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Guevara‐Gutiérrez E, Ramos‐Súarez M, Villalobos‐Ayala RA, Tlacuilo‐Parra A, Muñoz‐Valle JF, Tarango‐Martínez V, Valle Y, Padilla‐Gutiérrez JR, Rojas‐Díaz JM, Valdés‐Alvarado E. Haplotypes of [-794(CATT) 5-8 /-173G>C] MIF gene polymorphisms and its soluble levels in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in western Mexican population. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023; 11:e2252. [PMID: 37485818 PMCID: PMC10655503 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some cytokines are strongly implicated in the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) such as the Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). The haplotype -794 (CATT)5-8 /-173G>C in MIF gene polymorphisms has been associated with some types of cancer. The aim of this study is to establish the possible association between the presence of this haplotype in the MIF gene and its subsequent soluble levels with the susceptibility of SCC in western Mexican population. METHODS This study included 175 SCC patients and 175 age-sex-matched individuals as a reference group (RG) from western Mexico. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. Polymorphisms were genotyped by endpoint PCR and PCR-RFLP, and the determination of MIF serum levels was measured by ELISA. Clinical characteristics were evaluated by a group of dermatologists. RESULTS Analysis of [-794(CATT)5-8 /-173G>C] MIF gene polymorphisms showed that the 5C (OR = 2.7, p = 0.02) and the 7G (OR = 3.39, p < 0.01) haplotypes are associated with susceptibility in SCC. MIF soluble levels in SCC patients showed a median of 13.93 ng/mL, whereas the reference group showed 6.000 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that 5C and 7G [-794(CATT)5-8 /-173G>C] MIF gene haplotypes are associated with susceptibility to SCC and that SCC patients present increased soluble levels of MIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Guevara‐Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Dermatología, Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco "Dr. José Barba Rubio"Secretaría de Salud JaliscoZapopanMexico
| | - Marina Ramos‐Súarez
- Departamento de Dermatología, Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco "Dr. José Barba Rubio"Secretaría de Salud JaliscoZapopanMexico
| | | | - Alberto Tlacuilo‐Parra
- División de Investigación, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Hospital de PediatríaCentro Médico Nacional de Occidente, IMSSGuadalajaraMexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz‐Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMexico
| | - Victor Tarango‐Martínez
- Departamento de Dermatología, Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco "Dr. José Barba Rubio"Secretaría de Salud JaliscoZapopanMexico
| | - Yeminia Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMexico
| | - Jorge Ramón Padilla‐Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMexico
| | - José Manuel Rojas‐Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMexico
| | - Emmanuel Valdés‐Alvarado
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMexico
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Yadav M, Uikey BN, Rathore SS, Gupta P, Kashyap D, Kumar C, Shukla D, Vijayamahantesh, Chandel AS, Ahirwar B, Singh AK, Suman SS, Priyadarshi A, Amit A. Role of cytokine in malignant T-cell metabolism and subsequent alternation in T-cell tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1235711. [PMID: 37746258 PMCID: PMC10513393 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1235711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are an important component of adaptive immunity and T-cell-derived lymphomas are very complex due to many functional sub-types and functional elasticity of T-cells. As with other tumors, tissues specific factors are crucial in the development of T-cell lymphomas. In addition to neoplastic cells, T- cell lymphomas consist of a tumor micro-environment composed of normal cells and stroma. Numerous studies established the qualitative and quantitative differences between the tumor microenvironment and normal cell surroundings. Interaction between the various component of the tumor microenvironment is crucial since tumor cells can change the microenvironment and vice versa. In normal T-cell development, T-cells must respond to various stimulants deferentially and during these courses of adaptation. T-cells undergo various metabolic alterations. From the stage of quiescence to attention of fully active form T-cells undergoes various stage in terms of metabolic activity. Predominantly quiescent T-cells have ATP-generating metabolism while during the proliferative stage, their metabolism tilted towards the growth-promoting pathways. In addition to this, a functionally different subset of T-cells requires to activate the different metabolic pathways, and consequently, this regulation of the metabolic pathway control activation and function of T-cells. So, it is obvious that dynamic, and well-regulated metabolic pathways are important for the normal functioning of T-cells and their interaction with the microenvironment. There are various cell signaling mechanisms of metabolism are involved in this regulation and more and more studies have suggested the involvement of additional signaling in the development of the overall metabolic phenotype of T cells. These important signaling mediators include cytokines and hormones. The impact and role of these mediators especially the cytokines on the interplay between T-cell metabolism and the interaction of T-cells with their micro-environments in the context of T-cells lymphomas are discussed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Yadav
- Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | - Blessi N. Uikey
- Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | | | - Priyanka Gupta
- Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | - Diksha Kashyap
- Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | - Chanchal Kumar
- Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | - Dhananjay Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | - Vijayamahantesh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Arvind Singh Chandel
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Bharti Ahirwar
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | | | - Shashi Shekhar Suman
- Department of Zoology, Udayana Charya (UR) College, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga, India
| | - Amit Priyadarshi
- Department of Zoology, Veer Kunwar Singh University, Arrah, India
| | - Ajay Amit
- Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
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Munhoz RR, Nader-Marta G, de Camargo VP, Queiroz MM, Cury-Martins J, Ricci H, de Mattos MR, de Menezes TAF, Machado GUC, Bertolli E, Barros M, de Souza CE, Franke F, Ferreira FO, Feher O, de Castro G. A phase 2 study of first-line nivolumab in patients with locally advanced or metastatic cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. Cancer 2022; 128:4223-4231. [PMID: 36274573 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma (CSCC) is among the most frequent malignancies worldwide. For those not amenable to treatment with curative intent, immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) with anti-programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) antibodies has emerged as a novel therapeutic option. In this study, the authors sought to investigate the activity of the anti-PD-1 agent nivolumab in patients with advanced CSCC (aCSCC). METHODS CA209-9JC was an open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study to evaluate the safety and/or efficacy of nivolumab in systemic treatment-naive patients with aCSCC. Nivolumab (3 mg/kg) was administered every 2 weeks until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or 12 months of treatment. The primary end point was the best objective response rate (BORR) as per RECIST 1.1 criteria. Secondary end points included safety, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Twenty-four patients with aCSCC were enrolled with a median age of 74 years (range, 48-93). Among the 24 patients evaluable for response, the BORR was 58.3% (14/24); there were no complete responses. With a median follow-up of 17.6 months, median duration of response has not been reached, and the estimated median PFS and OS were 12.7 and 20.7 months, respectively. Prior exposure to radiotherapy was associated with worse outcomes (p = .035, univariate analysis). Treatment-related adverse events of any grade and grade ≥ 3 occurred in 21 (87.5%) and six (25%) patients, respectively, and one patient discontinued nivolumab due to toxicities. CONCLUSIONS Nivolumab resulted in robust antitumor activity, sustained responses, and good tolerability in systemic treatment-naive patients with aCSCC. These data provide further evidence to support the use of ICI as the standard treatment of aCSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo R Munhoz
- Oncology Service, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Oncology Center, Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Veridiana P de Camargo
- Centro de Oncologia e Hematologia, Beneficiência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jade Cury-Martins
- Dermatology Department, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hermínia Ricci
- Oncology Service, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela R de Mattos
- Oncology Service, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme U C Machado
- Oncology Division, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bertolli
- Oncology Center, Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Oncologia e Hematologia, Beneficiência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Skin Cancer Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton Barros
- Skin Cancer Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Franke
- Oncosite, Centro De Pesquisa Clínica Em Oncologia, Ijuí, Brazil
| | - Fabio O Ferreira
- Oncology Service, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Oncology Center, Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olavo Feher
- Oncology Service, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Oncology Center, Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto de Castro
- Oncology Service, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Oncology Center, Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
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Molecular Biology of Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinomas. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:171-191. [PMID: 32918219 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalent keratinocyte-derived neoplasms of the skin are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Both so-called non-melanoma skin cancers comprise the most common cancers in humans by far. Common risk factors for both tumor entities include sun exposure, DNA repair deficiencies leading to chromosomal instability, or immunosuppression. Yet, fundamental differences in the development of the two different entities have been and are currently unveiled. The constitutive activation of the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway by acquired mutations in the PTCH and SMO genes appears to represent the early basal cell carcinoma developmental determinant. Although other signaling pathways are also affected, small hedgehog inhibitory molecules evolve as the most promising basal cell carcinoma treatment options systemically as well as topically in current clinical trials. For squamous cell carcinoma development, mutations in the p53 gene, especially UV-induced mutations, have been identified as early events. Yet, other signaling pathways including epidermal growth factor receptor, RAS, Fyn, or p16INK4a signaling may play significant roles in squamous cell carcinoma development. The improved understanding of the molecular events leading to different tumor entities by de-differentiation of the same cell type has begun to pave the way for modulating new molecular targets therapeutically with small molecules.
