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Del Grosso A, Parlanti G, Mezzena R, Cecchini M. Current treatment options and novel nanotechnology-driven enzyme replacement strategies for lysosomal storage disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114464. [PMID: 35878795 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a vast group of more than 50 clinically identified metabolic diseases. They are singly rare, but they affect collectively 1 on 5,000 live births. They result in most of the cases from an enzymatic defect within lysosomes, which causes the subsequent augmentation of unwanted substrates. This accumulation process leads to plenty of clinical signs, determined by the specific substrate and accumulation area. The majority of LSDs present a broad organ and tissue engagement. Brain, connective tissues, viscera and bones are usually afflicted. Among them, brain disease is markedly frequent (two-thirds of LSDs). The most clinically employed approach to treat LSDs is enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), which is practiced by administering systemically the missed or defective enzyme. It represents a healthful strategy for 11 LSDs at the moment, but it solves the pathology only in the case of Gaucher disease. This approach, in fact, is not efficacious in the case of LSDs that have an effect on the central nervous system (CNS) due to the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, ERT suffers from several other weak points, such as low penetration of the exogenously administered enzyme to poorly vascularized areas, the development of immunogenicity and infusion-associated reactions (IARs), and, last but not least, the very high cost and lifelong needed. To ameliorate these weaknesses lot of efforts have been recently spent around the development of innovative nanotechnology-driven ERT strategies. They may boost the power of ERT and minimize adverse reactions by loading enzymes into biodegradable nanomaterials. Enzyme encapsulation into biocompatible liposomes, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, for example, can protect enzymatic activity, eliminating immunologic reactions and premature enzyme degradation. It can also permit a controlled release of the payload, ameliorating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug. Additionally, the potential to functionalize the surface of the nanocarrier with targeting agents (antibodies or peptides), could promote the passage through biological barriers. In this review we examined the clinically applied ERTs, highlighting limitations that do not allow to completely cure the specific LSD. Later, we critically consider the nanotechnology-based ERT strategies that have beenin-vitroand/orin-vivotested to improve ERT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Del Grosso
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Parlanti
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Mezzena
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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2
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Gardner E, Mole SE. The Genetic Basis of Phenotypic Heterogeneity in the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses. Front Neurol 2021; 12:754045. [PMID: 34733232 PMCID: PMC8558747 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.754045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders that affect children and adults. They share some similar clinical features and the accumulation of autofluorescent storage material. Since the discovery of the first causative genes, more than 530 mutations have been identified across 13 genes in cases diagnosed with NCL. These genes encode a variety of proteins whose functions have not been fully defined; most are lysosomal enzymes, or transmembrane proteins of the lysosome or other organelles. Many mutations in these genes are associated with a typical NCL disease phenotype. However, increasing numbers of variant disease phenotypes are being described, affecting age of onset, severity or progression, and including some distinct clinical phenotypes. This data is collated by the NCL Mutation Database which allows analysis from many perspectives. This article will summarise and interpret current knowledge and understanding of their genetic basis and phenotypic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gardner
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara E Mole
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Singh RB, Gupta P, Kartik A, Farooqui N, Singhal S, Shergill S, Singh KP, Agarwal A. Ocular Manifestations of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses. Semin Ophthalmol 2021; 36:582-595. [PMID: 34106804 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2021.1936571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of rare neurodegenerative storage disorders associated with devastating visual prognosis, with an incidence of 1/1,000,000 in the United States and comparatively higher incidence in European countries. The pathophysiological mechanisms causing NCLs occur due to enzymatic or transmembrane defects in various sub-cellular organelles including lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and cytoplasmic vesicles. NCLs are categorized into different types depending upon the underlying cause i.e., soluble lysosomal enzyme deficiencies or non-enzymatic deficiencies (functions of identified proteins), which are sub-divided based on an axial classification system. In this review, we have evaluated the current evidence in the literature and reported the incidence rates, underlying mechanisms and currently available management protocols for these rare set of neuroophthalmological disorders. Additionally, we also highlighted the potential therapies under development that can expand the treatment of these rare disorders beyond symptomatic relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Bir Singh
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Prakash Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Akash Kartik
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Naba Farooqui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sachi Singhal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sukhman Shergill
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kanwar Partap Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, India
| | - Aniruddha Agarwal
- Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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4
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Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCLs) is a group of inherited neurodegenerative lysosomal storage diseases that together represent the most common cause of dementia in children. Phenotypically, patients have visual impairment, cognitive and motor decline, epilepsy, and premature death. A primary challenge is to halt and/or reverse these diseases, towards which developments in potential effective therapies are encouraging. Many treatments, including enzyme replacement therapy (for CLN1 and CLN2 diseases), stem-cell therapy (for CLN1, CLN2, and CLN8 diseases), gene therapy vector (for CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, CLN5, CLN6, CLN7, CLN10, and CLN11 diseases), and pharmacological drugs (for CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, and CLN6 diseases) have been evaluated for safety and efficacy in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Currently, cerliponase alpha for CLN2 disease is the only approved therapy for NCL. Lacking is any study of potential treatments for CLN4, CLN9, CLN12, CLN13 or CLN14 diseases. This review provides an overview of genetics for each CLN disease, and we discuss the current understanding from pre-clinical and clinical study of potential therapeutics. Various therapeutic interventions have been studied in many experimental animal models. Combination of treatments may be useful to slow or even halt disease progression; however, few therapies are unlikely to even partially reverse the disease and a complete reversal is currently improbable. Early diagnosis to allow initiation of therapy, when indicated, during asymptomatic stages is more important than ever.
