1
|
Kišidayová S, Scholcová N, Mihaliková K, Váradyová Z, Pristaš P, Weisskopf S, Chrudimský T, Chroňáková A, Šimek M, Šustr V. Some Aspects of the Physiology of the Nyctotherus velox, a Commensal Ciliated Protozoon Taken from the Hindgut of the Tropical Millipede Archispirostreptus gigas. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051110. [PMID: 37240755 DOI: 10.3390/life13051110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the growth requirements, fermentation pattern, and hydrolytic enzymatic activities of anaerobic ciliates collected from the hindgut of the African tropical millipede Archispirostreptus gigas are described. Single-cell molecular analysis showed that ciliates from the millipede hindgut could be assigned to the Nyctotherus velox and a new species named N. archispirostreptae n. sp. The ciliate N. velox can grow in vitro with unspecified prokaryotic populations and various plant polysaccharides (rice starch-RS, xylan, crystalline cellulose20-CC, carboxymethylcellulose-CMC, and inulin) or without polysaccharides (NoPOS) in complex reduced medium with soluble supplements (peptone, glucose, and vitamins). Specific catalytic activity (nkat/g of protein) of α amylase of 300, xylanase of 290, carboxymethylcellulase of 190, and inulinase of 170 was present in the crude protein extract of N. velox. The highest in vitro dry matter digestibility was observed in RS and inulin after 96 h of fermentation. The highest methane concentration was observed in xylan and inulin substrates. The highest short-chain fatty acid concentration was observed in RS, inulin, and xylan. In contrast, the highest ammonia concentration was observed in NoPOS, CMC, and CC. The results indicate that starch is the preferred substrate of the N. velox. Hydrolytic enzyme activities of N. velox showed that the ciliates contribute to the fermentation of plant polysaccharides in the gut of millipedes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Kišidayová
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 00 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Nikola Scholcová
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 00 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Mihaliková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 00 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zora Váradyová
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 00 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Pristaš
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 00 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Stanislava Weisskopf
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry, Biology Centre AS CR, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Chrudimský
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre AS CR, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Alica Chroňáková
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry, Biology Centre AS CR, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Šimek
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry, Biology Centre AS CR, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Šustr
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry, Biology Centre AS CR, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dallas JW, Warne RW. Captivity and Animal Microbiomes: Potential Roles of Microbiota for Influencing Animal Conservation. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:820-838. [PMID: 35316343 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-01991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
During the ongoing biodiversity crisis, captive conservation and breeding programs offer a refuge for species to persist and provide source populations for reintroduction efforts. Unfortunately, captive animals are at a higher disease risk and reintroduction efforts remain largely unsuccessful. One potential factor in these outcomes is the host microbiota which includes a large diversity and abundance of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that play an essential role in host physiology. Relative to wild populations, the generalized pattern of gut and skin microbiomes in captivity are reduced alpha diversity and they exhibit a significant shift in community composition and/or structure which often correlates with various physiological maladies. Many conditions of captivity (antibiotic exposure, altered diet composition, homogenous environment, increased stress, and altered intraspecific interactions) likely lead to changes in the host-associated microbiome. To minimize the problems arising from captivity, efforts can be taken to manipulate microbial diversity and composition to be comparable with wild populations through methods such as increasing dietary diversity, exposure to natural environmental reservoirs, or probiotics. For individuals destined for reintroduction, these strategies can prime the microbiota to buffer against novel pathogens and changes in diet and improve reintroduction success. The microbiome is a critical component of animal physiology and its role in species conservation should be expanded and included in the repertoire of future management practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Dallas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
| | - Robin W Warne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oelze VM, O'Neal I, Wittig RM, Kupczik K, Schulz-Kornas E, Hohmann G. A skew in poo: Biases in primate fecal isotope analysis and recommendations for standardized sample preparation. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23436. [PMID: 36239010 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Feces are a treasure trove in the study of animal behavior and ecology. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis allows to assess the dietary niches of elusive primate species and primate breastfeeding behavior. However, some fecal isotope data may unwillingly be biased toward the isotope ratios of undigested plant matter, requiring more consistent sample preparation protocols. We assess the impact of this potential data skew in 114 fecal samples of wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) by measuring the isotope differences (Δ13 C, Δ15 N) between bulk fecal samples containing larger particles (>1 mm) and filtered samples containing only small particles (<1 mm). We assess the influence of fecal carbon and nitrogen content (ΔC:N) and sample donor age (subadult, adult) on the resulting Δ13 C, Δ15 N values (n = 228). Additionally, we measure the isotope ratios in three systematically sieved fecal samples of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus), with particle sizes ranging from 20 μm to 8 mm (n = 30). We found differences in fecal carbon and nitrogen content, with the smaller fecal fraction containing more nitrogen on average. While the Δ13 C values were small and not affected by age or ΔC:N, the Δ15 N values were significantly influenced by fecal ΔC:N, possibly resulting from the differing proportions of undigested plant macroparticles. Significant relationships between carbon stable isotope ratios (δ13 C) values and %C in large fecal fractions of both age groups corroborated this assessment. Δ15 N values were significantly larger in adults than subadults, which should be of concern in isotope studies comparing adult females with infants to assess breastfeeding. We found a random variation of up to 3.0‰ in δ13 C and 2.0‰ in nitrogen stable isotope ratios within the chimpanzee fecal samples separated by particle sizes. We show that particle size influences isotope ratios and propose a simple, cost-effective filtration method for primate feces to exclude larger undigested food particles from the analysis, which can easily be adopted by labs worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicky M Oelze
- Anthropology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Isabella O'Neal
- Anthropology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Department of Human Behavior, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Ecology and Culture, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Cognitive Sciences, CNRS UMR5229 University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ellen Schulz-Kornas