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Thiem DGE, Scharr K, Pabst AM, Saka B, Kämmerer PW. Facial cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma - microscopic safety margins and their impact on developing local recurrences. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2019; 48:49-55. [PMID: 31810842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2019.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Surgical excision remains the treatment of choice for facial cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) despite there being no generally accepted diameter of clear margins. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of microscopic clear margins diameter (mCMD) with respect to the development of local recurrences (LR). MATERIALS AND METHODS The medical records of 99 patients with a total of 142 cases of facial cSCC, who underwent surgical treatment between January 2010 and December 2015, were reviewed for demographic data and clinicopathological features. RESULTS 100 cases were diagnosed as primary cSCC and 42 cases as secondary cSCC. Of these, nine (6.3%) developed LR. Mean time to LR was 20 months, with the cheek as the predominant site 55.5% (n = 5). Wound closure was either primary (56%) or secondary (44%), depending on the site. Although no significant correlation between mCMD and LR was found (rPearson = 0.029; rPearson = 0.015), >4.1 mm was shown to be a negative cut-off-value (horizontally and vertically) without LR (100% vs 0%). CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, however descriptive they are, the authors consider histological confirmation of clear margins to be necessary for reducing the formation of LR. Thus, consistent testing and histopathological reporting, in a multicentered effort, are needed to further clarify the role of mCMD in the development of cSCC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G E Thiem
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Facial Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - K Scharr
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Facial Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - A M Pabst
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Facial Plastic Surgery, Federal Armed Forces Hospital, Rübenacherstr. 170, 56072 Koblenz, Germany
| | - B Saka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Facial Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - P W Kämmerer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Facial Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Ben Naftali Y, Duek OS, Kalus R, Berns M, Zohar Y, Ullmann Y. Would Marjolin see it coming? Two unusual cases of squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Surg Case Rep 2018; 50:122-125. [PMID: 30118961 PMCID: PMC6098194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive behavior of SCC in young patients is uncommon. Diagnosed a year after first signs of the lesion; One previously diagnosed as an abscess, the other as necrotizing fasciitis. These delayed diagnoses might be a contributing factor to the tumor aggressiveness. Hence, a tissue diagnosis is necessary to rule out malignancy in chronic lesions, taking Marjolin’s ulcer into account.
Introduction Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common skin cancer, second in incidence only to basal cell carcinoma (BCC). The incidence of SCC increases significantly with age; thus, it is rarely diagnosed in young patients. In this paper, we present two cases of young patients who presented clinically with purulent lesions that were later diagnosed as large primary SCCs. Materials and methods A review of the medical records of two patients who were admitted to the department of plastic surgery with a final clinical diagnosis of cutaneous SCC was conducted. Information of the review included history, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies and histology. A literature review was also conducted and discussed. Results Two female patients under the age of 45 presented with large, purulent lesions that were initially clinically suggestive of an infectious etiology. The lesions were surgically treated by incision and drainage without sending tissue samples to pathology. Biopsies of the lesions were performed to obtain a tissue diagnosis due to recurrence approximately one year after the initial treatment. Histological evaluation revealed well differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. Surgical intervention with wide excision with adjuvant chemotherapy was recommended based on biopsy and CT scan results. Discussion Aggressive behavior of SCC in young patients is uncommon. The patients in this report were diagnosed only one year after the first sign of the lesion. One patient was first diagnosed with an abscess, and the other with necrotizing fasciitis. The delayed diagnosis of SCC in these two patients is a potential contributing factor to the aggressiveness of the tumors. Therefore, it is imperative to perform skin biopsies of chronic or persistent purulent lesions to rule out malignancies including Marjolin’s ulcer. Conclusion Aggressive SCC should be suspected in cases of persistent and relapsing purulent lesions in all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeela Ben Naftali
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Ori Samuel Duek
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ram Kalus
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marc Berns
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaniv Zohar
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yehuda Ullmann
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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7
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A Review of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.60846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Kimeswenger S, Schwarz A, Födinger D, Müller S, Pehamberger H, Schwarz T, Jantschitsch C. Infrared A radiation promotes survival of human melanocytes carrying ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage. Exp Dermatol 2018; 25:447-52. [PMID: 26844814 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The link between solar radiation and melanoma is still elusive. Although infrared radiation (IR) accounts for over 50% of terrestrial solar energy, its influence on human skin is not well explored. There is increasing evidence that IR influences the expression patterns of several molecules independently of heat. A previous in vivo study revealed that pretreatment with IR might promote the development of UVR-induced non-epithelial skin cancer and possibly of melanoma in mice. To expand on this, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of IR on UVR-induced apoptosis and DNA repair in normal human epidermal melanocytes. The balance between these two effects is a key factor of malignant transformation. Human melanocytes were exposed to physiologic doses of IR and UVR. Compared to cells irradiated with UVR only, simultaneous exposure to IR significantly reduced the apoptotic rate. However, IR did not influence the repair of UVR-induced DNA damage. IR partly reversed the pro-apoptotic effects of UVR via modification of the expression and activity of proteins mainly of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, IR enhances the survival of melanocytes carrying UVR-induced DNA damage and thereby might contribute to melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kimeswenger
- Division of General Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Agatha Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dagmar Födinger
- Division of General Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Müller
- Department of Dermatology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hubert Pehamberger
- Division of General Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Jantschitsch
- Division of General Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Epidermal cancers include keratinocyte cancer, melanocyte cancer, and Merkel cell carcinoma. These cancers account for the vast majority of new cancers diagnosed in Australia, North America, and Europe. Keratinocyte cancer is the most common epidermal cancer and accounts for 7 out of 8 new cancers diagnosed in Australia. Melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma are less common than keratinocyte carcinoma but are more important causes of mortality in Australia. Keratinocyte cancer has also been demonstrated to be a marker of cancer-prone phenotype. Risk factors for epidermal cancer include intrinsic and environmental factors, in particular exposure to ultraviolet radiation and advanced age. Actinic keratosis has an approximate prevalence of 79% of men and 68% of women between 60 and 69 years of age, and has a low risk of malignant transformation into squamous cell carcinoma. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common malignancy in Caucasians worldwide, with the incidence increasing by 2% per year in Australia. Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common epidermal cancer, with an incidence of approximately 1035 or 472 per 100,000 person-years in men and women, respectively. Primary risk factors for both basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma include light skin color, UV radiation exposure, and chronic immunosuppression. Although the rate of melanoma is increasing, the mortality in Australia is reducing and is currently 9%. The overall incidence of melanoma in Australia is approximately 50 cases per 100,000 persons (62 for men and 40 for women). Keratinocyte carcinoma and melanoma are risk factors for developing further skin cancer and primary malignancy. This contribution reviews the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors associated with the development of epidermal cancer and premalignant epidermal neoplasia.
