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Bühler N, Frahsa A, Jaramillo NG, Bourqui RM, Nusslé SG, Zuppinger C, Bochud M, von Goetz N. Willingness to participate in a personalized health cohort - insights from the swiss health study pilot phase. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2140. [PMID: 39112992 PMCID: PMC11305038 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper explores the feasibility of establishing a large-scale population-based cohort and biobank in Switzerland by assessing potential participants' needs, expectations, and concerns about such an infrastructure providing information on health, lifestyle, and exposure trajectories, the development of disease, and risk factors over time. METHODS We utilized a scenario-based questionnaire in the Swiss Health Study pilot phase (2020-2021), involving 1349 adults aged 20-69 from the cantons Vaud and Bern. We conducted descriptive statistics supported by R and qualitative content analysis of n = 374 open responses related to attitudes towards research. RESULTS We highlight the benefits and challenges of the scenario-based approach, discuss the sample represented in the pilot phase, and present implications for building a full cohort. We also report on participants' attitudes towards and previous experience with health research. We analyze references regarding informed consent and feedback, attitudes towards the Swiss Health Study, and recommendations on improving its scope, design, and instruments. Results indicate a high interest (90%) in participating in a national health study, with 85% of a random population sample willing to join a long-term cohort. Only 43% were familiar with biobanks, and 44% preferred general consent. Trust was high for Swiss-based public research but lower for researchers from other countries or private sector. Over 95% expressed willingness to complete online questionnaires, undergo physical examination, and donate biosamples. Almost all participants wanted to know the outcomes of the medical tests (99.5%) and the exposure to environmental stressors (95%) from their study center visit. Preferred tools for monitoring sleep, physical activity, and diet were known smartphone apps with automatic data management. CONCLUSION Overall, the study reveals a positive attitude towards personalized health research, with a strong willingness to share data and samples. Key insights focus the meaning of informed consent for participation, the relevance of sampling and representativeness, as well as the significance and challenges of personalized feedback, especially regarding environmental health concerns. Findings emphasize participants' supportive yet reflexive stances, underscoring the importance of aligning research values with individual values in personalized health research. These insights contribute valuable considerations for refining the scope, design, and instruments of future cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Bühler
- Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Annika Frahsa
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | | | - Semira Gonseth Nusslé
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Unisanté, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claire Zuppinger
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Unisanté, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Unisanté, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natalie von Goetz
- Federal Office of Public Health, Schwarzenburgstr. 157, Bern, 3003, Switzerland
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Shen FX, Baum ML, Martinez-Martin N, Miner AS, Abraham M, Brownstein CA, Cortez N, Evans BJ, Germine LT, Glahn DC, Grady C, Holm IA, Hurley EA, Kimble S, Lázaro-Muñoz G, Leary K, Marks M, Monette PJ, Jukka-Pekka O, O’Rourke PP, Rauch SL, Shachar C, Sen S, Vahia I, Vassy JL, Baker JT, Bierer BE, Silverman BC. Returning Individual Research Results from Digital Phenotyping in Psychiatry. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2024; 24:69-90. [PMID: 37155651 PMCID: PMC10630534 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2023.2180109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatry is rapidly adopting digital phenotyping and artificial intelligence/machine learning tools to study mental illness based on tracking participants' locations, online activity, phone and text message usage, heart rate, sleep, physical activity, and more. Existing ethical frameworks for return of individual research results (IRRs) are inadequate to guide researchers for when, if, and how to return this unprecedented number of potentially sensitive results about each participant's real-world behavior. To address this gap, we convened an interdisciplinary expert working group, supported by a National Institute of Mental Health grant. Building on established guidelines and the emerging norm of returning results in participant-centered research, we present a novel framework specific to the ethical, legal, and social implications of returning IRRs in digital phenotyping research. Our framework offers researchers, clinicians, and Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) urgently needed guidance, and the principles developed here in the context of psychiatry will be readily adaptable to other therapeutic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis X. Shen
- Harvard Medical School
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Law School
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mason Marks
- Harvard Law School
- Florida State University College of Law
- Yale Law School
| | | | | | | | - Scott L. Rauch
- Harvard Medical School
- McLean Hospital
- Mass General Brigham
| | | | | | | | - Jason L. Vassy
- Harvard Medical School
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- VA Boston Healthcare System
| | | | - Barbara E. Bierer
- Harvard Medical School
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Multi-Regional Clinical Trials Center of Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard
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Meitern M, Hansson S. Persuasive Appeals in Genetic Biobank Recruitment Campaigns: Social and Ethical Implications. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2023; 18:284-295. [PMID: 37337739 PMCID: PMC10496419 DOI: 10.1177/15562646231181028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The social and ethical implications of large-scale biobank donor recruitment campaigns have remained understudied. We use two recent campaigns of the population-based genetic biobank in Estonia as an example to demonstrate how campaign spokespersons try to persuade potential donors by appealing to (1) gaining self-knowledge, (2) gaining control over one's health, (3) fear of illness, (4) contributing to healthcare, (5) contributing to science, and (6) contributing to one's country. While these campaigns succeeded in recruiting 15 percent of the country's adult population as donors, we explain how the use of some of these appeals may (a) create unrealistic expectations regarding the benefits donors could receive and (b) conceal the risks regarding health data. The study lays a necessary groundwork for future empirical research on the ethics of biobank recruitment campaigns.
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Clayton EW, Smith ME, Anderson KC, Chung WK, Connolly JJ, Fullerton SM, McGowan ML, Peterson JF, Prows CA, Sabatello M, Holm IA. Studying the impact of translational genomic research: Lessons from eMERGE. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:1021-1033. [PMID: 37343562 PMCID: PMC10357472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two major goals of the Electronic Medical Record and Genomics (eMERGE) Network are to learn how best to return research results to patient/participants and the clinicians who care for them and also to assess the impact of placing these results in clinical care. Yet since its inception, the Network has confronted a host of challenges in achieving these goals, many of which had ethical, legal, or social implications (ELSIs) that required consideration. Here, we share impediments we encountered in recruiting participants, returning results, and assessing their impact, all of which affected our ability to achieve the goals of eMERGE, as well as the steps we took to attempt to address these obstacles. We divide the domains in which we experienced challenges into four broad categories: (1) study design, including recruitment of more diverse groups; (2) consent; (3) returning results to participants and their health care providers (HCPs); and (4) assessment of follow-up care of participants and measuring the impact of research on participants and their families. Since most phases of eMERGE have included children as well as adults, we also address the particular ELSI posed by including pediatric populations in this research. We make specific suggestions for improving translational genomic research to ensure that future projects can effectively return results and assess their impact on patient/participants and providers if the goals of genomic-informed medicine are to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Wright Clayton
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Departments of Pediatrics and Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
| | - Maureen E Smith
- Department of Medicine, Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Katherine C Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John J Connolly
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephanie M Fullerton
- Department of Bioethics & Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michelle L McGowan
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Josh F Peterson
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Cynthia A Prows
- Divisions of Human Genetics and Patient Services, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Maya Sabatello
- Center for Precision Medicine & Genomics, Department of Medicine, and Division of Ethics, Department of Medical Humanities & Ethics Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, NY, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ingrid A Holm
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Weil CJ. Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues Surrounding Biospecimen Research Conducted or Supported in the USA. Biopreserv Biobank 2023; 21:14-22. [PMID: 35138936 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2021.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and dramatic advances in molecular sequencing technology, as well as medical discoveries from genome-wide association and other precision medicine studies, have highlighted the longstanding ethical and legal challenges research biobanks consistently face. Whose authority is needed to conduct research with excised tissue, and how that authority may be exercised with respect and transparency, are central questions. This review article explores how scholars have addressed ethical and legal controversies such as the proper breadth and scope of consent for collection and future research use of biological specimens and data, the importance of disclosing individual research results and secondary findings, and collecting cadaver tissue from deceased persons. This article focuses on the legal and regulatory environment for conducting and/or supporting biospecimen research in the United States of America. It takes the position that proper biobank governance strategies, which ensure accountability and model respect toward biospecimen contributors, as well as transparency in communications between participants and researchers, reduce the likelihood of downstream legal disputes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Weil
- Consultant, Human research protections and Bioethics, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Lynch JA, Idleburg MJ, Butsch Kovacic M, Childers-Buschle KE, Dufendach KR, Lipstein EA, McGowan ML, Myers MF, Prows CA. Developing video education materials for the return of genomic test results to parents and adolescents. PEC INNOVATION 2022; 1:100051. [PMID: 36532300 PMCID: PMC9757811 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecinn.2022.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the development, implementation, and revision of a video to provide information about genomic testing and the return of genomic research results to adolescents and parents. METHODS Formative, community-engaged research was conducted in three stages: development, implementation, and revision. Existing research participant advisory groups were used for focus groups and convenience sampling was used for interviews. Participants included parents, young adults without children, and adolescents. Transcripts of recorded sessions were used for formative analysis. RESULTS Video was the preferred format for delivering genomic testing information to adolescents during the development stage. During implementation, adolescents identified video length as an impediment to recall. During the revision stage, participants preferred the video in separate short segments, supported plan to require only one short video and leaving other short videos optional. Participants were divided on whether the required short video provided enough information, but all participants reported that watching additional videos would not have changed their decisions about receiving test results. CONCLUSION Genomic education videos should be brief (<4 mins) to improve the odds that participants will view the entirety of any required video. INNOVATION The development of participant materials should incorporate plans for monitoring implementation and plans for revising materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Lynch
- Department of Communication, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Michaela J. Idleburg
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Melinda Butsch Kovacic
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise, and Nutrition Science, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | | | - Kevin R. Dufendach
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ellen A. Lipstein
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michelle L. McGowan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Women’s, Gender & Sexuality Studies, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Melanie F. Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Prows
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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7
