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Rahalinarivo V, Rakotomanana HF, Randrianasy J, Ranaivoarisoa JF, Ramorasata B, Raharison JLF, Irwin M. Activity budget and seasonal activity shifts in sympatric lemurs: Increased lean season effort in a cathemeral frugivore contrasts with energy conservation in a diurnal folivore. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23556. [PMID: 37779335 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the most fundamental aspects of a species' behavioral strategy is its activity budget; for primates this generally involves the allocation of available time among resting, feeding, traveling, and social behavior. Comparisons between species, populations, or individuals can reveal divergences in adaptive strategies and current stressors, and reflect responses to such diverse pressures as predation, thermoregulation, nutrition, and social needs. Further, variation across seasons is an important part of behavioral strategies to survive food scarcity; this can involve increasing or decreasing effort. We documented activity over the 24-h cycle for the cathemeral, frugivorous Eulemur fulvus and the diurnal, folivorous Propithecus diadema across 13-18 months at Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar. Their activity budgets were dominated by resting (E. fulvus: 74.1%; P. diadema: 85.2%), followed by feeding (15.8%, 12.4%), traveling (9.31%, 1.74%) and social activities (0.76%, 0.70%), respectively. The lower feeding and higher resting in P. diadema likely reflect slower gastrointestinal transit and higher reliance on microbial fermentation to extract energy from fibrous food. The two species showed opposite lean season strategies. E. fulvus increased activity, with more feeding but less travel time, consistent with a shift to less-profitable fruits, and some leaves and flowers, while increasing feeding effort to compensate ("energy maximizing"). P. diadema showed less variation across months, but the lean season still evoked reduced effort across the board (feeding, travel, and social behavior), consistent with a "time minimizing" strategy prioritizing energy conservation and microbe-assisted digestion. Understanding these divergent shifts is key to understanding natural behavior and the extent of behavioral flexibility under stressful conditions. Finally, the complex patterns of fruit availability (intra- and interannually) and the species' behavioral responses across months underscore the need to move beyond simplistic "lean/abundant season" and "fruit/leaf" dichotomies in understanding underlying energetic strategies, and species' vulnerability to habitat change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vololonirina Rahalinarivo
- Department of Anthropobiology and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Jeannot Randrianasy
- Department of Anthropobiology and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jean Freddy Ranaivoarisoa
- Department of Anthropobiology and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | - Mitchell Irwin
- Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
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2
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Beeby N, Rothman JM, Baden AL. Nutrient balancing in a fruit-specialist primate, the black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata). Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23484. [PMID: 36891766 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Animals' foraging behavior and dietary choices are, in part, driven by their ultimate function: to meet nutritional demands. However, depending on their degree of dietary specialization and the availability and distribution of food resources in their environment, species may utilize different nutritional strategies. With shifting plant phenology, increasing unpredictability of fruiting, and declining food quality in response to anthropogenic climate change, existing nutritional constraints may become exacerbated. Such changes are especially concerning for Madagascar's endemic fruit specialists given the nutrient-limitation of the island's landscapes. In this study, we examined the nutritional strategy of one such fruit-specialist primate, the black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata), over a 12-month period (January to December 2018) in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. We hypothesized that Varecia would balance nonprotein energy (NPE) to protein (AP) at a high ratio similar to other frugivorous primates, and that they would prioritize protein intake given their high degree of frugivory. We found that Varecia balance NPE:AP at a ratio of 11:1, higher than in any other primate studied to date; however, diets shifted such that nutrient balancing varied seasonally (12.6:1 abundant-9.6:1 lean). Varecia meet NRC suggested recommendations of 5-8% of calories from protein, despite having a diet mostly comprising fruits. However, seasonal shifts in NPE intakes result in significant energy shortfalls during fruit-lean seasons. Flowers provide an important source of NPE during these periods, with flower consumption best predicting lipid intake, suggesting this species' ability to shift resource use. Nevertheless, achieving adequate and balanced nutrient intakes may become precarious in the face of increasing unpredictability in plant phenology and other environmental stochasticities resulting from climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Beeby
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, USA.,The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, USA.,The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea L Baden
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, USA.,The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, USA
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3
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Robbins MM, Ortmann S, Seiler N. Dietary variability of western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271576. [PMID: 36001558 PMCID: PMC9401121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial and temporal variability in the availability of food resources will lead to variation in a species’ diet, which can then influence patterns of space use, sociality, and life history characteristics. Despite such potential impacts, little information is available about dietary variability for some species with large geographical ranges. Here we quantify the diet and nutritional content of plants consumed by western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Loango National Park, Gabon over a 2.6 year period and make comparisons with two study sites located 800 km away. The major foods consumed by the Loango gorillas differed greatly from the other two study sites, but gorillas at all three locations spent a similar proportion of feeding time consuming herbaceous vegetation and tree leaves (~ 50%) and fruit (35%). The Loango gorillas spent approximately 10% of feeding time eating nuts, which were not consumed at the other two study sites. Gorillas at those sites spent about 5% of feeding time eating insects, which were not consumed by Loango gorillas. Even though the species composition of the diet differed among the three sites, the nutritional composition of the major food items differed very little, suggesting that western gorillas consume foods of similar nutritional values to meet their dietary needs. This study shows the flexibility of diet of a species with a wide geographic distribution, which has implications for understanding variation in life history characteristics and can be useful for conservation management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M. Robbins
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sylvia Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Seiler
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Watkins B, de Guinea M, Poindexter SA, Ganzhorn JU, Donati G, Eppley TM. Routes matter: the effect of seasonality on bamboo lemur navigational strategies. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Heffernan KS, Samonds KE, Godfrey LR, Raharison JL, Ranaivoarisoa JF, Irwin MT. Diademed sifakas (Propithecus diadema) in intact and degraded forest habitat at Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar, show high reproductive success and no evidence that dental senescence or rainfall affects reproductive output. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20210403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sifakas (genus Propithecus) diverge from other lemurs in their strategy to contend with Madagascar’s highly seasonal climate and maximize reproductive success: they have long lifetimes (presumably to wait out unfavorable times) and extreme dental precocity (to allow weanlings to effectively process tough foods and thereby relieve energetic stress on mothers). However, as sifakas age, dental senescence can contribute to reproductive failure, especially when coupled with unfavorable weather conditions (as shown by King et al., 2005 for P. edwardsi at Ranomafana). To extend the effective life of the teeth, compensatory blades maintain functionality for the female sifaka, but wear may eventually have consequences on infant survival in certain climatic scenarios. We investigate the impacts of climate, age, and dental senescence on the reproduction of another sifaka, Propithecus diadema, in fragmented and intact habitats of Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar. We documented birth and infant survival between 2002 and 2017 across twelve groups, including 73 births, and we used 77 dental casts representing 54 adults to estimate age when exact age was not known. We report that sifakas in Tsinjoarivo do not conform to the expectations that link advanced age with dental and reproductive senescence. Propithecus diadema at Tsinjoarivo show slower tooth wear, higher reproductive output and higher infant survival compared to congeners. Likelihood of birth and infant mortality do not correlate with intrinsic (mother’s age, tooth wear) or extrinsic (rainfall or habitat type) stressors. However, the small number of years without births or with infant deaths limits statistical power. At the local level, this study suggests that the long-term viability of Propithecus diadema at Tsinjoarivo is promising and reproductive output is high, even in disturbed fragments where nutrient intakes are reduced. Further research is needed to contextualize and understand these differences among sites and regions within Madagascar and avoid over-generalizing from single study sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie S. Heffernan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, Richard Bland College, Petersburg, VA 23805, USA