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Schuurman M, de Waal A, Thijs E, van Rossum M, Kiemeney L, Aben K. Risk factors for second primary melanoma among Dutch patients with melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:971-978. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.S. Schuurman
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL); PO Box 19079 3501 DB Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - A.C. de Waal
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen the Netherlands
- Department of Health Evidence; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - E.J.M. Thijs
- Department of Health Evidence; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - M.M. van Rossum
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - L.A.L.M. Kiemeney
- Department of Health Evidence; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen the Netherlands
- Department of Urology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - K.K.H. Aben
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL); PO Box 19079 3501 DB Utrecht the Netherlands
- Department of Health Evidence; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen the Netherlands
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Smith JA, Virk S, Palme CE, Low THH, Ch'ng S, Gupta R, Gao K, Clark J. Age is not a predictor of prognosis in metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. ANZ J Surg 2016; 88:E273-E277. [DOI: 10.1111/ans.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Smith
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute (SHNCI); Chris O'Brien Lifehouse; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Sohaib Virk
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute (SHNCI); Chris O'Brien Lifehouse; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Carsten E. Palme
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute (SHNCI); Chris O'Brien Lifehouse; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Tsu-Hui Hubert Low
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute (SHNCI); Chris O'Brien Lifehouse; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Sydney Ch'ng
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute (SHNCI); Chris O'Brien Lifehouse; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute (SHNCI); Chris O'Brien Lifehouse; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Kan Gao
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute (SHNCI); Chris O'Brien Lifehouse; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Jonathan Clark
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute (SHNCI); Chris O'Brien Lifehouse; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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12
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Zhou CF, Ma T, Zhou DC, Shen T, Zhu QX. Association of glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP1) Ile105Val polymorphism with the risk of skin cancer: a meta-analysis. Arch Dermatol Res 2015; 307:505-13. [PMID: 26044055 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-015-1576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have evaluated the association of Glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) Ile105Val polymorphism with the risk of skin cancer. However, the results remain inconclusive. To derive a more precise estimation of the association between the GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism and skin cancer risk, a meta-analysis was performed. A comprehensive search was conducted to identify the eligible studies. We used odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the association of GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism with skin cancer risk. Thirteen case-control studies in nine articles, which included a total of 1504 cases and 2243 controls. Overall, we found that GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism was not associated with skin cancer risk. Furthermore, subgroup analysis by histological types showed that GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism was associated with risks of malignant melanoma under the dominant model (Val/Val + Val/Ile vs. Ile/Ile: OR 1.230, 95 % CI 1.017-1.488, P = 0.033). However, lack of association between GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism and BCC and SCC risk in all genetic models. Our meta-analysis suggested that the GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism might be associated with increased risk of malignant melanoma in Caucasian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fan Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
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Xu Y, Xue S, Zhou J, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ. Notch and TGF-β pathways cooperatively regulate receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase-κ (PTPRK) gene expression in human primary keratinocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1199-206. [PMID: 25609089 PMCID: PMC4357517 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-12-1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase-κ (PTPRK) directly dephosphorylates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), thereby suppressing the EGFR pathway. Cell contact induces PTPRK expression, contributing to contact inhibition of growth. Contact induction of PTPRK is mediated by cooperative action of TGF-β and Notch pathways. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase-κ (PTPRK) specifically and directly dephosphorylates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), thereby limiting EGFR function in primary human keratinocytes. PTPRK expression is increased by the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway and cell–cell contact. Because the Notch receptor pathway is responsive to cell–cell contact and regulates keratinocyte growth and differentiation, we investigated the interplay between Notch and TGF-β pathways in regulation of PTPRK expression in human keratinocytes. Suppression of Notch signaling by γ-secretase inhibitors substantially reduced cell contact induction of PTPRK gene expression. In sparse keratinocyte cultures, addition of soluble Notch-activating ligand jagged one peptide (Jag1) induced PTPRK. Of interest, cell contact–induced expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-β receptor inhibitor SB431542 inhibited contact-induced expression of PTPRK. Furthermore, inhibition of Notch signaling, via knockdown of Notch1 or by γ-secretase inhibitors, significantly reduced TGF-β–induced PTPRK gene expression, indicating that Notch and TGF-β pathways function together to regulate PTPRK. Of importance, the combination of Jag1 plus TGF-β results in greater PTPRK expression and lower EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation than either ligand alone. These data indicate that Notch and TGF-β act in concert to stimulate induction of PTPRK, which suppresses EGFR activation in human keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Xu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Siliang Xue
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - John J Voorhees
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Gary J Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Larcher F, Espada J, Díaz-Ley B, Jaén P, Juarranz A, Quintanilla M. New Experimental Models of Skin Homeostasis and Diseases. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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15
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Binstock M, Hafeez F, Metchnikoff C, Arron S. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in pigment genes and nonmelanoma skin cancer predisposition: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:713-21. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Binstock
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - F. Hafeez
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - C. Metchnikoff
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - S.T. Arron
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
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Larcher F, Espada J, Díaz-Ley B, Jaén P, Juarranz A, Quintanilla M. New experimental models of skin homeostasis and diseases. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2014; 106:17-28. [PMID: 24878038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis, whose regulation at the molecular level is still poorly understood, is intimately related to the functions of epidermal stem cells. Five research groups have been brought together to work on new in vitro and in vivo skin models through the SkinModel-CM program, under the auspices of the Spanish Autonomous Community of Madrid. This project aims to analyze the functions of DNA methyltransferase 1, endoglin, and podoplanin in epidermal stem cell activity, homeostasis, and skin cancer. These new models include 3-dimensional organotypic cultures, immunodeficient skin-humanized mice, and genetically modified mice. Another aim of the program is to use skin-humanized mice to model dermatoses such as Gorlin syndrome and xeroderma pigmentosum in order to optimize new protocols for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Larcher
- Unidad de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Investigación Básica, División de Biomedicina Epitelial, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) y Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, España
| | - J Espada
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, España; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-UAM, Madrid, España
| | - B Díaz-Ley
- Unidad de Dermatología, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, España
| | - P Jaén
- Unidad de Dermatología, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, España
| | - A Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, España.