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Hohmann
- Department of Human Behavior, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Ecology and Culture, Leipzig, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, Yan S, Sheng S, Qin Q, Chen J, Li W, Li T, Gao X, Wang L, Ang L, Ding S. Comparison of gut microbiota in male MAFLD patients with varying liver stiffness. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:873048. [PMID: 35992168 PMCID: PMC9381746 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.873048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In this study, we examined the changes to the composition and function of the gut microbiota from patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD).We compared patients in a case group (liver stiffness (LSM) ≥ 7.4 kPa) with a matched control group (LSM < 7.4 kPa) and investigated the correlation between characteristics of the microbiota and other biochemical indicators. Methods The study looked at a total of 85 men with MAFLD, 17 of whom were in the case group and 68 of whom were in the control group. We measured waist circumference, blood pressure, and body mass index, as well as clinical parameters including liver stiffness, enzyme levels, cholesterol levels, and fat attenuation. Whole-genome shotgun sequencing technology and the MetaCyc database were then used to detect the composition and major pathways of the gut microbiota for each patient. Statistical analyses were performed, including the chi-square test, the student’s t-test, the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and the Mann–Whitney test. Results Whole-genome sequencing showed that the composition of the gut microbiota in patients with an LSM of above 7.4 kPa was significantly different to that of the control group. There were seven bacterial species that were different between the two groups. Prevotella copri, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, Eubacterium biforme, and Collinsella aerofaciens were enriched in the case group (P < 0.05). Conversely, Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides stercoris and Clostridiales bacterium 1_7_47FAA were decreased in the case group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, after removing low abundance pathways, a total of 32 microbial pathways were found to be significantly different between the two groups. Most pathways enriched in the case group over the control were related to biosynthesis of metabolites including amino acids, vitamins, nucleosides, and nucleotides. Conclusion. The composition and function of the gut microbiota in patients with increased liver stiffness are significantly altered. This observation may provide new avenues to better understand the mechanism of liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Zhang
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Su Yan
- Center for Precision Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shifeng Sheng
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qian Qin
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingfeng Chen
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weikang Li
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Gao
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Ang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suying Ding
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Suying Ding,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
de Andrade Carneiro L, Moreno TB, Fernandes BD, Souza CMM, Bastos TS, Félix AP, da Rocha C. Effects of two dietary fiber levels on nutrient digestibility and intestinal fermentation products in captive brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba). Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23238. [PMID: 33544426 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herbivorous primates present a selective consumption profile and morphological adaptations to use the fibrous fraction of their diets. Brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba) are generalist herbivores; however, when kept under human care, they usually receive diets rich in fruits and with insufficient amounts of fiber. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in howlers on apparent total tract digestibility coefficients (ATTDC), fecal consistency, and intestinal fermentation products. A group of 26 adult howler monkeys, 13 males and 13 females, were fed two diets formulated to have 33% or 40% NDF for 11 days, according to a randomized block design (N = 26). The block factor was the enclosures with one, two, or three individuals (each enclosure corresponded to an experimental unit), totaling in eight replicates per treatment. There were no differences in dry matter and nutrients intake between treatments (p > 0.05). The diet with 33% NDF resulted in higher (p < 0.05) ATTDC of crude protein and crude energy. However, lower fecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and dry matter were observed in the treatment with 33% NDF in contrast to the 40% NDF group (p < 0.05). We recommend the inclusion of higher fiber levels (40% NDF) in the diet of howler monkeys since there is evidence of greater production of SCFA and improvement in fecal consistency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Andrade Carneiro
- Depratment of Animal nutrition board, Superintendence of Conservation and Research, Brasilia Zoo Foundation, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Tatiane B Moreno
- Depratment of Animal nutrition board, Superintendence of Conservation and Research, Brasilia Zoo Foundation, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Barbara D Fernandes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Camilla M M Souza
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Tais S Bastos
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ananda P Félix
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Chayane da Rocha
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hanya G, Tackmann J, Sawada A, Lee W, Pokharel SS, de Castro Maciel VG, Toge A, Kuroki K, Otsuka R, Mabuchi R, Liu J, Hatakeyama M, Yamasaki E, von Mering C, Shimizu-Inatsugi R, Hayakawa T, Shimizu KK, Ushida K. Fermentation Ability of Gut Microbiota of Wild Japanese Macaques in the Highland and Lowland Yakushima: In Vitro Fermentation Assay and Genetic Analyses. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 80:459-474. [PMID: 32328670 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata Blyth) living in the highland and lowland areas of Yakushima are known to have different diets, with highland individuals consuming more leaves. We aim to clarify whether and how these differences in diet are also reflected by gut microbial composition and fermentation ability. Therefore, we conduct an in vitro fermentation assay using fresh feces from macaques as inoculum and dry leaf powder of Eurya japonica Thunb. as a substrate. Fermentation activity was higher for feces collected in the highland, as evidenced by higher gas and butyric acid production and lower pH. Genetic analysis indicated separation of highland and lowland in terms of both community structure and function of the gut microbiota. Comparison of feces and suspension after fermentation indicated that the community structure changed during fermentation, and the change was larger for lowland samples. Analysis of the 16S rRNA V3-V4 barcoding region of the gut microbiota showed that community structure was clearly clustered between the two areas. Furthermore, metagenomic analysis indicated separation by gene and pathway abundance patterns. Two pathways (glycogen biosynthesis I and D-galacturonate degradation I) were enriched in lowland samples, possibly related to the fruit-eating lifestyle in the lowland. Overall, we demonstrated that the more leaf-eating highland Japanese macaques harbor gut microbiota with higher leaf fermentation ability compared with the more fruit-eating lowland ones. Broad, non-specific taxonomic and functional gut microbiome differences suggest that this pattern may be driven by a complex interplay between many taxa and pathways rather than single functional traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.
