1
|
Doucette L, Turnbill V, Carlin K, Cavanagh A, Sollinger B, Kuter N, Flock DL, Robinson S, Chavez-Valdez R, Jantzie L, Martin LJ, Northington FJ. Neocortical cholinergic pathology after neonatal brain injury is increased by Alzheimer's disease-related genes in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 200:106629. [PMID: 39111704 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates causes mortality and neurologic morbidity, including poor cognition with a complex neuropathology. Injury to the cholinergic basal forebrain and its rich innervation of cerebral cortex may also drive cognitive pathology. It is uncertain whether genes associated with adult cognition-related neurodegeneration worsen outcomes after neonatal HIE. We hypothesized that neocortical damage caused by neonatal HI in mice is ushered by persistent cholinergic innervation and interneuron (IN) pathology that correlates with cognitive outcome and is exacerbated by genes linked to Alzheimer's disease. We subjected non-transgenic (nTg) C57Bl6 mice and mice transgenically (Tg) expressing human mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP-Swedish variant) and mutant presenilin (PS1-ΔE9) to the Rice-Vannucci HI model on postnatal day 10 (P10). nTg and Tg mice with sham procedure were controls. Visual discrimination (VD) was tested for cognition. Cortical and hippocampal cholinergic axonal and IN pathology and Aβ plaques, identified by immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and 6E10 antibody respectively, were counted at P210. Simple ChAT+ axonal swellings were present in all sham and HI groups; Tg mice had more than their nTg counterparts, but HI did not affect the number of axonal swellings in APP/PS1 Tg mice. In contrast, complex ChAT+ neuritic clusters (NC) occurred only in Tg mice; HI increased that burden. The abundance of ChAT+ clusters in specific regions correlated with decreased VD. The frequency of attritional ChAT+ INs in the entorhinal cortex (EC) was increased in Tg shams relative to their nTg counterparts, but HI obviated this difference. Cholinergic IN pathology in EC correlated with NC number. The Aβ deposition in APP/PS1 Tg mice was not exacerbated by HI, nor did it correlate with other metrics. Adult APP/PS1 Tg mice have significant cortical cholinergic axon and EC ChAT+ IN pathologies; some pathology was exacerbated by neonatal HI and correlated with VD. Mechanisms of neonatal HI induced cognitive deficits and cortical neuropathology may be modulated by genetic risk, perhaps accounting for some of the variability in outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Doucette
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Victoria Turnbill
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Katherine Carlin
- US Air Force Medical Corps, US Naval Hospital Okinawa, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Andrew Cavanagh
- Department of Neuroscience, Undergraduate Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Benjamin Sollinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Nazli Kuter
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Debra L Flock
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Shenandoah Robinson
- Phelps Center for Cerebral Palsy and Neurodevelopmental Medicine, Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Raul Chavez-Valdez
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lauren Jantzie
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Phelps Center for Cerebral Palsy and Neurodevelopmental Medicine, Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lee J Martin
- Department of Neuroscience, Pathology, and Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, and the Pathobiology Graduate Training Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Frances J Northington
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Curel CJM, Nobeli I, Thornton C. Leflunomide Treatment Does Not Protect Neural Cells following Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation (OGD) In Vitro. Cells 2024; 13:631. [PMID: 38607070 PMCID: PMC11011260 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) affects 2-3 per 1000 live births in developed countries and up to 26 per 1000 live births in developing countries. It is estimated that of the 750,000 infants experiencing a hypoxic-ischemic event during birth per year, more than 400,000 will be severely affected. As treatment options are limited, rapidly identifying new therapeutic avenues is critical, and repurposing drugs already in clinical use offers a fast-track route to clinic. One emerging avenue for therapeutic intervention in neonatal HI is to target mitochondrial dysfunction, which