitive functions and known to be associated with schizophrenia. The biological significance of HTR2A in schizophrenia remains unclear as molecular analyses including genetic association, mRNA expression and methylation studies have reported inconsistent results. In this study, we examine HTR2A expression and methylation and the interaction with HTR2A polymorphisms to identify their biological significance in schizophrenia. Subjects included 25 schizophrenia and 25 control post-mortem brain samples. Genotype and mRNA data was generated by transcriptome sequencing. DNA methylation profiles were generated for CpG sites within promoter-exon I region. Expression, genotype and methylation data were examined for association with schizophrenia. HTR2A mRNA levels were reduced by 14% (p = 0.006) in schizophrenia compared to controls. Three CpG sites were hypermethylated in schizophrenia (cg5 p = 0.028, cg7 p = 0.021, cg10 p = 0.017) and HTR2A polymorphisms rs6314 (p = 0.008) and rs6313 (p = 0.026) showed genetic association with schizophrenia. Differential DNA methylation was associated with rs6314 and rs6313. There was a strong correlation between HTR2A DNA methylation and mRNA expression. The results were nominally significant but did not survive the rigorous Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple testing. Differential HTR2A expression in schizophrenia in our study may be the result of the combined effect of multiple differentially methylated CpG sites. Epigenetic HTR2A regulation may alter brain function, which contributes to the development of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sern-Yih Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| | - Bruce R Lawford
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| | - Ross McD Young
- Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| | - Charles P Morris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| | - Joanne Voisey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
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Sener EF, Sahin MC, Taheri S, Bayramov KK, Marasli MK, Zararsiz G, Canpolat M, Sahin N, Oztop DB. A preliminary study of the genes related to aggression and insensitivity to pain in autism spectrum disorders. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2017.1293248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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9
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Molina-Guzman G, González-Castro TB, Hernández Díaz Y, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Juárez-Rojop IE, Guzmán-Priego CG, Genis A, Pool García S, López-Narvaez ML, Rodriguez-Perez JM. Gender differences in the association between HTR2C gene variants and suicidal behavior in a Mexican population: a case-control study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:559-566. [PMID: 28260903 PMCID: PMC5328611 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s122024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this case-control study was to explore the association by gender between the HTR2C gene variants and suicidal behavior in a Mexican population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 183 suicide attempters and 208 healthy volunteers were included in this study. We genotyped five polymorphisms of HTR2C (rs547536, rs2192372, rs4272555, rs6318, and rs2428707), then measured the association by genotype, allele, and haplotype. RESULTS In the female group, we found an association between two polymorphisms of the HTR2C (rs4272555 and rs2428707) and suicide attempts. The C allele of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4272555 was associated with a decreased risk of suicide attempt (P=0.01, odds ratio =0.26, 95% confidence interval: 0.09-0.79), whereas the G allele of the SNP rs2428707 was associated with an increased risk of suicide attempt (P=0.01, odds ratio =3.68, 95% confidence interval: 1.24-10.90). No significant association was observed between the other polymorphisms studied (rs547536, rs2192372, rs6318) or haplotypes with suicide attempts. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a possible risk factor of the HTR2C gene in the pathology of suicidal behavior in Mexican population. More studies are necessary to confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Molina-Guzman
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa
| | | | - Yazmín Hernández Díaz
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez
| | - Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México
| | - Isela E Juárez-Rojop
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México
| | | | - Alma Genis
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Servicios de Atención Psiquiátrica (SAP), Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | - José Manuel Rodriguez-Perez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
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10
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Sokolowski M, Wasserman J, Wasserman D. An overview of the neurobiology of suicidal behaviors as one meta-system. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:56-71. [PMID: 25178164 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Suicidal behaviors (SB) may be regarded as the outmost consequence of mental illnesses, or as a distinct entity per se. Regardless, the consequences of SB are very large to both society and affected individuals. The path leading to SB is clearly a complex one involving interactions between the subject's biology and environmental influences throughout life. With the aim to generate a representative and diversified overview of the different neurobiological components hypothesized or shown implicated across the entire SB field up to date by any approach, we selected and compiled a list of 212 gene symbols from the literature. An increasing number of novel gene (products) have been introduced as candidates, with half being implicated in SB in only the last 4 years. These candidates represent different neuro systems and functions and might therefore be regarded as competing or redundant explanations. We then adopted a unifying approach by treating them all as parts of the same meta-system, using bioinformatic tools. We present a network of all components connected by physical protein-protein interactions (the SB interactome). We proceeded by exploring the differences between the highly connected core (~30% of the candidate genes) and its peripheral parts, observing more functional homogeneity at the core, with multiple signal transduction pathways and actin-interacting proteins connecting a subset of receptors in nerve cell compartments as well as development/morphology phenotypes and the stress-sensitive synaptic plasticity processes of long term potentiation/depression. We suggest that SB neurobiology might also be viewed as one meta-system and perhaps be explained as intrinsic unbalances acting within the core or as imbalances arising between core and specific peripheral components.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sokolowski
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Wasserman
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Wasserman
- 1] National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm, Sweden [2] WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Methods Development and Training in Suicide Prevention, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Oquendo MA, Sullivan GM, Sudol K, Baca-Garcia E, Stanley BH, Sublette ME, Mann JJ. Toward a biosignature for suicide. Am J Psychiatry 2014; 171:1259-77. [PMID: 25263730 PMCID: PMC4356635 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Suicide, a major cause of death worldwide, has distinct biological underpinnings. The authors review and synthesize the research literature on biomarkers of suicide, with the aim of using the findings of these studies to develop a coherent model for the biological diathesis for suicide. METHOD The authors examined studies covering a large range of neurobiological systems implicated in suicide. They provide succinct descriptions of each system to provide a context for interpreting the meaning of findings in suicide. RESULTS Several lines of evidence implicate dysregulation in stress response systems, especially the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, as a diathesis for suicide. Additional findings related to neuroinflammatory indices, glutamatergic function, and neuronal plasticity at the cellular and circuitry level may reflect downstream effects of such dysregulation. Whether serotonergic abnormalities observed in individuals who have died by suicide are independent of stress response abnormalities is an unresolved question. CONCLUSIONS The most compelling biomarkers for suicide are linked to altered stress responses and their downstream effects, and to abnormalities in the serotonergic system. Studying these systems in parallel and in the same populations may elucidate the role of each and their interplay, possibly leading to identification of new treatment targets and biological predictors.