| | - Karen E. Samonds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Laurie R. Godfrey
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | - Jean Freddy Ranaivoarisoa
- Anthropobiologie et Développement Durable, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Mitchell T. Irwin
- Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
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6
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Felton AM, Wam HK, Felton A, Simpson SJ, Stolter C, Hedwall P, Malmsten J, Eriksson T, Tigabo M, Raubenheimer D. Macronutrient balancing in free-ranging populations of moose. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:11223-11240. [PMID: 34429914 PMCID: PMC8366896 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
At northern latitudes, large spatial and temporal variation in the nutritional composition of available foods poses challenges to wild herbivores trying to satisfy their nutrient requirements. Studies conducted in mostly captive settings have shown that animals from a variety of taxonomic groups deal with this challenge by adjusting the amounts and proportions of available food combinations to achieve a target nutrient balance. In this study, we used proportions-based nutritional geometry to analyze the nutritional composition of rumen samples collected in winter from 481 moose (Alces alces) in southern Sweden and examine whether free-ranging moose show comparable patterns of nutrient balancing. Our main hypothesis was that wild moose actively regulate their rumen nutrient composition to offset ecologically imposed variation in the nutritional composition of available foods. To test this, we assessed the macronutritional composition (protein, carbohydrates, and lipids) of rumen contents and commonly eaten foods, including supplementary feed, across populations with contrasting winter diets, spanning an area of approximately 10,000 km2. Our results suggest that moose balanced the macronutrient composition of their rumen, with the rumen contents having consistently similar proportional relationship between protein and nonstructural carbohydrates, despite differences in available (and eaten) foods. Furthermore, we found that rumen macronutrient balance was tightly related to ingested levels of dietary fiber (cellulose and hemicellulose), such that the greater the fiber content, the less protein was present in the rumen compared with nonstructural carbohydrates. Our results also suggest that moose benefit from access to a greater variety of trees, shrubs, herbs, and grasses, which provides them with a larger nutritional space to maneuver within. Our findings provide novel theoretical insights into a model species for ungulate nutritional ecology, while also generating data of direct relevance to wildlife and forest management, such as silvicultural or supplementary feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika M. Felton
- Southern Swedish Forest Research CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Hilde K. Wam
- Division of Forestry and Forest ResourcesNIBIOÅsNorway
| | - Adam Felton
- Southern Swedish Forest Research CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Stephen J. Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, and School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Caroline Stolter
- Department of Animal Ecology and ConservationInstitute of ZoologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Per‐Ola Hedwall
- Southern Swedish Forest Research CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Jonas Malmsten
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)UmeåSweden
| | - Torsten Eriksson
- Department of Animal Nutrition and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Mulualem Tigabo
- Southern Swedish Forest Research CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, and School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
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7
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Lindshield S, Rothman JM, Ortmann S, Pruetz JD. Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) access a nutritionally balanced, high energy, and abundant food, baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit, with extractive foraging and reingestion. Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23307. [PMID: 34293210 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic to several hypotheses explaining the evolution of foraging behavior complexity, such as proto-tool use, is the assumption that more complex ingestive behaviors are adaptations allowing individuals to access difficult to procure but nutritionally or energetically rewarding foods. However, nutritional approaches to understanding this complexity have been underutilized. The goal of this study was to evaluate potential nutritional determinants of two unusual foraging behaviors, fruit cracking with anvils and seed reingestion, by adult male western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal during the baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit season. We examined these behaviors in relation to nutrient and energy intake, and compared macronutrient and energy concentrations found in baobab fruits to other plant foods. Adult males ingested at least 31 distinct foods from 23 plant species. Baobab fruit comprised the majority of daily energy intake (68 ± 34%, range: 0%-98%). The energetic concentration of baobab fruit varied by phenophase and part ingested, with ripe and semi-ripe fruit ranking high in energy return rate. Males preferred ripe and semi-ripe baobab fruit but unripe fruit intake was higher overall. The seed kernels were high in protein and fat relative to fruit pulp, and these kernels were easier to access during the unripe stage. During the ripe stage, seed kernels were accessible by reingestion, after the seed coat was softened during gut passage. In addition to providing macronutrients and energy, baobab fruit was a relatively abundant food source. We conclude that baobab pulp and seed are high quality foods at Fongoli during the baobab season because they are nutritionally balanced, high in energy, and relatively abundant in the environment. These nutritional and abundance characteristics may explain, in part, why these chimpanzees use anvils and reingestion to access a mechanically challenging food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Lindshield
- Department of Anthropology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sylvia Ortmann
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jill D Pruetz
- Department of Anthropology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
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8
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Rautiainen H, Bergvall UA, Felton AM, Tigabu M, Kjellander P. Nutritional niche separation between native roe deer and the nonnative fallow deer—a test of interspecific competition. MAMMAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-021-00571-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOn an evolutionary time scale, competition for food drives species formation by genetic adaptations to the environment and subsequent niche separation. On a short-term scale, animals use different strategies to meet their nutritional requirements, which ultimately influence their fitness. Understanding these adaptations in herbivores is especially important in temperate climates where animals have adapted both physiologically and behaviorally to seasonal variations in order to meet their nutritional requirements. The aim of this project was to investigate temporal variation in chemical composition of rumen content between two coexisting species of large herbivores, the native roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) and the introduced fallow deer (Dama dama L.), as well as a potential effect of competition on niche separation (interspecific differences in rumen nutrient composition). We analyzed 345 rumen samples collected from animals at one 95 km2 estate, Koberg, in southwestern Sweden. Based on samples from all seasons, temporal variation in nutrient composition and interspecific differences between the two deer species were investigated under two contrasting fallow deer population densities. Results revealed that nutrient composition varied between species and across seasons. Roe deer had a higher proportion of rumen protein compared to fallow deer, with the highest proportions in spring. In contrast, fallow deer had a higher proportion of rumen hemicellulose compared to roe deer in spring, while no differences in nutrient composition between species could be found in fall. Overall, there were greater differences between the two species when fallow deer density was high and competition likely more pronounced than when fallow deer density was low. The results from this study can be used to understand interspecific competition and how it fosters niche separation between coexisting large herbivores.