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Rosenberg JB, Chen A, Kaminsky SM, Crystal RG, Sondhi D. Advances in the Treatment of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2019; 7:473-500. [PMID: 33365208 PMCID: PMC7755158 DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2019.1684258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) represent a class of neurodegenerative disorders involving defective lysosomal processing enzymes or receptors, leading to lysosomal storage disorders, typically characterized by observation of cognitive and visual impairments, epileptic seizures, ataxia, and deterioration of motor skills. Recent success of a biologic (Brineura®) for the treatment of neurologic manifestations of the central nervous system (CNS) has led to renewed interest in therapeutics for NCL, with the goal of ablating or reversing the impact of these devastating disorders. Despite complex challenges associated with CNS therapy, many treatment modalities have been evaluated, including enzyme replacement therapy, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and small molecule pharmacotherapy. Because the clinical endpoints for the evaluation of candidate therapies are complex and often reliant on subjective clinical scales, the development of quantitative biomarkers for NCLs has become an apparent necessity for the validation of potential treatments. We will discuss the latest findings in the search for relevant biomarkers for assessing disease progression. For this review, we will focus primarily on recent pre-clinical and clinical developments for treatments to halt or cure these NCL diseases. Continued development of current therapies and discovery of newer modalities will be essential for successful therapeutics for NCL. AREAS COVERED The reader will be introduced to the NCL subtypes, natural histories, experimental animal models, and biomarkers for NCL progression; challenges and different therapeutic approaches, and the latest pre-clinical and clinical research for therapeutic development for the various NCLs. This review corresponds to the literatures covering the years from 1968 to mid-2019, but primarily addresses pre-clinical and clinical developments for the treatment of NCL disease in the last decade and as a follow-up to our 2013 review of the same topic in this journal. EXPERT OPINION Much progress has been made in the treatment of neurologic diseases, such as the NCLs, including better animal models and improved therapeutics with better survival outcomes. Encouraging results are being reported at symposiums and in the literature, with multiple therapeutics reaching the clinical trial stage for the NCLs. The potential for a cure could be at hand after many years of trial and error in the preclinical studies. The clinical development of enzyme replacement therapy (Brineura® for CLN2), immunosuppression (CellCept® for CLN3), and gene therapy vectors (for CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, and CLN6) are providing encouragement to families that have a child afflicted with NCL. We believe that successful therapies in the future may involve the combination of two or more therapeutic modalities to provide therapeutic benefit especially as the patients grow older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Rosenberg
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Alvin Chen
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Stephen M Kaminsky
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Dolan Sondhi
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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6
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Parvin S, Rezazadeh M, Hosseinzadeh H, Moradi M, Shiva S, Gharesouran J. The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses-Linked Loss of Function CLN5 and CLN8 Variants Disrupt Normal Lysosomal Function. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 21:160-169. [PMID: 30919163 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of neurodegenerative disorders caused by mutations in fourteen distinct ceroid lipofuscinoses, neuronal (CLN) genes described with various severe symptoms such as seizures, visual failure, motor decline, and progressive cognitive deterioration. The current research represents novel CLN5 (c.741G > A) and CLN8 (c.565delT) mutations in two different Iranian families with late-infantile NCL (LINCL) and their relatives by using whole-exome sequencing (WES). The first family had a 10-year-old male with consanguineous parents and severe NCL symptoms, including motor clumsiness, telangiectasia, and cerebellar atrophy. The second family with a child who suffered from nystagmus rotation, motor difficulties, and seizure was a 5-year-old male with consanguineous parent. WES of probands 1 and 2 revealed homozygotic mutations in exon 4 of CLN5 (c.741G > A, p.W247X) and deletion in exon 3 (c.565delT, p.F189fs) of CLN8, respectively. Both patients' parents were heterozygous for these alterations. In concordance with previous studies, our results indicate that pathogenic mutations in CLN genes, especially CLN5 and 8, are a main cause of LINCL; these results also suggest that LINCL is not a regionally or nationally dependent disorder and can occur in any ethnic group despite the fact that some populations may be more at risk. Consequently, CLN gene screening for patients with typical signs of LINCL is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaho Parvin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Rabe Rashidi Institute, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Division of Medical Genetics, Tabriz Children's Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Hosseinzadeh
- Division of Medical Genetics, Tabriz Children's Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moradi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Rabe Rashidi Institute, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shadi Shiva
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Pediatric Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Gharesouran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Division of Medical Genetics, Tabriz Children's Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 2nd Floor, Golghasht St, Tabriz, Iran.
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McLaren MD, Mathavarajah S, Huber RJ. Recent Insights into NCL Protein Function Using the Model Organism Dictyostelium discoideum. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020115. [PMID: 30717401 PMCID: PMC6406579 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of devastating neurological disorders that have a global distribution and affect people of all ages. Commonly known as Batten disease, this form of neurodegeneration is linked to mutations in 13 genetically distinct genes. The precise mechanisms underlying the disease are unknown, in large part due to our poor understanding of the functions of NCL proteins. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum has proven to be an exceptional model organism for studying a wide range of neurological disorders, including the NCLs. The Dictyostelium genome contains homologs of 11 of the 13 NCL genes. Its life cycle, comprised of both single-cell and multicellular phases, provides an excellent system for studying the effects of NCL gene deficiency on conserved cellular and developmental processes. In this review, we highlight recent advances in NCL research using Dictyostelium as a biomedical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan D McLaren
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada.
| | - Sabateeshan Mathavarajah
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada.
| | - Robert J Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada.
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8
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Marotta D, Tinelli E, Mole SE. NCLs and ER: A stressful relationship. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1273-1281. [PMID: 28390949 PMCID: PMC5479446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs, Batten disease) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders with variable age of onset, characterized by the lysosomal accumulation of autofluorescent ceroid lipopigments. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a critical organelle for normal cell function. Alteration of ER homeostasis leads to accumulation of misfolded protein in the ER and to activation of the unfolded protein response. ER stress and the UPR have recently been linked to the NCLs. In this review, we will discuss the evidence for UPR activation in the NCLs, and address its connection to disease pathogenesis. Further understanding of ER-stress response involvement in the NCLs may encourage development of novel therapeutical agents targeting these pathogenic pathways. ER-stress activation has been linked to various neurodegenerative diseases. ER-stress is a common patho-mechanism in four forms of NCL. Pharmacological modulation of UPR could provide new treatment for NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Marotta
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Tinelli
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Sara E Mole
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT; UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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9
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Exome sequencing identifies a novel homozygous CLN8 mutation in a Turkish family with Northern epilepsy. Acta Neurol Belg 2017; 117:159-167. [PMID: 27844444 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-016-0721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), one of the most common neurodegenerative childhood-onset disorders, is characterized by autosomal-recessive inheritance, epileptic seizures, progressive psychomotor deterioration, visual impairment, and premature death. Based on the country of origin of the patients, the clinical features/courses, and the molecular genetics background of the disorder, 14 distinct NCL subtypes have been described to date. CLN8 mutation was first identified in Finnish patients, and the condition was named Northern Epilepsy (NE); however, the severe phenotype of the CLN8 gene was subsequently found outside Finland and named 'variant late-infantile' NCL. In this study, five patients and their six healthy relatives from a large Turkish consanguineous family were enrolled. The study involved detailed clinical, radiological and molecular genetic evaluations. Whole-exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping revealed a novel homozygous CLN8 mutation, c.677T>C (p.Leu226Pro). We defined NE cases in Turkey, caused by a novel mutation in CLN8. WES can be an important diagnostic method in rare cases with atypical courses.