| | - Janko Tackmann
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Akiko Sawada
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Wanyi Lee
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | | | | | - Akito Toge
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Kota Kuroki
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Ryoma Otsuka
- Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoma Mabuchi
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jie Liu
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaomi Hatakeyama
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eri Yamasaki
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Rie Shimizu-Inatsugi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Hayakawa
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Kentaro K Shimizu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazunari Ushida
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences, Kasugai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Harris EV, de Roode JC, Gerardo NM. Diet-microbiome-disease: Investigating diet's influence on infectious disease resistance through alteration of the gut microbiome. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007891. [PMID: 31671152 PMCID: PMC6822718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic factors can affect host resistance to parasites. Host diet and host gut microbiomes are two increasingly recognized factors influencing disease resistance. In particular, recent studies demonstrate that (1) particular diets can reduce parasitism; (2) diets can alter the gut microbiome; and (3) the gut microbiome can decrease parasitism. These three separate relationships suggest the existence of indirect links through which diets reduce parasitism through an alteration of the gut microbiome. However, such links are rarely considered and even more rarely experimentally validated. This is surprising because there is increasing discussion of the therapeutic potential of diets and gut microbiomes to control infectious disease. To elucidate these potential indirect links, we review and examine studies on a wide range of animal systems commonly used in diet, microbiome, and disease research. We also examine the relative benefits and disadvantages of particular systems for the study of these indirect links and conclude that mice and insects are currently the best animal systems to test for the effect of diet-altered protective gut microbiomes on infectious disease. Focusing on these systems, we provide experimental guidelines and highlight challenges that must be overcome. Although previous studies have recommended these systems for microbiome research, here we specifically recommend these systems because of their proven relationships between diet and parasitism, between diet and the microbiome, and between the microbiome and parasite resistance. Thus, they provide a sound foundation to explore the three-way interaction between diet, the microbiome, and infectious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica V. Harris
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacobus C. de Roode
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nicole M. Gerardo
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nagpal R, Shively CA, Register TC, Craft S, Yadav H. Gut microbiome-Mediterranean diet interactions in improving host health. F1000Res 2019; 8:699. [PMID: 32704349 PMCID: PMC7359750 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18992.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in host health and disease. Host diet is one of the most significant modulators of the gut microbial community and its metabolic activities. Evidence demonstrates that dietary patterns such as the 'Western diet' and perturbations in gut microbiome (dysbiosis) have strong associations with a wide range of human diseases, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, consumption of Mediterranean-style diets is considered healthy and associated with the prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, colorectal cancers and many other diseases. Such beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet might be attributed to high proportion of fibers, mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants and polyphenols. Concurrent literature has demonstrated beneficial modulation of the gut microbiome following a Mediterranean-style diet in humans as well as in experimental animal models such as rodents. We recently demonstrated similar positive changes in the gut microbiome of non-human primates consuming a Mediterranean-style diet for long term (30 months). Therefore, it is rational to speculate that this positive modulation of the gut microbiome diversity, composition and function is one of the main factors intermediating the health effects of Mediterranean diet on the host. The present perspective discusses the evidences that the Mediterranean diet induces gut microbiome modulation in rodents, non-human primates and human subjects, and discusses the potential role of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites as one of the fundamental catalysts intermediating various beneficial health effects of Mediterranean diet on the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Nagpal
- Division of Internal Medicine - Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101, USA
| | - Carol A. Shively
- Department of Pathology - Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101, USA
| | - Thomas C. Register
- Department of Pathology - Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101, USA
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101, USA
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Division of Internal Medicine - Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Grzywacz K, Butcher J, Romain G, Li J, Stintzi A. The impact of probiotics and lactoferrin supplementation on piglet gastrointestinal microbial communities. Biometals 2019; 32:533-543. [PMID: 31041632 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics and lactoferrin are currently being used in neonatal intensive care units in the hopes of reducing rates of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). While studies have shown that these measures can be clinically beneficial to premature babies, and there are ongoing trials to measure their impact on NEC and sepsis rates, little is known about how they may impact microbiota development. We thus employed a newborn piglet model to assess the impact of feeding probiotics or a combination of probiotics and lactoferrin on development of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Healthy full-term piglets were fed either probiotics alone or probiotics and a bovine lactoferrin supplement over the first weeks of life, and their microbiota profiles were compared with unsupplemented controls. We found that both probiotic and probiotic plus lactoferrin treatments impacted the microbial composition within the gastrointestinal tract, with differing impacts on various regions within the gut. In addition, the impact of probiotics was often reversed by the presence of lactoferrin and both feeding interventions altered the microbiota's genetic propensity to use ferric versus ferrous ions. These results suggest that iron availability may be a key factor to consider when designing feeding interventions that target the microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Grzywacz
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, CHU Sainte Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James Butcher
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Guillaume Romain
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jennifer Li