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Kisiangani I, Mohamed SF, Kyobutungi C, Tindana P, Ghansah A, Ramsay M, Asiki G. Perspectives on returning individual and aggregate genomic research results to study participants and communities in Kenya: a qualitative study. BMC Med Ethics 2022; 23:27. [PMID: 35300680 PMCID: PMC8932129 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-022-00767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A fundamental ethical challenge in conducting genomics research is the question of what and how individual level genetic findings and aggregate genomic results should be conveyed to research participants and communities. This is within the context of minimal guidance, policies, and experiences, particularly in Africa. The aim of this study was to explore the perspectives of key stakeholders' on returning genomics research results to participants in Kenya. METHODS This qualitative study involved focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews (IDIs) with 69 stakeholders. The purposively selected participants, included research ethics committee (REC) members (8), community members (44), community resource persons (8), and researchers (9). A semi-structured interview guide was used to facilitate discussions. Six FGDs and twenty-five (IDIs) were conducted among the different stakeholders. The issues explored in the interviews included: (1) views on returning results, (2) kind of results to be returned, (3) value of returning results to participants, and (4) challenges anticipated in returning results to participants and communities. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded in Nvivo 12 pro. Thematic and content analysis was conducted. RESULTS Participants agreed on the importance of returning genomic results either as individual or aggregate results. The most cited reasons for returning of genomic results included recognizing participants' contribution to research, encouraging participation in future research, and increasing the awareness of scientific progress. Other aspects on how genomic research results should be shared included sharing easy to understand results in the shortest time possible and maintaining confidentiality when sharing sensitive results. CONCLUSIONS This study identified key stakeholders' perspectives on returning genomic results at the individual and community levels in two urban informal settlements of Nairobi. The majority of the participants expect to receive feedback about their genomic results, and it is an obligation for researchers to see how to best fulfil it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Kisiangani
- African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), P.O. Box 10787, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
| | - Shukri F. Mohamed
- African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), P.O. Box 10787, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
| | - Catherine Kyobutungi
- African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), P.O. Box 10787, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
| | - Paulina Tindana
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Anita Ghansah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Michele Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Witwatersrand, The Mount, 9 Jubilee Rd, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193 South Africa
| | - Gershim Asiki
- African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), P.O. Box 10787, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
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Blout Zawatsky CL, Shah N, Machini K, Perez E, Christensen KD, Zouk H, Steeves M, Koch C, Uveges M, Shea J, Gold N, Krier J, Boutin N, Mahanta L, Rehm HL, Weiss ST, Karlson EW, Smoller JW, Lebo MS, Green RC. Returning actionable genomic results in a research biobank: Analytic validity, clinical implementation, and resource utilization. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:2224-2237. [PMID: 34752750 PMCID: PMC8715145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 100 million research participants around the world have had research array-based genotyping (GT) or genome sequencing (GS), but only a small fraction of these have been offered return of actionable genomic findings (gRoR). Between 2017 and 2021, we analyzed genomic results from 36,417 participants in the Mass General Brigham Biobank and offered to confirm and return pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants (PLPVs) in 59 genes. Variant verification prior to participant recontact revealed that GT falsely identified PLPVs in 44.9% of samples, and GT failed to identify 72.0% of PLPVs detected in a subset of samples that were also sequenced. GT and GS detected verified PLPVs in 1% and 2.5% of the cohort, respectively. Of 256 participants who were alerted that they carried actionable PLPVs, 37.5% actively or passively declined further disclosure. 76.3% of those carrying PLPVs were unaware that they were carrying the variant, and over half of those met published professional criteria for genetic testing but had never been tested. This gRoR protocol cost approximately $129,000 USD per year in laboratory testing and research staff support, representing $14 per participant whose DNA was analyzed or $3,224 per participant in whom a PLPV was confirmed and disclosed. These data provide logistical details around gRoR that could help other investigators planning to return genomic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Blout Zawatsky
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ariadne Labs, Boston, MA 02215, USA; The MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nidhi Shah
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kalotina Machini
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emma Perez
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kurt D Christensen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hana Zouk
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marcie Steeves
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Melissa Uveges
- Connell School of Nursing, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Janelle Shea
- Division of Medical Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nina Gold
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Mass General Brigham Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joel Krier
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Natalie Boutin
- Mass General Brigham Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lisa Mahanta
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Mass General Brigham Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Heidi L Rehm
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Mass General Brigham Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Mass General Brigham Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Karlson
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Mass General Brigham Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Mass General Brigham Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew S Lebo
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Mass General Brigham Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert C Green
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ariadne Labs, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Mass General Brigham Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Roberts JS, Ferber R, Blacker D, Rumbaugh M, Grill JD. Disclosure of individual research results at federally funded Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2021; 7:e12213. [PMID: 34692986 PMCID: PMC8515553 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study describes practices for disclosing individual research results to participants in Alzheimer's disease research. METHODS An online survey of clinical core leaders at National Institutes of Health-funded Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers in the United States (response rate: 30/31, 97%) examined return of results practices across nine different types of research results. RESULTS Most centers had returned consensus research diagnoses (83%) and neuropsychological test results (73%), with fewer having shared amyloid positron emission tomography (43%), tau imaging (10%), or apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype (7%) results. Centers reported having disclosed a mean of 3.1 types of results (standard deviation = 2.1; range 0-8). The most commonly cited reason for disclosure was to inform participants' medical decision-making (88%). Disclosure involved multiple professionals and modalities, with neurologists (87%) and in-person visits (85%) most commonplace. DISCUSSION Centers varied widely as to whether and how they disclosed research results. Diagnostic and cognitive test results were more commonly returned than genetic or biomarker results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Scott Roberts
- Department of Health Behavior & Health EducationUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Rebecca Ferber
- Department of Health Behavior & Health EducationUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Deborah Blacker
- Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Malia Rumbaugh
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Joshua D. Grill
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry & Human BehaviorUniversity of California Irvine School of MedicineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Neurobiology & BehaviorUniversity of California Irvine School of Biological SciencesIrvineCaliforniaUSA
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Lynch MT, Maloney KA, Pollin TI, Streeten EA, Xu H, Shuldiner AR, Van Hout CV, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Mitchell BD. The burden of pathogenic variants in clinically actionable genes in a founder population. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:3476-3484. [PMID: 34467620 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Founder populations may be enriched with certain genetic variants of high clinical impact compared to nonfounder populations due to bottleneck events and genetic drift. Using exome sequencing (ES), we quantified the load of pathogenic variants that may be clinically actionable in 6136 apparently healthy adults living in the Lancaster, PA Old Order Amish settlement. We focused on variants in 78 genes deemed clinically actionable by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) or Geisinger's MyCode Health Initiative. ES revealed 3191 total variants among these genes including 480 nonsynonymous variants. After quality control and filtering, we applied the ACMG/AMP guidelines for variant interpretation and classified seven variants, across seven genes, as either pathogenic or likely pathogenic. Through genetic drift, all seven variants, are highly enriched in the Amish compared to nonfounder populations. In total, 14.7% of Lancaster Amish individuals carry at least one of these variants, largely explained by the 13% who harbor a copy of a single variant in APOB. Other studies report combined frequencies of pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in actionable genes between 2.0% and 6.2% in outbred populations. The Amish population harbors fewer actionable variants compared to similarly characterized nonfounder populations but have a higher frequency of each variant identified, offering opportunities for efficient and cost-effective targeted precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan T Lynch
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin A Maloney
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Toni I Pollin
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Streeten
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Huichun Xu
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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- Regeneron Genetics Center LLC, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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11
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Lewis ACF, Knoppers BM, Green RC. An international policy on returning genomic research results. Genome Med 2021; 13:115. [PMID: 34266500 PMCID: PMC8281644 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Global Alliance for Genomics and Health has approved a policy for the return of clinically actionable genomic research results, the first such policy approved by an international body. The policy acknowledges the potential medical benefits to millions of individuals who are participating in genomics research. It ties the pace of implementation to each country's clinical standards, including for the return of secondary findings, and urges funders to set aside resources to support responsible return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C F Lewis
- E J Safra Center for Ethics, Harvard University, 124 Mount Auburn Street, Suite 520 N, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Robert C Green
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ariadne Labs, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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12
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Raymond MB, Cooper KE, Parker LS, Bonham VL. Practices and Attitudes toward Returning Genomic Research Results to Low-Resource Research Participants. Public Health Genomics 2021; 24:241-252. [PMID: 34229325 DOI: 10.1159/000516782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many research programs are challenged to accommodate low-resource research participants' (LRRP) ancillary care needs when returning genomic research results. We define LRRP as those who are low income, uninsured, underinsured, or facing barriers to act upon the results returned. This study evaluates current policies and practices surrounding return of results (RoR) to LRRP, as well as the attitudes of investigators toward providing ancillary care to LRRP. METHODS A semi-structured interview study was conducted with representatives of 35 genomic research programs nationwide. Eligible programs were returning, or planning to return, medically actionable genomic results to participants. RESULTS Three content categories emerged from this study, including: (1) RoR structures, (2) barriers to RoR to LRRP, and (3) solutions to meet community and LRRP needs. Three major structures of RoR emerged: (1) RoR Embedded in Clinical Care, (2) RoR Independent of Clinical Care, and (3) Reliance on Clinical Partnerships to Facilitate RoR. Inadequacy of program resources to address the needs of LRRP was commonly considered a significant obstacle. The attitudes and views of informants regarding responsibility to provide ancillary care for LRRP receiving genomic results were highly varied. Some informants believed that genomic sequencing and testing was not a priority for LRRP because of other pressing issues in their lives, such as housing and food insecurity. Research programs differ regarding whether clinical and social support for LRRP is considered within the purview of the research team. Some programs instituted accommodations for LRRP, including social work referral and insurance enrollment assistance. CONCLUSION Support to access downstream treatment is not readily available for LRRP in many genomic research programs. Development of best practices and policies for managing RoR to LRRP is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan B Raymond
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kayla E Cooper
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa S Parker
- University of Pittsburgh, Center for Bioethics & Health Law, Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vence L Bonham
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Spellecy R, Nyitray A. Acknowledging Angst: Research Ethics Consultation in Disclosing Experimental Research Results of Uncertain Benefit. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2021; 21:104-105. [PMID: 33825651 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2021.1891331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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14