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12
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Thelma Beatriz GC, Isela JR, Alma G, María Lilia LN, Carlos Alfonso TZ. Association between HTR2C gene variants and suicidal behaviour: a protocol for the systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic studies. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e005423. [PMID: 25190618 PMCID: PMC4158196 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicide is an important public health problem and one of the most common causes of death throughout the world. Suicidal behaviour is complex, and its causes are multifactorial. Case-control studies have reported an association between an alteration of the serotonin system and suicidal behaviour. Recently, it has been suggested that the 5-HTRC2 serotonin receptor gene is involved in the pathogenesis of suicidal behaviour. METHODS AND ANALYSIS To evaluate the role of the 5-HTR2C gene in suicidal behaviour, we will perform a systematic review and a meta-analysis of worldwide reports that have investigated the association between the serotonin system and suicidal behaviour. This analysis will be reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Studies deemed fit for inclusion in the systematic review will be scored for methodological quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Assessment Scale (NOS). The inclusion criteria will be to present independent data, to be case-control studies and to be published in journal peer reviews. To generate more accurate analyses, we will grade the reports using the GRADES scale procedures. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study will describe the association between the HTR2C gene and suicidal behaviour. The results will be reported in a peer-reviewed publication and in scientific presentations in Mexico and throughout the world. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42014009213.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juárez-Rojop Isela
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - Genis Alma
- Servicios de Atención Psiquiátrica (SAP), Secretaría de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México, Distrito Federal, México
| | | | - Tovilla-Zárate Carlos Alfonso
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México
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13
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Serotonergic modulation of suicidal behaviour: integrating preclinical data with clinical practice and psychotherapy. Exp Brain Res 2013; 230:605-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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The role of the serotonergic system at the interface of aggression and suicide. Neuroscience 2013; 236:160-85. [PMID: 23333677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in serotonin (5-HT) neurochemistry have been implicated in the aetiology of all major neuropsychiatric disorders, ranging from schizophrenia to mood and anxiety-spectrum disorders. This review will focus on the multifaceted implications of 5-HT-ergic dysfunctions in the pathophysiology of aggressive and suicidal behaviours. After a brief overview of the anatomical distribution of the 5-HT-ergic system in the key brain areas that govern aggression and suicidal behaviours, the implication of 5-HT markers (5-HT receptors, transporter as well as synthetic and metabolic enzymes) in these conditions is discussed. In this regard, particular emphasis is placed on the integration of pharmacological and genetic evidence from animal studies with the findings of human experimental and genetic association studies. Traditional views postulated an inverse relationship between 5-HT and aggression and suicidal behaviours; however, ample evidence has shown that this perspective may be overly simplistic, and that such pathological manifestations may reflect alterations in 5-HT homoeostasis due to the interaction of genetic, environmental and gender-related factors, particularly during early critical developmental stages. The development of animal models that may capture the complexity of such interactions promises to afford a powerful tool to elucidate the pathophysiology of impulsive aggression and suicidability, and identify new effective therapies for these conditions.
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15
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Chistiakov DA, Kekelidze ZI, Chekhonin VP. Endophenotypes as a measure of suicidality. J Appl Genet 2012; 53:389-413. [DOI: 10.1007/s13353-012-0113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Fiori LM, Wanner B, Jomphe V, Croteau J, Vitaro F, Tremblay RE, Bureau A, Turecki G. Association of polyaminergic loci with anxiety, mood disorders, and attempted suicide. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15146. [PMID: 21152090 PMCID: PMC2994870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polyamine system has been implicated in a number of psychiatric conditions, which display both alterations in polyamine levels and altered expression of genes related to polyamine metabolism. Studies have identified associations between genetic variants in spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT1) and both anxiety and suicide, and several polymorphisms appear to play important roles in determining gene expression. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We genotyped 63 polymorphisms, spread across four polyaminergic genes (SAT1, spermine synthase (SMS), spermine oxidase (SMOX), and ornithine aminotransferase like-1 (OATL1)), in 1255 French-Canadian individuals who have been followed longitudinally for 22 years. We assessed univariate associations with anxiety, mood disorders, and attempted suicide, as assessed during early adulthood. We also investigated the involvement of gene-environment interactions in terms of childhood abuse, and assessed internalizing and externalizing symptoms as endophenotypes mediating these interactions. Overall, each gene was associated with at least one main outcome: anxiety (SAT1, SMS), mood disorders (SAT1, SMOX), and suicide attempts (SAT1, OATL1). Several SAT1 polymorphisms displayed disease-specific risk alleles, and polymorphisms in this gene were involved in gene-gene interactions with SMS to confer risk for anxiety disorders, as well as gene-environment interactions between childhood physical abuse and mood disorders. Externalizing behaviors demonstrated significant mediation with regards to the association between OATL1 and attempted suicide, however there was no evidence that externalizing or internalizing behaviors were appropriate endophenotypes to explain the associations with mood or anxiety disorders. Finally, childhood sexual abuse did not demonstrate mediating influences on any of our outcomes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that genetic variants in polyaminergic genes are associated with psychiatric conditions, each of which involves a set of separate and distinct risk alleles. As several of these polymorphisms are associated with gene expression, these findings may provide mechanisms to explain the alterations in polyamine metabolism which have been observed in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Fiori
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brigitte Wanner