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9
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Thurau EG, Rahajanirina AN, Irwin MT. Condensed tannins in the diet of folivorous diademed sifakas and the gap between crude and available protein. Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23239. [PMID: 33544402 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tannins, a type of plant secondary metabolite, are well-known for their ability to precipitate proteins and thereby reduce the protein available to consumers. Most primate studies have focused on condensed tannins (CTs) as they were thought to be the most effective type of tannin at preventing protein acquisition, but there is growing recognition that other types of tannins can bind to proteins, suggesting the division among tannin types is not as clear-cut as previously thought. Although previous studies have documented the presence of CTs in primate diets and primates' behavioral responses to them, our understanding of tannins remains limited because few researchers have used Sephadex column purification to accurately determine tannin concentrations, and few have used in vitro assays to determine available protein content and the tannins' effectiveness in binding protein. In this study, we documented diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema) diet from June to August 2018 at Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar (in two forests with varying degrees of habitat disturbance) and quantified CT concentration and actual available protein in foods. Eleven of the fourteen top foods tested contained CTs (concentrations: 4.8%-39.3% dry matter). An in vitro assay showed available protein was strikingly low in six of the eleven top foods (e.g., little to no apparent available protein, despite high crude protein). Overall, our findings suggest sifakas acquire less protein than previously recognized and probably have adaptations to counteract tannins. Such studies of available protein are critical in understanding dietary constraints on sifaka populations and the evolution of their diet choice strategies; despite the conventional wisdom that leaves are protein-rich, folivorous primates may indeed be protein-limited. However, further studies are necessary to determine if sifakas have counter-adaptations to tannins, and if they absorb more protein than our analyses suggest, perhaps receiving protein that we were unable to detect with the current techniques (e.g., pollen).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma G Thurau
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, USA.,New York City Consortium of Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Andry Narcisse Rahajanirina
- Mention Anthropobiologie et Développement Durable, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Division of Research, ONG SADABE, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Mitchell T Irwin
- Division of Research, ONG SADABE, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
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10
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Beeby N, Baden AL. Seasonal variability in the diet and feeding ecology of black-and-white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) in Ranomafana National Park, southeastern Madagascar. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 174:763-775. [PMID: 33463723 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We characterized the diet and foraging ecology of the black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata), a specialized frugivore, and investigated behavioral strategies exhibited in response to seasonal changes in resource availability. MATERIALS AND METHODS Behavioral data were collected from the same two adjacent communities across 29 months during two observation periods (2007-2008; 2017-2018) in Mangevo, a primary rainforest habitat in southeastern Madagascar. To analyze feeding in the context of energy maximization versus time minimization strategies, we used nonparametric tests to compare plant part constituents, dietary diversity, activity budgets, and canopy strata use between fruit-abundant versus fruit-lean seasons. RESULTS Individuals dedicated ~30% of their time to feeding year-round, mostly in the middle canopy (11-20 m). Animals fed primarily on fruits (74% of diet), but frugivory decreased and folivory increased markedly during fruit-lean seasons. Abundant season dietary diversity (98 taxa, H' = 0.71-1.37) was greater than lean season diversity (70 taxa, H' = 0.56-1.06), which coincided with less traveling, more resting, and higher canopy use-though interannual variation was observed. CONCLUSIONS Herein, we describe behavioral and dietary patterns that are concordant with a time minimizing behavioral strategy. Black-and-white ruffed lemur diets comprised lower taxonomic diversity, fewer fruits, and more leaves during fruit-lean months. Further, shifts toward less travel, more resting, and greater use of higher canopy levels during this time were most likely for thermoregulatory benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Beeby
- The Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea L Baden
- The Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
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11
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Uwimbabazi M, Rothman JM, Basuta GI, Machanda ZP, Conklin‐Brittain NL, Wrangham RW. INFLUENCE OF FRUIT AVAILABILITY ON MACRONUTRIENT AND ENERGY INTAKE BY FEMALE CHIMPANZEES. Afr J Ecol 2019; 57:454-465. [PMID: 32863473 DOI: 10.1111/aje.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Daily energy intake of adult female mammals is influenced by environmental conditions and physiological requirements, including reproduction. We examined the effects of fruit availability on macronutrient and metabolisable energy intake by adult female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the Kanyawara community in Kibale National Park, Uganda from January 2014 through June 2015. Drupe fruits were abundant for four months, whereas the other fourteen months were dominated by fig fruits. The mean daily intake of food (dry matter) and metabolisable energy, did not differ between drupe-months and fig-months. However, foraging costs were higher during fig-months, as indicated by a 20% increase in feeding time. Furthermore, during drupe-months female chimpanzees ingested more water-soluble carbohydrates and lipids, and less available protein and neutral detergent fibre. Although metabolisable energy intake did not differ consistently between drupe-months and fig-months, they consumed more on days when ripe fruit dominated the diet than when leaves and pithy stems dominated the diet. Our data suggest that differences in diet quality between drupes and figs can have important effects on frugivore foraging, and that they influence net energy gain more by their effects on macronutrient composition or foraging cost than by their direct impact on energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreen Uwimbabazi
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology Hunter College of the City University of New York New York New York
| | - Gilbert I. Basuta
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | | | | | - Richard W. Wrangham
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts
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12
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Fulwood EL. Ecometric modelling of tooth shape and precipitation gradients among lemurs on Madagascar. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ecometric modelling relates spatial environmental variables to phenotypic characters to better understand morphological adaptation and help reconstruct past environments. Here, the community means of the dental topography metrics Dirichlet normal energy (DNE) and orientation patch count (OPC) are tested against annual precipitation and precipitation seasonality among lemurs across Madagascar. Dry, seasonal environments are expected to be associated with high DNE and OPC, as lemurs living in these environments are more likely to rely on tougher foods. Ecometric models are also used to calculate ecometric loads for lemur taxa hypothesized to be experiencing evolutionary disequilibria and to reconstruct annual precipitation and precipitation seasonality at the ~500 years BP subfossil cave site of Ankilitelo. DNE was highest in highly seasonal but wet environments. Seasonal exploitation of fallback foods and the availability of new leaves during wet periods may be most important in driving community DNE. OPC was weakly predicted by annual precipitation and seasonality but its distribution appeared to be driven by a stepwise increase in its community values in rainforest environments. The lemur fauna from Ankilitelo appears to resemble communities from moister environments than occur in the spiny desert zone in which the site is situated today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan L Fulwood