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Roman YM, Lor K, Xiong T, Culhane-Pera K, Straka RJ. Gout prevalence in the Hmong: a prime example of health disparity and the role of community-based genetic research. Per Med 2021; 18:311-327. [PMID: 33787318 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2020-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Individuals of distinct Asian backgrounds are commonly aggregated as Asian, which could mask the differences in the etiology and prevalence of health conditions in the different Asian subgroups. The Hmong are a growing Asian subgroup in the United States with a higher prevalence of gout and gout-related comorbidities than non-Hmong. Genetic explorations in the Hmong suggest a higher prevalence of genetic polymorphisms associated with an increased risk of hyperuricemia and gout. History of immigration, acculturation, lifestyle factors, including dietary and social behavioral patterns, and the use of traditional medicines in the Hmong community may also increase the risk of developing gout and lead to poor gout management outcomes. Engaging minorities such as the Hmong population in biomedical research is a needed step to reduce the burden of health disparities within their respective communities, increase diversity in genomic studies, and accelerate the adoption of precision medicine to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef M Roman
- Assistant Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Kajua Lor
- Associate Professor & Chair, Medical College of Wisconsin, School of Pharmacy, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Txia Xiong
- Clinical Pharmacist, West Side Community Health Services, St. Paul, MN 55106, USA
| | | | - Robert J Straka
- Professor & Department Head, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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15
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Corsico P. "It's all about delivery": researchers and health professionals' views on the moral challenges of accessing neurobiological information in the context of psychosis. BMC Med Ethics 2021; 22:11. [PMID: 33557813 PMCID: PMC7869514 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-020-00551-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The convergence of neuroscience, genomics, and data science holds promise to unveil the neurobiology of psychosis and to produce new ways of preventing, diagnosing, and treating psychotic illness. Yet, moral challenges arise in neurobiological research and in the clinical translation of research findings. This article investigates the views of relevant actors in mental health on the moral challenges of accessing neurobiological information in the context of psychosis. Methods Semi-structured individual interviews with two groups: researchers employed in the National Health Service (NHS) or a university in England (n = 14), and mental health professionals employed in NHS mental health services (n = 14). This article compares results in the two groups (total n = 28). Results This article presents findings around three conceptual areas: (1) research ethics as mostly unproblematic, (2) psychosis, neurobiological information, and mental health care, and (3) identity, relationships, and the future. These areas are drawn from the themes and topics that emerged in the interviews across the two groups of participants. Researchers and health professionals provided similar accounts of the moral challenges of accessing—which includes acquisition, communication, and use of—neurobiological information in the context of psychosis. Acquiring neurobiological information was perceived as mostly unproblematic, provided ethical safeguards are put in place. Conversely, participants argued that substantive moral challenges arise from how neurobiological information is delivered—that is, communicated and used—in research and in clinical care. Neurobiological information was seen as a powerful tool in the process through which individuals define their identity and establish personal and clinical goals. The pervasiveness of this narrative tool may influence researchers and health professionals’ perception of ethical principles and moral obligations. Conclusions This study suggests that the moral challenges that arise from accessing neurobiological information in the context of psychosis go beyond traditional research and clinical ethics concerns. Reflecting on how accessing neurobiological information can influence individual self-narratives will be vital to ensure the ethical translation of neuroscience and genomics into mental health. Trial registration The study did not involve a health care intervention on human participants. It was retrospectively registered on 11 July 2018, registration number: researchregistry4255.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Corsico
- Centre for Social Ethics and Policy, Department of Law, School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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16
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Meagher KM, Curtis SH, Borucki S, Beck A, Srinivasan T, Cheema A, Sharp RR. Communicating unexpected pharmacogenomic results to biobank contributors: A focus group study. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2021; 104:242-249. [PMID: 32919825 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goals of this study were to explore 1) the impact of returning unexpected pharmacogenomic (PGx) results to biobank contributors, and 2) participant views about improving communication. METHODS We conducted a qualitative focus group study with biobank participants (N = 54) who were notified by mail of an individual research result indicating increased risk for adverse events associated with the common cancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). We employed a framework approach for analysis. RESULTS Our results revealed three themes illustrating participants' questions and uncertainty, especially regarding how to share results with health providers and family members, and remember them over time. Participants valued results for themselves and others, and for the future of medicine. Risk perception was framed by health identity. "Toxicity narratives," or familiarity with another's adverse reaction to chemotherapy, increased the sense of importance participants reported. CONCLUSION These focus group results highlight research participant remaining questions and high valuation of PGx results, even when unexpected. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS We identify PGx research participants' needs for clear clinical translation messaging that attends to health identity, pragmatics of sharing information with family members, and patient perceptions of barriers to transferring research results to a clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Meagher
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Susan H Curtis
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | | | - Annika Beck
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | | | - Amal Cheema
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
| | - Richard R Sharp
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.
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17
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Germine L, Strong RW, Singh S, Sliwinski MJ. Toward dynamic phenotypes and the scalable measurement of human behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:209-216. [PMID: 32629456 PMCID: PMC7689489 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Precision psychiatry demands the rapid, efficient, and temporally dense collection of large scale and multi-omic data across diverse samples, for better diagnosis and treatment of dynamic clinical phenomena. To achieve this, we need approaches for measuring behavior that are readily scalable, both across participants and over time. Efforts to quantify behavior at scale are impeded by the fact that our methods for measuring human behavior are typically developed and validated for single time-point assessment, in highly controlled settings, and with relatively homogeneous samples. As a result, when taken to scale, these measures often suffer from poor reliability, generalizability, and participant engagement. In this review, we attempt to bridge the gap between gold standard behavioral measurements in the lab or clinic and the large-scale, high frequency assessments needed for precision psychiatry. To do this, we introduce and integrate two frameworks for the translation and validation of behavioral measurements. First, borrowing principles from computer science, we lay out an approach for iterative task development that can optimize behavioral measures based on psychometric, accessibility, and engagement criteria. Second, we advocate for a participatory research framework (e.g., citizen science) that can accelerate task development as well as make large-scale behavioral research more equitable and feasible. Finally, we suggest opportunities enabled by scalable behavioral research to move beyond single time-point assessment and toward dynamic models of behavior that more closely match clinical phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Germine
- Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Roger W Strong
- Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shifali Singh
- Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Martin J Sliwinski
- Center for Healthy Aging, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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18
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Kirsch AC, Zaccariello MJ, McCormick JB, Sharp RR, Flick RP, Warner DO. Bridging the gap: ethical considerations of providing psychological assessment results in research studies. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2020.1799793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Kirsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem
| | | | | | | | - Randall P. Flick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic
| | - David O. Warner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic
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19
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Alahmad G, Alzahrany H, Almutairi AF. Returning Results of Stored Biological Samples and Biobanks: Perspectives of Saudi Arabian Biomedical Researchers. Biopreserv Biobank 2020; 18:395-402. [PMID: 32706976 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2020.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific medical research involving human samples often leads to improved diagnosis, the discovery of treatment modalities, or the identification of possible risk factors for many diseases. Some findings, including incidental findings, may be important to donors, and some may require intervention. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of health care professionals in their use of stored biological samples for biomedical research regarding the concept of the research results and the challenges of informing donors regarding the results. This qualitative study involved 19 medical researchers doing research with stored biological samples and biobanks. The data were gathered during face-to-face interviews in English using a semistructured interview technique. The participants provided rich and illuminating experiences, framed in the following themes: the professional duty of researchers to return the research results and the right of donors to know; factors affecting informing donors of results (e.g., severity of disease; impact of the provided information; reliability of the research results; and donor approval); challenges to physically returning the results; and the nature of the informed consent, as well as the elements required in the informed consent documentation. Although the majority of researchers agree on the importance of returning research results, some have contradictory views such as that returning research results is not the researcher's responsibility. The study results also support the view that a number of elements should be included in the informed consent, such as the intention of informing the donors of the results as well as the benefits and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghiath Alahmad
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haneen Alzahrany
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel F Almutairi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Perspectives regarding family disclosure of genetic research results in three racial and ethnic minority populations. J Community Genet 2020; 11:433-443. [PMID: 32562160 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-020-00472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of data on perspectives of racial and ethnic minority populations regarding family disclosure of individual research results (IRR) hinders the development of return of IRR policies and practices that are meaningful and culturally appropriate in diverse populations. This research aims to uncover preferences regarding family disclosure of IRR and identify factors that may shape the preferences in three minority populations. Nine focus groups with 68 adult African American, Hispanic/Latinx, and American Indian/Alaska Native individuals were conducted. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Participants were willing to share IRR with relatives who elected to know and preferred a participant-driven (vs. researcher-driven) decision-making process. Privacy of personal information was deemed important, as were anticipated familial benefits from genetic information, except when improper use of the information was suspected. Factors influencing family disclosure decisions included the family's biological and emotional closeness, and participants' perceived mental preparedness of the relative. Family disclosure of IRR among racial and ethnic minority individuals is a complex decision-making process wherein issues of individual privacy are entangled with family dynamic and familial benefit considerations. These data suggest that policies surrounding family disclosure of IRR should carefully consider participant preferences and adopt a participant-driven approach.
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21
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Ethical conflicts in translational genetic research: lessons learned from the eMERGE-III experience. Genet Med 2020; 22:1667-1672. [PMID: 32555418 PMCID: PMC7521988 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-0863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Consortium integrated biorepository-based research with electronic health records (EHR) to return results from large-scale genetic tests to participants and uploaded those data into the EHR. This article explores the ethical issues investigators encountered in that process. METHODS We conducted in-depth, semistructured interviews with study personnel of the eMERGE-III Consortium sites that returned results. RESULTS We discuss major ethical issues that arose while attempting to return research results from the eMERGE Consortium to individual participants. These included difficulties recontacting those participants who had not explicitly consented to such and disclosing results to many participants with insufficient infrastructure and staff. Investigators reported being driven by a supererogatory clinical impulse. CONCLUSION All these issues ultimately derive from ethical conflicts inherent to translational work being done at the interface of research and clinical care. A critical rethinking of this divide is important, but infrastructural support for such work is necessary for an ethically sound rollout of large-scale genetic testing.