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10
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Di Fruscio G, Schulz A, De Cegli R, Savarese M, Mutarelli M, Parenti G, Banfi S, Braulke T, Nigro V, Ballabio A. Lysoplex: An efficient toolkit to detect DNA sequence variations in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Autophagy 2016; 11:928-38. [PMID: 26075876 PMCID: PMC4502703 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1043077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) regulates cell homeostasis and plays a crucial role in human diseases, such as lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) and common neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the identification of DNA sequence variations in genes involved in this pathway and their association with human diseases would have a significant impact on health. To this aim, we developed Lysoplex, a targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach, which allowed us to obtain a uniform and accurate coding sequence coverage of a comprehensive set of 891 genes involved in lysosomal, endocytic, and autophagic pathways. Lysoplex was successfully validated on 14 different types of LSDs and then used to analyze 48 mutation-unknown patients with a clinical phenotype of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a genetically heterogeneous subtype of LSD. Lysoplex allowed us to identify pathogenic mutations in 67% of patients, most of whom had been unsuccessfully analyzed by several sequencing approaches. In addition, in 3 patients, we found potential disease-causing variants in novel NCL candidate genes. We then compared the variant detection power of Lysoplex with data derived from public whole exome sequencing (WES) efforts. On average, a 50% higher number of validated amino acid changes and truncating variations per gene were identified. Overall, we identified 61 truncating sequence variations and 488 missense variations with a high probability to cause loss of function in a total of 316 genes. Interestingly, some loss-of-function variations of genes involved in the ALP pathway were found in homozygosity in the normal population, suggesting that their role is not essential. Thus, Lysoplex provided a comprehensive catalog of sequence variants in ALP genes and allows the assessment of their relevance in cell biology as well as their contribution to human disease.
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Katata Y, Uematsu M, Sato H, Suzuki S, Nakayama T, Kubota Y, Kobayashi T, Hino-Fukuyo N, Saitsu H, Kure S. Novel missense mutation in CLN8 in late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: The first report of a CLN8 mutation in Japan. Brain Dev 2016; 38:341-5. [PMID: 26443629 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative lysosomal diseases. Fourteen distinct NCL subtypes (CLN1-CLN14) are known, and they are caused by mutations in different genes. CLN8 was first identified in Finnish patients, and the phenotype was subsequently found in Turkish, Italian, and Pakistani patients. We report a 6-year-old Japanese boy with NCL with a novel missense mutation in CLN8. At the age of 3years, he manifested frequent drop seizures, and then progressively developed motor difficulties with an ataxic gait, myoclonus, left conjugate deviation, and rotational nystagmus. At age 5, he developed profound visual difficulty and dysphagia, and he has now lost his mobility. A bone marrow examination at age 5 showed sea-blue histiocytes. An electroretinogram was non-recordable. No giant somatosensory evoked potentials were found. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral diffuse hyperintensities in the white matter around the lateral ventricles and cerebellar and pontine atrophy on T2-weighted images. In a lysosomal enzyme study, the palmitoyl-protein-thioesterase and pepinase activity was within normal limits. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a homozygous CLN8 mutation: c.620T>G (p.L207R). His parents were both heterozygous for this mutation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a CLN8 mutation in late infantile NCL in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Katata
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Uematsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sato Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tojo Nakayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuki Kubota
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Naomi Hino-Fukuyo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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12
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Kinarivala N, Trippier PC. Progress in the Development of Small Molecule Therapeutics for the Treatment of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs). J Med Chem 2015; 59:4415-27. [PMID: 26565590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited and incurable neurodegenerative disorders primarily afflicting the pediatric population. Current treatment regimens offer only symptomatic relief and do not target the underlying cause of the disease. Although the underlying pathophysiology that drives disease progression is unknown, several small molecules have been identified with diverse mechanisms of action that provide promise for the treatment of this devastating disease. This review aims to summarize the current cellular and animal models available for the identification of potential therapeutics and presents the current state of knowledge on small molecule compounds that demonstrate in vitro and/or in vivo efficacy across the NCLs with an emphasis on targets of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihar Kinarivala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States.,Center for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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13
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Mole SE, Cotman SL. Genetics of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (Batten disease). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2237-41. [PMID: 26026925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders that affect children and adults and are grouped together by similar clinical features and the accumulation of autofluorescent storage material. More than a dozen genes containing over 430 mutations underlying human NCLs have been identified. These genes encode lysosomal enzymes (CLN1, CLN2, CLN10, CLN13), a soluble lysosomal protein (CLN5), a protein in the secretory pathway (CLN11), two cytoplasmic proteins that also peripherally associate with membranes (CLN4, CLN14), and many transmembrane proteins with different subcellular locations (CLN3, CLN6, CLN7, CLN8, CLN12). For most NCLs, the function of the causative gene has not been fully defined. Most of the mutations in these genes are associated with a typical disease phenotype, but some result in variable disease onset, severity, and progression, including distinct clinical phenotypes. There remain disease subgroups with unknown molecular genetic backgrounds. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Current Research on the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease)."
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Mole
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; UCL Institute of Child Health and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Susan L Cotman
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Cell biology of the NCL proteins: What they do and don't do. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2242-55. [PMID: 25962910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The fatal, primarily childhood neurodegenerative disorders, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), are currently associated with mutations in 13 genes. The protein products of these genes (CLN1 to CLN14) differ in their function and their intracellular localization. NCL-associated proteins have been localized mostly in lysosomes (CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, CLN5, CLN7, CLN10, CLN12 and CLN13) but also in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (CLN6 and CLN8), or in the cytosol associated to vesicular membranes (CLN4 and CLN14). Some of them such as CLN1 (palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1), CLN2 (tripeptidyl-peptidase 1), CLN5, CLN10 (cathepsin D), and CLN13 (cathepsin F), are lysosomal soluble proteins; others like CLN3, CLN7, and CLN12, have been proposed to be lysosomal transmembrane proteins. In this review, we give our views and attempt to summarize the proposed and confirmed functions of each NCL protein and describe and discuss research results published since the last review on NCL proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Current Research on the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease)".