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie Jomphe
- Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jordie Croteau
- Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard E. Tremblay
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Public Health and Population Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexandre Bureau
- Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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17
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Brezo J, Bureau A, Mérette C, Jomphe V, Barker ED, Vitaro F, Hébert M, Carbonneau R, Tremblay RE, Turecki G. Differences and similarities in the serotonergic diathesis for suicide attempts and mood disorders: a 22-year longitudinal gene-environment study. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:831-43. [PMID: 19381154 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To investigate similarities and differences in the serotonergic diathesis for mood disorders and suicide attempts, we conducted a study in a cohort followed longitudinally for 22 years. A total of 1255 members of this cohort, which is representative of the French-speaking population of Quebec, were investigated. Main outcome measures included (1) mood disorders (bipolar disorder and major depression) and suicide attempts by early adulthood; (2) odds ratios and probabilities associated with 143 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 11 serotonergic genes, acting directly or as moderators in gene-environment interactions with childhood sexual or childhood physical abuse (CPA), and in gene-gene interactions; (3) regression coefficients for putative endophenotypes for mood disorders (childhood anxiousness) and suicide attempts (childhood disruptiveness). Five genes showed significant adjusted effects (HTR2A, TPH1, HTR5A, SLC6A4 and HTR1A). Of these, HTR2A variation influenced both suicide attempts and mood disorders, although through different mechanisms. In suicide attempts, HTR2A variants (rs6561333, rs7997012 and rs1885884) were involved through interactions with histories of sexual and physical abuse whereas in mood disorders through one main effect (rs9316235). In terms of phenotype-specific contributions, TPH1 variation (rs10488683) was relevant only in the diathesis for suicide attempts. Three genes contributed exclusively to mood disorders, one through a main effect (HTR5A (rs1657268)) and two through gene-environment interactions with CPA (HTR1A (rs878567) and SLC6A4 (rs3794808)). Childhood anxiousness did not mediate the effects of HTR2A and HTR5A on mood disorders, nor did childhood disruptiveness mediate the effects of TPH1 on suicide attempts. Of the serotonergic genes implicated in mood disorders and suicidal behaviors, four exhibited phenotype-specific effects, suggesting that despite their high concordance and common genetic determinants, suicide attempts and mood disorders may also have partially independent etiological pathways. To identify where these pathways diverge, we need to understand the differential, phenotype-specific gene-environment interactions such as the ones observed in the present study, using suitably powered samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brezo
- The McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Schosser A, Fuchs K, Scharl T, Schloegelhofer M, Kindler J, Mossaheb N, Kaufmann RM, Leisch F, Kasper S, Sieghart W, Aschauer HN. Interaction between serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene and dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene polymorphisms influences personality trait of persistence in Austrian Caucasians. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 11:417-24. [PMID: 20218802 DOI: 10.3109/15622970801935586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We examined 89 normal volunteers using Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Genotyping the 102T/C polymorphism of the serotonin 5HT2A receptor gene and the ser9gly polymorphism in exon 1 of the dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) gene was performed using PCR-RFLP, whereas the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism was investigated using PCR amplification followed by electrophoresis in an 8% acrylamide gel with a set of size markers. We found a nominally significant association between gender and harm avoidance (P=0.017; women showing higher scores). There was no association of either DAT1, DRD3 or 5HT2A alleles or genotypes with any dimension of the TCI applying Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum tests. Comparing homozygote and heterozygote DAT1 genotypes, we found higher novelty seeking scores in homozygotes (P=0.054). We further found a nominally significant interaction between DAT1 and 5HT2A homo-/heterozygous gene variants (P=0.0071; DAT1 and 5HT2A genotypes P value of 0.05), performing multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Examining the temperamental TCI subscales, this interaction was associated with persistence (genotypes: P=0.004; homo-/heterozygous gene variants: P=0.0004). We conclude that an interaction between DAT1 and 5HT2A genes might influence the temperamental personality trait persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schosser
- Division of Biological Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Baca-Garcia E, Vaquero-Lorenzo C, Perez-Rodriguez MM, Gratacòs M, Bayés M, Santiago-Mozos R, Leiva-Murillo JM, de Prado-Cumplido M, Artes-Rodriguez A, Ceverino A, Diaz-Sastre C, Fernandez-Navarro P, Costas J, Fernandez-Piqueras J, Diaz-Hernandez M, de Leon J, Baca-Baldomero E, Saiz-Ruiz J, Mann JJ, Parsey RV, Carracedo A, Estivill X, Oquendo MA. Nucleotide variation in central nervous system genes among male suicide attempters. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:208-13. [PMID: 19455598 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite marked morbidity and mortality associated with suicidal behavior, accurate identification of individuals at risk remains elusive. The goal of this study is to identify a model based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that discriminates between suicide attempters and non-attempters using data mining strategies. We examined functional SNPs (n = 840) of 312 brain function and development genes using data mining techniques. Two hundred seventy-seven male psychiatric patients aged 18 years or older were recruited at a University hospital psychiatric emergency room or psychiatric short stay unit. The main outcome measure was history of suicide attempts. Three SNPs of three genes (rs10944288, HTR1E; hCV8953491, GABRP; and rs707216, ACTN2) correctly classified 67% of male suicide attempters and non-attempters (0.50 sensitivity, 0.82 specificity, positive likelihood ratio = 2.80, negative likelihood ratio = 1.64). The OR for the combined three SNPs was 4.60 (95% CI: 1.31-16.10). The model's accuracy suggests that in the future similar methodologies may generate simple genetic tests with diagnostic utility in identification of suicide attempters. This strategy may uncover new pathophysiological pathways regarding the neurobiology of suicidal acts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Baca-Garcia
- Department of Psychiatry at Fundacion Jimenez Diaz Hospital, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.