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22
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Wolf SM, Ossorio PN, Berry SA, Greely HT, McGuire AL, Penny MA, Terry SF. Integrating Rules for Genomic Research, Clinical Care, Public Health Screening and DTC Testing: Creating Translational Law for Translational Genomics. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2020; 48:69-86. [PMID: 32342790 PMCID: PMC7447150 DOI: 10.1177/1073110520916996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Human genomics is a translational field spanning research, clinical care, public health, and direct-to-consumer testing. However, law differs across these domains on issues including liability, consent, promoting quality of analysis and interpretation, and safeguarding privacy. Genomic activities crossing domains can thus encounter confusion and conflicts among these approaches. This paper suggests how to resolve these conflicts while protecting the rights and interests of individuals sequenced. Translational genomics requires this more translational approach to law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Wolf
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; and Professor of Medicine at the University of Minnesota. She is also Chair of the University's Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences. She is a Principal Investigator on an NIH-supported project on "LawSeq: Building a Sound Legal Foundation for Translating Genomics into Clinical Application" (NHGRI/NCI # R01HG008605; Wolf, Clayton, Lawrenz, PIs). Pilar N. Ossorio, Ph.D., J.D., is Professor of Law and Bioethics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she is on the faculties of the Law School and the Department of Medical History and Bioethics at the Medical School. She is Ethics Scholar-in-Residence at the Morgridge Institute for Research, Co-Director of UW's Law and Neuroscience Program, a faculty member in the UW Masters in Biotechnology Studies program, and Program Faculty in the Graduate Program in Population Health. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Minnesota. She is a Professor in the Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Genetics, Cell Biology and Development. She is a member of the Minnesota Department of Health Newborn Screening Advisory Committee, a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics, and a Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics. Henry T. Greely, J.D., is the Deane F. and Kate Edelman Johnson Professor of Law and Professor, by courtesy, of Genetics at Stanford University. He chairs the California Advisory Committee on Human Stem Cell Research and the steering committee of the Stanford University Center for Biomedical Ethics, and directs the Stanford Center for Law and the Biosciences and the Stanford Program in Neuroscience and Society. Amy L. McGuire, J.D., Ph.D., is the Leon Jaworski Professor of Biomedical Ethics and Director of the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy at the Baylor College of Medicine. She served on the National Advisory Council for Human Genome Research 2011-15 and is immediate past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors. Michelle A. Penny, Ph.D., is Head of the Translational Genome Sciences Group at Biogen. She is Co-Chair of the National Academy Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health and the Industry Pharmacogenomics Working Group. Sharon F. Terry, M.A., is President and Chief Executive Officer of Genetic Alliance and co-founder of the Genetic Alliance Registry and Biobank. She has served in a leadership role on organizations including the Precision Medicine Initiative Cohort Advisory Panel; Cures Acceleration Network Review Board and Advisory Council, National Center for Accelerating Translation Science, NIH; National Academy Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health; Global Alliance for Genomics and Health; and International Rare Disease Research Consortium Executive Committee. Organizations are listed here for author identification only
| | - Pilar N Ossorio
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; and Professor of Medicine at the University of Minnesota. She is also Chair of the University's Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences. She is a Principal Investigator on an NIH-supported project on "LawSeq: Building a Sound Legal Foundation for Translating Genomics into Clinical Application" (NHGRI/NCI # R01HG008605; Wolf, Clayton, Lawrenz, PIs). Pilar N. Ossorio, Ph.D., J.D., is Professor of Law and Bioethics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she is on the faculties of the Law School and the Department of Medical History and Bioethics at the Medical School. She is Ethics Scholar-in-Residence at the Morgridge Institute for Research, Co-Director of UW's Law and Neuroscience Program, a faculty member in the UW Masters in Biotechnology Studies program, and Program Faculty in the Graduate Program in Population Health. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Minnesota. She is a Professor in the Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Genetics, Cell Biology and Development. She is a member of the Minnesota Department of Health Newborn Screening Advisory Committee, a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics, and a Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics. Henry T. Greely, J.D., is the Deane F. and Kate Edelman Johnson Professor of Law and Professor, by courtesy, of Genetics at Stanford University. He chairs the California Advisory Committee on Human Stem Cell Research and the steering committee of the Stanford University Center for Biomedical Ethics, and directs the Stanford Center for Law and the Biosciences and the Stanford Program in Neuroscience and Society. Amy L. McGuire, J.D., Ph.D., is the Leon Jaworski Professor of Biomedical Ethics and Director of the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy at the Baylor College of Medicine. She served on the National Advisory Council for Human Genome Research 2011-15 and is immediate past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors. Michelle A. Penny, Ph.D., is Head of the Translational Genome Sciences Group at Biogen. She is Co-Chair of the National Academy Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health and the Industry Pharmacogenomics Working Group. Sharon F. Terry, M.A., is President and Chief Executive Officer of Genetic Alliance and co-founder of the Genetic Alliance Registry and Biobank. She has served in a leadership role on organizations including the Precision Medicine Initiative Cohort Advisory Panel; Cures Acceleration Network Review Board and Advisory Council, National Center for Accelerating Translation Science, NIH; National Academy Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health; Global Alliance for Genomics and Health; and International Rare Disease Research Consortium Executive Committee. Organizations are listed here for author identification only
| | - Susan A Berry
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; and Professor of Medicine at the University of Minnesota. She is also Chair of the University's Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences. She is a Principal Investigator on an NIH-supported project on "LawSeq: Building a Sound Legal Foundation for Translating Genomics into Clinical Application" (NHGRI/NCI # R01HG008605; Wolf, Clayton, Lawrenz, PIs). Pilar N. Ossorio, Ph.D., J.D., is Professor of Law and Bioethics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she is on the faculties of the Law School and the Department of Medical History and Bioethics at the Medical School. She is Ethics Scholar-in-Residence at the Morgridge Institute for Research, Co-Director of UW's Law and Neuroscience Program, a faculty member in the UW Masters in Biotechnology Studies program, and Program Faculty in the Graduate Program in Population Health. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Minnesota. She is a Professor in the Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Genetics, Cell Biology and Development. She is a member of the Minnesota Department of Health Newborn Screening Advisory Committee, a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics, and a Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics. Henry T. Greely, J.D., is the Deane F. and Kate Edelman Johnson Professor of Law and Professor, by courtesy, of Genetics at Stanford University. He chairs the California Advisory Committee on Human Stem Cell Research and the steering committee of the Stanford University Center for Biomedical Ethics, and directs the Stanford Center for Law and the Biosciences and the Stanford Program in Neuroscience and Society. Amy L. McGuire, J.D., Ph.D., is the Leon Jaworski Professor of Biomedical Ethics and Director of the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy at the Baylor College of Medicine. She served on the National Advisory Council for Human Genome Research 2011-15 and is immediate past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors. Michelle A. Penny, Ph.D., is Head of the Translational Genome Sciences Group at Biogen. She is Co-Chair of the National Academy Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health and the Industry Pharmacogenomics Working Group. Sharon F. Terry, M.A., is President and Chief Executive Officer of Genetic Alliance and co-founder of the Genetic Alliance Registry and Biobank. She has served in a leadership role on organizations including the Precision Medicine Initiative Cohort Advisory Panel; Cures Acceleration Network Review Board and Advisory Council, National Center for Accelerating Translation Science, NIH; National Academy Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health; Global Alliance for Genomics and Health; and International Rare Disease Research Consortium Executive Committee. Organizations are listed here for author identification only
| | - Henry T Greely
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; and Professor of Medicine at the University of Minnesota. She is also Chair of the University's Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences. She is a Principal Investigator on an NIH-supported project on "LawSeq: Building a Sound Legal Foundation for Translating Genomics into Clinical Application" (NHGRI/NCI # R01HG008605; Wolf, Clayton, Lawrenz, PIs). Pilar N. Ossorio, Ph.D., J.D., is Professor of Law and Bioethics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she is on the faculties of the Law School and the Department of Medical History and Bioethics at the Medical School. She is Ethics Scholar-in-Residence at the Morgridge Institute for Research, Co-Director of UW's Law and Neuroscience Program, a faculty member in the UW Masters in Biotechnology Studies program, and Program Faculty in the Graduate Program in Population Health. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Minnesota. She is a Professor in the Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Genetics, Cell Biology and Development. She is a member of the Minnesota Department of Health Newborn Screening Advisory Committee, a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics, and a Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics. Henry T. Greely, J.D., is the Deane F. and Kate Edelman Johnson Professor of Law and Professor, by courtesy, of Genetics at Stanford University. He chairs the California Advisory Committee on Human Stem Cell Research and the steering committee of the Stanford University Center for Biomedical Ethics, and directs the Stanford Center for Law and the Biosciences and the Stanford Program in Neuroscience and Society. Amy L. McGuire, J.D., Ph.D., is the Leon Jaworski Professor of Biomedical Ethics and Director of the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy at the Baylor College of Medicine. She served on the National Advisory Council for Human Genome Research 2011-15 and is immediate past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors. Michelle A. Penny, Ph.D., is Head of the Translational Genome Sciences Group at Biogen. She is Co-Chair of the National Academy Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health and the Industry Pharmacogenomics Working Group. Sharon F. Terry, M.A., is President and Chief Executive Officer of Genetic Alliance and co-founder of the Genetic Alliance Registry and Biobank. She has served in a leadership role on organizations including the Precision Medicine Initiative Cohort Advisory Panel; Cures Acceleration Network Review Board and Advisory Council, National Center for Accelerating Translation Science, NIH; National Academy Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health; Global Alliance for Genomics and Health; and International Rare Disease Research Consortium Executive Committee. Organizations are listed here for author identification only
| | - Amy L McGuire
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; and Professor of Medicine at the University of Minnesota. She is also Chair of the University's Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences. She is a Principal Investigator on an NIH-supported project on "LawSeq: Building a Sound Legal Foundation for Translating Genomics into Clinical Application" (NHGRI/NCI # R01HG008605; Wolf, Clayton, Lawrenz, PIs). Pilar N. Ossorio, Ph.D., J.D., is Professor of Law and Bioethics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she is on the faculties of the Law School and the Department of Medical History and Bioethics at the Medical School. She is Ethics Scholar-in-Residence at the Morgridge Institute for Research, Co-Director of UW's Law and Neuroscience Program, a faculty member in the UW Masters in Biotechnology Studies program, and Program Faculty in the Graduate Program in Population Health. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Minnesota. She is a Professor in the Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Genetics, Cell Biology and Development. She is a member of the Minnesota Department of Health Newborn Screening Advisory Committee, a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics, and a Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics. Henry T. Greely, J.D., is the Deane F. and Kate Edelman Johnson Professor of Law and Professor, by courtesy, of Genetics at Stanford University. He chairs the California Advisory Committee on Human Stem Cell Research and the steering committee of the Stanford University Center for Biomedical Ethics, and directs the Stanford Center for Law and the Biosciences and the Stanford Program in Neuroscience and Society. Amy L. McGuire, J.D., Ph.D., is the Leon Jaworski Professor of Biomedical Ethics and Director of the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy at the Baylor College of Medicine. She served on the National Advisory Council for Human Genome Research 2011-15 and is immediate past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors. Michelle A. Penny, Ph.D., is Head of the Translational Genome Sciences Group at Biogen. She is Co-Chair of the National Academy Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health and the Industry Pharmacogenomics Working Group. Sharon F. Terry, M.A., is President and Chief Executive Officer of Genetic Alliance and co-founder of the Genetic Alliance Registry and Biobank. She has served in a leadership role on organizations including the Precision Medicine Initiative Cohort Advisory Panel; Cures Acceleration Network Review Board and Advisory Council, National Center for Accelerating Translation Science, NIH; National Academy Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health; Global Alliance for Genomics and Health; and International Rare Disease Research Consortium Executive Committee. Organizations are listed here for author identification only