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Craiu D, Dragostin O, Dica A, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Gos M, Bastian AE, Gherghiceanu M, Rolfs A, Nahavandi N, Craiu M, Iliescu C. Rett-like onset in late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN7) caused by compound heterozygous mutation in the MFSD8 gene and review of the literature data on clinical onset signs. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2015; 19:78-86. [PMID: 25439737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present clinical and molecular findings of a patient with ceroid-lipofuscinosis CLN7, with a compound heterozygous mutation of the MFSD8 gene, with Rett syndrome clinical signs onset and a later development of full picture of vLINCL. CASE PRESENTATION A 7 years-old female patient with normal development until the age 12 months, developed Rett like clinical picture (psychomotor regression, microcephaly, stereotypic hands movements in the midline, hyperventilation episodes) present at the onset of her condition (age 18 months), features still present at the initial evaluation in our clinic at age 5 years. RESULTS MECP2 (methyl CpG binding protein 2) gene mutation was negative. At age 6 years she was readmitted for severe ataxia and blindness, seizures, and severe developmental regression leading to NCL (neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis) suspicion. EEG showed slow background with IRDA (intermittent rhythmic delta activity). A conjunctive biopsy showed abnormal curvilinear and fingerprint lysosomal deposits, and genetic analysis revealed two heterozygous mutations of MFSD8 gene (c.881C > A p.Thr294Lys and c.754 + 2T > A) each inherited from carrier parents and a heterozygous variant (c.470A>C p.Asp157Ala) of CLN5 gene. CONCLUSION NCL should be suspected and MFSD8 genetic testing should also be considered in patients with Rett like phenotype at onset and negative MECP2 mutation. Such cases should be carefully and frequently re-evaluated in order to avoid delayed diagnosis and offer proper genetic advice to the family. In our knowledge, this might be the first case of CLN7 disease with Rett like onset described in the literature, which developed typical vLINCL clinical phenotype after age 5.5 years. A short review of the literature showing NCL onset modalities is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Craiu
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine Bucharest, Department of Neurology, Pediatric Neurology, Psychiatry, Neurosurgery, Discipline Pediatric Neurology, Romania; Pediatric Neurology Clinic, "Alexandru Obregia" Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Şos. Berceni 10-12, Sector 4, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Octavia Dragostin
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic, "Alexandru Obregia" Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Şos. Berceni 10-12, Sector 4, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Alice Dica
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Research Department, "Alexandru Obregia" Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Şos. Berceni 10-12, Sector 4, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Dorota Hoffman-Zacharska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17A, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Gos
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17A, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Alexandra Eugenia Bastian
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine Bucharest, Department II, Dental Medicine, Pathology Discpline, Romania; Pathology Lab., Colentina University Hospital, Sos Stefan cel Mare 19-21, Sector 2, 020125 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Mihaela Gherghiceanu
- Ultrastructural Pathology Lab., 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Spl. Independentei, 050096 Bucharest 5, Romania.
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neurogenetics, Medical Faculty, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimerstrasse 20, 18157 Rostock, Germany; Centogene AG, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | | | - Mihai Craiu
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine Bucharest, Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Discipline Pediatrics, Romania; Pediatric II Clinic, "Alfred Rusescu" Clinical Pediatric Hospital, Institute of Mother and Child Health, B-dul Lacul Tei No. 120, Sector 2, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Catrinel Iliescu
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine Bucharest, Department of Neurology, Pediatric Neurology, Psychiatry, Neurosurgery, Discipline Pediatric Neurology, Romania; Pediatric Neurology Clinic, "Alexandru Obregia" Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Şos. Berceni 10-12, Sector 4, Bucharest, Romania.
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16
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Boustany RM. Ceramide center stage in progressive myoclonus epilepsies. Ann Neurol 2014; 76:162-4. [PMID: 25041902 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rose-Mary Boustany
- Departments of Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine, and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Alroy J, Lyons JA. Lysosomal Storage Diseases. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/2326409813517663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Alroy
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine1, Boston, MA, USA
- Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Jeremiah A. Lyons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
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Tondeleir D, Noelanders R, Bakkali K, Ampe C. Beta-actin is required for proper mouse neural crest ontogeny. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85608. [PMID: 24409333 PMCID: PMC3883714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse genome consists of six functional actin genes of which the expression patterns are temporally and spatially regulated during development and in the adult organism. Deletion of beta-actin in mouse is lethal during embryonic development, although there is compensatory expression of other actin isoforms. This suggests different isoform specific functions and, more in particular, an important function for beta-actin during early mammalian development. We here report a role for beta-actin during neural crest ontogeny. Although beta-actin null neural crest cells show expression of neural crest markers, less cells delaminate and their migration arrests shortly after. These phenotypes were associated with elevated apoptosis levels in neural crest cells, whereas proliferation levels were unchanged. Specifically the pre-migratory neural crest cells displayed higher levels of apoptosis, suggesting increased apoptosis in the neural tube accounts for the decreased amount of migrating neural crest cells seen in the beta-actin null embryos. These cells additionally displayed a lack of membrane bound N-cadherin and dramatic decrease in cadherin-11 expression which was more pronounced in the pre-migratory neural crest population, potentially indicating linkage between the cadherin-11 expression and apoptosis. By inhibiting ROCK ex vivo, the knockout neural crest cells regained migratory capacity and cadherin-11 expression was upregulated. We conclude that the presence of beta-actin is vital for survival, specifically of pre-migratory neural crest cells, their proper emigration from the neural tube and their subsequent migration. Furthermore, the absence of beta-actin affects cadherin-11 and N-cadherin function, which could partly be alleviated by ROCK inhibition, situating the Rho-ROCK signaling in a feedback loop with cadherin-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina Tondeleir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rivka Noelanders
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karima Bakkali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Ampe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Kohan R, Noelia Carabelos M, Xin W, Sims K, Guelbert N, Adriana Cismondi I, Pons P, Alonso GI, Troncoso M, Witting S, Pearce DA, de Kremer RD, Oller-Ramírez AM, de Halac IN. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type CLN2: a new rationale for the construction of phenotypic subgroups based on a survey of 25 cases in South America. Gene 2013; 516:114-21. [PMID: 23266810 PMCID: PMC3855401 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tripeptidyl-peptidase 1 (TPP1) null or residual activity occurs in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) with underlying TPP1/CLN2 mutations. A survey of 25 South American CLN2 affected individuals enabled the differentiation of two phenotypes: classical late-infantile and variant juvenile, each in approximately 50% of patients, with residual TPP1 activity occurring in approximately 32%. Each individual was assigned to one of three subgroups: (I) n=11, null TPP1 activity in leukocytes; (II) n=8, residual TPP1 activity of 0.60-15.85 nmol/h/mg (nr 110-476); (III) n=6, activity not measured in leukocytes. Curvilinear bodies (CB) appeared in almost all studied CLN2 subjects; the only exceptions occurred in cases of subgroup II: two individuals had combined CBs/fingerprints (FPs), and one case had pure FPs. There were 15 mutations (4 first published in this paper, 3 previously observed in South America by our group, and 8 previously observed by others). In subgroup I, mutations were either missense or nonsense; in subgroups II and III, mutations prevailed at the non-conserved intronic site, c.887-10A>G (intron 7), and to a lesser extent at c.89+5G>C (intron 2), in heterozygous combinations. Grouping phenotypically and genetically known individuals on the basis of TPP1 activity supported the concept that residual enzyme activity underlies a protracted disease course. The prevalence of intronic mutations at non-conserved sites in subgroup II individuals indicates that some alternative splicing might allow some residual TPP1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Kohan