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cox LA, Olivier M, Spradling-Reeves K, Karere GM, Comuzzie AG, VandeBerg JL. Nonhuman Primates and Translational Research-Cardiovascular Disease. ILAR J 2018; 58:235-250. [PMID: 28985395 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Human epidemiological studies provide challenges for understanding mechanisms that regulate initiation and progression of CVD due to variation in lifestyle, diet, and other environmental factors. Studies describing metabolic and physiologic aspects of CVD, and those investigating genetic and epigenetic mechanisms influencing CVD initiation and progression, have been conducted in multiple Old World nonhuman primate (NHP) species. Major advantages of NHPs as models for understanding CVD are their genetic, metabolic, and physiologic similarities with humans, and the ability to control diet, environment, and breeding. These NHP species are also genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous, providing opportunities to study gene by environment interactions that are not feasible in inbred animal models. Each Old World NHP species included in this review brings unique strengths as models to better understand human CVD. All develop CVD without genetic manipulation providing multiple models to discover genetic variants that influence CVD risk. In addition, as each of these NHP species age, their age-related comorbidities such as dyslipidemia and diabetes are accelerated proportionally 3 to 4 times faster than in humans.In this review, we discuss current CVD-related research in NHPs focusing on selected aspects of CVD for which nonprimate model organism studies have left gaps in our understanding of human disease. We include studies on current knowledge of genetics, epigenetics, calorie restriction, maternal calorie restriction and offspring health, maternal obesity and offspring health, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and steatosis, Chagas disease, microbiome, stem cells, and prevention of CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Cox
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Michael Olivier
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Genesio M Karere
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Anthony G Comuzzie
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - John L VandeBerg
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg/Harlingen/Brownsville, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schulz D, Qablan MA, Profousova-Psenkova I, Vallo P, Fuh T, Modry D, Piel AK, Stewart F, Petrzelkova KJ, Fliegerová K. Anaerobic Fungi in Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Feces: an Adaptation to a High-Fiber Diet? INT J PRIMATOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-018-0052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
12
|
Clayton JB, Gomez A, Amato K, Knights D, Travis DA, Blekhman R, Knight R, Leigh S, Stumpf R, Wolf T, Glander KE, Cabana F, Johnson TJ. The gut microbiome of nonhuman primates: Lessons in ecology and evolution. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22867. [PMID: 29862519 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract is home to trillions of bacteria that play a substantial role in host metabolism and immunity. While progress has been made in understanding the role that microbial communities play in human health and disease, much less attention has been given to host-associated microbiomes in nonhuman primates (NHPs). Here we review past and current research exploring the gut microbiome of NHPs. First, we summarize methods for characterization of the NHP gut microbiome. Then we discuss variation in gut microbiome composition and function across different NHP taxa. Finally, we highlight how studying the gut microbiome offers new insights into primate nutrition, physiology, and immune system function, as well as enhances our understanding of primate ecology and evolution. Microbiome approaches are useful tools for studying relevant issues in primate ecology. Further study of the gut microbiome of NHPs will offer new insight into primate ecology and evolution as well as human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Clayton
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota.,GreenViet Biodiversity Conservation Center, Son Tra District, Danang, Vietnam.,Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Andres Gomez
- Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
| | - Katherine Amato
- Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Dan Knights
- Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dominic A Travis
- Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Ran Blekhman
- Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Falcon Heights, Minnesota
| | - Rob Knight
- Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Computer Science & Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Steven Leigh
- Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado.,C.R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Rebecca Stumpf
- Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,C.R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Tiffany Wolf
- Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Kenneth E Glander
- Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Francis Cabana
- Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Wildlife Nutrition Centre, Wildlife Reserves Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota.,Primate Microbiome Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,University of Minnesota, Mid-Central Research and Outreach Center, Willmar, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nagpal R, Shively CA, Appt SA, Register TC, Michalson KT, Vitolins MZ, Yadav H. Gut Microbiome Composition in Non-human Primates Consuming a Western or Mediterranean Diet. Front Nutr 2018; 5:28. [PMID: 29922651 PMCID: PMC5996930 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal tract harbors a highly diverse and dynamic community of bacteria. The array of this gut bacterial community, which functions collectively as a fully unified organ in the host metabolism, varies greatly among different host species and can be shaped by long-term nutritional interventions. Non-human primates, our close phylogenetic relatives and ancestors, provide an excellent model for studying diet-microbiome interaction; however, compared to clinical and rodent studies, research targeting primate gut microbiome has been limited. Herein, we analyze the gut microbiome composition in female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis; n = 20) after the long-term (2.5 years) consumption of diets designed to mimic recent human Western- (WD; n = 10) or Mediterranean-type (MD; n = 10) diets. Microbiome diversity in MD consumers was significantly higher by the Shannon diversity index compared to the WD consumers, with similar but non-significant trends noted for the diversity metrics of species richness (Chao 1), observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and phylogenetic diversity (PD) whole Tree. Compared to the MD, the WD group demonstrated a higher Firmicutes-Bacteroides ratio and a significantly higher abundance of families Clostridiacea and Lactobacillaceae. Further analyses reveal significantly higher abundance of genera Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Faecalibacterium, and Oscillospira and lower abundance of Ruminococcus and Coprococcus in MD consumers relative to WD consumers. OTUs belonging to several species also show significant differences between the two groups, with Lactobacillus species demonstrating a prominently higher abundance in the MD consumers. The data reveal several differences in the gut microbiome of primates consuming the two different diets and should be useful for further studies aimed at understanding the diet-microbiome-health interactions in primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Carol A Shively
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Susan A Appt
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Thomas C Register
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Kristofer T Michalson
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Mara Z Vitolins
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mallott EK, Amato KR, Garber PA, Malhi RS. Influence of fruit and invertebrate consumption on the gut microbiota of wild white‐faced capuchins (
Cebus capucinus
). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165:576-588. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Mallott
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern University1810 Hinman Ave, Evanston Illinois 60208
| | - Katherine R. Amato
- Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern University1810 Hinman Ave, Evanston Illinois 60208
| | - Paul A. Garber
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign109A Davenport Hall, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Ripan S. Malhi
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign109A Davenport Hall, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801
- Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana Illinois 61801
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Amato KR, Van Belle S, Di Fiore A, Estrada A, Stumpf R, White B, Nelson KE, Knight R, Leigh SR. Patterns in Gut Microbiota Similarity Associated with Degree of Sociality among Sex Classes of a Neotropical Primate. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 74:250-258. [PMID: 28124727 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-0938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies of human and domestic animal models indicate that related individuals and those that spend the most time in physical contact typically have more similar gut microbial communities. However, few studies have examined these factors in wild mammals where complex social dynamics and a variety of interacting environmental factors may impact the patterns observed in controlled systems. Here, we explore the effect of host kinship and time spent in social contact on the gut microbiota of wild, black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra). Our results indicate that closely related individuals had less similar gut microbial communities than non-related individuals. However, the effect was small. In contrast, as previously reported in baboons and chimpanzees, individuals that spent more time in contact (0 m) and close proximity (0-1 m) had more similar gut microbial communities. This pattern was driven by adult female-adult female dyads, which generally spend more time in social contact than adult male-adult male dyads or adult male-adult female dyads. Relative abundances of individual microbial genera such as Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Streptococcus were also more similar in individuals that spent more time in contact or close proximity. Overall, our data suggest that even in arboreal primates that live in small social groups and spend a relatively low proportion of their time in physical contact, social interactions are associated with variation in gut microbiota composition. Additionally, these results demonstrate that within a given host species, subgroups of individuals may interact with the gut microbiota differently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Amato
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Ave, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - Sarie Van Belle
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Alejandro Estrada
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rebecca Stumpf
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bryan White
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Rob Knight
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Matsuda I, Clauss M, Tuuga A, Sugau J, Hanya G, Yumoto T, Bernard H, Hummel J. Factors Affecting Leaf Selection by Foregut-fermenting Proboscis Monkeys: New Insight from in vitro Digestibility and Toughness of Leaves. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42774. [PMID: 28211530 PMCID: PMC5314408 DOI: 10.1038/srep42774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-living animals must make dietary choices in terms of chemical and physical properties, depending on their digestive physiology and availability of food resources. Here we comprehensively evaluated the dietary choices of proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) consuming young leaves. We analysed the data for leaf toughness and digestibility measured by an in vitro gas production method, in addition to previously reported data on nutrient composition. Leaf toughness, in general, negatively correlated with the crude protein content, one of the most important nutritional factors affecting food selection by leaf-eating primates. This result suggests that leaf toughness assessed by oral sensation might be a proximate cue for its protein content. We confirmed the importance of the leaf chemical properties in terms of preference shown by N. larvatus; leaves with high protein content and low neutral detergent fibre levels were preferred to those of the common plant species. We also found that these preferred leaves were less tough and more digestible than the alternatives. Our in vitro results also suggested that N. larvatus were little affected by secondary plant compounds. However, the spatial distribution pattern of plant species was the strongest factor explaining the selection of the preferred leaf species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Matsuda
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences, 1200, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai-shi, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
- Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka-Sekiden-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
- Japan Monkey Centre, 26 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-0081, Japan
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Augustine Tuuga
- Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah, Malaysia, 5th Floor, B Block, Wisma MUIS, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - John Sugau
- Forest Research Center, P.O. Box 1407, 90715 Sandakan Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Takakazu Yumoto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Henry Bernard
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Effects of Dietary Fiber on Gut Retention Time in Captive Macaca cyclopis, Macaca fascicularis, Hylobates lar, and Pongo pygmaeus and the Germination of Ingested Seeds. INT J PRIMATOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
18
|
Amato KR, Yeoman CJ, Cerda G, Schmitt CA, Cramer JD, Miller MEB, Gomez A, Turner TR, Wilson BA, Stumpf RM, Nelson KE, White BA, Knight R, Leigh SR. Variable responses of human and non-human primate gut microbiomes to a Western diet. MICROBIOME 2015; 3:53. [PMID: 26568112 PMCID: PMC4645477 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human gut microbiota interacts closely with human diet and physiology. To better understand the mechanisms behind this relationship, gut microbiome research relies on complementing human studies with manipulations of animal models, including non-human primates. However, due to unique aspects of human diet and physiology, it is likely that host-gut microbe interactions operate differently in humans and non-human primates. RESULTS Here, we show that the human microbiome reacts differently to a high-protein, high-fat Western diet than that of a model primate, the African green monkey, or vervet (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). Specifically, humans exhibit increased relative abundance of Firmicutes and reduced relative abundance of Prevotella on a Western diet while vervets show the opposite pattern. Predictive metagenomics demonstrate an increased relative abundance of genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism in the microbiome of only humans consuming a Western diet. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the human gut microbiota has unique properties that are a result of changes in human diet and physiology across evolution or that may have contributed to the evolution of human physiology. Therefore, the role of animal models for understanding the relationship between the human gut microbiota and host metabolism must be re-focused.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Amato
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA.