| | - M Quintanilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-UAM, Madrid, España
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Palyca P, Koshenkov VP, Mehnert JM. Developments in the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: a rising unmet need. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2014:e397-e404. [PMID: 24857130 PMCID: PMC5216418 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2014.34.e397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCCS) is a common malignancy with potentially devastating consequences in patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Its rising incidence, primarily a result of an aging population and increased ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, characterize an emerging unmet need. A firm understanding of the biology of this disease, likely distinct from that of other squamous malignancies because of the influence of UV radiation, is necessary in the evaluation of treatment paradigms. Careful recognition of high-risk features pertaining to tumor and host characteristics is paramount to proper management. However, a lack of standardization in guidelines in this regard creates a challenge for physicians. Questions persist regarding additional evaluation and treatment for advanced disease such as the roles for sentinel lymph node biopsy and the adjuvant use of radiation and chemotherapy. With respect to advanced disease, multiple combinations of chemotherapy have been tested with variable success, but no rigorous randomized studies have been conducted. In addition, EGFR inhibitors such as cetuximab and erlotinib have displayed antitumor activity and as such, warrant further investigation. In sum, the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic SCCS is a ripe area for clinical investigation. This article summarizes the current understanding of disease biology and emerging questions in the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Palyca
- From the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey/Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Vadim P Koshenkov
- From the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey/Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Janice M Mehnert
- From the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey/Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
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Berardinelli F, di Masi A, Antoccia A. NBN Gene Polymorphisms and Cancer Susceptibility: A Systemic Review. Curr Genomics 2013; 14:425-40. [PMID: 24396275 PMCID: PMC3867719 DOI: 10.2174/13892029113146660012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between DNA repair failure and cancer is well established as in the case of rare, high penetrant genes in high cancer risk families. Beside this, in the last two decades, several studies have investigated a possible association between low penetrant polymorphic variants in genes devoted to DNA repair pathways and risk for developing cancer. This relationship would be also supported by the observation that DNA repair processes may be modulated by sequence variants in DNA repair genes, leading to susceptibility to environmental carcinogens. In this framework, the aim of this review is to provide the reader with the state of the art on the association between common genetic variants and cancer risk, limiting the attention to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the NBN gene and providing the various odd ratios (ORs). In this respect, the NBN protein, together with MRE11 and RAD50, is part of the MRN complex which is a central player in the very early steps of sensing and processing of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), in telomere maintenance, in cell cycle control, and in genomic integrity in general. So far, many papers were devoted to ascertain possible association between common synonymous and non-synonymous NBN gene polymorphisms and increased cancer risk. However, the results still remain inconsistent and inconclusive also in meta-analysis studies for the most investigated E185Q NBN miscoding variant.
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Reichrath S, Reichrath J. No evidence for induction of key components of the Notch signaling pathway (Notch-1, Jagged-1) by treatment with UV-B, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), and/or epigenetic drugs (TSA, 5-Aza) in human keratinocytes in vitro. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2012; 4:44-52. [PMID: 22870352 PMCID: PMC3408992 DOI: 10.4161/derm.19027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is of high importance for growth and survival of various cell types. We now analyzed the protein expression of two key components of the Notch signaling pathway (Notch-1, Jagged-1) in spontaneously immortalized (HaCaT) and in malignant (SCL-1) human keratinocytes, using western analysis. We found that Notch-1 and its corresponding ligand Jagged-1 are expressed in both cell lines, with no marked change following UV-B treatment. Moreover, treatment of both cell lines before or after UV-B irradiation with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the biologically active form of vitamin D, and/or epigenetic modulating drugs (TSA; 5-Aza) did not result in a marked modulation of the protein expression of Notch-1 or Jagged-1. Under the experimental conditions of this study, treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 protected human keratinocytes in part against the antiproliferative effects of UV-B-radiation. In conclusion, our findings do not point at a differential expression of these two key components of Notch signaling in non-malignant as compared to malignant human keratinocytes, indicating that alterations in their expression are not of importance for the photocarcinogenesis of human squamous cell carcinomas. Moreover, our findings do not support the hypothesis that modulation of Notch signaling may be involved in the photoprotective effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, that we and others reported previously. Additionally, we demonstrate that epigenetic modulating drugs (TSA, 5-Aza) do not markedly modulate the expression Notch-1 or Jagged-1 in UV-B-treated human keratinocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Reichrath
- Department of Dermatology; The Saarland University Hospital; Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Masse I, Barbollat-Boutrand L, Molina M, Berthier-Vergnes O, Joly-Tonetti N, Martin MT, Caron de Fromentel C, Kanitakis J, Lamartine J. Functional interplay between p63 and p53 controls RUNX1 function in the transition from proliferation to differentiation in human keratinocytes. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e318. [PMID: 22673192 PMCID: PMC3388234 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The interfollicular epidermis is continuously renewed, thanks to a regulated balance between proliferation and differentiation. The ΔNp63 transcription factor has a key role in the control of this process. It has been shown that ΔNp63 directly regulates Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) transcription factor expression in mouse keratinocytes. The present study showed for the first time that RUNX1 is expressed in normal human interfollicular epidermis and that its expression is tightly regulated during the transition from proliferation to differentiation. It demonstrated that ΔNp63 directly binds two different RUNX1 regulatory DNA sequences and modulates RUNX1 expression differentially in proliferative or differentiated human keratinocytes. It also showed that the regulation of RUNX1 expression by ΔNp63 is dependent on p53 and that this coregulation relies on differential binding and activation of RUNX1 regulatory sequences by ΔNp63 and p53. We also found that RUNX1 inhibits keratinocyte proliferation and activates directly the expression of KRT1, a critical actor in early keratinocyte differentiation. Finally, we described that RUNX1 expression, similar to ΔNp63 and p53, was strongly expressed and downregulated in basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas respectively. Taken together, these data shed light on the importance of tight control of the functional interplay between ΔNp63 and p53 in regulating RUNX1 transcription factor expression for proper regulation of interfollicular epidermal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Masse
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaires et Cellulaires, CNRS UMR5534-Université Lyon I, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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22
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Moan J, Baturaite Z, Porojnicu AC, Dahlback A, Juzeniene A. UVA, UVB and incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Norway and Sweden. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:191-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05215b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Reichrath J, Reichrath S. Notch-signaling and nonmelanoma skin cancer: an ancient friend, revisited. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 727:265-71. [PMID: 22399354 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0899-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In humans and other species, Notch-signaling is of critical importance for carcinogenesis in several organs, including the skin. Interestingly, Notch-signaling appears to exert opposite roles in skin carcinogenesis as compared to carcinogenesis in other tissues. While the Notch1 receptor (Notch1) acts as a proto-oncogene in most tissues, it has been shown that Notch1 deletion in epidermal keratinocytes causes skin carcinogenesis. Recent results indicate that loss of Notch1 is not involved in the initiating event of multistage skin carcinogenesis, but acts as a skin cancer-promoting event. Moreover, recent findings underline the importance of multiple other factors, including the microenvironment, for Notch signaling in skin carcinogenesis. It can be speculated that pharmacologic modulation of Notch signaling may be an interesting target for the prevention and therapy of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Reichrath
- Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany.