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20
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HTR1B as a risk profile maker in psychiatric disorders: a review through motivation and memory. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 66:5-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-009-0724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Azenha D, Alves M, Matos R, Santa JF, Silva B, Cordeiro C, Vieira DN, Ambrósio AM. Male specific association between the 5-HTR6 gene 267C/T SNP and suicide in the Portuguese population. Neurosci Lett 2009; 466:128-30. [PMID: 19782122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 09/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic system dysfunction has been implicated in the etiology of suicide. A large number of genetic studies have focused on the potential involvement of genes coding for components of serotonergic system in suicidal behavior. However, other genes belonging to this system remain to be investigated or have been poorly studied, as is the case of the 5-HT6 receptor (5-HTR6) gene. In this study, we investigated the potential association between the 5-HTR6 gene 267C/T SNP and suicide in a Portuguese population. Blood samples were collected from 179 suicide victims and 189 controls. Genotypes for the 5-HTR6 gene 267C/T SNP were obtained with the restriction enzyme Rsa I. A tendency was found for genotype association between this polymorphism and suicide, but the differences were not statistically significant (chi(2)=5.374, df=2, p=0.068). However, a gender-specific association was detected when comparing the genotype distribution between male suicide victims and male controls (chi(2)=6.988, df=2, p=0.030), suggesting that this SNP might have a role in the etiology of suicide in male subjects in the Portuguese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Azenha
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, National Institute of Legal Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
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22
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Drago A, Serretti A. Focus on HTR2C: A possible suggestion for genetic studies of complex disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:601-37. [PMID: 18802918 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HTR2C is one of the most relevant and investigated serotonin receptors. Its role in important brain structures such as the midbrain, the lateral septal complex, the hypothalamus, the olfactory bulb, the pons, the choroid plexus, the nucleus pallidus, the striatum and the amygdala, the nucleus accumbens and the anterior cingulated gyrus candidate it as a promising target for genetic association studies. The biological relevance of these brain structures is reviewed by way of the focus on HTR2C activity, with a special attention paid to psychiatric disorders. Evidence from the genetic association studies that dealt with HTR2C is reviewed and discussed alongside the findings derived from the neuronatmic investigations. The reasons for the discrepancies between these two sets of reports are discussed. As a result, HTR2C is shown to play a pivotal role in many different psychiatric behaviors or psychiatric related disrupted molecular balances, nevertheless, genetic association studies brought inconsistent results so far. The most replicated association involve the feeding behavior and antipsychotic induced side effects, both weight gain and motor related: Cys23Ser (rs6318) and -759C/T (rs3813929) report the most consistent results. The lack of association found in other independent studies dampens the clinical impact of these reports. Here, we report a possible explanation for discrepant findings that is poorly or not at all usually considered, that is that HTR2C may exert different or even opposite activities in the brain depending on the structure analyzed and that mRNA editing activity may compensate possible genetically controlled functional effects. The incomplete coverage of the HTR2C variants is proposed as the best cost-benefit ratio bias to fix. The evidence of brain area specific HTR2C mRNA editing opens a debate about how the brain can differently modulate stress events, and process antidepressant treatments, in different brain areas. The mRNA editing activity on HTR2C may play a major role for the negative association results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Drago
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Italy
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23
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Videtič A, Peternelj TT, Zupanc T, Balažic J, Komel R. Promoter and functional polymorphisms of HTR2C and suicide victims. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2009; 8:541-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Crowell SE, Beauchaine TP, Linehan MM. A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending Linehan's theory. Psychol Bull 2009; 135:495-510. [PMID: 19379027 PMCID: PMC2696274 DOI: 10.1037/a0015616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 660] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, research has focused increasingly on developmental precursors to psychological disorders that were previously assumed to emerge only in adulthood. This change in focus follows from the recognition that complex transactions between biological vulnerabilities and psychosocial risk factors shape emotional and behavioral development beginning at conception. To date, however, empirical research on the development of borderline personality is extremely limited. Indeed, in the decade since M. M. Linehan initially proposed a biosocial model of the development of borderline personality disorder, there have been few attempts to test the model among at-risk youth. In this review, diverse literatures are reviewed that can inform understanding of the ontogenesis of borderline pathology, and testable hypotheses are proposed to guide future research with at-risk children and adolescents. One probable pathway is identified that leads to borderline personality disorder; it begins with early vulnerability, expressed initially as impulsivity and followed by heightened emotional sensitivity. These vulnerabilities are potentiated across development by environmental risk factors that give rise to more extreme emotional, behavioral, and cognitive dysregulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).