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC, USA
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13
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Irwin MT, Samonds KE, Raharison JL, Junge RE, Mahefarisoa KL, Rasambainarivo F, Godfrey LR, Glander KE. Morphometric signals of population decline in diademed sifakas occupying degraded rainforest habitat in Madagascar. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8776. [PMID: 31217457 PMCID: PMC6584568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic habitat change can have varied impacts on primates, including both negative and positive outcomes. Even when behavioural shifts are seen, they may reflect decreased health, or simply behavioural flexibility; understanding this distinction is important for conservation efforts. This study examines habitat-related variation in adult and immature morphometrics among diademed sifakas (Propithecus diadema). We collected morphometric data from sifakas at Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar (19 years, 188 captures, 113 individuals). Captures spanned 12 groups, five within continuous forest ("CONT"), and seven in degraded fragments ("FRAG") where sifakas have lower nutritional intakes. Few consistent differences were found between CONT and FRAG groups. However, using home range quality as a covariate rather than a CONT/FRAG dichotomy revealed a threshold: the two FRAG groups in the lowest-quality habitat showed low adult mass and condition (wasting), and low immature mass and length (stunting). Though less-disturbed fragments apparently provide viable habitat, we suggest the sifakas in the most challenging habitats cannot evolve fast enough to keep up with such rapid habitat change. We suggest other long-lived organisms will show similar morphometric "warning signs" (wasting in adults, stunting in immatures); selected morphometric variables can thus be useful at gauging vulnerability of populations in the face of anthropogenic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell T Irwin
- Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA.
| | - Karen E Samonds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Laurie R Godfrey
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Kenneth E Glander
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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14
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Tecot SR, Irwin MT, Raharison JL. Faecal glucocorticoid metabolite profiles in diademed sifakas increase during seasonal fruit scarcity with interactive effects of age/sex class and habitat degradation. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz001. [PMID: 30746150 PMCID: PMC6364291 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are metabolic byproducts of animals' physiological responses to ecological or social challenges and are thought to represent an adaptive response allowing beneficial responses to short-term challenges. Glucocorticoid metabolites (GCs) can be assayed non-invasively through faeces and therefore can be a useful tool to gauge the health of populations experiencing natural and/or anthropogenic stressors. However, the response of GCs to anthropogenic stressors varies, with both higher and lower GC levels reported. Here, we describe variation in GC secretion within eight diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema) groups across 1 year. These groups span a gradient of anthropogenic habitat disturbance, including groups in continuous forest ('CONT') and disturbed fragments ('FRAG'), and indicators of health suggest that FRAG groups are negatively impacted by habitat disturbance. We monitored phenology, used focal animal follows to quantify diet and collected faeces (n = 547) from which we quantified GC content using enzyme immunoassay. All groups showed elevated lean-season GCs, but with a single, brief peak. GCs were inversely correlated with feeding time. No overall effect of habitat (CONT vs. FRAG) was found, but the lean-season peak was significantly higher in CONT groups. There was a significant season*age-sex interaction; adult females had an attenuated lean-season response compared with groupmates. The observed lean-season 'challenge' is consistent with previous lemur studies, as well as mammals in general. Low and largely invariable GC levels in FRAG, within the context of observed health and nutritional declines, suggest that FRAG groups employ a strategy whereby the adrenal response to stressors is downregulated. More research is needed to contextualize our observations of GC variation and health on an individual level, both in terms of corroborating evidence for ecological and social stressors, and longer-term quantification of reproductive success and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey R Tecot
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ, USA
- Laboratory for the Evolutionary Endocrinology of Primates, School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ, USA
- Co-first authors
| | - Mitchell T Irwin
- Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb IL, USA
- Co-first authors
| | - Jean-Luc Raharison
- NGO Sadabe, Lot AB64bis, Ankadindravola, Ivato Firaisana, 105 Antananarivo, Madagascar
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15
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Chen ST, Luo X, Hou R, Raubenheimer D, Ji W, Jin X, Jiang Z, Yu X, Wang J, Li M, Guo S, Li B. Nutrient Balancing by Captive Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana). INT J PRIMATOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-018-0070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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16
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Mandl I, Holderied M, Schwitzer C. The Effects of Climate Seasonality on Behavior and Sleeping Site Choice in Sahamalaza Sportive Lemurs, Lepilemur sahamalaza. INT J PRIMATOL 2018; 39:1039-1067. [PMID: 30613116 PMCID: PMC6300582 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-018-0059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Temperature, rainfall, and resource availability may vary greatly within a single year in primate habitats. Many primate species show behavioral and physiological adaptations to this environmental seasonality, including changes to their diets and activity. Sahamalaza sportive lemurs (Lepilemur sahamalaza) inhabit the northwest of Madagascar and have been studied only during the dry, colder period of the year. We investigated potential effects of climate seasonality on this species by collecting behavioral data between October 2015 and August 2016, encompassing both the warmer wet and the colder dry seasons. We collected 773.15 hours of behavioral data on 14 individual sportive lemurs to investigate year-round activity budgets, ranging behavior, and sleeping site locations. Additionally we recorded temperature and rainfall data at our study site to describe the environmental conditions during the study period. The study individuals significantly decreased their time spent traveling and increased their time spent resting in the dry season compared to the wet season. Although home range size and path lengths did not differ over the study period, sleeping locations were significantly different between seasons as the lemurs focused on more confined areas in colder periods. Overall, the results indicate that Sahamalaza sportive lemur behavior varies with season, in line with reports for other primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Mandl
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Marc Holderied
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Christoph Schwitzer
- Bristol Zoological Society, Bristol Zoo Gardens, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 3HA UK
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17