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Mozeika E, Jemec GBE, Nürnberg BM. Hedgehog pathway does not play a role in hidradenitis suppurativa pathogenesis. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:841-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
This article reviews melanoma and nonmelanoma cutaneous malignancies.
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Cordani N, Pozzi S, Martynova E, Fanoni D, Borrelli S, Alotto D, Castagnoli C, Berti E, Viganò MA, Mantovani R. Mutant p53 subverts p63 control over KLF4 expression in keratinocytes. Oncogene 2010; 30:922-32. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Jiang DK, Wang WZ, Ren WH, Yao L, Peng B, Yu L. TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism and skin cancer risk: a meta-analysis. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:220-8. [PMID: 20861852 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The TP53 gene has an important role in the protection of cells from DNA damage due to UV exposure, and sequence variation in the gene may alter skin cancer susceptibility. To examine the association between the TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism and skin cancer risk, we undertook a meta-analysis of 15 case-control studies involving 6,362 subjects. The quality of the studies was assessed according to a predefined scale. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed for association using a random-effects model. Overall, no evidence of association was observed between TP53 genotypes and the risk of skin cancer in any genetic model (Arg/Arg vs. Pro/Pro: OR=1.05, 95% CI: 0.71-1.55; Arg/Pro vs. Pro/Pro: OR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.68-1.24; Arg/Arg+Arg/Pro vs. Pro/Pro: OR=0.97, 95% CI: 0.70-1.35; Arg/Arg vs. Arg/Pro+Pro/Pro: OR=1.15, 95% CI: 0.91-1.46). Stratified analyses according to ethnicity and quality score of the studies also detected no significant association in any subgroup. Furthermore, no effect of this polymorphism on subtype of skin cancer, such as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma, was observed. In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that the TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism may have little involvement in skin cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Ke Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai, China
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Association of the DSS1 c.143G>A Polymorphism with Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1719-25. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kim YR, Oh JE, Kim MS, Kang MR, Park SW, Han JY, Eom HS, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Oncogenic NRF2 mutations in squamous cell carcinomas of oesophagus and skin. J Pathol 2010; 220:446-51. [PMID: 19967722 DOI: 10.1002/path.2653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (NRF2) encodes a transcription factor that induces expression of cytoprotective proteins upon oxidative stress and oncogenic NRF2 mutations have been found in lung and head/neck cancers that inactivate KEAP1-mediated degradation of NRF2. The aim of this study was to catalogue NRF2 mutations in other human cancers. For this, we analysed 1145 cancer tissues from carcinomas from oesophagus, skin, uterine cervix, lung, larynx, breast, colon, stomach, liver, prostate, urinary bladder, ovary, uterine cervix, and kidney, and meningiomas, multiple myelomas, and acute leukaemias by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) assay. We detected NRF2 mutations in oesophagus (8/70; 11.4%), skin (1/17; 6.3%), lung (10/125; 8.0%), and larynx (3/23; 13.0%) cancers. Of note, all of the 22 mutations except one were found in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) (95.5%). The mutations were observed within or near DLG and ETGE motifs that are important in NRF2 and KEAP1 interaction. All of the oesophageal SCCs and skin SCCs with the NRF2 mutations showed increased NRF2 expression in the nuclei. However, none of the SCCs from oesophagus and skin harboured KEAP1 mutation. Our study demonstrated here that NRF2 mutation occurs not only in lung and head/neck cancers, but also in oesophageal and skin cancers. Our data suggest that the NRF2 mutation plays a role in the development of SCC and is a feature of SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Ri Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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PAI-1 Regulates the Invasive Phenotype in Human Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2009:963209. [PMID: 20204159 PMCID: PMC2829771 DOI: 10.1155/2009/963209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of highly aggressive subtypes of human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) often reflects increased autocrine/paracrine TGF-beta synthesis and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification. Cooperative TGF-beta/EGFR signaling promotes cell migration and induces expression of both proteases and protease inhibitors that regulate stromal remodeling resulting in the acquisition of an invasive phenotype. In one physiologically relevant model of human cutaneous SCC progression, TGF-beta1+EGF stimulation increases the production of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), among the most prominent of which is MMP-10-an MMP known to be elevated in SCC in situ. Activation of stromal plasminogen appears to be critical in triggering downstream MMP activity. Paradoxically, PAI-1, the major physiological inhibitor of plasmin generation, is also upregulated under these conditions and is an early event in progression of incipient epidermal SCC. One testable hypothesis proposes that TGF-beta1+EGF-dependent MMP-10 elevation directs focalized matrix remodeling events that promote epithelial cell plasticity and tissue invasion. Increased PAI-1 expression serves to temporally and spatially modulate plasmin-initiated pericellular proteolysis, further facilitating epithelial invasive potential. Defining the complex signaling and transcriptional mechanisms that maintain this delicate balance is critical to developing targeted therapeutics for the treatment of human cutaneous malignancies.