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Malkesman O, Pine DS, Tragon T, Austin DR, Henter ID, Chen G, Manji HK. Animal models of suicide-trait-related behaviors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009; 30:165-73. [PMID: 19269045 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although antidepressants are moderately effective in treating major depressive disorder (MDD), concerns have arisen that selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are associated with suicidal thinking and behavior, especially in children, adolescents and young adults. Almost no experimental research in model systems has considered the mechanisms by which SSRIs might be associated with this potential side effect in some susceptible individuals. Suicide is a complex behavior and impossible to fully reproduce in an animal model. However, by investigating traits that show strong cross-species parallels in addition to associations with suicide in humans, animal models might elucidate the mechanisms by which SSRIs are associated with suicidal thinking and behavior. Traits linked with suicide in humans that can be successfully modeled in rodents include aggression, impulsivity, irritability and hopelessness/helplessness. Modeling these relevant traits in animals can help to clarify the impact of SSRIs on these traits, suggesting avenues for reducing suicide risk in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oz Malkesman
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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26
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Abstract
Suicidal behavior is partly heritable. Studies seeking the responsible candidate genes have examined genes involved in neurotransmitter systems shown to have altered function in suicide and attempted suicide. These neurotransmitter systems include the serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic systems and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. With some exceptions, most notably the serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (HTTLPR), replication of candidate gene association studies findings has been difficult. This article reviews current knowledge of specific gene effects and gene-environment interactions that influence risk for suicidal behavior. Effects of childhood stress on development and how it influences adult responses to current stress are shown to be relevant for mood disorders, aggressive/impulsive traits, and suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Currier
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, NYSPI Unit #42, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Genetic epidemiology research has shown that genes contribute to suicide risk. Unfortunately, the first 30 years of candidate-based association studies have provided little information about the specific genetic contributors. This article reviews genetic association studies of suicidal phenotypes published to date. Possible theoretical, methodological, and operational challenges accounting for the modest success of association studies in the field are also discussed. The authors conclude that future research may benefit from using a more systematic and comprehensive selection of candidate genes and variants, examining gene-environment and gene-gene interactions, and investigating higher-order moderators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Brezo
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, 6875 La Salle Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
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28
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De Luca V, Strauss J, Kennedy JL. Power based association analysis (PBAT) of serotonergic and noradrenergic polymorphisms in bipolar patients with suicidal behaviour. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:197-203. [PMID: 17869399 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Suicidality is a major health concern worldwide particularly in affective disorder patients. Attempted suicide is familial. There is strong neurobiological evidence showing that serotonergic and noradrenergic dysfunction is implicated in suicidal behaviours. We will apply now a new family based association strategy aimed to explain the genetic influence in suicidal behaviour by power based association test statistics (PBAT) in 336 bipolar patients assessed for suicidality within nuclear families. METHODS By use of conditional power calculations, the approach screens all possible null hypotheses without biasing the nominal significance level, and it identifies the subset of phenotypes that has optimal power when tested for association by either univariate or multivariate family based association test (FBAT). Using this statistical approach (PBAT) we investigated polymorphisms in serotonergic and noradrenergic genes, considering suicidal behaviour severity instead of the dichotomous phenotype (presence of suicide attempt). RESULTS COMT Val/Met polymorphism was not associated with suicide with high confidence (power=91%). On the other hand, the analysis of the other 12 markers in the adrenergic and serotonergic genes revealed that the TH allele tended towards association with higher severity of suicidal behaviour (p=0.060) but the power obtained was very low. CONCLUSIONS The marginal finding of association between TH and severe suicidal behaviour are convergent with previous reports. On the other hand, our sample has enough power to exclude the other polymorphisms investigated as major candidate for suicidality in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo De Luca
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
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29
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Kia-Keating BM, Glatt SJ, Tsuang MT. Meta-analyses suggest association between COMT, but not HTR1B, alleles, and suicidal behavior. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:1048-53. [PMID: 17525973 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that suicidal behavior is at least partially determined by genetic factors, supporting a search for related genes. Two genes that have been highlighted in the literature as being involved are HTR1B, which codes for the serotonin 1B receptor, and COMT, which is related to the inactivation of catecholamines. In order to assess the combined evidence for the numerous studies that have been published relating suicidal behavior to these two genes, two different random effects meta-analyses were conducted utilizing seven studies related to HTR1B and six studies related to COMT. For HTR1B, the combined evidence from 789 case and 1,247 control subjects/participants, suggested that there was no significant association between the HTR1B G861C polymorphism and suicidal behavior. For COMT, based on the combined data from 519 cases and 933 control subjects, there was evidence of a significant association between the COMT 158Met polymorphism and suicidal behavior. Although the results for COMT were not influenced by publication bias, the significance of the combined results was not robust and was related to the gender of the case and control subjects. The results for COMT support past literature that has found a relationship between suicidal behavior and COMT, and has also found that the relationship differs for males and females. Given that in the United States a higher proportion of females attempt suicide, and the higher proportion of males successfully commit suicide, it is possible that COMT is related to the lethality of suicide attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett M Kia-Keating
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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30
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Mössner R, Mikova O, Koutsilieri E, Saoud M, Ehlis AC, Müller N, Fallgatter AJ, Riederer P. Consensus paper of the WFSBP Task Force on Biological Markers: biological markers in depression. World J Biol Psychiatry 2007; 8:141-74. [PMID: 17654407 DOI: 10.1080/15622970701263303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biological markers for depression are of great interest to aid in elucidating the causes of major depression. We assess currently available biological markers to query their validity for aiding in the diagnosis of major depression. We specifically focus on neurotrophic factors, serotonergic markers, biochemical markers, immunological markers, neuroimaging, neurophysiological findings, and neuropsychological markers. We delineate the most robust biological markers of major depression. These include decreased platelet imipramine binding, decreased 5-HT1A receptor expression, increase of soluble interleukin-2 receptor and interleukin-6 in serum, decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor in serum, hypocholesterolemia, low blood folate levels, and impaired suppression of the dexamethasone suppression test. To date, however, none of these markers are sufficiently specific to contribute to the diagnosis of major depression. Thus, with regard to new diagnostic manuals such as DSM-V and ICD-11 which are currently assessing whether biological markers may be included in diagnostic criteria, no biological markers for major depression are currently available for inclusion in the diagnostic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainald Mössner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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31
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Serretti A, Mandelli L, Giegling I, Schneider B, Hartmann AM, Schnabel A, Maurer K, Möller HJ, Rujescu D. HTR2C and HTR1A gene variants in German and Italian suicide attempters and completers. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:291-9. [PMID: 17192951 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin 2C (HTR2C) and 1A (HTR1A) receptors have been involved in suicide-related behaviors. We studied gene variants of both receptors in suicide attempters and completers. The sample was composed of 167 German suicide attempters (affective spectrum n = 107, schizophrenia spectrum n = 35, borderline personality disorder n = 25), 92 Caucasian individuals who committed suicide, 312 German healthy subjects, 152 Italian suicide attempters (major depression n = 68 and bipolar disorder n = 84), and 131 Italian healthy volunteers. HTR2C (SNP: rs547536, rs2192372, rs6318, rs2428707, rs4272555, rs1801412) and HTR1A (SNP: rs1423691, rs878567, and rs6295) variants were analyzed in the German sample. HTR2C rs6318 and HTR1A rs6295 were analyzed in the Italian sample. Haplotype analysis in relation to suicidal behaviors did not reveal any significant association. Single markers and haplotypes were not or only marginally associated with other related features, such as violence of suicide attempt, family history for suicide attempt or State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) and Questionnaire for Measuring Factors of Aggression (FAF) scores. In conclusion, our study does not support the notion that HTR2C and HTR1A gene variants are major contributors to suicide-, anger-, or aggression-related behaviors in our sample.