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Dunham NT, Rodriguez-Saona LE. Nutrient intake and balancing among female Colobus angolensis palliatus inhabiting structurally distinct forest areas: Effects of group, season, and reproductive state. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22878. [PMID: 29882365 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding intraspecific behavioral and dietary variation is critical for assessing primate populations' abilities to persist in habitats characterized by increasing anthropogenic disturbances. While it is evident that some species exhibit considerable dietary flexibility (in terms of species-specific plant parts) in relation to habitat disturbance, it is unclear if primates are characterized by similar variation and flexibility regarding nutrient intake. This study examined the effects of group, season, and reproductive state on nutrient intake and balancing in adult female Colobus angolensis palliatus in the Diani Forest, Kenya. During July 2014 to December 2015, estimates of nutrient intake were recorded for eight females from three groups inhabiting structurally and ecologically distinct forest areas differing in tree species composition and density. There were differences in metabolizable energy (ME) and macronutrient intakes among groups, seasons, and reproductive states. Most notably, females inhabiting one of the more disturbed forest areas consumed less ME and macronutrients compared to females in the more intact forest area. Contrary to prediction, females in early lactation consumed significantly less ME and macronutrients compared to non-lactating and late lactation females. Despite differences in macronutrient intake, the relative contribution of macronutrients to ME were generally more conservative among groups, seasons, and reproductive states. Average daily intake ratios of non-protein energy to available protein ranged from approximately 3.5:1-4.3:1 among groups. These results indicate that female C. a. palliatus demonstrate a consistent nutrient balancing strategy despite significant intergroup differences in consumption of species-specific plant parts. Data from additional colobine species inhabiting different forest types are required to assess the extent to which nutrient balancing is constrained by phylogeny or is more flexible to local ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah T Dunham
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
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18
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Interannual Variation in Diet, Dietary Diversity, and Dietary Overlap in Three Sympatric Strepsirrhine Species in Southeastern Madagascar. INT J PRIMATOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-018-0040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Yuan L, Wilder S, Raubenheimer D, Simpson SJ, Shaw M, McAllan BM. Dietary protein supplementation and its consequences for intake, digestion, and physical activity of a carnivorous marsupial, Sminthopsis crassicaudata. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:3636-3647. [PMID: 29686845 PMCID: PMC5901163 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet regulation behavior can mediate the consequences of imbalanced diets for animal well-being, particularly for captive species that have little dietary choice. Dasyurids (carnivorous marsupials) are of conservation concern in Australia, and many species are in captive breeding programmes. However, their nutrient targets and dietary regulation behaviors are poorly understood, a limitation that may decrease the breeding success and well-being of captive animals. We tested how dietary protein content influenced the intake and utilization of nutrients, physical activity, and body mass of fat-tailed dunnarts Sminthopsis crassicaudata. Twelve adult dunnarts from six sibling pairs (one female and one male per pair) were provided ad libitum access to three diets in a repeated measures design: cat food, cat food supplemented with raw lean beef (1:1), and cat food supplemented with cooked lean beef (1:1). Food intake, activity level, and fecal output were measured daily. Dunnarts significantly decreased food intake, increased protein digestion, and physical activity, but body mass was unchanged when on the high-protein diet compared to the normal cat food diet. These observations suggest a capacity of dunnarts to maintain constant body mass using a dynamic balance of feeding, digestion, and activity. We also found a significant effect of family, with differences between families as large as the difference between the diet treatments, suggesting a genetic component to diet selection. The nutrient regulation responses of dunnarts to high-protein diets and the strong family effects provide important messages for the management of populations of small carnivores, including the aspects of dietary manipulation and conservation of genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Yuan
- School of Public Health Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong Province China.,School of Medical Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Present address: School of Public Health Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong Province China
| | - Shawn Wilder
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Department of Integrative Biology Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA
| | - David Raubenheimer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Michelle Shaw
- Department of Animal Nutrition Taronga Conservation Society Mosman NSW 2088 Australia
| | - Bronwyn M McAllan
- School of Medical Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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20
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Hou R, He S, Wu F, Chapman CA, Pan R, Garber PA, Guo S, Li B. Seasonal variation in diet and nutrition of the northern-most population of Rhinopithecus roxellana. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22755. [PMID: 29635833 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a great deal of spatial and temporal variation in the availability and nutritional quality of foods eaten by animals, particularly in temperate regions where winter brings lengthy periods of leaf and fruit scarcity. We analyzed the availability, dietary composition, and macronutrients of the foods eaten by the northern-most golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) population in the Qinling Mountains, China to understand food choice in a highly seasonal environment dominated by deciduous trees. During the warm months between April and November, leaves are consumed in proportion to their availability, while during the leaf-scarce months between December and March, bark and leaf/flower buds comprise most of their diet. When leaves dominated their diet, golden snub-nosed monkeys preferentially selected leaves with higher ratios of crude protein to acid detergent fiber. While when leaves were less available, bark and leaf/flower buds that were high in nonstructural carbohydrates and energy, and low in acid detergent fiber were selected. Southern populations of golden snub-nosed monkey can turn to eating lichen, however, the population studied here in this lichen-absent area have adapted to their cool deciduous habitat by instead consuming buds and bark. Carbohydrate and energy rich foods appear to be the critical resources required for the persistence of this species in temperate habitat. The dietary flexibility of these monkeys, both among seasons and populations, likely contributes to their wide distribution over a range of habitats and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shujun He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York.,Section of Social Systems Evolution, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ruliang Pan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology, University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Songtao Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Baoguo Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Branch of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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21
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Koch F, Ganzhorn JU, Rothman JM, Chapman CA, Fichtel C. Sex and seasonal differences in diet and nutrient intake in Verreaux's sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi). Am J Primatol 2017; 79:1-10. [PMID: 27781287 PMCID: PMC6174962 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuations in food availability are a major challenge faced by primates living in seasonal climates. Variation in food availability can be especially challenging for females, because of the high energetic costs of reproduction. Therefore, females must adapt the particular demands of the different reproductive stages to the seasonal availability of resources. Madagascar has a highly seasonal climate, where food availability can be extremely variable. We investigated the seasonal changes in diet composition, nutrient and energy intake of female and male sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi) in a dry deciduous forest in western Madagascar. We examined how females adjust their diet to different reproductive stages. Seasonality affected the diet of both sexes; particularly in the dry season (Apr-Oct) with low availability of food items, especially fruits, males and females had a reduced nutrient and energy intake compared to the wet season (Nov-Mar) with higher food and fruit availability. The comparison of the diet between sexes in different reproductive stages showed that during the late stage of lactation (Nov-Jan) females had higher food intake, and as a result they had a higher intake of macronutrients (crude protein, fat and non-structured carbohydrates (TNC)) and energy than males. These differences were not present during the pregnancy of females, with both sexes having similar intake of macronutrients and energy during that stage. The increase in the intake of macronutrients observed for females during late lactation could be related to the higher energetic demands of this stage of reproduction. Thus, the observed pattern in the diet indicates that sifaka females are following a capital breeding strategy, whereby females potentially store enough nutrients to cope with the reproduction costs in periods of low food availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Koch