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Gorji H, Shahbazi N, Habibollahi P, Tavangar SM, Firooz A, Ghahremani MH. The glutathione-S-transferase P1 polymorphisms correlates with changes in expression of TP53 tumor suppressor in cutaneous basal cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Sci 2009; 56:208-10. [PMID: 19800766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is becoming an increasingly attractive target for cancer management. Plk1 has been shown to be overexpressed in a variety of cancers; however its role in skin cancers is not well-understood. We recently demonstrated that Plk1 is overexpressed in human melanoma and gene-knockdown as well as chemical-inhibition of Plk1 resulted in a significant decrease in melanoma cell viability and growth without affecting the growth of the normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHEMs). Further, the observed anti-proliferative response of Plk1 was found to be accompanied with a significant G(2)/M cell cycle arrest, mitotic catastrophe and induction of apoptosis in melanoma cells. In this study, we determined the expression profile of Plk1 in non-melanoma skin cancers viz. basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Our data demonstrated that like melanoma, Plk1 is significantly overexpressed in BCC and SCC samples. Further, we also found that compared to normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), Plk1 was overexpressed at both the protein and mRNA levels in squamous A253 and A431 cells. In addition, a similar protein expression pattern was found for the downstream targets of Plk1, viz. Cdk1, Cyclin B1 and Cdc25C. We believe that the expression pattern of Plk1 in the various skin cancers, the observed insusceptibility of normal cells to Plk1 inhibition and the easy accessibility for topical applications lends the skin as an attractive tissue for Plk1 based cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis L. Schmit
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Weixiong Zhong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Minakshi Nihal
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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TGF-beta1-Induced Expression of the Poor Prognosis SERPINE1/PAI-1 Gene Requires EGFR Signaling: A New Target for Anti-EGFR Therapy. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2009; 2009:342391. [PMID: 19365582 PMCID: PMC2667932 DOI: 10.1155/2009/342391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Increased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification accompany the emergence of highly aggressive human carcinomas. Cooperative signaling between these two growth factor/receptor systems promotes cell migration and synthesis of stromal remodeling factors (i.e., proteases, protease inhibitors) that, in turn, regulate tumor invasion, neo-angiogenesis and inflammation. ranscript profiling of transformed human cells revealed that genes encoding wound healing, matrix remodeling and cell cycle proteins (i.e., the “tissue repair” transcriptome) are significantly up-regulated early after growth factor stimulation. The major inhibitor of plasmin generation, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), is among the most highly induced transcripts during the phenotypic transition initiated by TGF-β maximal expression requires EGFR signaling. PAI-1 induction occurs early in the progression of incipient epidermal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and is a significant indicator of poor prognosis in epithelial malignancies. Mouse modeling and molecular genetic analysis of complex systems indicates that PAI-1 regulates the temporal/spatial control of pericellular proteolysis, promotes epithelial plasticity, inhibits capillary regression and facilitates stromal invasion. Defining TGF-β1-initiated signaling events that cooperate with an activated EGFR to impact the protease-protease inhibitor balance in the tumor microenvironment is critical to the development of novel therapies for the clinical management of human cancers.
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Abstract
Epigenetics is the study of differences in phenotype, in the absence of variation in the genetic code. Epigenetics is relevant in the pathogenesis of many skin diseases. In the case of the common skin cancers, aberrant methylation of tumor suppressor gene promoters is associated with their transcriptional inactivation. Environmental carcinogens such as ultraviolet radiation and arsenic may act through epigenetic mechanisms. Hypomethylation is associated with activation of systemic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and scleroderma. This may be through a mechanism of immunological cross-reactivity with hypomethylated DNA from pathogenic bacteria. Epigenetic factors may also be relevant in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and other inflammatory skin diseases, as well as in the pathogenesis of the disorders of genomic imprinting with cutaneous features.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W M Millington
- Dermatology Department, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK.
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Relationship of immunohistochemistry scores of altered p53 protein expression in relation to patient’s habits and histological grades and stages of squamous cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:342-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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36
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The contribution of melanocortin 1 receptor gene polymorphisms and the agouti signalling protein gene 8818A>G polymorphism to cutaneous melanoma and basal cell carcinoma in a Polish population. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:167-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Molecular biology of basal and squamous cell carcinomas. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 624:241-51. [PMID: 18348461 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinomas and Squamous cell carcinomas are the two most common human cancers. The incidence of these two types of cancer is estimated to double within 20 years. Identification of the key molecular events is critical in helping us design novel strategies to treat and to prevent these cancers. For example, identification of hedgehog signaling activation has opened up many opportunities for targeted therapy and prevention of basal cell carcinomas. Significant progress has also been made in our understanding of squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. In this chapter, we will focus on major recent developments in our understanding of basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas at the molecular levels and their clinical implications.
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Braun-Falco M, Schempp W, Weyers W. Molecular diagnosis in dermatopathology: What makes sense, and what doesn’t. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:12-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Laposa RR, Feeney L, Crowley E, de Feraudy S, Cleaver JE. p53 suppression overwhelms DNA polymerase eta deficiency in determining the cellular UV DNA damage response. DNA Repair (Amst) 2007; 6:1794-804. [PMID: 17822965 PMCID: PMC2239317 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XP-V) cells lack the damage-specific DNA polymerase eta and have normal excision repair but show defective DNA replication after UV irradiation. Previous studies using cells transformed with SV40 or HPV16 (E6/E7) suggested that the S-phase response to UV damage is altered in XP-V cells with non-functional p53. To investigate the role of p53 directly we targeted p53 in normal and XP-V fibroblasts using short hairpin RNA. The shRNA reduced expression of p53, and the downstream cell cycle effector p21, in control and UV irradiated cells. Cells accumulated in late S phase after UV, but after down-regulation of p53 they accumulated earlier in S. Cells in which p53 was inhibited showed ongoing genomic instability at the replication fork. Cells exhibited high levels of UV induced S-phase gammaH2Ax phosphorylation representative of exposed single strand regions of DNA and foci of Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 representative of double strand breaks. Cells also showed increased variability of genomic copy numbers after long-term inhibition of p53. Inhibition of p53 expression dominated the DNA damage response. Comparison with earlier results indicates that in virally transformed cells cellular targets other than p53 play important roles in the UV DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - James E Cleaver
- UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco Auerback Melanoma Laboratory, Room N461, Box 0808, UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California,, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0808. E-mail: , Telephone: (415) 476-4563, Fax: (415) 476-8218
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Pacifico A, Leone G. Role of p53 and CDKN2A inactivation in human squamous cell carcinomas. J Biomed Biotechnol 2007; 2007:43418. [PMID: 17541467 PMCID: PMC1874671 DOI: 10.1155/2007/43418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 tumor suppressor gene is the most commonly mutated gene in human and mouse cancers. Disruption of the p53 and Rb pathways is a fundamental trend of most human cancer cells. Inactivation of CDKN2A can lead to deregulation of these two pathways. Genetic abnormalities in CDKN2A gene have been well documented in human melanoma but their involvement in human nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and in particular in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is less clear. Several studies have shown that human SCCs harbour unique mutations in the p53 gene as well as inactivation of the CDKN2A gene. While mutations in the p53 gene are induced by UV radiation and represent tumor initiating events, the majority of alterations detected in the CDKN2A gene do not appear to be UV-dependent. In conclusion, in addition to p53 mutations, silencing of the CDKN2A gene might play a significant role in SCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Pacifico