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Rujescu D, Thalmeier A, Möller HJ, Bronisch T, Giegling I. Molecular genetic findings in suicidal behavior: what is beyond the serotonergic system? Arch Suicide Res 2007; 11:17-40. [PMID: 17178640 DOI: 10.1080/13811110600897317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various studies provide consistent evidence for a genetic component in suicidal behavior. First molecular genetic studies concentrated on genes of the serotonergic system based on the biochemical evidence that serotonergic neurotransmission is implicated in this behavior. Furthermore, genes of the dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems have also been the subjects of investigations in this context. Some epidemical and clinical studies showed that low serum cholesterol levels are associated with suicidal behavior and genes involved in these pathways have been investigated. Microarray experiments provide the possibility of genome-wide gene expression analysis and help to investigate associated molecular mechanisms. The aim of this article is to review molecular genetic studies in suicidal behavior and to emphasize findings on new genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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Videtic A, Pungercic G, Pajnic IZ, Zupanc T, Balazic J, Tomori M, Komel R. Association study of seven polymorphisms in four serotonin receptor genes on suicide victims. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141B:669-72. [PMID: 16856120 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A number of molecular genetic studies have investigated if serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtypes are involved in the pathogenesis of depression, suicidal behavior, aggression, and impulsive behavior. Existence of many receptor subtypes for a single transmitter permits a great diversity of signaling raising the possibility that they may serve as genetic markers for suicidal behavior. Most previous studies of suicide have analyzed polymorphisms of the receptors 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, fewer have examined 5-HT1F. We report a study of possible association between the polymorphisms in the 5-HT receptor genes (1A, 1B, 1F, and 2A) and suicidal behavior on a sample of 226 suicide victims and 225 healthy control subjects. No significant differences in genotype frequency distributions between the suicide victims and healthy control subjects were observed for four polymorphisms; three were not polymorphic. A single polymorphism, C-1420T in gene 5-HT2A, showed a slight association with suicide (chi2= 4.94, df = 2, P = 0.067), but the correlation was not statistically significant. None of the tested genetic variants of serotonin receptors appears to be associated with suicidal behavior in the Slovenian population which has a relatively high suicide rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alja Videtic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
The concept that genetic factors contribute to the complex trait of suicidal behaviour has stimulated much work aimed at identifying susceptibility genes. So far molecular genetic studies focused on the serotonergic pathway as the intent to die and the lethality of suicide acts were related to the serotonergic system. Two genes have so far emerged as being involved in the vulnerability for suicidality: first, the intronic polymorphisms (A218C or A779C) of the tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) gene, which was suggested as a quantitative risk factor for suicidal behaviour; second, the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), which does not seem to be involved in general suicidal behaviour, but in violent and repeated suicide attempts. The data have further shown that the MAOA gene, which is consistently associated with impulsive-aggressive personality traits, is not related to suicide but might induce violent methods in subjects with other suicide risk factors. Predominantly negative were the findings with any type of the serotonin receptors and inconsistent with catecholamine-synthesizing and -metabolizing enzymes or with the dopaminergic receptors. This paper reviews the status of current knowledge in this area, points to the weakness of the investigations and presents new approaches beyond the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bondy
- Section Psychiatric Genetics and Neurochemistry, Psychiatric Clinic, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Proudnikov D, LaForge KS, Hofflich H, Levenstien M, Gordon D, Barral S, Ott J, Kreek MJ. Association analysis of polymorphisms in serotonin 1B receptor (HTR1B) gene with heroin addiction: a comparison of molecular and statistically estimated haplotypes. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2006; 16:25-36. [PMID: 16344719 DOI: 10.1097/01.fpc.0000182782.87932.d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)-1B receptors (HTR1B) may play an important role in psychiatric disorders and drug and alcohol dependence. In this study we report on genotype, molecular haplotype and statistically estimated haplotype analyses of previously identified polymorphisms in positions -261T>G, -161A>T, 129C>T, 861G>C and 1180A>G of the HTR1B gene in ethnically diverse populations (African-Americans, Caucasians, Hispanics and Asians) including 235 former heroin addicts and 161 control subjects from New York City. The objectives were to test for an association of molecular and statistically estimated haplotypes and genotypes in HTR1B gene with heroin addiction and to compare results provided by molecular and statistically estimated haplotyping methods. METHODS Genotype analysis was performed using a standard TaqMan protocol. Molecular haplotype analysis of the subset of polymorphisms consisting of -261T>G, -161A>T and 129C>T was performed using a protocol specially designed by our group, using fluorescent PCR. This is based on use of allele-specific primers complementary to flanking polymorphisms and a fluorescently labeled sequence-specific TaqMan probe set complementary to an internal polymorphism of the haplotype region. Every individual's statistically inferred haplotype pair agreed with the individual's haplotype pair determined by molecular haplotyping. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION A point-wise significant association of haplotype pairs containing allele G at position 1180 with protective effect from heroin addiction in Caucasians was found. A point-wise nominally significant association of allele 1180G with a protective effect from heroin addiction was found in Caucasians. Statistically significant differences across four ethnic groups in control subjects for allelic frequencies of -261T>G and -161A>T were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Proudnikov