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology UnitGerman Primate CenterGöttingenGermany
| | - Joerg U. Ganzhorn
- Department of Animal Ecology and ConservationUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of AnthropologyHunter College of the City University of New YorkNew York
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary PrimatologyNew York
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, McGill School of EnvironmentMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Claudia Fichtel
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology UnitGerman Primate CenterGöttingenGermany
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22
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Cabana F, Dierenfeld E, Wirdateti W, Donati G, Nekaris K. The seasonal feeding ecology of the javan slow loris (nycticebus javanicus). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 162:768-781. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Cabana
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University; Oxford OX3 0BP UK
- Wildlife Reserves Singapore; Singapore 729826 Singapore
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Donati
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University; Oxford OX3 0BP UK
| | - K.A.I. Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University; Oxford OX3 0BP UK
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23
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Irwin MT, Raharison JL, Chapman CA, Junge RE, Rothman JM. Minerals in the foods and diet of diademed sifakas: Are they nutritional challenges? Am J Primatol 2017; 79:1-14. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell T. Irwin
- Department of Anthropology; Northern Illinois University; DeKalb Illinois
- SADABE Madagascar; Antananarivo Madagascar
| | - Jean-Luc Raharison
- SADABE Madagascar; Antananarivo Madagascar
- Department of Animal Biology; University of Antananarivo; Antananarivo Madagascar
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Wildlife Conservation Society; 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx; New York New York
| | - Randall E. Junge
- Department of Animal Health; Columbus Zoo and Aquarium; Columbus Ohio
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College; City University of New York; New York New York
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP); New York New York
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24
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Fission-fusion dynamics in black-and-white ruffed lemurs may facilitate both feeding strategies and communal care of infants in a spatially and temporally variable environment. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Eppley TM, Donati G, Ganzhorn JU. Determinants of terrestrial feeding in an arboreal primate: The case of the southern bamboo lemur (Hapalemur meridionalis). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:328-42. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Eppley
- Department of Anthropology; University of Texas at Austin; 2201 Speedway Stop C3200 Austin Texas 78712
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Biozentrum Grindel; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King Platz 3 Hamburg 20146 Germany
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences; Oxford Brookes University; Gipsy Lane Oxford OX3 0BP United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Donati
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences; Oxford Brookes University; Gipsy Lane Oxford OX3 0BP United Kingdom
| | - Jörg U. Ganzhorn
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Biozentrum Grindel; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King Platz 3 Hamburg 20146 Germany
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26
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Ganzhorn JU, Arrigo-Nelson SJ, Carrai V, Chalise MK, Donati G, Droescher I, Eppley TM, Irwin MT, Koch F, Koenig A, Kowalewski MM, Mowry CB, Patel ER, Pichon C, Ralison J, Reisdorff C, Simmen B, Stalenberg E, Starrs D, Terboven J, Wright PC, Foley WJ. The importance of protein in leaf selection of folivorous primates. Am J Primatol 2016; 79:1-13. [PMID: 27094926 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Protein limitation has been considered a key factor in hypotheses on the evolution of life history and animal communities, suggesting that animals should prioritize protein in their food choice. This contrasts with the limited support that food selection studies have provided for such a priority in nonhuman primates, particularly for folivores. Here, we suggest that this discrepancy can be resolved if folivores only need to select for high protein leaves when average protein concentration in the habitat is low. To test the prediction, we applied meta-analyses to analyze published and unpublished results of food selection for protein and fiber concentrations from 24 studies (some with multiple species) of folivorous primates. To counter potential methodological flaws, we differentiated between methods analyzing total nitrogen and soluble protein concentrations. We used a meta-analysis to test for the effect of protein on food selection by primates and found a significant effect of soluble protein concentrations, but a non-significant effect for total nitrogen. Furthermore, selection for soluble protein was reinforced in forests where protein was less available. Selection for low fiber content was significant but unrelated to the fiber concentrations in representative leaf samples of a given forest. There was no relationship (either negative or positive) between the concentration of protein and fiber in the food or in representative samples of leaves. Overall our study suggests that protein selection is influenced by the protein availability in the environment, explaining the sometimes contradictory results in previous studies on protein selection. Am. J. Primatol. 79:e22550, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg U Ganzhorn
- Animal Ecology and Conservation, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Summer J Arrigo-Nelson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, California University of Pennsylvania, California, Pennsylvania
| | - Valentina Carrai
- Department of Biology, Zoology and Anthropology Unit, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mukesh K Chalise
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Giuseppe Donati
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, OX3 0BP, Oxford, UK
| | - Iris Droescher
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timothy M Eppley
- Animal Ecology and Conservation, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mitchell T Irwin
- Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois
| | - Flávia Koch
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Koenig
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, and Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Martin M Kowalewski
- Estación Biológica Corrientes, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales BR, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | | | | | - Claire Pichon
- Département Hommes, Natures, Sociétés, CNRS/MNHN, UMR 7206, Brunoy, France
| | - Jose Ralison
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Bruno Simmen
- Département Hommes, Natures, Sociétés, CNRS/MNHN, UMR 7206, Brunoy, France
| | - Eleanor Stalenberg
- Research School of Biology: Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Danswell Starrs
- Research School of Biology: Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Juana Terboven
- Animal Ecology and Conservation, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia C Wright
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, and Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - William J Foley