| | - Michelle A Penny
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; and Professor of Medicine at the University of Minnesota. She is also Chair of the University's Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences. She is a Principal Investigator on an NIH-supported project on "LawSeq: Building a Sound Legal Foundation for Translating Genomics into Clinical Application" (NHGRI/NCI # R01HG008605; Wolf, Clayton, Lawrenz, PIs). Pilar N. Ossorio, Ph.D., J.D., is Professor of Law and Bioethics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she is on the faculties of the Law School and the Department of Medical History and Bioethics at the Medical School. She is Ethics Scholar-in-Residence at the Morgridge Institute for Research, Co-Director of UW's Law and Neuroscience Program, a faculty member in the UW Masters in Biotechnology Studies program, and Program Faculty in the Graduate Program in Population Health. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Minnesota. She is a Professor in the Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Genetics, Cell Biology and Development. She is a member of the Minnesota Department of Health Newborn Screening Advisory Committee, a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics, and a Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics. Henry T. Greely, J.D., is the Deane F. and Kate Edelman Johnson Professor of Law and Professor, by courtesy, of Genetics at Stanford University. He chairs the California Advisory Committee on Human Stem Cell Research and the steering committee of the Stanford University Center for Biomedical Ethics, and directs the Stanford Center for Law and the Biosciences and the Stanford Program in Neuroscience and Society. Amy L. McGuire, J.D., Ph.D., is the Leon Jaworski Professor of Biomedical Ethics and Director of the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy at the Baylor College of Medicine. She served on the National Advisory Council for Human Genome Research 2011-15 and is immediate past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors. Michelle A. Penny, Ph.D., is Head of the Translational Genome Sciences Group at Biogen. She is Co-Chair of the National Academy Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health and the Industry Pharmacogenomics Working Group. Sharon F. Terry, M.A., is President and Chief Executive Officer of Genetic Alliance and co-founder of the Genetic Alliance Registry and Biobank. She has served in a leadership role on organizations including the Precision Medicine Initiative Cohort Advisory Panel; Cures Acceleration Network Review Board and Advisory Council, National Center for Accelerating Translation Science, NIH; National Academy Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health; Global Alliance for Genomics and Health; and International Rare Disease Research Consortium Executive Committee. Organizations are listed here for author identification only
| | - Sharon F Terry
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; and Professor of Medicine at the University of Minnesota. She is also Chair of the University's Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences. She is a Principal Investigator on an NIH-supported project on "LawSeq: Building a Sound Legal Foundation for Translating Genomics into Clinical Application" (NHGRI/NCI # R01HG008605; Wolf, Clayton, Lawrenz, PIs). Pilar N. Ossorio, Ph.D., J.D., is Professor of Law and Bioethics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she is on the faculties of the Law School and the Department of Medical History and Bioethics at the Medical School. She is Ethics Scholar-in-Residence at the Morgridge Institute for Research, Co-Director of UW's Law and Neuroscience Program, a faculty member in the UW Masters in Biotechnology Studies program, and Program Faculty in the Graduate Program in Population Health. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Minnesota. She is a Professor in the Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Genetics, Cell Biology and Development. She is a member of the Minnesota Department of Health Newborn Screening Advisory Committee, a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics, and a Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics. Henry T. Greely, J.D., is the Deane F. and Kate Edelman Johnson Professor of Law and Professor, by courtesy, of Genetics at Stanford University. He chairs the California Advisory Committee on Human Stem Cell Research and the steering committee of the Stanford University Center for Biomedical Ethics, and directs the Stanford Center for Law and the Biosciences and the Stanford Program in Neuroscience and Society. Amy L. McGuire, J.D., Ph.D., is the Leon Jaworski Professor of Biomedical Ethics and Director of the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy at the Baylor College of Medicine. She served on the National Advisory Council for Human Genome Research 2011-15 and is immediate past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors. Michelle A. Penny, Ph.D., is Head of the Translational Genome Sciences Group at Biogen. She is Co-Chair of the National Academy Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health and the Industry Pharmacogenomics Working Group. Sharon F. Terry, M.A., is President and Chief Executive Officer of Genetic Alliance and co-founder of the Genetic Alliance Registry and Biobank. She has served in a leadership role on organizations including the Precision Medicine Initiative Cohort Advisory Panel; Cures Acceleration Network Review Board and Advisory Council, National Center for Accelerating Translation Science, NIH; National Academy Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health; Global Alliance for Genomics and Health; and International Rare Disease Research Consortium Executive Committee. Organizations are listed here for author identification only
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23
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West KM, Blacksher E, Cavanaugh KL, Fullerton SM, Umeukeje EM, Young BA, Burke W. At the Research-Clinical Interface: Returning Individual Genetic Results to Research Participants. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 15:1181-1189. [PMID: 32041801 PMCID: PMC7409748 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.09670819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Whether individual results of genetic research studies ought to be disclosed to study participants has been debated in recent decades. Previously, the prevailing expert view discouraged the return of individual research results to participants because of the potential lack of analytic validity, questionable clinical validity and medical actionability, and questions about whether it is the role of research to provide participants with their data. With additional knowledge of participant perspectives and shifting views about the benefits of research and respect for participants, current expert consensus is moving toward support of returning such results. Significant ethical controversies remain, and there are many practical questions left to address, including appropriate procedures for returning results and the potential burden to clinicians when patients seek guidance about the clinical implications of research results. In this review, we describe current views regarding the return of genetic research results, including controversies and practical challenges, and consider the application of these issues to research on apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), a gene recently associated with health disparities in kidney disease. Although this case is unique, it illustrates the complexities involved in returning results and highlights remaining questions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kerri L Cavanaugh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Ebele M Umeukeje
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bessie A Young
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and.,Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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24
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Strohmaier J, Witt SH, Frank J, Lemme N, Flatau L, Streit F, Foo JC, Reitt M, Rujescu D, Schulze TG, Lanzerath D, Illes F, Degenhardt F, Rietschel M. Attitudes toward the right to autonomous decision-making in psychiatric genetic testing: Controversial and context-dependent. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:555-565. [PMID: 30912305 PMCID: PMC6899643 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in psychiatric genetics have identified genetic risk factors of yet unknown clinical value. A main ethical principal in the context of psychiatric research as well as future clinical genetic testing is the respect for a person's autonomy to decide whether to undergo genetic testing, and whom to grant access to genetic data. However, experience within the psychiatric genetic research setting has indicated controversies surrounding attitudes toward this ethical principal. This study aimed to explore attitudes concerning the right of individuals to self-determine testing and disclosure of results, and to determine whether these attitudes are context-dependent, that is, not directly related to the test result but rather to specific circumstances. N = 160 individuals with major depression or bipolar disorder and n = 29 relatives of individuals with either illness completed an online-questionnaire assessing attitudes toward genetic testing, genetic research, disclosure of results, incidental findings, and access to psychiatric genetic test results. Generally, the right of the person's autonomy was considered very important, but attitudes varied. For example, half of those who considered that children should have the right to refuse psychiatric genetic testing even against their parents' will, also state that they should be tested upon their parents' wishes. Also, the majority of respondents considered the physician entitled to disregard their stated wishes concerning the disclosure of incidental findings in case of good treatment options. Thus, researchers and clinicians must be aware that attitudes toward psychiatric genetic testing are often mutable and should discuss these prior to testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Strohmaier
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimUniversity of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Stephanie H. Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimUniversity of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimUniversity of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Noemi Lemme
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimUniversity of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Laura Flatau
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and GenomicsLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimUniversity of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Jerome C. Foo
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimUniversity of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Markus Reitt
- Section of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center, Georg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of PsychiatryPsychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany,Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Munich (LMU)MunichGermany
| | - Thomas G. Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and GenomicsLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany,Section of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center, Georg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - Dirk Lanzerath
- German Reference Centre for Ethics in the Life Sciences (DRZE)BonnGermany
| | - Franciska Illes
- Department of PsychiatryRuhr University Bochum, LWL‐University HospitalBochumGermany
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of BonnBonnGermany,Department of GenomicsLife & Brain Center, University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimUniversity of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
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25
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Joffe S, Sellers DE, Ekunwe L, Antoine-Lavigne D, McGraw S, Levy D, Splansky GL. Preferences for Return of Genetic Results Among Participants in the Jackson Heart Study and Framingham Heart Study. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2019; 12:e002632. [PMID: 31756304 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.119.002632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surveys suggest that most research participants desire access to secondary (incidental) genomic findings. However, few studies clarify whether preferences vary by the nature of the finding. METHODS We surveyed members of the JHS (Jackson Heart Study, n=960), the FHS (Framingham Heart Study; n=955), and African American members of the FHS Omni cohort (n=160) who had consented to genomic studies. Each factorial survey included 3 vignettes, randomly selected from a set of 64, that described a secondary genomic result. Vignettes varied systematically by 5 factors identified by expert panels as salient: phenotype severity, actionability (preventability), reproductive significance, and relative and absolute risk of the phenotype. Respondents indicated whether they would want to receive the result. Data were analyzed separately by cohort using generalized linear mixed models. RESULTS Response rates ranged from 67% to 73%. Across vignettes, 88% to 92% of respondents would definitely or probably want to learn the result. In multivariate analyses among JHS respondents, desire for results was associated with positive attitudes towards genetic testing, lower education, higher subjective numeracy, and younger age, but not with any of the 5 factors. Among FHS respondents, desire for results was associated with higher absolute risk, preventability, reproductive risk, and positive attitudes towards genetic testing. Among FHS Omni respondents, desire for results was associated with positive attitudes towards genetic testing and younger age. CONCLUSIONS Most genetic research participants desire return of secondary genetic results. Several factors identified by expert panels as salient are associated with preferences among FHS, but not JHS or FHS Omni, participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Joffe
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.J.).,Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (S.J.)
| | - Deborah E Sellers
- Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (D.E.S.)
| | - Lynette Ekunwe
- School of Public Health, Jackson Heart Study, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS (L.E.)
| | | | | | - Daniel Levy
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (D.L., G.L.S.).,Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.L.)
| | - Greta Lee Splansky
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (D.L., G.L.S.).,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (G.L.S.)