occurs early in the development of brain injury. Mitochondrial dynamics are particularly affected, with mitochondrial fragmentation occurring at the expense of the pro-fusion protein Optic Atrophy (OPA)1. OPA1, together with mitofusins (MFN)1/2, are required for membrane fusion, and therefore, protecting their function may also safeguard mitochondrial dynamics. Leflunomide, an FDA-approved immunosuppressant, was recently identified as an activator of MFN2 with partial effects on OPA1 expression. We, therefore, treated C17.2 cells with Leflunomide before or after oxygen-glucose deprivation, an in vitro mimic of HI, to determine its efficacy as a neuroprotection and inhibitor of mitochondrial dysfunction. Leflunomide increased baseline OPA1 but not MFN2 expression in C17.2 cells. However, Leflunomide was unable to promote cell survival following OGD. Equally, there was no obvious effect on mitochondrial morphology or bioenergetics. These data align with studies suggesting that the tissue and mitochondrial protein profile of the target cell/tissue are critical for taking advantage of the therapeutic actions of Leflunomide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire J. M. Curel
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Irene Nobeli
- School of Natural Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Claire Thornton
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Uctepe E, Vona B, Esen FN, Sonmez FM, Smol T, Tümer S, Mancılar H, Geylan Durgun DE, Boute O, Moghbeli M, Ghayoor Karimiani E, Hashemi N, Bakhshoodeh B, Kim HG, Maroofian R, Yesilyurt A. Bi-allelic truncating variants in CASP2 underlie a neurodevelopmental disorder with lissencephaly. Eur J Hum Genet 2024; 32:52-60. [PMID: 37880421 PMCID: PMC10772072 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lissencephaly (LIS) is a malformation of cortical development due to deficient neuronal migration and abnormal formation of cerebral convolutions or gyri. Thirty-one LIS-associated genes have been previously described. Recently, biallelic pathogenic variants in CRADD and PIDD1, have associated with LIS impacting the previously established role of the PIDDosome in activating caspase-2. In this report, we describe biallelic truncating variants in CASP2, another subunit of PIDDosome complex. Seven patients from five independent families presenting with a neurodevelopmental phenotype were identified through GeneMatcher-facilitated international collaborations. Exome sequencing analysis was carried out and revealed two distinct novel homozygous (NM_032982.4:c.1156delT (p.Tyr386ThrfsTer25), and c.1174 C > T (p.Gln392Ter)) and compound heterozygous variants (c.[130 C > T];[876 + 1 G > T] p.[Arg44Ter];[?]) in CASP2 segregating within the families in a manner compatible with an autosomal recessive pattern. RNA studies of the c.876 + 1 G > T variant indicated usage of two cryptic splice donor sites, each introducing a premature stop codon. All patients from whom brain MRIs were available had a typical fronto-temporal LIS and pachygyria, remarkably resembling the CRADD and PIDD1-related neuroimaging findings. Other findings included developmental delay, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hypotonia, seizure, poor social skills, and autistic traits. In summary, we present patients with CASP2-related ID, anterior-predominant LIS, and pachygyria similar to previously reported patients with CRADD and PIDD1-related disorders, expanding the genetic spectrum of LIS and lending support that each component of the PIDDosome complex is critical for normal development of the human cerebral cortex and brain function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eyyup Uctepe
- Acibadem Ankara Tissue Typing Laboratory, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Barbara Vona
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - F Mujgan Sonmez
- Department of Child Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Retired lecturer, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye
- Private Office, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Thomas Smol
- Institut de Génétique Médicale, Université de Lille, ULR7364 RADEME, CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sait Tümer
- Acibadem Labgen Genetic Diagnosis Center, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | | | - Odile Boute
- Clinique de Génétique, Université de Lille, ULR7364 RADEME, CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Hashemi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hyung Goo Kim
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ahmet Yesilyurt
- Acibadem Labgen Genetic Diagnosis Center, Istanbul, Türkiye.