- Research School of Biology: Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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27
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Felton AM, Felton A, Raubenheimer D, Simpson SJ, Krizsan SJ, Hedwall PO, Stolter C. The Nutritional Balancing Act of a Large Herbivore: An Experiment with Captive Moose (Alces alces L). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150870. [PMID: 26986618 PMCID: PMC4795764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutrient balancing hypothesis proposes that, when sufficient food is available, the primary goal of animal diet selection is to obtain a nutritionally balanced diet. This hypothesis can be tested using the Geometric Framework for nutrition (GF). The GF enables researchers to study patterns of nutrient intake (e.g. macronutrients; protein, carbohydrates, fat), interactions between the different nutrients, and how an animal resolves the potential conflict between over-eating one or more nutrients and under-eating others during periods of dietary imbalance. Using the moose (Alces alces L.), a model species in the development of herbivore foraging theory, we conducted a feeding experiment guided by the GF, combining continuous observations of six captive moose with analysis of the macronutritional composition of foods. We identified the moose’s self-selected macronutrient target by allowing them to compose a diet by mixing two nutritionally complementary pellet types plus limited access to Salix browse. Such periods of free choice were intermixed with periods when they were restricted to one of the two pellet types plus Salix browse. Our observations of food intake by moose given free choice lend support to the nutrient balancing hypothesis, as the moose combined the foods in specific proportions that provided a particular ratio and amount of macronutrients. When restricted to either of two diets comprising a single pellet type, the moose i) maintained a relatively stable intake of non-protein energy while allowing protein intakes to vary with food composition, and ii) increased their intake of the food item that most closely resembled the self-selected macronutrient intake from the free choice periods, namely Salix browse. We place our results in the context of the nutritional strategy of the moose, ruminant physiology and the categorization of food quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika M. Felton
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Adam Felton
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - David Raubenheimer
- School of Biological Science and The Charles Perkins Centre, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Simpson
- School of Biological Science and The Charles Perkins Centre, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophie J. Krizsan
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per-Ola Hedwall
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Caroline Stolter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Biocenter Grindel, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Fernandez-Duque E. Social monogamy in wild owl monkeys (Aotus azarae) of Argentina: the potential influences of resource distribution and ranging patterns. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:355-71. [PMID: 25931263 PMCID: PMC5398412 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Using published and new data from a population of monogamous owl monkeys in the Argentinean Chaco, I examine the hypothesis that social monogamy is a default social system imposed upon males because the spatial and/or temporal distribution of resources and females makes it difficult for a single male to defend access to more than one mate. First, I examine a set of predictions on ranging patterns, use of space, and population density. This first section is followed by a second one considering predictions related to the abundance and distribution of food. Finally, I conclude with a section attempting to link the ranging and ecological data to demographic and life-history parameters as proxies for reproductive success. In support of the hypothesis, owl monkey species do live at densities (7-64 ind/km(2) ) that are predicted for monogamous species, but groups occupy home ranges and core areas that vary substantially in size, with pronounced overlap of home ranges, but not of core areas. There are strong indications that the availability of food sources in the core areas during the dry season may be of substantial importance for regulating social monogamy in owl monkeys. Finally, none of the proxies for the success of groups were strongly related to the size of the home range or core area. The results I present do not support conclusively any single explanation for the evolution of social monogamy in owl monkeys, but they help us to better understand how it may function. Moreover, the absence of conclusive answers linking ranging, ecology, and reproductive success with the evolution of social monogamy in primates, offer renewed motivation for continuing to explore the evolution of monogamy in owl monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fernandez-Duque
- Yale University, New Haven, USA
- Proyecto Mirikiná/Fundación ECO, Formosa, Argentina
- Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral (Conicet, Corrientes), Argentina
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Janmaat KR, Boesch C, Byrne R, Chapman CA, Goné Bi ZB, Head JS, Robbins MM, Wrangham RW, Polansky L. Spatio-temporal complexity of chimpanzee food: How cognitive adaptations can counteract the ephemeral nature of ripe fruit. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:626-45. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karline R.L. Janmaat
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
| | - Richard Byrne
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience; University of St Andrews; St Andrews United Kingdom
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment; McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Zoro B. Goné Bi
- UFR Biosciences; Université Félix Houphouët Boigny; Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Josephine S. Head
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
| | - Martha M. Robbins
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
| | - Richard W. Wrangham
- Department of Human Evolutionary Anthropology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Leo Polansky
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
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Ross AC, Lehman SM. Infant transport and mother-infant contact from 1 to 26 weeks postnatal in Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquereli) in northwestern Madagascar. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:646-58. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C. Ross
- Department of Anthropology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Shawn M. Lehman
- Department of Anthropology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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Sato H, Santini L, Patel ER, Campera M, Yamashita N, Colquhoun IC, Donati G. Dietary Flexibility and Feeding Strategies of Eulemur: A Comparison with Propithecus. INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Potts KB, Baken E, Ortmann S, Watts DP, Wrangham RW. Variability in Population Density Is Paralleled by Large Differences in Foraging Efficiency in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chalk J, Wright BW, Lucas PW, Schuhmacher KD, Vogel ER, Fragaszy D, Visalberghi E, Izar P, Richmond BG. Age-related variation in the mechanical properties of foods processed by Sapajus libidinosus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:199-209. [PMID: 26381730 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The diet of tufted capuchins (Sapajus) is characterized by annual or seasonal incorporation of mechanically protected foods. Reliance on these foods raises questions about the dietary strategies of young individuals that lack strength and experience to access these resources. Previous research has demonstrated differences between the feeding competencies of adult and juvenile tufted capuchins. Here we test the hypothesis that, compared to adults, juveniles will process foods with lower toughness and elastic moduli. MATERIALS AND METHODS We present data on variation in the toughness and elastic modulus of food tissues processed by Sapajus libidinosus during the dry season at Fazenda Boa Vista, Brazil. Food mechanical property data were collected using a portable universal mechanical tester. RESULTS Results show that food tissues processed by the capuchins showed significant differences in toughness and stiffness. However, we found no relationship between an individual's age and mean or maximum food toughness or elastic modulus, indicating both juvenile and adult S. libidinosus are able to process foods of comparable properties. DISCUSSION Although it has been suggested that juveniles avoid mechanically protected foods, age-related differences in feeding competence are not solely due to variation in food toughness or stiffness. Other factors related to food type (e.g., learning complex behavioral sequences, achieving manual dexterity, obtaining physical strength to lift stone tools, or recognizing subtle cues about food state) combined with food mechanical properties better explain variation in juvenile feeding competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Chalk