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26
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Leof ER, Zhu X, Rabe KG, McCormick JB, Petersen GM, Radecki Breitkopf C. Pancreatic cancer and melanoma related perceptions and behaviors following disclosure of CDKN2A variant status as a research result. Genet Med 2019; 21:2468-2477. [PMID: 30992552 PMCID: PMC6800778 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined whether participants who learned research results related to a germline CDKN2A variant known to be associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer and malignant melanoma would pursue confirmatory testing and cancer screening, share the genetic information with health care providers and family, and change risk perceptions. METHODS Participants were pancreas research registry enrollees whose biological sample was tested in a research laboratory for the variant. In total, 133 individuals were invited to learn a genetic research result and participate in a study about the disclosure process. Perceived cancer risk, screening intentions, and behaviors were assessed predisclosure, immediately postdisclosure, and six months postdisclosure. RESULTS Eighty individuals agreed to participate and 63 completed the study. Immediately postdisclosure, carriers reported greater intentions to undergo pancreatic cancer and melanoma screening (p values ≤0.024). Seventy-three percent of carriers (47.5% noncarriers) intended to seek confirmatory testing within six months and 20% (2.5% noncarriers) followed through. All participants shared results with ≥1 family member. More carriers shared results with their health care provider than noncarriers (p = 0.028). CONCLUSION Recipients of cancer genetic research results may not follow through with recommended behaviors (confirmatory testing, screening), despite stated intentions. The research result disclosure motivated follow-up behaviors among carriers more than noncarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Leof
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Prevention and Control Division, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kari G Rabe
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer B McCormick
- Department of Humanities, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gloria M Petersen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carmen Radecki Breitkopf
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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27
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Improving dissemination of study results: perspectives of individuals with cystic fibrosis. RESEARCH ETHICS REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1747016119869847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The practice of communicating research findings to participants has been identified as important in the research ethics literature, but little research has examined empirically how this occurs and what research participants’ views are in this regard. We interviewed 21 adults with cystic fibrosis who had previously participated in research and 2 research coordinators at a cystic fibrosis clinic. We aimed to better understand research participants’ views on receiving research results, types of findings they are interested in, how they would like to receive this information, and the impact this might have on future participation. Participants reported that they do not generally recall receiving study findings, though many reported that they would like to receive them. While some participants were not interested in receiving results, all participants felt that these results should be provided when desired by participants and believed that receiving study findings would support future participation. Participants felt that an accessible format, such as a lay summary, would be most helpful. This study supports calls to make study findings available to participants, though the format in which they are provided requires consideration. Participants rarely recalled receiving findings despite the clinic in which this study was conducted returning them regularly. Therefore, questions pertaining to the provision of study findings must focus less on whether to share the findings and more on how to share them with participants most effectively. The logistics of providing study findings may be challenging in some cases, but participant support for the practice highlights its importance.
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28
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Khodyakov D, Mendoza-Graf A, Berry S, Nebeker C, Bromley E. Return of Value in the New Era of Biomedical Research-One Size Will Not Fit All. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2019; 10:265-275. [PMID: 31580791 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2019.1666175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is a growing interest in creating large-scale repositories that store genetic, behavioral, and environmental data for future, unspecified uses. The All of Us Research Program is one example of such a repository. Its participants will get access to their personal data and the results of the studies that used them. However, little is known about what researchers should return to participants and how they should do it in a way that is valuable and meaningful to participants. Methods: To better understand the concept of "return of value" and the practice of returning valuable study information, we conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with 44 stakeholders with diverse perspectives on this topic. All interviews have been transcribed and coded thematically to identify the most salient themes, to explore differences between returning different types of study results, and to describe differences and similarities in perspectives of different stakeholder groups. Results: We found that one size does not fit all when it comes to returning value to participants: the decisions about return of results are affected by participant preferences, researchers' concerns about feasibility, the types of data collected, their level of granularity, and available options for supporting result interpretation. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the key to operationalizing return of value and to identifying ways to return valuable information to study participants may be to find a point of equilibrium between criteria that may affect usefulness and feasibility. The point of equilibrium may vary by study, by participants' backgrounds and preferences, by their health literacy and access to regular healthcare, and by the resources available to professionals controlling the data. Future studies should explore the factors that determine the point of equilibrium between feasibility and usefulness.
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29
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Evans BJ, Wolf SM. A FAUSTIAN BARGAIN THAT UNDERMINES RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS' PRIVACY RIGHTS AND RETURN OF RESULTS. FLORIDA LAW REVIEW 2019; 71:1281-1345. [PMID: 34305361 PMCID: PMC8302004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A 2018 committee report published by the highly respected National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine (the Report) recommends stripping research participants of crucial data privacy rights and discarding decades of carefully deliberated consensus guidelines for the ethical return of results and data from research. This Article traces these disturbing recommendations to three root causes: (1) a statement of task that blocked careful and impartial analysis of a disputed legal matter central to the Report; (2) a piecemeal legal analysis that omitted relevant strands of law; and (3) the inappropriate conflation of two distinct concepts-the return of individual research results (the stated subject of the Report) and privacy-enabling individual access rights, which have a nearly fifty-year legal history long predating the modern debate about return of results. The Report's recommendations would erect new barriers to the return of results and, simultaneously, dial back a core data privacy right that Americans-including many research participants-currently enjoy. We urge extreme caution in implementing this Report's flawed recommendations. Congress has elevated the right to see one's personal information to the status of a civil right in many different data environments. Diminishing individual access in the research context erodes its status as a right more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Evans
- Center for Biotechnology and Law, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston
| | - Susan M Wolf
- Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota
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30
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Gaieski JB, Patrick‐Miller L, Egleston BL, Maxwell KN, Walser S, DiGiovanni L, Brower J, Fetzer D, Ganzak A, McKenna D, Long JM, Powers J, Stopfer JE, Nathanson KL, Domchek SM, Bradbury AR. Research participants' experiences with return of genetic research results and preferences for web-based alternatives. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e898. [PMID: 31376244 PMCID: PMC6732272 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there is increasing interest in sharing genetic research results with participants, how best to communicate the risks, benefits and limitations of research results remains unclear. METHODS Participants who received genetic research results answered open and closed-ended questions about their experiences receiving results and interest in and advantages and disadvantages of a web-based alternative to genetic counseling. RESULTS 107 BRCA1/2 negative women with a personal or family history of breast cancer consented to receive genetic research results and 82% completed survey items about their experience. Most participants reported there was nothing they disliked (74%) or would change (85%) about their predisclosure or disclosure session (78% and 89%). They most frequently reported liking the genetic counselor and learning new information. Only 24% and 26% would not be willing to complete predisclosure counseling or disclosure of results by a web-based alternative, respectively. The most frequently reported advantages included convenience and reduced time. Disadvantages included not being able to ask questions, the risk of misunderstanding and the impersonal nature of the encounter. CONCLUSION Most participants receiving genetic research results report high satisfaction with telephone genetic counseling, but some may be willing to consider self-directed web alternatives for both predisclosure genetic education and return of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill B. Gaieski
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Linda Patrick‐Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology‐OncologyThe University of ChicagoChicagoUSA
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global HealthThe University of ChicagoChicagoUSA
| | - Brian L. Egleston
- Fox Chase Cancer CenterTemple University Health SystemPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Kara N. Maxwell
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Sarah Walser
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Laura DiGiovanni
- Abramson Cancer CenterPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Jamie Brower
- Abramson Cancer CenterPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Dominique Fetzer
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Amanda Ganzak
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Danielle McKenna
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Jessica M. Long
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Jacquelyn Powers
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Jill E. Stopfer
- Abramson Cancer CenterPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Katherine L. Nathanson
- Abramson Cancer CenterPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human GeneticsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
- Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer CenterPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Susan M. Domchek
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
- Abramson Cancer CenterPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
- Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer CenterPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Angela R. Bradbury
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
- Abramson Cancer CenterPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health PolicyPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
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31
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Zhu X, Leof ER, Rabe KG, McCormick JB, Petersen GM, Radecki Breitkopf C. Psychological Impact of Learning CDKN2A Variant Status as a Genetic Research Result. Public Health Genomics 2019; 21:154-163. [PMID: 30999302 PMCID: PMC6760672 DOI: 10.1159/000496556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about genetic research participants' responses to receiving individual research results (IRR) from cancer genetic research. We examined the immediate and delayed psychological impact of returning a CDKN2A variant result that is associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer and melanoma. METHODS One hundred and thirty-three pancreas research registry enrollees whose samples were tested in a research laboratory for the CDKN2A variant were invited by mail to learn the result by telephone and participate in a study about the disclosure process. Self-rated health, quality of life, and emotional responses were surveyed before and 6 months after disclosure. Genetic testing-specific distress, uncertainty, and positive experiences were assessed 6 months after disclosure. RESULTS Eighty individuals agreed to participate; 63 completed the study. Both carriers and noncarriers showed no change over time in self-rated health, quality of life, or anxiety levels. Carriers reported more sadness than noncarriers before and 6 months after disclosure. Both carriers and noncarriers showed more hopefulness 6 months after than before disclosure. Carriers experienced greater test-specific distress and uncertainty than noncarriers, but levels were low. -Conclusions: Return of IRR in conjunction with cancer prevention counseling led to low levels of test-specific distress and uncertainty among carriers. No other adverse psychological outcomes were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhu
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emma R Leof
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Prevention, and Control Division, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kari G Rabe
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jennifer B McCormick
- Department of Humanities, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gloria M Petersen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Rasmussen V, Forbes Shepherd R, Forrest LE, James PA, Young MA. Men's experiences of recontact about a potential increased risk of prostate cancer due to Lynch Syndrome: "Just another straw on the stack". J Genet Couns 2019; 28:750-759. [PMID: 30969465 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The practice of recontacting patients to provide new health information is becoming increasingly common in clinical genetics, despite the limited research to evidence the patient experience. We explored how men with Lynch Syndrome (LS) understand and experience being recontacted about a potential increased risk of prostate cancer. Sixteen men with LS (Meanage 51 years) were recruited from an Australian screening study to undergo a semi-structured interview. A modified grounded theory approach was used to guide data collection and thematic analysis. Qualitative coding was shared by the research team to triangulate analysis. The practice of recontact was viewed by participants as acceptable and was associated with minimal emotional distress. The majority of men understood that they may be above population risk of prostate cancer, although evidence was still emerging. Men reported high engagement with personal and familial health, including regular screening practices and familial risk communication. Findings suggest that men's carrier status and beliefs about the actionability of the new cancer risk information influence their response to recontact. Recontact practices that include the offer of risk management strategies may lead to improved patient outcomes (e.g., reduced cancer worry and increased health engagement), if perceived as valuable by recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Rasmussen
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rowan Forbes Shepherd
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura Elenor Forrest
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A James
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary-Anne Young
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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33
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Experts reflecting on the duty to recontact patients and research participants; why professionals should take the lead in developing guidelines. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 63:103642. [PMID: 30904667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequencing technology is increasing the scale of information that could benefit patients who have been tested in the past. This raises the question whether professionals have a duty to recontact such patients or their families. There is currently no clear basis for a legal duty to recontact, and professional guidelines are limited. We conducted interviews with 14 senior professionals from the Netherlands and UK to obtain a range of opinions on what obligations are estimated to be possible or desirable. There was (near) consensus that a lack of resources currently inhibits recontacting in clinical practice, that recontacting is less desirable in research, that information on recontacting should be part of informed consent, and that a legal duty should follow professional standards. There was a diversity of opinions on the desirability of a more systematic approach, potential obligations in hybrid clinical-research projects, and who should bear responsibility for seeking updates. Based on the literature, legal framework and these interviews, we conclude that a general duty to recontact is unlikely, but that in specific circumstances a limited duty may apply if the benefit to the individual is significant and the burden on professionals not too extensive. The variation in opinion demonstrates that further deliberations are desirable. The development of guidelines-a process the European Society of Human Genetics has begun-is important to ensure that the courts, in deciding a recontacting case, can take into account what professionals consider responsible standards in this field.