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ferroviarios 1250, (5014) Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Haya de la Torre s/n, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina
- Secretaría de Ciencia y Tecnología (SECyT), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Juan Filloy s/n, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Noelia Carabelos
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ferroviarios 1250, (5014) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Winnie Xin
- Massachussets General Hospital, Neurogenetics DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Simches Research Building, 5 300, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, Massachussets 02114, USA
| | - Katherine Sims
- Massachussets General Hospital, Neurogenetics DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Simches Research Building, 5 300, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, Massachussets 02114, USA
| | - Norberto Guelbert
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ferroviarios 1250, (5014) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Inés Adriana Cismondi
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ferroviarios 1250, (5014) Córdoba, Argentina
- Massachussets General Hospital, Neurogenetics DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Simches Research Building, 5 300, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, Massachussets 02114, USA
| | - Patricia Pons
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre esq. Enrique Barros, 1° piso, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Graciela Irene Alonso
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ferroviarios 1250, (5014) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mónica Troncoso
- Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil. Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Avenida Santa Rosa 1234, Santiago, Chile
| | - Scarlet Witting
- Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil. Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Avenida Santa Rosa 1234, Santiago, Chile
| | - David A. Pearce
- Sanford Childrens Health Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Raquel Dodelson de Kremer
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ferroviarios 1250, (5014) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana María Oller-Ramírez
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ferroviarios 1250, (5014) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Inés Noher de Halac
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ferroviarios 1250, (5014) Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Av. Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ CABA, Argentina
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Kollmann K, Uusi-Rauva K, Scifo E, Tyynelä J, Jalanko A, Braulke T. Cell biology and function of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis-related proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1866-81. [PMID: 23402926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) comprise a group of inherited lysosomal disorders with variable age of onset, characterized by lysosomal accumulation of autofluorescent ceroid lipopigments, neuroinflammation, photoreceptor- and neurodegeneration. Most of the NCL-related genes encode soluble and transmembrane proteins which localize to the endoplasmic reticulum or to the endosomal/lysosomal compartment and directly or indirectly regulate lysosomal function. Recently, exome sequencing led to the identification of four novel gene defects in NCL patients and a new NCL nomenclature currently comprising CLN1 through CLN14. Although the precise function of most of the NCL proteins remains elusive, comprehensive analyses of model organisms, particularly mouse models, provided new insight into pathogenic mechanisms of NCL diseases and roles of mutant NCL proteins in cellular/subcellular protein and lipid homeostasis, as well as their adaptive/compensatorial regulation at the transcriptional level. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the expression, function and regulation of NCL proteins and their impact on lysosomal integrity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses or Batten Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kollmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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21
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Bioinformatic perspectives in the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1832:1831-41. [PMID: 23274885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of rare genetic diseases characterised clinically by the progressive deterioration of mental, motor and visual functions and histopathologically by the intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigment - ceroid - in affected tissues. The NCLs are clinically and genetically heterogeneous and more than 14 genetically distinct NCL subtypes have been described to date (CLN1-CLN14) (Haltia and Goebel, 2012 [1]). In this review we will chronologically summarise work which has led over the years to identification of NCL genes, and outline the potential of novel genomic techniques and related bioinformatic approaches for further genetic dissection and diagnosis of NCLs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses or Batten Disease.
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22
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Haddad SE, Khoury M, Daoud M, Kantar R, Harati H, Mousallem T, Alzate O, Meyer B, Boustany RM. CLN5 and CLN8 protein association with ceramide synthase: biochemical and proteomic approaches. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3798-809. [PMID: 23160995 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Four patients with juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, a childhood neurodegenerative disorder that was previously described as CLN9 variant, are reclassified as CLN5 disease. CLN5-deficient (CLN5(-/-) ) fibroblasts demonstrate adhesion defects, increased growth, apoptosis, and decreased levels of ceramide, sphingomyelin, and glycosphingolipids. The CLN8 protein (CLN8p) corrects growth and apoptosis in CLN5(-/-) cells. Related proteins containing a Lag1 motif (CerS1/2/4/5/6) partially corrected these deficits, with CerS1, which is primarily expressed in brain, providing the best complementation, suggesting CLN5p activates CerS1 and may co-immunoprecipitate with it. CLN8p complements CLN5-deficient cells, consolidating the interrelationship of CLN5p/CLN8p, whose potential roles are explored as activators of (dihydro)ceramide synthases. Homozygosity mapping using microarray technology led to identification of CLN5 as the culprit gene in previously classified CLN9-defective cases. Similar to CLN5(-/-) cells, ceramide synthase activity, C16/C18:0/C24:0/C24:1 ceramide species, measured by MS is decreased in CLN8(-/-) cells. Comparison of normal versus CLN5(-/-) cell CerS1-bound proteins by immunoprecipitation, differential gel electrophoresis, and MS revealed absence of γ-actin in CLN5(-/-) cells. The γ-actin gene sequence is normal in CLN5(-/-) derived DNA. The γ-actin-bound proteins, vimentin and histones H2Afz/H3F3A/Hist1H4, were absent from the γ-actin protein complex in CLN5(-/-) cells. The function of CLN5p may require vimentin and the histone proteins to bind γ-actin. Defective binding could explain the CLN5(-/-) cellular phenotype. We explore the role of the CLN5/CLN8 proteins in ceramide species specific sphingolipid de novo synthesis, and suggest that CLN5/CLN8 proteins are more closely related than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saria El Haddad