- Acibadem Maslak Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Volik PI, Kopeina GS, Zhivotovsky B, Zamaraev AV. Total recall: the role of PIDDosome components in neurodegeneration. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:996-1013. [PMID: 37716905 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
The PIDDosome is a multiprotein complex that includes p53-induced protein with a death domain 1 (PIDD1), receptor-interacting protein-associated ICH-1/CED-3 homologous protein with a death domain (RAIDD), and caspase-2, the activation of which is driven by PIDDosome assembly. In addition to the key role of the PIDDosome in the regulation of cell differentiation, tissue homeostasis, and organogenesis and regeneration, caspase-2, RAIDD and PIDD1 engagement in neuronal development was shown. Here, we focus on the involvement of PIDDosome components in neurodegenerative disorders, including retinal neuropathies, different types of brain damage, and Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Lewy body disease. We also discuss pathogenic variants of PIDD1, RAIDD, and caspase-2 that are associated with intellectual, behavioral, and psychological abnormalities, together with prospective PIDDosome inhibition strategies and their potential clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel I Volik
- Facuty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gelina S Kopeina
- Facuty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Facuty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alexey V Zamaraev
- Facuty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bosc E, Anastasie J, Soualmia F, Coric P, Kim JY, Wang LQ, Lacin G, Zhao K, Patel R, Duplus E, Tixador P, Sproul AA, Brugg B, Reboud-Ravaux M, Troy CM, Shelanski ML, Bouaziz S, Karin M, El Amri C, Jacotot ED. Genuine selective caspase-2 inhibition with new irreversible small peptidomimetics. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:959. [PMID: 36379916 PMCID: PMC9666555 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-2 (Casp2) is a promising therapeutic target in several human diseases, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the design of an active-site-directed inhibitor selective to individual caspase family members is challenging because caspases have extremely similar active sites. Here we present new peptidomimetics derived from the VDVAD pentapeptide structure, harboring non-natural modifications at the P2 position and an irreversible warhead. Enzyme kinetics show that these new compounds, such as LJ2 or its specific isomers LJ2a, and LJ3a, strongly and irreversibly inhibit Casp2 with genuine selectivity. In agreement with the established role of Casp2 in cellular stress responses, LJ2 inhibits cell death induced by microtubule destabilization or hydroxamic acid-based deacetylase inhibition. The most potent peptidomimetic, LJ2a, inhibits human Casp2 with a remarkably high inactivation rate (k3/Ki ~5,500,000 M-1 s-1), and the most selective inhibitor, LJ3a, has close to a 1000 times higher inactivation rate on Casp2 as compared to Casp3. Structural analysis of LJ3a shows that the spatial configuration of Cα at the P2 position determines inhibitor efficacy. In transfected human cell lines overexpressing site-1 protease (S1P), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and Casp2, LJ2a and LJ3a fully inhibit Casp2-mediated S1P cleavage and thus SREBP2 activation, suggesting a potential to prevent NASH development. Furthermore, in primary hippocampal neurons treated with β-amyloid oligomers, submicromolar concentrations of LJ2a and of LJ3a prevent synapse loss, indicating a potential for further investigations in AD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Bosc
- INSERM U1164, CNRS UMR 8256, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Julie Anastasie
- INSERM U1164, CNRS UMR 8256, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Feryel Soualmia
- INSERM U1164, CNRS UMR 8256, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Pascale Coric
- Université de Paris, CNRS, CiTCoM, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Ju Youn Kim
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Lily Q Wang
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gullen Lacin
- INSERM U1164, CNRS UMR 8256, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
- MicroBrain Biotech S.A.S. 52 Avenue de l'Europe, Marly-Le-Roi, F-78160, France
| | - Kaitao Zhao
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronak Patel
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric Duplus
- INSERM U1164, CNRS UMR 8256, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Philippe Tixador
- INSERM U1164, CNRS UMR 8256, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Andrew A Sproul
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bernard Brugg
- INSERM U1164, CNRS UMR 8256, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Michelle Reboud-Ravaux
- INSERM U1164, CNRS UMR 8256, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Carol M Troy
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael L Shelanski
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serge Bouaziz
- Université de Paris, CNRS, CiTCoM, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- INSERM U1164, CNRS UMR 8256, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Etienne D Jacotot
- INSERM U1164, CNRS UMR 8256, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, F-75005, France.