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Mann JJ, Currier D. Effects of genes and stress on the neurobiology of depression. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2006; 73:153-89. [PMID: 16737904 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(06)73005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Martín-Guerrero I, Callado LF, Saitua K, Rivero G, García-Orad A, Meana JJ. The N251K functional polymorphism in the alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor gene is not associated with depression: a study in suicide completers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 184:82-6. [PMID: 16333651 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE alpha(2A)-Adrenoceptor up-regulation and supersensitivity have been described in the postmortem brains of depressed suicide victims and in the platelets of depressed subjects. The C to G transversion at nucleotide 753 (Asn to Lys change at amino acid 251 or N251K) is a low-frequency polymorphism of the alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor gene that results in a gain-of-function phenotype. A previous study has suggested an association between completed suicide and this polymorphism. OBJECTIVES The single functional polymorphism N251K was tested in a large sample (n=214) of completed suicides, controlling for the antemortem psychiatric diagnosis, and matched controls (n=176). METHODS Postmortem brain DNA was extracted and the alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor gene fragment was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, followed by a StyI restriction endonuclease digestion. Amplified products were sequenced to confirm the presence of the alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor gene fragment where the polymorphism is located. RESULTS The N251K polymorphism was absent in both suicide victim and control groups. No association between the polymorphism and suicide or depression was established. CONCLUSIONS The N251K polymorphism does not represent a genetic factor to explain the alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor hyperactivity in the brains of depressed suicide victims. Association between suicide and this polymorphism was not replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Martín-Guerrero
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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Okamura K, Shirakawa O, Nishiguchi N, Ono H, Nushida H, Ueno Y, Maeda K. Lack of an association between 5-HT receptor gene polymorphisms and suicide victims. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 59:345-9. [PMID: 15896229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An association between serotonergic dysfunction in the brain and suicidal behavior has previously been suggested. The high affinity of some antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs to serotonin 6 (5-HT6) receptors, and the predominant localization of 5-HT6 receptors in some limbic regions, suggest that 5-HT6 receptors play a role in the pathogenesis of suicide. The objective of the present study was to examine the association between suicide victims and two polymorphisms of the 5-HT6 receptor gene: a biallelic polymorphism (267C/T) in exon 1 and a trinucleotide repeat polymorphism ([GCC](2/3)) in the 5'-upstream region of the gene. The two polymorphisms were genotyped in 163 suicide victims and 166 controls, and the distribution of genotype and allele frequencies between the two groups were compared. Haplotype frequencies of these two polymorphisms were estimated from genotypic data by the maximum-likelihood method. In both polymorphisms, there were no significant differences in genotype or allele frequencies between the suicide victims and the controls. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the haplotype distributions of these polymorphisms between the two groups. These findings suggest that it is unlikely that the 5-HT6 receptor gene is involved in the susceptibility to suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Okamura
- Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Khait VD, Huang YY, Zalsman G, Oquendo MA, Brent DA, Harkavy-Friedman JM, Mann JJ. Association of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor binding and the T102C polymorphism in depressed and healthy Caucasian subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:166-72. [PMID: 15483560 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2A) binding is reported to be altered in individuals with suicidal behavior, mood disorders, and aggressive-impulsive traits. Genetic association with major depression, suicidal behavior, and aggressive-impulsive traits has not been established. This study examines the possible association of the 5-HT2A gene C102T polymorphism with the receptor binding kinetics, and clinical overt phenotypes. The study population included 63 healthy volunteers and 152 subjects with mood disorders, 56 of whom had a history of suicide attempts. All were Caucasian. Platelet 5-HT2A binding kinetics (Bmax and KD) were assayed and adjusted for seasonal variation. All subjects were genotyped for the T102C polymorphism. Clinical phenotype was determined by structured clinical interview. The TT genotype was associated with higher Bmax in all subjects (F=3.53, df=2,211; p=0.03), controlling for diagnosis. Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc testing showed higher binding in the TT compared with TC genotype in the control group (F=7.56, df=2,60, p=0.001), but not in the mood-disordered subjects. No difference was found in genotype and allele distribution between the mood-disordered subjects, with and without suicide attempt history, and controls. Bmax was not related to a diagnosis of mood disorders. The TT genotype appears associated with higher platelet 5-HT2A Bmax in the healthy population, but this genotypic effect appears absent in mood disorders and unrelated to psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim D Khait
- Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
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40
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Ontsouka EC, Reist M, Graber H, Blum JW, Steiner A, Hirsbrunner G. Expression of Messenger RNA Coding for 5-HT Receptor, Alpha and Beta Adrenoreceptor (Subtypes) during Oestrus and Dioestrus in the Bovine Uterus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 51:385-93. [PMID: 15610478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2004.00667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Serotoninergic and adrenergic receptors (5-HTR and AR) are involved in the regulation of uterine contractility. The objective of this study was to compare mRNA levels of 5-HTR(1A), 5-HTR(1B), 5-HTR(1D), 5-HTR(1F), 5-HTR(2A), 5-HTR(2B), 5-HTR(2C), 5-HTR(4) and alpha(1A), alpha(1B), alpha(1D), alpha(2AD), alpha(2B), alpha(2C), and beta(1), beta(2), beta(3)-AR in oestrus and dioestrus, and at three uterine locations (tip, middle and base) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Uterine specimens consisting of endometrium and myometrium including vessels and serosa were collected from cows in oestrus (n = 10) and dioestrus (n = 15) respectively. Levels of 5-HTR and AR mRNA were expressed relative to the geometric mean of ribosomal RNA (18S), ubiquitin and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase by the mean values of geNorm algorithm. 5-HTR(1A), 5-HTR(2C) and beta(3)-AR mRNA could not be detected in uterine tissues. The mRNA levels of 5-HTR(1F) and 5-HTR(2B) were lower (P < 0.05), but of 5-HTR(4) were higher (P < 0.05) in oestrus than in dioestrus. The mRNA levels of alpha(1A)-AR, alpha(2AD)-AR, alpha(2B)-AR were lower (P < 0.05), but of alpha(2C)-AR and beta(2)-AR were higher (P < 0.05) in oestrus than dioestrus. The mRNA levels of 5-HTR(1B) and 5-HTR(1D) (oestrus) and of alpha(2AD)-AR (dioestrus) differed among uterine locations (base > middle > tip; P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of 5-HTR and AR (subtypes) in bovine uterus was associated with cycle activity and varied according to uterine location. Additional studies on protein level will be carried out in order to elucidate the role of these receptor families on uterine contractility, which may then help to clarify clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Ontsouka