- Department of Pediatric, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Staropoli JF, Xin W, Barone R, Cotman SL, Sims KB. An atypical case of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis with co-inheritance of a variably penetrant POLG1 mutation. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 13:50. [PMID: 22727047 PMCID: PMC3443422 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs, or Batten disease) comprise the most common Mendelian form of childhood-onset neurodegeneration, but the functions of the known underlying gene products remain poorly understood. The clinical heterogeneity of these disorders may shed light on genetic interactors that modify disease onset and progression. CASE PRESENTATION We describe a proband with congenital hypotonia and an atypical form of infantile-onset, biopsy-proven NCL. Pathologic and molecular work-up of this patient identified CLN5 mutations as well as a mutation-previously described as incompletely penetrant or a variant of unknown significance-in POLG1, a nuclear gene essential for maintenance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number. The congenital presentation of this patient is far earlier than that described for either CLN5 patients or affected carriers of the POLG1 variant (c.1550 G > T, p.Gly517Val). Assessment of relative mtDNA copy number and mitochondrial membrane potential in the proband and control subjects suggested a pathogenic effect of the POLG1 change as well as a possible functional interaction with CLN5 mutations. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that an incompletely penetrant variant in POLG1 may modify the clinical phenotype in a case of CLN5 and are consistent with emerging evidence of interactions between NCL-related genes and mitochondrial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Staropoli
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Neurogenetics DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Winnie Xin
- Neurogenetics DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Rosemary Barone
- Neurogenetics DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Susan L Cotman
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Katherine B Sims
- Neurogenetics DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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Kousi M, Lehesjoki AE, Mole SE. Update of the mutation spectrum and clinical correlations of over 360 mutations in eight genes that underlie the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Hum Mutat 2011; 33:42-63. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kohan R, Cismondi IA, Oller-Ramirez AM, Guelbert N, Anzolini TV, Alonso G, Mole SE, de Kremer DR, de Halac NI. Therapeutic approaches to the challenge of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2011; 12:867-83. [PMID: 21235444 PMCID: PMC3632406 DOI: 10.2174/138920111795542633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) affecting the central nervous system (CNS), with generally recessive inheritance. They are characterized by pathological lipofuscin-like material accumulating in cells. The clinical phenotypes at all onset ages show progressive loss of vision, decreasing cognitive and motor skills, epileptic seizures and premature death, with dementia without visual loss prominent in the rarer adult forms. Eight causal genes, CLN10/CTSD, CLN1/PPT1, CLN2/TPP1, CLN3, CLN5, CLN6, CLN7/MFSD8, CLN8, with more than 265 mutations and 38 polymorphisms (http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ncl) have been described. Other NCL genes are hypothesized, including CLN4 and CLN9; CLCN6, CLCN7 and possibly SGSH are under study. Some therapeutic strategies applied to other LSDs with significant systemic involvement would not be effective in NCLs due to the necessity of passing the blood brain barrier to prevent the neurodegeneration, repair or restore the CNS functionality. There are therapies for the NCLs currently at preclinical stages and under phase 1 trials to establish safety in affected children. These approaches involve enzyme replacement, gene therapy, neural stem cell replacement, immune therapy and other pharmacological approaches. In the next decade, progress in the understanding of the natural history and the biochemical and molecular cascade of events relevant to the pathogenesis of these diseases in humans and animal models will be required to achieve significant therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kohan
- Center for the Study of Inherited Metabolic Diseases (CEMECO),Children's Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, National University Cordoba, Argentina.
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Puri PK, Leilani Valdes C, Angelica Selim M, Bentley RC. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis diagnosed via skin biopsy. J Clin Neurosci 2010; 17:1585-7. [PMID: 20800490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We aim to report that skin biopsy, a non-invasive test by neurological standards, may lead to a diagnosis. A 4-year-old male presented with a 2-year history of epilepsy and progressive developmental regression. The patient had a mildly elevated ammonia level; however, evaluation for the accumulation of excess serum amino acids and evaluation of urine for organic acids was negative. MRI revealed cerebral atrophy, and an electroencephalogram demonstrated multifocal sharp and slow waves. Due to the progressive degenerative neurologic presentation, a neurologic storage disease was favored. An axillary skin biopsy was performed, revealing eosinophilic intra-cytoplasmic inclusions within the eccrine glands. A periodic acid-Schiff stain also highlighted these inclusions. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated characteristic multiple membrane-bound inclusions within the eccrine epithelial cells, containing curvilinear inclusion material characteristic of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. The clinical, histological, electron microscopic and enzymatic studies were diagnostic of late-infantile onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja K Puri
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Simonati A, Cannelli N, Pezzini F, Aiello C, Bianchi M, Tessa A, Santorelli FM. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses: many players, and more to come. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.09.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are the most common group of progressive neurodegenerative diseases of childhood. The overall clinical features are highly similar regardless of the age at disease manifestation, the extent and shape of abnormally stored cytosomes and the severity of clinical course, and are generally characterized by failure and regression of psychomotor development, impaired vision, seizures and fatal outcome. The expanding array of genetic etiologies and disease-associated mutations in NCL provide the basis for the heterogeneity of these clinical conditions and are the focus of this review. Less understood are the pathogenic mechanisms, but common themes and molecular pathways are now emerging and new players are expected to come into the scene of NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Simonati
- Department of Neurological & Visual Sciences, Section of Neurology – Child Neurology & Psychiatry Unit, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale LA Scuro 1, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Natalia Cannelli
- Medical Genetic, Catholic University of Rome, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy and Molecular Medicine & Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pezzini
- Department of Neurological & Visual Sciences, Section of Neurology – Child Neurology & Psychiatry Unit, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale LA Scuro 1, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Aiello
- Molecular Medicine & Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4-00165 Rome, Italy and Department of Biology, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Bianchi
- Molecular Medicine & Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4-00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tessa
- Molecular Medicine & Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4-00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo M Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine & Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4-00165 Rome, Italy
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Ramachandran N, Girard JM, Turnbull J, Minassian BA. The autosomal recessively inherited progressive myoclonus epilepsies and their genes. Epilepsia 2009; 50 Suppl 5:29-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jalanko A, Braulke T. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:697-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kousi M, Siintola E, Dvorakova L, Vlaskova H, Turnbull J, Topcu M, Yuksel D, Gokben S, Minassian BA, Elleder M, Mole SE, Lehesjoki AE. Mutations in CLN7/MFSD8 are a common cause of variant late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Brain 2009; 132:810-9. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Medical Center, MC 9073, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Gdynia HJ, Sperfeld AD, Ludolph AC. [Adult-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis]. DER NERVENARZT 2007; 78:139-40, 142-4. [PMID: 17180669 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-006-2222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses are a heterogenous group of genetic progressive neurodegenerative disorders. Curative therapeutic strategies are not known. These are largely diseases of childhood; adult-onset forms are rare and poorly characterized. The classical adult variant is CLN4 (Kufs' disease), in which autosomal-recessive and autosomal dominant forms are known. Furthermore the "classic infantile" CLN1, caused by a deficiency of the enzyme palmitoylprotein-thioesterase, may be of adult onset Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses in adulthood are multifaceted diseases. Their clinical picture is mainly characterized by progressive dementia, seizures, and extrapyramidal motor symptoms. In contrast to the infantile forms, visual loss is an uncommon feature that appears only in adult CLN1 but not CLN4, which may be helpful in clinical differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Gdynia