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Brothers KB, Rivera SM, Cadigan RJ, Sharp RR, Goldenberg AJ. A Belmont Reboot: Building a Normative Foundation for Human Research in the 21st Century. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2019; 47:165-172. [PMID: 30994072 PMCID: PMC6587582 DOI: 10.1177/1073110519840497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B. Brothers
- University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, Division of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, 231 East Chestnut Street, N-97, Louisville, KY 40202
- University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy, and Law, 501 E. Broadway, Ste 310, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Suzanne M. Rivera
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, School of Medicine, TA200, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland OH 44106-4976
| | - R. Jean Cadigan
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, Department of Social Medicine, CB #7240, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7240
| | - Richard R. Sharp
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, Biomedical Ethics Research Program, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Aaron J. Goldenberg
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, School of Medicine, TA200, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland OH 44106-4976
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35
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Evans BJ. THE GENETIC INFORMATION NONDISCRIMINATION ACT AT AGE 10: GINA'S CONTROVERSIAL ASSERTION THAT DATA TRANSPARENCY PROTECTS PRIVACY AND CIVIL RIGHTS. WILLIAM AND MARY LAW REVIEW 2019; 60:2017-2109. [PMID: 33953451 PMCID: PMC8095822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The genomic testing industry is an edifice built on data transparency: transparent and often unconsented sharing of our genetic information with researchers to fuel scientific discovery, transparent sharing of our test results to help regulators infer whether the tests are safe and effective, and transparent sharing of our health information to help treat other patients on the premise that we gain reciprocity of advantage when each person's health care is informed by the best available data about all of us. Transparency undeniably confers many social benefits but creates risks to the civil rights of the people whose genetic information is shared. Touted as a major civil rights law at the time of its passage, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) has endured ten years of criticism that its protections are ineffectual, insufficient, or even unethical and overtly unsafe for the people it aims to protect. At the center of this controversy are provisions of GINA that expand people's access to genetic information that others store about them-a heavily contested assertion that data transparency implies sharing data not just with third parties, but with the people whose data are being shared. This Article traces the decades-long roots of this assertion and explores pathways to resolve the controversy that engulfs it. It is important to resolve this controversy. As GINA enters its second decade, genomics is finally starting to gain sufficient predictive power to support discriminatory and other nefarious uses that GINA was designed to prevent. We are entering a positive feedback loop in which the genomic research that exposes us to risk of unwanted data disclosures simultaneously fuels discoveries that make such disclosures potentially more damaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Evans
- Center for Biotechnology & Law, University of Houston Law Center; Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Wolf
- Law School, Medical School, Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Barbara J Evans
- Law Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center on Biotechnology and Law, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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37
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Vos S, van Diest PJ, Ausems MGEM, van Dijk MR, de Leng WWJ, Bredenoord AL. Ethical considerations for modern molecular pathology. J Pathol 2018; 246:405-414. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Vos
- Department of Pathology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Margreet GEM Ausems
- Department of Medical Genetics; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marijke R van Dijk
- Department of Pathology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Wendy WJ de Leng
- Department of Pathology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Department of Medical Humanities; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
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38
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Abstract
As new, high-powered sequencing technologies are increasingly incorporated into genomics research, we believe that there has been a break point in how risks and benefits associated with genetic information are being characterized and understood. Genomic sequencing provides the potential benefit of a wealth of information, but also has the potential to alter how we conceptualize risks of sequencing. Until now, our conceptions of risks and benefits have been generally static, arising out of the early ethical, legal and social implications studies conducted in the context of targeted genetics. This paper investigates how the increasing availability of genetic information is changing views about risks and benefits, particularly examining our evolving understanding of psychosocial harms and our expanding conception of benefit. We argue that the lack of robust empirical evidence of psychosocial harms and the expanding view that benefits of genomic research include indirect familial benefit necessitate continued ethical, legal and social implications research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya ER Prince
- University of Iowa, College of Law, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Benjamin E Berkman
- National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center Department of Bioethics & National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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39
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Ottman R, Freyer C, Mefford HC, Poduri A, Lowenstein DH. Return of individual results in epilepsy genomic research: A view from the field. Epilepsia 2018; 59:1635-1642. [PMID: 30098010 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genomic findings are emerging rapidly in 2 large, closely related epilepsy research consortia: the Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project and Epi4K. Disclosure of individual results to participants in genomic research is increasingly viewed as an ethical obligation, but strategies for return of results were not included in the design of these consortia, raising complexities in establishing criteria for which results to offer, determining participant preferences, managing the large number of sites involved, and covering associated costs. Here, we describe the challenges faced, alternative approaches considered, and progress to date. Experience from these 2 consortia illustrates the importance, for genomic research in epilepsy and other disorders, of including a specific plan for return of results in the study design, with financial support for obtaining clinical confirmation and providing ongoing support for participants. Participant preferences for return of results should be established at the time of enrollment, and methods for allowing future contacts with participants should be included. In addition, methods should be developed for summarizing meaningful, comprehensible information about findings in the aggregate that participants can access in an ongoing way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Ottman
- Departments of Epidemiology and Neurology, and G. H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Catharine Freyer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Annapurna Poduri
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Genetics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel H Lowenstein
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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40
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Sheikh ZA, Hoeyer K. “Stop Talking to People; Talk with Them”: A Qualitative Study of Information Needs and Experiences Among Genetic Research Participants in Pakistan and Denmark. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2018; 14:3-14. [DOI: 10.1177/1556264618780810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article explores how research participants experienced information practices in an international genetic research collaboration involving the collection of biomaterial and clinical data in both Pakistan and Denmark. We investigated how people make sense of their research participation and the types of information they need and desire. We found great variation in what information exchange does and what participants experience as meaningful. For example, information practices could serve as a source of respect and recognition (in Denmark) or of hope, understanding or help when dealing with suffering (in Pakistan). Policies aimed at harmonizing ethics standards for international research do not encapsulate some of the most important aspects of information practices for the research participants involved. We suggest shifting the focus from standards of one-way information delivery to a more process-oriented form of research ethics, where the contextual exploration of local needs through a mutual engagement with participants gains more ground.
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41
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Nobile H, Borry P, Pischon T, Steinbrecher A, Boeing H, Vigl M, Bergmann MM. Participants' decision to enroll in cohort studies with biobanks: quantitative insights from two German studies. Per Med 2018; 14:477-485. [PMID: 29749857 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2017-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM To understand participants' actual motivations to enroll in cohort studies with biobanks. METHODS Participants of two such studies currently ongoing in Germany were invited to fill in a questionnaire about their decision to enroll. RESULTS From the 623 questionnaires completed, contributing to scientific knowledge appeared as a main motive for enrollment, followed by learning about personal health status and receiving personal medical advice. CONCLUSION Motivating participation as a way to contribute to the common good rather than as a way to obtain personal benefits appears to be particularly appropriate to ensure participants' long-term commitment and should therefore be further investigated in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Nobile
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute for Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany.,Center for Biomedical Ethics & Law, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pascal Borry
- Center for Biomedical Ethics & Law, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid Steinbrecher
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute for Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Matthäus Vigl
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute for Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Manuela M Bergmann
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute for Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
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42
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Abstract
As genetic sequencing capabilities become more powerful and costs decline, the reach of genomics is expanding beyond research laboratories to the wards, outpatient clinics, and, with the marketing of direct-to-consumer testing services, patients’ homes. Increasingly, patients receiving various diagnoses—from cancer to cardiomyopathy—can reasonably expect to have conversations with their providers about indications for genetic testing. In this dynamic context, a grasp of the ethical principles and history underlying clinical genetics will provide clinicians with the tools to guide their practice and help patients navigate complex medical-psychosocial terrain. This article provides an overview of the salient ethical concerns pertaining to clinical genetics. The subject is approached with an emphasis on clinical practice, but consideration is also given to research. The review is organized around the temporal and informational sequence of issues commonly arising during the course of pretesting, testing, and posttesting phases of patient care. Drawing from medical, legal, and historical perspectives, this review covers the following topics: (1) informed consent, (2) return of results, and (3) privacy and confidentiality, and intends to equip readers with an appropriate foundation to apply ethical principles to genetic testing paradigms with an understanding of the contextual landscape against which these situations occur.
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43
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Is it research or is it clinical? Revisiting an old frontier through the lens of next-generation sequencing technologies. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 61:634-641. [PMID: 29704685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS) are increasingly used in the clinic, one issue often pointed out in the literature is the fact that their implementation "blurs the line" between research and healthcare. Indeed, NGS data obtained through research study may have clinical significance, and patients may consent that their data is shared in international databases used in research. This blurred line may increase the risk of therapeutic misconception, or that of over-reporting incidental findings. The law has been used to impose a distinction between the two contexts, but this distinction may not always be as clear in the practice of clinical genomics. To illustrate this, we reviewed the legal frameworks in France and Quebec on the matter, and asked the opinion of stakeholders who use NGS to help cancer and rare disease patients in practice. We found that while there are clear legal distinctions between research and clinical care, bridges between the two contexts exist, and the law focuses on providing appropriate protections to persons, whether they are patients or research participants. The technology users we interviewed expressed that their use of NGS was designed to help patients, but harbored elements pertaining to research as well as care. We hence saw that NGS technologies are often used with a double objective, both individual care and the creation of collective knowledge. Our results highlight the importance of moving towards research-based care, where clinical information can be progressively enriched with evolutive research results. We also found that there can be a misalignment between scientific experts' views and legal norms of what constitutes research or care, which should be addressed. Our method allowed us to shed light on a grey zone at the edge between research and care, where the full benefits of NGS can be yielded. We believe that this and other evidence from the realities of clinical research practice can be used to design more stable and responsible personalized medicine policies.