- Phototherapy Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute–IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
- *Alessia Pacifico:
| | - Giovanni Leone
- Phototherapy Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute–IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
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Wilkins-Port CE, Higgins CE, Freytag J, Higgins SP, Carlson JA, Higgins PJ. PAI-1 is a Critical Upstream Regulator of the TGF-beta1/EGF-Induced Invasive Phenotype in Mutant p53 Human Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Biomed Biotechnol 2007; 2007:85208. [PMID: 17515947 PMCID: PMC1868077 DOI: 10.1155/2007/85208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of highly aggressive subtypes of human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) often reflects increased autocrine/paracrine TGF-β synthesis and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification. Cooperative TGF-β/EGFR signaling promotes cell migration and induces expression of both proteases and protease inhibitors that regulate stromal remodeling resulting in acquisition of an invasive phenotype. TGF-β1+EGF stimulation increases the production of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in human SCC. Among the most prominent is MMP-10 which is known to be elevated in SCC in situ. Activation of stromal plasminogen appears to be critical in triggering downstream MMP activity. Paradoxically, PAI-1, the major physiological inhibitor of plasmin generation, is also up-regulated under these conditions and is an early event in progression of incipient epidermal SCC. A model is proposed in which TGF-β1+EGF-dependent MMP-10 elevation directs focalized matrix remodeling events that promote epithelial cell plasticity and tissue invasion. Increased PAI-1 expression serves to temporally and spatially modulate plasmin-initiated pericellular proteolysis, further facilitating epithelial invasive potential. Defining the complex signaling mechanisms that maintain this elegant balance is critical to developing potential therapeutics for the treatment of human cutaneous malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia E. Wilkins-Port
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Craig E. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Jennifer Freytag
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Stephen P. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - J. Andrew Carlson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Paul J. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
- *Paul J. Higgins:
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42
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Murao K, Kubo Y, Ohtani N, Hara E, Arase S. Epigenetic abnormalities in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas: frequent inactivation of the RB1/p16 and p53 pathways. Br J Dermatol 2007; 155:999-1005. [PMID: 17034532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant methylation of CpG islands in the promoter regions of cancer-related genes has been demonstrated in many human tumours. However, the methylation profile of these regions in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) has not been well studied. OBJECTIVES To examine epigenetic abnormalities of a wide range of cancer-related genes in SCCs. METHODS We investigated the methylation status of 11 candidate cancer-related genes (CDH1, p16(INK4a), p14(ARF), DAPK1, MGMT, RB1, RASSF1, p15(INK4b), PTEN, PRDM2 and p53) in 20 cases of SCC by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, and comparatively examined the protein production of E-cadherin (CDH1), p16, RB1, p14, BMI1 and cyclin A by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS The frequency of cancer-related gene methylation in SCCs was: CDH1 (95%), p16 (20%), p14 (15%), DAPK1 (15%), MGMT (15%), RB1 (5%), RASSF1 (5%), p15 (0%), PTEN (0%), PRDM2 (0%) and p53 (0%). Almost all cases with hypermethylation of CDH1, p16, RB1 and p14 showed no obvious production of each protein, suggesting that promoter hypermethylation of these genes contributes to the loss of protein production. The results of methylation analysis, in combination with the results of our previous mutation analysis of CDKN2A locus and p53, revealed that 70% of SCCs have alterations in the RB1/p16 or p53 pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the promoter hypermethylation of cancer-related genes, especially CDH1, is frequently shown in SCCs, and dysregulation of the RB1/p16 and/or p53 pathway through either genetic or epigenetic mechanisms, except for epigenetic abnormalities of p53 itself, should contribute to the carcinogenesis of SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Murao
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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43
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Li X, Gast A, Rudnai P, Gurzau E, Koppova K, Hemminki K, Kumar R. ARLTS1 polymorphisms and basal cell carcinoma of the skin. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2007; 5:25-9. [PMID: 19723348 PMCID: PMC2736660 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-5-1-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the ARLTS1 gene, a member of the Ras super-family, have been associated with susceptibility in different cancer types. The involvement of the gene in apoptotic signalling motivated us to study the role of ARLTS1 polymorphic variations in basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC). In a case-control study, 529 cases diagnosed with BCC and 533 controls from Hungary, Romania and Slovakia were genotyped for the S99S (297G>A), P131L (392C>T), L132L (396G>C), C148R (442T>C) and W149X (446G>A) polymorphisms in the ARLTS1 gene. No significant association between any of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and risk of BCC (S99S, odds ratio (OR) 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60-1.53; P131L, OR 1.31 95%CI 0.74-2.31; L132L, OR 0.50, 95%CI 0.02-7.07; C148R, OR 0.50, 95%CI 0.69-1.18; and W149X, OR 1.01, 95%CI 0.37-2.79) was detected. Furthermore, no significant difference in the distribution of haplotypes due to five polymorphisms in the ARLTS1 gene was found between the BCC cases and controls. Our data rule out an association between variants in ARLTS1 and risk of BCC in the investigated population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchen Li
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Proweller A, Tu L, Lepore JJ, Cheng L, Lu MM, Seykora J, Millar SE, Pear WS, Parmacek MS. Impaired notch signaling promotes de novo squamous cell carcinoma formation. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7438-44. [PMID: 16885339 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Signaling through Notch receptors in the skin has been implicated in the differentiation, proliferation, and survival of keratinocytes, as well as in the pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). To determine the composite function of Notch receptor-mediated signaling in the skin and overcome potential redundancies between receptors, conditional transgenic mice were generated that express the pan-Notch inhibitor, dominant-negative Mastermind Like 1 (DNMAML1), to repress all canonical [CBF-1/Suppressor of hairless/LAG-1 (CSL)-dependent] Notch signaling exclusively in the epidermis. Here, we report that DNMAML1 mice display hyperplastic epidermis and spontaneously develop cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) as well as dysplastic precursor lesions, actinic keratoses. Mice expressing epidermal DNMAML1 display enhanced accumulation of nuclear beta-catenin and cyclin D1 in suprabasilar keratinocytes and in lesional cells from SCCs, which was also observed in human cutaneous SCC. These results suggest a model wherein CSL-dependent Notch signaling confers protection against cutaneous SCC. The demonstration that inhibition of canonical Notch signaling in mice leads to spontaneous formation of SCC and recapitulates the disease in humans yields fundamental insights into the pathogenesis of SCC and provides a unique in vivo animal model to examine the pathobiology of cutaneous SCC and for evaluating novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Proweller
- Cardiovascular Institute, and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Pons M, Quintanilla M. Molecular biology of malignant melanoma and other cutaneous tumors. Clin Transl Oncol 2006; 8:466-74. [PMID: 16870533 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-006-0046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. Its incidence is doubling every 15-20 years likely because of an aging population, changes in behaviour towards sun exposure, and increased UV light fluency at the earth surface due to ozone depletion. In this review, we summarize the most important genetic changes contributing to the development of malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, the main tumor entities arising in the skin. While our understanding of the oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes involved in the development and progression of skin tumors is still fragmentary, recent advances have shown alterations affecting conserved signalling pathways that control cellular proliferation and viability. These pathways include INK4alpha/Rb, ARF/p53, RAS/MAPKs, and sonic hedgehog/Gli.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pons