- Rehabilitationskrankenhaus, Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Ulm
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Siintola E, Topcu M, Aula N, Lohi H, Minassian BA, Paterson AD, Liu XQ, Wilson C, Lahtinen U, Anttonen AK, Lehesjoki AE. The novel neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis gene MFSD8 encodes a putative lysosomal transporter. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81:136-46. [PMID: 17564970 PMCID: PMC1950917 DOI: 10.1086/518902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The late-infantile-onset forms are the most genetically heterogeneous group among the autosomal recessively inherited neurodegenerative disorders, the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). The Turkish variant was initially considered to be a distinct genetic entity, with clinical presentation similar to that of other forms of late-infantile-onset NCL (LINCL), including age at onset from 2 to 7 years, epileptic seizures, psychomotor deterioration, myoclonus, loss of vision, and premature death. However, Turkish variant LINCL was recently found to be genetically heterogeneous, because mutations in two genes, CLN6 and CLN8, were identified to underlie the disease phenotype in a subset of patients. After a genomewide scan with single-nucleotide-polymorphism markers and homozygosity mapping in nine Turkish families and one Indian family, not linked to any of the known NCL loci, we mapped a novel variant LINCL locus to chromosome 4q28.1-q28.2 in five families. We identified six different mutations in the MFSD8 gene (previously denoted "MGC33302"), which encodes a novel polytopic 518-amino acid membrane protein that belongs to the major facilitator superfamily of transporter proteins. MFSD8 is expressed ubiquitously, with several alternatively spliced variants. Like the majority of the previously identified NCL proteins, MFSD8 localizes mainly to the lysosomal compartment. However, the function of MFSD8 remains to be elucidated. Analysis of the genome-scan data suggests the existence of at least three more genes in the remaining five families, further corroborating the great genetic heterogeneity of LINCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eija Siintola
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Alroy J, Ucci AA. Skin biopsy: a useful tool in the diagnosis of lysosomal storage diseases. Ultrastruct Pathol 2007; 30:489-503. [PMID: 17182441 DOI: 10.1080/01913120500520986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this report, the authors summarize their 19-year experience with over 200 biochemically proven cases of lysosomal storage diseases using electron microscopic screening of more than 950 skin biopsies. They found that electron microscopy (EM) is a highly sensitive, efficient, cost-effective, and rapid diagnostic screening tool for evaluation of lysosomal storage diseases in skin biopsies. Although EM is more expensive than a single enzyme assay, it can exclude more than 90% of cases in which lysosomal storage disease is being considered. EM is critical for diagnosis of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and mucolipidosis IV and is the most cost-effective screening tool in patients with previously unrecognized storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Alroy
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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Anderson GW, Smith VV, Brooke I, Malone M, Sebire NJ. Diagnosis of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Batten disease) by electron microscopy in peripheral blood specimens. Ultrastruct Pathol 2006; 30:373-8. [PMID: 17090516 DOI: 10.1080/01913120500406566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipopofuscinosis (Batten disease, NCL) represents a group of common childhood neurodegenerative diseases with a shared feature of deposition of abnormal metabolic products in neurons and other tissues, including peripheral blood lymphocytes. In most forms of NCL no specific enzyme defect is known and the diagnosis relies primarily on ultrastructural identification of characteristic membrane-bound inclusions containing the abnormal metabolic product. All buffy-coat specimens examined during a 7-year period (1997-2004) for the exclusion or confirmation of the diagnosis NCL were reviewed. From a total of 265 samples, 9 were inadequate and NCL was diagnosed in 56. Five showed granular osmophilic deposits of infantile Batten disease (NCL1), 10 showed curvilinear profiles of classical late infantile Batten disease (NCL2), and 17 showed vacuolated lymphocytes with fingerprint profiles, indicating classical juvenile Batten disease (NCL3). 24 samples (43%) demonstrated compact electron-dense deposits with fingerprint profiles in the absence of vacuolated lymphocytes, indicative of variant forms NCL. Ultrastructual examination of peripheral blood allows reliable and specific diagnosis of subtypes of Batten disease, including variants, and is a useful, minimally invasive test for the diagnosis of NCL in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Anderson
- Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
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Kyttälä A, Lahtinen U, Braulke T, Hofmann SL. Functional biology of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2006; 1762:920-33. [PMID: 16839750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofucinoses (NCLs) are a group of severe neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of autofluorescent ceroid lipopigment in patients' cells. The different forms of NCL share many similar pathological features but result from mutations in different genes. The genes affected in NCLs encode both soluble and transmembrane proteins and are localized to ER or to the endosomes/lysosomes. Due to selective vulnerability of the central nervous system in the NCL disorders, the corresponding proteins are proposed to have important, tissue specific roles in the brain. The pathological similarities of the different NCLs have led not only to the grouping of these disorders but also to suggestion that the NCL proteins function in the same biological pathway. Despite extensive research, including the development of several model organisms for NCLs and establishment of high-throughput techniques, the precise biological function of many of the NCL proteins has remained elusive. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the functions, or proposed functions, of the different NCL proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aija Kyttälä
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Hobert JA, Dawson G. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses therapeutic strategies: Past, present and future. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1762:945-53. [PMID: 17049436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Historically, many different therapies have been assessed for their ability to alter disease progression of the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs). While some treatments have lead to minor improvements, none have been able to arrest disease progression or improve the quality or duration of life. Presently, many new therapeutic strategies, such as chaperone therapy, enzyme replacement therapy, gene therapy, and stem cell therapy, are being investigated for their ability to alter the disease course of the NCLs. This review summarizes previous studied therapies, discusses those currently being evaluated and examines possibilities for future therapies for the treatment of patients with NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Hobert