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA.
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA.
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
| | - Gabriela Cerda
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA.
| | - Christopher A Schmitt
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, USA.
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jennifer Danzy Cramer
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Women's Studies, American Military University and American Public University, Charles Town, USA.
| | | | - Andres Gomez
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
| | - Trudy R Turner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA.
| | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA.
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | | | - Bryan A White
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA.
| | - Rob Knight
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA.
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xu B, Xu W, Li J, Dai L, Xiong C, Tang X, Yang Y, Mu Y, Zhou J, Ding J, Wu Q, Huang Z. Metagenomic analysis of the Rhinopithecus bieti fecal microbiome reveals a broad diversity of bacterial and glycoside hydrolase profiles related to lignocellulose degradation. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:174. [PMID: 25887697 PMCID: PMC4369366 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The animal gastrointestinal tract contains a complex community of microbes, whose composition ultimately reflects the co-evolution of microorganisms with their animal host and the diet adopted by the host. Although the importance of gut microbiota of humans has been well demonstrated, there is a paucity of research regarding non-human primates (NHPs), especially herbivorous NHPs. RESULTS In this study, an analysis of 97,942 pyrosequencing reads generated from Rhinopithecus bieti fecal DNA extracts was performed to help better understanding of the microbial diversity and functional capacity of the R. bieti gut microbiome. The taxonomic analysis of the metagenomic reads indicated that R. bieti fecal microbiomes were dominated by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla. The comparative analysis of taxonomic classification revealed that the metagenome of R. bieti was characterized by an overrepresentation of bacteria of phylum Fibrobacteres and Spirochaetes as compared with other animals. Primary functional categories were associated mainly with protein, carbohydrates, amino acids, DNA and RNA metabolism, cofactors, cell wall and capsule and membrane transport. Comparing glycoside hydrolase profiles of R. bieti with those of other animal revealed that the R. bieti microbiome was most closely related to cow rumen. CONCLUSIONS Metagenomic and functional analysis demonstrated that R. bieti possesses a broad diversity of bacteria and numerous glycoside hydrolases responsible for lignocellulosic biomass degradation which might reflect the adaptations associated with a diet rich in fibrous matter. These results would contribute to the limited body of NHPs metagenome studies and provide a unique genetic resource of plant cell wall degrading microbial enzymes. However, future studies on the metagenome sequencing of R. bieti regarding the effects of age, genetics, diet and environment on the composition and activity of the metagenomes are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Weijiang Xu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Junjun Li
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Liming Dai
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Caiyun Xiong
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xianghua Tang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Yunjuan Yang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Yuelin Mu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Junpei Zhou
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Junmei Ding
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Qian Wu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Zunxi Huang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tsuchida S, Ushida K. Characterization of intestinal bacterial communities of western lowland gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla), central chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes troglodytes), and a forest elephant ( Loxodonta africana cyclotis) living in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park in Gabon. TROPICS 2015. [DOI: 10.3759/tropics.23.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Tsuchida
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University
| | - Kazunari Ushida
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
McKENNEY EA, ASHWELL M, LAMBERT JE, FELLNER V. Fecal microbial diversity and putative function in captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) and binturongs (Arctictis binturong). Integr Zool 2014; 9:557-69. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. McKENNEY
- Department of Animal Sciences; North Carolina State University; Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Melissa ASHWELL
- Department of Animal Sciences; North Carolina State University; Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Joanna E. LAMBERT
- Department of Anthropology; The University of Texas at San Antonio; Texas USA
| | - Vivek FELLNER
- Department of Animal Sciences; North Carolina State University; Raleigh North Carolina USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schovancová K, Pomajbíková K, Procházka P, Modrý D, Bolechová P, Petrželková KJ. Preliminary insights into the impact of dietary starch on the ciliate, Neobalantidium coli, in captive chimpanzees. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81374. [PMID: 24282589 PMCID: PMC3839902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by the intestinal ciliate Neobalantidium coli are asymptomatic in most hosts. In humans and captive African great apes clinical infections occasionally occur, manifested mainly by dysentery; however, factors responsible for development of clinical balantidiasis have not been fully clarified. We studied the effect of dietary starch on the intensities of infection by N. coli in two groups of captive chimpanzees. Adult chimpanzees infected by N. coli from the Hodonín Zoo and from the Brno Zoo, Czech Republic, were fed with a high starch diet (HSD) (average 14.7% of starch) for 14 days, followed by a five-day transition period and subsequently with a period of low starch diet (LoSD) (average 0.1% of starch) for another 14 days. We collected fecal samples during the last seven days of HSD and LoSD and fixed them in 10% formalin. We quantified trophozoites of N. coli using the FLOTAC method. The numbers of N. coli trophozoites were higher during the HSD (mean ± SD: 49.0±134.7) than during the LoSD (3.5±6.8). A generalized linear mixed-effects model revealed significantly lower numbers of the N. coli trophozoites in the feces during the LoSD period in comparison to the HSD period (treatment contrast LoSD vs. HSD: 2.7±0.06 (SE), z = 47.7; p<<0.001). We conclude that our data provide a first indication that starch-rich diet might be responsible for high intensities of infection of N. coli in captive individuals and might predispose them for clinically manifested balantidiasis. We discuss the potential nutritional modifications to host diets that can be implemented in part to control N. coli infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kateřina Pomajbíková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Petr Procházka
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute for Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Bolechová
- Department of Husbandry and Ethology of Animals, CULS, Prague, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Laho T, Váradyová Z, Mihaliková K, Kišidayová S. Fermentation Capacity of Fecal Microbial Inocula of Przewalski Horse, Kulan, and Chapman Zebra and Polysaccharide Hydrolytic Activities of Fecal Microbial Constituents (Ciliates and Bacteria) of Kulan and Chapman Zebra. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
24
|
Xu B, Xu W, Yang F, Li J, Yang Y, Tang X, Mu Y, Zhou J, Huang Z. Metagenomic analysis of the pygmy loris fecal microbiome reveals unique functional capacity related to metabolism of aromatic compounds. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56565. [PMID: 23457582 PMCID: PMC3574064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The animal gastrointestinal tract contains a complex community of microbes, whose composition ultimately reflects the co-evolution of microorganisms with their animal host. An analysis of 78,619 pyrosequencing reads generated from pygmy loris fecal DNA extracts was performed to help better understand the microbial diversity and functional capacity of the pygmy loris gut microbiome. The taxonomic analysis of the metagenomic reads indicated that pygmy loris fecal microbiomes were dominated by Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria phyla. The hierarchical clustering of several gastrointestinal metagenomes demonstrated the similarities of the microbial community structures of pygmy loris and mouse gut systems despite their differences in functional capacity. The comparative analysis of function classification revealed that the metagenome of the pygmy loris was characterized by an overrepresentation of those sequences involved in aromatic compound metabolism compared with humans and other animals. The key enzymes related to the benzoate degradation pathway were identified based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway assignment. These results would contribute to the limited body of primate metagenome studies and provide a framework for comparative metagenomic analysis between human and non-human primates, as well as a comparative understanding of the evolution of humans and their microbiome. However, future studies on the metagenome sequencing of pygmy loris and other prosimians regarding the effects of age, genetics, and environment on the composition and activity of the metagenomes are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Weijiang Xu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Fuya Yang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Junjun Li
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunjuan Yang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Xianghua Tang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuelin Mu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Junpei Zhou
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Zunxi Huang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vlčková K, Mrázek J, Kopečný J, Petrželková KJ. Evaluation of different storage methods to characterize the fecal bacterial communities of captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). J Microbiol Methods 2012; 91:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
26
|
Petrželková KJ, Schovancová K, Profousová I, Kišidayová S, Váradyová Z, Pekár S, Kamler J, Modrý D. The effect of low- and high-fiber diets on the population of entodiniomorphid ciliates Troglodytella abrassarti in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Am J Primatol 2012; 74:669-75. [PMID: 22553174 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Troglodytella abrassarti is an intestinal entodiniomorphid ciliate commonly diagnosed in the feces of wild and captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Entodiniomorphids could be considered to have a mutualistic relationship with the great apes, in that the ciliates benefit from the intestinal ecosystem of the host, while also contributing to the fiber fermentation process. We examined the effect of diet on the infection intensities of T. abrassarti in two captive chimpanzees in the Liberec Zoo, Czech Republic. The chimpanzees were fed a low-fiber diet (LFD) with 14% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and a high-fiber diet (HFD; 26% NDF) for 10 days with one transition, and two 10-day adaptation periods. Fecal samples were examined coproscopically with the merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde concentration (MIFC) technique, in order to quantify the number of ciliates per gram of feces. A significant trend of increasing T. abrassarti numbers was observed when the animals were fed the LFD, compared to when they were fed the HFD. Our results suggest, however, that infection intensities of T. abrassarti in captive chimpanzees are not influenced primarily by the amount of fiber in the diet, but rather by the dietary starch concentration (HFD: 1%; LFD: 8%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Profousová I, Mihaliková K, Laho T, Váradyová Z, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D, Kišidayová S. The ciliate, Troglodytella abrassarti, contributes to polysaccharide hydrolytic activities in the chimpanzee colon. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2011; 56:339-43. [PMID: 21818613 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-011-0053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Entodiniomorphid ciliates are intestinal protists inhabiting the colons of African great apes. The participation of intestinal entodiniomorphid ciliates in ape hindgut digestion has been proposed, but little data have been available to support the hypothesis. We measured the specific activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase, inulinase, and α-amylase against different polysaccharides in the feces of captive chimpanzees and evaluated the participation of the entodiniomorphid ciliate, Troglodytella abrassarti, in these activities. T. abrassarti contributed to the total fecal hydrolytic activities of CM-cellulase by 16.2%, α-amylase by 5.95%, and xylanase by 0.66%. Inulinase activity in T. abrassarti samples was not measurable at reaction conditions used. The ciliates, T. abrassarti, actively participate in the chimpanzee hindgut fermentation of fiber and starch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Profousová
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mau M, Johann A, Sliwa A, Hummel J, Südekum KH. Morphological and physiological aspects of digestive processes in the graminivorous primate Theropithecus gelada-a preliminary study. Am J Primatol 2010; 73:449-57. [PMID: 21432874 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hindgut fermentation has been suggested to contribute significantly to the digestive process in the gelada (Theropithecus gelada). We therefore hypothesized that in an in vitro fermentation test (Hohenheim gas test, using gas production as measure of microbial digestion) inoculum based on fresh gelada feces would degrade grass to a similar degree as zebra (Equus burchelli chapmani) feces and to a higher degree than that of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas). Additionally, morphology of gelada tongue, salivary glands, stomach, and intestine were examined in this study. Gas production was measured between 4 and 96 hr using animal feces incubated with 200 mg of air-dry hay or mixed concentrate sample. For grass hay, 12-hr gas production was as follows: T. gelada (19.9 ml)>Papio (18.4 ml)>Equus (15.7 ml). After 24 hr, gas production changed: Papio (35.1 ml)>T. gelada (31.9 ml)>Equus (27.9 ml). At 96 hr, Papio was unexpectedly the most effective species with the highest gas production (53.1 ml)>zebra (51.2 ml)>gelada (49.4 ml). With a concentrate standard, 12-hr gas production was as follows: T. gelada (38.5 ml)>Equus (36.8 ml) = Papio (36.4 ml). At 24 hr, gas production differed: Papio (51.7 ml)>Equus (47.0 ml) = T. gelada (46.8 ml). At 96 hr, zebra was the most effective species with the highest gas production (63.9 ml)>Papio (60 ml) = T. gelada (59.9 ml). In conclusion, the results show that the microbial population present in gelada feces is able to ferment forage and concentrate substrates in vitro, although this fermentation did not occur with the expected effectiveness. Future studies should therefore focus also on the bacteria species involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Mau
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yildirim S, Yeoman CJ, Sipos M, Torralba M, Wilson BA, Goldberg TL, Stumpf RM, Leigh SR, White BA, Nelson KE. Characterization of the fecal microbiome from non-human wild primates reveals species specific microbial communities. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13963. [PMID: 21103066 PMCID: PMC2980488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host-associated microbes comprise an integral part of animal digestive systems and these interactions have a long evolutionary history. It has been hypothesized that the gastrointestinal microbiome of humans and other non-human primates may have played significant roles in host evolution by facilitating a range of dietary adaptations. We have undertaken a comparative sequencing survey of the gastrointestinal microbiomes of several non-human primate species, with the goal of better understanding how these microbiomes relate to the evolution of non-human primate diversity. Here we present a comparative analysis of gastrointestinal microbial communities from three different species of Old World wild monkeys. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analyzed fecal samples from three different wild non-human primate species (black-and-white colobus [Colubus guereza], red colobus [Piliocolobus tephrosceles], and red-tailed guenon [Cercopithecus ascanius]). Three samples from each species were subjected to small subunit rRNA tag pyrosequencing. Firmicutes comprised the vast majority of the phyla in each sample. Other phyla represented were Bacterioidetes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Lentisphaerae, Tenericutes, Planctomycetes, Fibrobacateres, and TM7. Bray-Curtis similarity analysis of these microbiomes indicated that microbial community composition within the same primate species are more similar to each other than to those of different primate species. Comparison of fecal microbiota from non-human primates with microbiota of human stool samples obtained in previous studies revealed that the gut microbiota of these primates are distinct and reflect host phylogeny. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our analysis provides evidence that the fecal microbiomes of wild primates co-vary with their hosts, and that this is manifested in higher intraspecies similarity among wild primate species, perhaps reflecting species specificity of the microbiome in addition to dietary influences. These results contribute to the limited body of primate microbiome studies and provide a framework for comparative microbiome analysis between human and non-human primates as well as a comparative evolutionary understanding of the human microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Yildirim
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carl J. Yeoman
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Maksim Sipos
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Manolito Torralba
- The J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brenda A. Wilson
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M. Stumpf
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Leigh
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bryan A. White
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Nelson
- The J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|