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang X, Wang M, Zhou Q, Bai Y, Liu J, Yang J, Li L, Li G, Luo L. Macamide B Pretreatment Attenuates Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage of Mice Induced Apoptosis and Regulates Autophagy via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2776-2798. [PMID: 35190953 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02751-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lepidium meyenii (maca) is an annual or biennial herb from South America that is a member of the genus Lepidium L. in the family Cruciferae. This herb possesses antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities, enhances autophagy functions, prevents cell death, and protects neurons from ischemic damage. Macamide B, an effective active ingredient of maca, exerts a neuroprotective effect on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD), but the mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect is not yet known. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of macamide B on HIBD-induced autophagy and apoptosis and its potential neuroprotective mechanism. The modified Rice-Vannucci method was used to induce HIBD in 7-day-old (P7) macamide B- and vehicle-pretreated pups. TTC staining was performed to evaluate the cerebral infarct volume in pups, the brain water content was measured to evaluate the neurological function of pups, neurobehavioural testing was conducted to assess functional recovery after HIBD, TUNEL and FJC staining was performed to detect cellular autophagy and apoptosis, and Western blot analysis was used to detect the levels of proteins in the pro-survival phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway and autophagy and apoptosis-related proteins. Macamide B pretreatment significantly decreases brain damage and improves the recovery of neural function after HIBD. At the same time, macamide B pretreatment activates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway after HIBD, enhances autophagy, and reduces hypoxic-ischemic (HI)-induced apoptosis. In addition, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, significantly inhibits the increase in autophagy levels, aggravates HI-induced apoptosis, and reverses the neuroprotective effect of macamide B on HIBD. Our data indicate that a macamide B pretreatment might regulate autophagy through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby reducing HIBD-induced apoptosis and exerting neuroprotective effects on neonatal HIBD. Macamide B may become a new drug for the prevention and treatment of HIBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yang
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxian Bai
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhua Yang
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Li
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Li
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Medical Association, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Luo
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Medical Association, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chai WN, Wu YF, Wu ZM, Xie YF, Shi QH, Dan W, Zhan Y, Zhong JJ, Tang W, Sun XC, Jiang L. Neat1 decreases neuronal apoptosis after oxygen and glucose deprivation. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:163-169. [PMID: 34100452 PMCID: PMC8451547 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.314313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that downregulation of nuclear-enriched autosomal transcript 1 (Neat1) may adversely affect the recovery of nerve function and the increased loss of hippocampal neurons in mice. Whether Neat1 has protective or inhibitory effects on neuronal cell apoptosis after secondary brain injury remains unclear. Therefore, the effects of Neat1 on neuronal apoptosis were observed. C57BL/6 primary neurons were obtained from the cortices of newborn mice and cultured in vitro, and an oxygen and glucose deprivation cell model was established to simulate the secondary brain injury that occurs after traumatic brain injury in vitro. The level of Neat1 expression in neuronal cells was regulated by constructing a recombinant adenovirus to infect neurons, and the effects of Neat1 expression on neuronal apoptosis after oxygen and glucose deprivation were observed. The experiment was divided into four groups: the control group, without any treatment, received normal culture; the oxygen and glucose deprivation group were subjected to the oxygen and glucose deprivation model protocol; the Neat1 overexpression and Neat1 downregulation groups were treated with Neat1 expression intervention techniques and were subjected to the in oxygen and glucose deprivation protocol. The protein expression levels of neurons p53-induced death domain protein 1 (PIDD1, a pro-apoptotic protein), caspase-2 (an apoptotic priming protein), cytochrome C (a pro-apoptotic protein), and cleaved caspase-3 (an apoptotic executive protein) were measured in each group using the western blot assay. To observe changes in the intracellular distribution of cytochrome C, the expression levels of cytochrome