- Division of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Institute of Animal Genetics, Nutrition and Housing, Berne, Switzerland
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41
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Eley TC, Sugden K, Corsico A, Gregory AM, Sham P, McGuffin P, Plomin R, Craig IW. Gene-environment interaction analysis of serotonin system markers with adolescent depression. Mol Psychiatry 2004; 9:908-15. [PMID: 15241435 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report analyses from a study of gene-environment interaction in adolescent depression. The sample was selected from 1990 adolescents aged 10-20 years: those with depression symptoms in the top or bottom 15% were identified and divided into high or low environmental risk groups. DNA was obtained from 377 adolescents, representing the four quadrants of high or low depression and high or low environmental risk. Markers within, or close to, each of the serotonergic genes 5HTT, HTR2A, HTR2C, MAOA (monoamine oxidase type A) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) were genotyped. Environmental risk group was a nonsignificant predictor and sex was a significant predictor of the depression group. HTR2A and TPH significantly predicted the depression group, independent of the effects of sex, environmental risk group and their interaction. In addition, there was a trend for an effect of 5HTTLPR, which was significant in female subjects. Furthermore, there was a significant genotype-environmental risk interaction for 5HTTLPR in female subjects only, with the effect being in the same direction as another recent study, reaffirming that an important source of genetic heterogeneity is exposure to environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Eley
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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Zubenko GS, Maher BS, Hughes HB, Zubenko WN, Scott Stiffler J, Marazita ML. Genome-wide linkage survey for genetic loci that affect the risk of suicide attempts in families with recurrent, early-onset, major depression. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 129B:47-54. [PMID: 15274040 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously described the results of a genome-wide linkage survey for genetic loci that influenced the development of unipolar mood disorders in 81 families identified by individuals with Recurrent, Early-Onset, Major Depressive Disorder (RE-MDD) [Zubenko et al. 2003b; Am J Med Genet (Neuropsychiatr Genet) 123B:1-18]. In the current study, we extended this linkage analysis by including the history of a suicide attempt as a covariate to identify chromosomal regions that harbor genes that influence the risk of this behavior in the context of mood disorders. This approach identified six linkage peaks with maximum multipoint DeltaLOD scores that reached genome-wide adjusted levels of significance (2p, 5q, 6q, 8p, 11q, and Xq). Four of these (2p, 6q, 8p, and Xq) exceeded the criterion for "highly-significant linkage" (genome-wide adjusted P < 0.001) recommended by Lander and Kruglyak [1995; Nat Genet 11:241-246]. The strongest evidence for linkage was observed in analyses employing affected relative pairs (ARPs) with the most severe and disabling Mood Disorders: Depression Spectrum Disorder and RE-MDD. The highest DeltaLOD score that emerged from this linkage analysis, 5.08, occurred for ARPs with Depression Spectrum Disorder at D8S1145 (37.0 cM, 18.2 Mbps, P < 0.0001) at cytogenetic location 8p22-p21. Significant linkage results on Xq arose from analyses of ARPs with RE-MDD at DXS1047 (143 cM, 127.8 Mbps, DeltaLOD = 3.87, P < 0.0001), a finding that may contribute to the higher rate of suicide attempts among women than men. These findings provide evidence for suicide risk loci that are independent of susceptibility loci for Mood Disorders, and suggest that the capacity for suicide risk loci to affect the development of suicidal behavior depends on the psychiatric disorder or subtype with which they interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Zubenko
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Stefulj J, Büttner A, Kubat M, Zill P, Balija M, Eisenmenger W, Bondy B, Jernej B. 5HT-2C receptor polymorphism in suicide victims. Association studies in German and Slavic populations. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004; 254:224-7. [PMID: 15309390 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-004-0482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable observations suggest that suicidal behaviour by itself may have biological correlates, among which those related to the serotonergic synapse hold the key position. Based on the association of suicide and serotonergic dysfunction, it was proposed that genetic mechanisms affecting suicidal behaviour could be related to the alterations of the genes encoding the elements of 5HT synapse. The present study tested the association of the polymorphism in the serotonin 2C (5HT-2C) receptor coding region (Cys23Ser) with suicide commitment. Study was based on two independent samples, one of German (284 suicide victims versus 297 controls) and other of Slavic/Croatian (118 suicide victims versus 275 controls) ethnicity. No significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies between victims and controls were demonstrated. Results did not provide supporting evidence for the potential involvement of the investigated variants of 5HT-2C receptor in the susceptibility to suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Stefulj
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Lespinasse J, Bugge M, Réthoré MO, North MO, Lundsteen C, Kirchhoff M. De novo complex chromosomal rearrangements (CCR) involving chromosome 1, 5, and 6 resulting in microdeletion for 6q14 in a female carrier with psychotic disorder. Am J Med Genet A 2004; 128A:199-203. [PMID: 15214017 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 23-year-old obese woman with a psychotic disorder was found to have a de novo apparently balanced complex chromosomal rearrangement involving chromosomes 1, 5, and 6. Molecular cytogenetic analyses using high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization (HR-CGH) showed a microdeletion at 6q14 in a der(6). Application of HR-CGH facilitated detection of micro-rearrangement of all de novo apparently balanced complex chromosomal rearrangements (CCR) and supported the localization of the breakpoint. According to our knowledge, no constitutional interstitial microdeletion of chromosome 6q14 has been found associated with a schizoid-type phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lespinasse
- Cytogenetic Laboratory, General Hospital, Chambéry Cedex, France.
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