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Houweling PJ, Cavanagh JAL, Palmer DN, Frugier T, Mitchell NL, Windsor PA, Raadsma HW, Tammen I. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in Devon cattle is caused by a single base duplication (c.662dupG) in the bovine CLN5 gene. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1762:890-7. [PMID: 16935476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs, Batten disease) are recessively inherited neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and other animals, characterised by brain atrophy and the accumulation of lysosome derived fluorescent storage bodies in neurons and most other cells. Common clinical signs include blindness, ataxia, dementia, seizures and premature death. The associated genes for six different human forms have been identified (CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, CLN5, CLN6 and CLN8), and three other human forms suggested (CLNs 4, 7 and 9). A form of NCL in Australian Devon cattle is caused by a single base duplication (c.662dupG) in bovine CLN5. This mutation causes a frame-shift and premature termination (p.Arg221GlyfsX6) which is predicted to result in a severely truncated protein, analogous to disease causing mutations in human Finnish late infantile variant NCL (CLN5), and a simple genetic diagnostic test has been developed. The symptoms and disease course in cattle also matches CLN5. Only one initiation site was found in the bovine gene, equivalent to the third of four possible initiation sites in the human gene. As cattle are anatomically and physiologically similar to humans with a human-like central nervous system and easy to maintain and breed, they provide a valuable alternative model for CLN5 studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Houweling
- Centre for Advanced Technologies in Animal Genetics and Reproduction (Reprogen), Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, PMB3, Camden NSW, Australia
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Siintola E, Lehesjoki AE, Mole SE. Molecular genetics of the NCLs -- status and perspectives. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1762:857-64. [PMID: 16828266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of autofluorescent storage material in many cell types, including neurons. Most NCL subtypes are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and characterized clinically by epileptic seizures, progressive psychomotor decline, visual failure, variable age of onset, and premature death. To date, seven genes underlying human NCLs have been identified. Most of the mutations in these genes are associated with specific disease subtypes, while some result in variable disease onset, severity and progression. In addition to these, there are still disease subgroups with unknown molecular genetic backgrounds. Although apparent clinical homogeneity exists within some of these subgroups, actual genetic heterogeneity may complicate gene identification. Additional clues to the identification of these unknown genes may come from animal models of NCL and from functional studies of already known genes which may suggest further candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eija Siintola
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics and Neuroscience Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Hickey AJ, Chotkowski HL, Singh N, Ault JG, Korey CA, MacDonald ME, Glaser RL. Palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 deficiency in Drosophila melanogaster causes accumulation of abnormal storage material and reduced life span. Genetics 2006; 172:2379-90. [PMID: 16452138 PMCID: PMC1456391 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.053306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of genetic neurodegenerative diseases characterized by progressive death of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and accumulation of abnormal lysosomal storage material. Infantile NCL (INCL), the most severe form of NCL, is caused by mutations in the Ppt1 gene, which encodes the lysosomal enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (Ppt1). We generated mutations in the Ppt1 ortholog of Drosophila melanogaster to characterize phenotypes caused by Ppt1 deficiency in flies. Ppt1-deficient flies accumulate abnormal autofluorescent storage material predominantly in the adult CNS and have a life span 30% shorter than wild type, phenotypes that generally recapitulate disease-associated phenotypes common to all forms of NCL. In contrast, some phenotypes of Ppt1-deficient flies differed from those observed in human INCL. Storage material in flies appeared as highly laminar spherical deposits in cells of the brain and as curvilinear profiles in cells of the thoracic ganglion. This contrasts with the granular deposits characteristic of human INCL. In addition, the reduced life span of Ppt1-deficient flies is not caused by progressive death of CNS neurons. No changes in brain morphology or increases in apoptotic cell death of CNS neurons were detected in Ppt1-deficient flies, even at advanced ages. Thus, Ppt1-deficient flies accumulate abnormal storage material and have a shortened life span without evidence of concomitant neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Hickey
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany 12201-2002, USA
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Cannelli N, Cassandrini D, Bertini E, Striano P, Fusco L, Gaggero R, Specchio N, Biancheri R, Vigevano F, Bruno C, Simonati A, Zara F, Santorelli FM. Novel mutations in CLN8 in Italian variant late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: another genetic hit in the Mediterranean. Neurogenetics 2006; 7:111-7. [PMID: 16570191 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-005-0024-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorders typically characterized by the accumulation of autofluorescent material in tissues. On the basis of clinical features, age at onset, and molecular genetic defects, it is possible to distinguish at least nine forms. The CLN8 form was first described in Finland, where all the patients are homozygous for a p.Arg24Gly mutation in CLN8. More recently, it has been found that a subset of a Turkish variant of late infantile NCL (v-LINCL) is also associated with CLN8 mutations. To identify the molecular defect in Italian patients with v-LINCL, the CLN8 gene was directly sequenced in 10 patients. Controls were screened by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Five fluorescent-labeled microsatellite markers covering 1 cM around the gene were used for haplotype analysis. In three Italian v-LINCL patients, identified in a small area in southern Italy, we detected four new mutations in CLN8: c.66delG (p.Gly22fs), c.88G>C (p.Ala30Pro), c.473A>G (p.Tyr158Cys), and c.581A>G (p.Gln194Arg). The single-base deletion was found in two unrelated patients. The novel missense mutations were not identified in ethnically matched control chromosomes. Our findings expand the number of CLN8 variants and corroborate the notion that CLN8 patients are not confined to the Finnish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cannelli
- Molecular Medicine-IRCCS Children Hospital Bambino Gesù-Piazza S. Onofrio, 4-00165, Rome, Italy
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Schulz A, Mousallem T, Venkataramani M, Persaud-Sawin DA, Zucker A, Luberto C, Bielawska A, Bielawski J, Holthuis JCM, Jazwinski SM, Kozhaya L, Dbaibo GS, Boustany RMN. The CLN9 Protein, a Regulator of Dihydroceramide Synthase. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:2784-94. [PMID: 16303764 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509483200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A new variant of a group of pediatric neurodegenerative diseases known as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) or Batten disease has been identified. It is termed CLN9-deficient. CLN9-deficient fibroblasts have a distinctive phenotype of rapid growth and increased apoptosis and diminished levels of ceramide, dihydroceramide, and sphingomyelin. Transfection with CLN8 but not other NCL genes corrected growth and apoptosis in CLN9-deficient cells, although the entire CLN8 sequence was normal. CLN8 is one of the TRAM-Lag1-CLN8 proteins containing a Lag1 motif. The latter imparts (dihydro)ceramide synthase activity to yeast cells. Transfection with the yeast gene Lag1 Sc and the human homolog LASS1 increased ceramide levels and partially corrected growth and apoptosis in CLN9-deficient cells. LASS2,-4,,-5, and -6 also corrected growth and apoptosis. Dihydroceramide levels and dihydroceramide synthase activity were markedly diminished in CLN9-deficient cells. Sequencing of LASS1, LASS2, LASS4, LASS5, and LASS6 genes was normal, and expression levels were increased or normal in CLN9-deficient cells by reverse transcription-PCR. N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR), a dihydroceramide synthase activator, corrected growth and apoptosis and increased dihydroceramide synthase activity. Ceramide levels dropped further, and there was no increase in de novo ceramide synthesis, probably due to the effects of 4-HPR as activator of dihydroceramide synthase and inhibitor of dihydroceramide desaturase. Fumonisin B1, a dihydroceramide synthase inhibitor, exaggerated the CLN9-deficient phenotype of accelerated growth, decreased ceramide and increased apoptosis. This was neutralized by 4-HPR. We conclude that the CLN9 protein may be a regulator of dihydroceramide synthase and that 4-HPR could be developed as a treatment for CLN9-deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Schulz
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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