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44
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Warner TD, Weil CJ, Andry C, Degenholtz HB, Parker L, Carithers LJ, Feige M, Wendler D, Pentz RD. Broad Consent for Research on Biospecimens: The Views of Actual Donors at Four U.S. Medical Centers. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2018; 13:115-124. [PMID: 29390947 PMCID: PMC5869128 DOI: 10.1177/1556264617751204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Commentators are concerned that broad consent may not provide biospecimen donors with sufficient information regarding possible future research uses of their tissue. We surveyed with interviews 302 cancer patients who had recently provided broad consent at four diverse academic medical centers. The majority of donors believed that the consent form provided them with sufficient information regarding future possible uses of their biospecimens. Donors expressed very positive views regarding tissue donation in general and endorsed the use of their biospecimens in future research across a wide range of contexts. Concerns regarding future uses were limited to for-profit research and research by investigators in other countries. These results support the use of broad consent to store and use biological samples in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Latarsha J. Carithers
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (USA)
- Now at the National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (USA)
| | - Michelle Feige
- Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs, Inc. (USA)
| | | | - Rebecca D. Pentz
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine (USA)
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45
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Wolf SM, Scholtes E, Koenig BA, Petersen GM, Berry SA, Beskow LM, Daly MB, Fernandez CV, Green RC, LeRoy BS, Lindor NM, O'Rourke PP, Breitkopf CR, Rothstein MA, Van Ness B, Wilfond BS. Pragmatic Tools for Sharing Genomic Research Results with the Relatives of Living and Deceased Research Participants. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2018; 46:87-109. [PMID: 30008546 PMCID: PMC6040667 DOI: 10.1177/1073110518766024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Returning genomic research results to family members raises complex questions. Genomic research on life-limiting conditions such as cancer, and research involving storage and reanalysis of data and specimens long into the future, makes these questions pressing. This author group, funded by an NIH grant, published consensus recommendations presenting a framework. This follow-up paper offers concrete guidance and tools for implementation. The group collected and analyzed relevant documents and guidance, including tools from the Clinical Sequencing Exploratory Research (CSER) Consortium. The authors then negotiated a consensus toolkit of processes and documents. That toolkit offers sample consent and notification documents plus decision flow-charts to address return of results to family of living and deceased participants, in adult and pediatric research. Core concerns are eliciting participant preferences on sharing results with family and on choice of a representative to make decisions about sharing after participant death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Wolf
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Emily Scholtes
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Barbara A Koenig
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Gloria M Petersen
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Susan A Berry
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Mary B Daly
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Conrad V Fernandez
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Robert C Green
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Bonnie S LeRoy
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - P Pearl O'Rourke
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Carmen Radecki Breitkopf
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Mark A Rothstein
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Brian Van Ness
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Benjamin S Wilfond
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
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Berrios C, James CA, Raraigh K, Bollinger J, Murray B, Tichnell C, Applegate CD, Bergner AL. Enrolling Genomics Research Participants through a Clinical Setting: the Impact of Existing Clinical Relationships on Informed Consent and Expectations for Return of Research Results. J Genet Couns 2018; 27:263-273. [PMID: 28932961 PMCID: PMC7539290 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic counselors working in a clinical setting may find themselves recruiting, enrolling, and returning results for genomic research, and existing clinical relationships with study participants may impact these research interactions. We present a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews of participants enrolled in a genome sequencing/exome sequencing (GS/ES) study at the same institution where they receive clinical care. Interviews were coded for motivations to participate and expectations of this research. The interviews revealed common motivations for participation, including altruism and hope for benefit for themselves, family members, and/or others with their condition. Additionally, themes emerged related to unintentional influence based on trust of the clinical provider that recruited them to the study. Participant trust in the enrolling provider at times appeared to extend to the study team to decide which research results to return and to do so in an appropriate format. Participants also based expectations for research results return on previous clinical genetic testing experiences, which may or may not be realistic depending on study design. It is imperative that genetic counselors enrolling patients into research studies be aware of the potential influence of their clinical relationship on potential subjects, be transparent about their role on the study team, and help set expectations about the study process, including results return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Berrios
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 600 North Wolfe Street, Blalock 1008, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Cynthia A James
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen Raraigh
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 600 North Wolfe Street, Blalock 1008, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Juli Bollinger
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brittney Murray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Crystal Tichnell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carolyn D Applegate
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 600 North Wolfe Street, Blalock 1008, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Amanda L Bergner
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 600 North Wolfe Street, Blalock 1008, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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47
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Waltz M, Cadigan RJ, Prince AER, Skinner D, Henderson GE. Age and perceived risks and benefits of preventive genomic screening. Genet Med 2017; 20:1038-1044. [PMID: 29215654 PMCID: PMC5991986 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose As genome sequencing moves from research to clinical practice, sequencing technologies focused on “medically actionable” targets are being promoted for preventive screening despite the dearth of systematic evidence of risks and benefits and criteria for who should be screened. This study investigates researchers’ and research participants’ perceptions of these issues within the context of a preventive genomic screening study, GeneScreen. Methods We recorded researcher deliberations regarding age eligibility criteria and the risks and benefits of screening, and conducted interviews with 50 GeneScreen participants about their motivations for joining and perceptions of risks and benefits. Results Researchers made assumptions about who would want and benefit from screening based on age. After discussion, researchers opted not to have an upper age limit for enrollment. Participants of all ages perceived similar benefits, including prevention, treatment, and cascade testing, and similar risks such as insurance discrimination and worry. Conclusion While clinical benefits of preventive genomic screening for older adults are debatable, our respondents perceived a range of benefits of screening in both clinical and research settings. Researchers and clinicians should carefully consider decisions about excluding older adults and providing information about benefits and risks across age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Waltz
- Center for Genomics and Society, Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
| | - R Jean Cadigan
- Center for Genomics and Society, Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Center for Bioethics, Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anya E R Prince
- Center for Genomics and Society, Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,University of Iowa College of Law, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Debra Skinner
- Center for Genomics and Society, Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,FPG Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gail E Henderson
- Center for Genomics and Society, Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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48
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Petersen I, Kaatsch P, Spix C, Kollek R. Return and Disclosure of Research Results: Parental Attitudes and Needs Over Time in Pediatric Oncology. J Pediatr 2017; 191:232-237. [PMID: 28969889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore parental attitudes regarding the return and disclosure of research findings in pediatric cancer trials over time. STUDY DESIGN Two surveys were set up to evaluate the stability of parental attitudes. One survey was carried out among 581 parents whose child was diagnosed recently (response rate, 53.5%). A second, population-based survey was set up with a time interval of 4 years between first cancer diagnosis and survey in which 1465 parents were included (response rate, 55.1%). RESULTS Almost all surveyed parents stated a parental right to receive aggregate research results. Fifty-five percent of the parents who recently participated in trials and 62% of those asked after a multiyear time interval thought that disclosure of individual findings is in any case necessary (P = .0034). The respondents wanted to restrict the duty to disclose study results to the child according to their notion of the child's well-being, composed of child's maturity, impairment of the parent-child relationship, and the quality of the results. CONCLUSIONS Attitudes of parents regarding the return of research findings change over time. Shortly after diagnosis, parents are mainly interested in aggregate findings. Interest in individual findings appeared to increase as more time elapsed between cancer diagnosis and survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imme Petersen
- Hamburg University, Research Centre for Biotechnology, Society and the Environment, Research Group on Medicine and Neurosciences, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Kaatsch
- German Childhood Cancer Registry, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Spix
- German Childhood Cancer Registry, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Regine Kollek
- Hamburg University, Research Centre for Biotechnology, Society and the Environment, Research Group on Medicine and Neurosciences, Hamburg, Germany
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49
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Laurino MY, Truitt AR, Tenney L, Fisher D, Lindor NM, Veenstra D, Jarvik GP, Newcomb PA, Fullerton SM. Clinical verification of genetic results returned to research participants: findings from a Colon Cancer Family Registry. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2017; 5:700-708. [PMID: 29178651 PMCID: PMC5702564 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent to which participants act to clinically verify research results is largely unknown. This study examined whether participants who received Lynch syndrome (LS)-related findings pursued researchers' recommendation to clinically verify results with testing performed by a CLIA-certified laboratory. METHODS The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center site of the multinational Colon Cancer Family Registry offered non-CLIA individual genetic research results to select registry participants (cases and their enrolled relatives) from 2011 to 2013. Participants who elected to receive results were counseled on the importance of verifying results at a CLIA-certified laboratory. Twenty-six (76.5%) of the 34 participants who received genetic results completed 2- and 12-month postdisclosure surveys; 42.3% of these (11/26) participated in a semistructured follow-up interview. RESULTS Within 12 months of result disclosure, only 4 (15.4%) of 26 participants reported having verified their results in a CLIA-certified laboratory; of these four cases, all research and clinical results were concordant. Reasons for pursuing clinical verification included acting on the recommendation of the research team and informing future clinical care. Those who did not verify results cited lack of insurance coverage and limited perceived personal benefit of clinical verification as reasons for inaction. CONCLUSION These findings suggest researchers will need to address barriers to seeking clinical verification in order to ensure that the intended benefits of returning genetic research results are realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Y. Laurino
- Cancer Prevention ProgramSeattle Cancer Care AllianceSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Anjali R. Truitt
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Lederle Tenney
- Public Health Sciences DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Douglass Fisher
- Public Health Sciences DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - David Veenstra
- Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research and Policy ProgramSchool of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Gail P. Jarvik
- Division of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Polly A. Newcomb
- Public Health Sciences DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
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50
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Ormondroyd E, Mackley MP, Blair E, Craft J, Knight JC, Taylor JC, Taylor J, Watkins H. "Not pathogenic until proven otherwise": perspectives of UK clinical genomics professionals toward secondary findings in context of a Genomic Medicine Multidisciplinary Team and the 100,000 Genomes Project. Genet Med 2017; 20:320-328. [PMID: 29261176 PMCID: PMC5880578 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Approaches to secondary findings in genome sequencing (GS) are unresolved. In the United Kingdom, GS is now routinely available through the 100,000 Genomes Project, which offers participants feedback of limited secondary findings. Methods In Oxford, a Genomic Medicine Multidisciplinary Team (GM-MDT) governs local access to GS, and reviews findings. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 19 GM-MDT members to explore perspectives on secondary findings. Results While enthusiastic about GS for diagnosing rare disease, members question the rationale for genome screening largely because of lack of evidence for clinical utility and limited justification for use of resources. Members’ views are drawn from diverse experiences; they feel a strong sense of responsibility to act in participants’ best interests. The capacity to return limited secondary findings should be enabled, but members favor a cautious approach that is responsive to accumulating evidence. Informed participant choice is considered critical, yet challenging. Discrimination of variants is considered essential, and requiring of specialist input and consensus. Multiple areas requiring enhanced engagement and education are identified, i.e., for patients, the public, and health-care professionals; at present, mainstreaming of genomics may be premature. Conclusion UK experts believe that evidence to inform policy toward secondary findings is lacking, arguing for caution. Supplementary information The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/gim.2017.157) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ormondroyd
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael P Mackley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Edward Blair
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundations Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Judith Craft
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundations Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian C Knight
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jenny C Taylor
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Taylor
- Oxford NHS Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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