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA
| | - Barth W Wright
- Department of Anatomy, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, MO
| | - Peter W Lucas
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | | | - Erin R Vogel
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | - Elisabetta Visalberghi
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrícia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brian G Richmond
- Anthropology Division, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY
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Serckx A, Kühl HS, Beudels‐Jamar RC, Poncin P, Bastin J, Huynen M. Feeding ecology of bonobos living in forest-savannah mosaics: Diet seasonal variation and importance of fallback foods. Am J Primatol 2015; 77:948-962. [PMID: 25974229 PMCID: PMC7159761 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Primates along with many other animal taxa are forced to cope with large shifts in basic ecological conditions because of rapid anthropogenically induced changes of their habitats. One of the coping strategies for primates is to adjust their diet to these changes, and several studies have demonstrated the importance of fallback resources for this. Bonobos, like chimpanzees, might be particularly vulnerable to habitat fragmentation because of their high dependence on fruit availability. Little is known, however, about bonobo feeding ecology in fragmented habitats and their use of fallback resources. In this study, we investigate diet seasonal variation and the exploitation of preferred and fallback foods in a bonobo population living in forest-savannah mosaics. Results show that bonobos have adapted to this fragmented habitat by feeding on only a few fruit species, including an important number of non-tree species (liana, herb and savannah shrub), in comparison to populations living in dense forests. These non-tree plants have been defined as fallback and non-preferred foods, which are most probably consumed to maintain high frugivory. Interestingly, we identified that preferred foods are all typical of mature forests while fallback resources are mainly found in forest edges or disturbed areas. This finding indicates that bonobos prefer to use mature forests when feeding, as they do for nesting, but extend their range use to forest areas in close proximity to humans when the availability of preferred fruits is low. Finally, we show that bonobo diet relies heavily on two abundant fallback fruits: Musanga cecropioides and Marantochloa leucantha. Other studies have demonstrated that the selection of abundant fallback resources enables primates to subsist at high densities and to maintain cohesive groups, as observed at this study site. Our findings suggest that bonobos living in forest-savannah mosaics can be considered as staple fallback food consumers. Am. J. Primatol. 77:948-962, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Serckx
- Primatology Research GroupBehavioural Biology UnitUniversity of LiegeLiegeBelgium
- Conservation Biology UnitRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural SciencesBrusselsBelgium
- Ecole Régionale post‐universitaire d'Aménagement et de gestion Intégrés des Forêts et Territoires tropicauxKinshasaDemocratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of PrimatologyMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
| | - Hjalmar S. Kühl
- Department of PrimatologyMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity ResearchHalle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | | | - Pascal Poncin
- Primatology Research GroupBehavioural Biology UnitUniversity of LiegeLiegeBelgium
| | - Jean‐François Bastin
- Ecole Régionale post‐universitaire d'Aménagement et de gestion Intégrés des Forêts et Territoires tropicauxKinshasaDemocratic Republic of the Congo
- Landscape Ecology and Plant Production Systems UnitUniversité libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
- Biodiversity and Landscape UnitGembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversité de LiégeGemblouxBelgium
| | - Marie‐Claude Huynen
- Primatology Research GroupBehavioural Biology UnitUniversity of LiegeLiegeBelgium
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Pichon C, Simmen B. Energy management in crowned sifakas (Propithecus coronatus) and the timing of reproduction in a seasonal environment. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:269-278. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Pichon
- UMR 7206, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle; 4 avenue du Petit Château Brunoy 91800 France
| | - Bruno Simmen
- UMR 7206, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle; 4 avenue du Petit Château Brunoy 91800 France
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Irwin MT, Raharison JL, Raubenheimer DR, Chapman CA, Rothman JM. The Nutritional Geometry of Resource Scarcity: Effects of Lean Seasons and Habitat Disturbance on Nutrient Intakes and Balancing in Wild Sifakas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128046. [PMID: 26061401 PMCID: PMC4464895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals experience spatial and temporal variation in food and nutrient supply, which may cause deviations from optimal nutrient intakes in both absolute amounts (meeting nutrient requirements) and proportions (nutrient balancing). Recent research has used the geometric framework for nutrition to obtain an improved understanding of how animals respond to these nutritional constraints, among them free-ranging primates including spider monkeys and gorillas. We used this framework to examine macronutrient intakes and nutrient balancing in sifakas (Propithecus diadema) at Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar, in order to quantify how these vary across seasons and across habitats with varying degrees of anthropogenic disturbance. Groups in intact habitat experience lean season decreases in frugivory, amounts of food ingested, and nutrient intakes, yet preserve remarkably constant proportions of dietary macronutrients, with the proportional contribution of protein to the diet being highly consistent. Sifakas in disturbed habitat resemble intact forest groups in the relative contribution of dietary macronutrients, but experience less seasonality: all groups' diets converge in the lean season, but disturbed forest groups largely fail to experience abundant season improvements in food intake or nutritional outcomes. These results suggest that: (1) lemurs experience seasonality by maintaining nutrient balance at the expense of calories ingested, which contrasts with earlier studies of spider monkeys and gorillas, (2) abundant season foods should be the target of habitat management, even though mortality might be concentrated in the lean season, and (3) primates' within-group competitive landscapes, which contribute to variation in social organization, may vary in complex ways across habitats and seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell T. Irwin
- Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States of America
- SADABE Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jean-Luc Raharison
- SADABE Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - David R. Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York, United States of America
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McGraw WS, Vick AE, Daegling DJ. Dietary variation and food hardness in sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys): Implications for fallback foods and dental adaptation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:413-23. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Scott McGraw
- Department of Anthropology; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210-1106
| | - Anna E. Vick
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences; Santa Fe College; Gainesville FL 32606
| | - David J. Daegling
- Department of Anthropology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611-7305
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