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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46
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Stratigos AJ, Dimisianos G, Nikolaou V, Poulou M, Sypsa V, Stefanaki I, Papadopoulos O, Polydorou D, Plaka M, Christofidou E, Gogas H, Tsoutsos D, Kastana O, Antoniou C, Hatzakis A, Kanavakis E, Katsambas AD. Melanocortin Receptor-1 Gene Polymorphisms and the Risk of Cutaneous Melanoma in a Low-Risk Southern European Population. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1842-9. [PMID: 16601669 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene variants have been shown to carry an increased risk for the development of melanoma. In this study, we investigated the relationship of MC1R gene variants and the risk of melanoma in 123 melanoma patients and 155 control subjects from Greece. The entire MC1R gene was sequenced for polymorphisms and the results were correlated with host factors and pigmentary characteristics. MC1R polymorphisms were present in 59.4% of melanoma patients compared to 37.5% of controls, yielding an odds ratio (OR) of 2.43 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.50-3.96, P < 0.001) for melanoma among MC1R carriers. The risk of melanoma was enhanced in individuals carrying multiple variant alleles (OR = 6.97; 95% CI = 1.86-26.12, P = 0.004). Only the Val60Leu, Arg142His, and Arg151Cys variants were significantly associated with melanoma risk. In stratified analysis, the risk of melanoma among MC1R carriers was not influenced by skin phototype, skin color, or hair color. No association was found between MC1R genotype and the age of onset of melanoma, the tumor location, or the tumor thickness. In conclusion, MC1R polymorphisms are a predisposing factor of melanoma in a southern European population with a relatively low incidence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Stratigos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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47
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Haider AS, Peters SB, Kaporis H, Cardinale I, Fei J, Ott J, Blumenberg M, Bowcock AM, Krueger JG, Carucci JA. Genomic analysis defines a cancer-specific gene expression signature for human squamous cell carcinoma and distinguishes malignant hyperproliferation from benign hyperplasia. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:869-81. [PMID: 16470182 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Using high-density oligonucleotide arrays, we measured expression of >12,000 genes in surgical excisions of invasive human squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) versus site-matched control skin. This analysis defined >1,900 genes with altered expression in SCCs that were statistically different from controls. As SCCs are composed of epithelial cells, which are both hyperplastic and invasive, we sought to define gene sets associated with these biologic processes by comparing gene expression to psoriasis vulgaris, which is a condition of benign keratinocyte hyperplasia without invasiveness or pre-malignant potential. Through this analysis, we found genes that were commonly upregulated in both conditions and unique genes with increased expression in SCCs. Differential gene regulation in these two conditions was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry. We found that benign hyperplasia is associated with upregulation of genes including DEFB4 (defensin B4), SERPINB3 (serine proteinase inhibitor, member 3), STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1), K16 (keratin 16), CEACAMs (carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules), and WNT 5A (wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 5A). WNT receptor frizzled homolog 6 (FZD6) and prostaglandin-metabolizing enzyme hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase were increased in SCC alone. Growth factor pleiotrophin (PTN) was expressed at higher levels in non-tumor-bearing skin adjacent to excised SCC. SCC was further characterized by upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 10, and 13, cathepsin L2, cystatin E/M as well as STAT3 and microseminoprotein, beta (MSMB), and downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, granzyme B, CD8, and CD83. The current study defines a unique gene expression signature for cutaneous SCC in humans and suggests potential roles for WNT, FZD, and PTN in the pathogenesis of SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asifa S Haider
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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Szeimies RM, Karrer S. Towards a more specific therapy: targeting nonmelanoma skin cancer cells. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154 Suppl 1:16-21. [PMID: 16712712 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cancers of the skin, e.g. basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, are the most common tumours in humans with increasing incidence. Hence the development of new therapeutic strategies is of utmost interest. For many years the most often used conventional therapies for these diseases were surgical procedures such as curettage and electrodesiccation, excision or, with so far the best outcome in terms of remission rates, micrographic surgery. Other ablative treatment modalities are cryotherapy, radiation therapy or the use of lasers (Er:YAG, CO(2)). All those above-mentioned treatments have in common that they are quite unspecific and do not target the tumour itself or its environment, thus leading to unwanted effects in the surrounding tissue such as scar formation or other cosmetically disfiguring events. Therefore, the development of novel, more pathogenesis-based therapies such as the use of retinoids, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, topical immunomodulators, inhibitors of the sonic-hedgehog signalling pathway or photodynamic therapy are challenging new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Szeimies
- Department of Dermatology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany.
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Abstract
In recent years it has become evident that in addition to genetic mutations also epigenetic alterations are causally related to the development and progression of cancer. The epigenetic mechanism most relevant in the pathogenesis of cancer appears to be aberrant methylation of tumor-suppressor gene promoters associated with transcriptional downregulation. Malignancies arising in the skin are the most prevalent in humans. The most common are basal cell carcinoma (BCC), cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), melanoma, and cutaneous lymphoma. The visibility and accessibility of cutaneous tumors facilitate the scientific study of sequential epigenetic alterations occurring during tumorigenesis and might make treatment of malignant skin lesions using locally applied demethylating agents possible. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning alterations of DNA methylation in BCC, SCC, melanoma, and cutaneous lymphoma. Furthermore, the potential "epigenotoxic" effects of ultraviolet radiation, an environmental carcinogen implicated in the tumorigenesis of most cutaneous malignancies, will be discussed. From the limited number of investigations of promoter hypermethylation in cutaneous malignancies, it is already clear that a great number of potential tumor-suppressor genes are epigenetically silenced in skin cancer, including components of signaling pathways critical in the pathogenesis of these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco van Doorn
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
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50
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Ashton KJ, Carless MA, Griffiths LR. Cytogenetic alterations in nonmelanoma skin cancer: a review. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 43:239-48. [PMID: 15834942 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of cytogenetic analysis, knowledge about fundamental aspects of cancer biology has increased, allowing the processes of cancer development and progression to be more fully understood and appreciated. Classical cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors had been considered difficult, but new advances in culturing techniques and the addition of new cytogenetic technologies have enabled a more comprehensive analysis of chromosomal aberrations associated with solid tumors. Our purpose in this review is to discuss the cytogenetic findings on a number of nonmelanoma skin cancers, including squamous- and basal cell carcinomas, keratoacanthoma, squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen's disease), and solar keratosis. Through classical cytogenetic techniques, as well as fluorescence-based techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization and comparative genomic hybridization, numerous chromosomal alterations have been identified. These aberrations may aid in further defining the stages and classifications of nonmelanoma skin cancer and also may implicate chromosomal regions involved in progression and metastatic potential. This information, along with the development of newer technologies (including laser capture microdissection and comparative genomic hybridization arrays) that allow for more refined analysis, will continue to increase our knowledge about the role of chromosomal events at all stages of cancer development and progression and, more specifically, about how they are associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Ashton
- Genomics Research Centre, Griffith University-Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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