C in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of neurons from each group were detected by western blot assay. Differences in the cell viability and apoptosis rate between groups were detected by cell-counting kit 8 assay and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay, respectively. The results showed that the apoptosis rate, PIDD1, caspase-2, and cleaved caspase-3 expression levels significantly decreased, and cell viability significantly improved in the Neat1 overexpression group compared with the oxygen and glucose deprivation group; however, Neat1 downregulation reversed these changes. Compared with the Neat1 downregulation group, the cytosolic cytochrome C level in the Neat1 overexpression group significantly decreased, and the mitochondrial cytochrome C level significantly increased. These data indicate that Neat1 upregulation can reduce the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm by inhibiting the PIDD1-caspase-2 pathway, reducing the activation of caspase-3, and preventing neuronal apoptosis after oxygen and glucose deprivation, which might reduce secondary brain injury after traumatic brain injury. All experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China, on December 19, 2020 (approval No. 2020-895).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Na Chai
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Fan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Min Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Feng Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan-Hong Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Niu X, Jiao Z, Wang Z, Jiang A, Zhang X, Zhang H, Xue F. MiR-17-5p protects neonatal mice from hypoxic-ischemic brain damage by targeting Casp2. Neurosci Lett 2022; 772:136475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
9
|
Zhao M, Yao Y, Du J, Kong L, Zhao T, Wu D, Man L, Zhou W. 6-Gingerol Alleviates Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Cerebral and White Matter Injury and Contributes to Functional Recovery. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:707772. [PMID: 34630084 PMCID: PMC8492979 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.707772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one main cause of neonatal death and disability, causing substantial injury to white and gray matter, which can lead to severe neurobehavioral dysfunction, including intellectual disability and dyskinesia. Inflammation, nerve cell death, and white matter injury are important factors in the pathological process of HIE. 6-Gingerol is a ginger extract, which reduces inflammatory response and cell death. However, the role of 6-Gingerol in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) remains unknown. In this study, we constructed a mouse HIBI model and analyzed the protective effect of 6-Gingerol on HIBI by using behavioral tests, histological staining, qPCR and western blot. Here, we found that 6-Gingerol treatment could alleviate HIBI and improve short-term reflex performance, which is closely related to cell death and neuroinflammation. Additionally, 6-Gingerol reduced neuronal apoptosis, pro-inflammatory factor release, as well as microglial activation. Furthermore, 6-Gingerol significantly improved motor disability, which is associated with white matter damage. Thus, our results showed that 6-Gingerol could reduce the loss of myelin sheaths, alleviate cell death of oligodendrocytes, and stimulate the maturation of oligodendrocytes. In terms of mechanism, we found that 6-Gingerol decreased histone H3K27me3 levels, activated AKT pathway and inhibited the activation of ERK and NF-κB pathway at 3 days post-HIBI. Taken together, our data clearly indicate that 6-Gingerol plays a neuroprotective role against HIBI by epigenetic modification and regulation of AKT, ERK, and NF-κB pathways, inhibiting inflammatory responses and reducing cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jingyi Du
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liang Kong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lajie Man
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bosfield K, Diaz J, Leon E. Pure Distal 7q Duplication: Describing a Macrocephalic Neurodevelopmental Syndrome, Case Report and Review of the Literature. Mol Syndromol 2021; 12:159-168. [PMID: 34177432 DOI: 10.1159/000513453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pure distal duplications of 7q have rarely been described in the medical literature. The term pure refers to duplications that occur without an accompanying clinically significant deletion. Pure 7q duplications of various segments have previously been reported in the literature; however, pure distal 7q duplications have only been reported in 21 cases. Twenty of these earlier reports described patients who were identified via karyotype and 1 recently by microarray. Cases have also been reported in genomic databases such as DECIPHER and the University of California Santa Cruz genome browser. We have reviewed 7 additional cases with distal 7q duplications from these databases and compared them to 7 previously reported distal 7q duplication cases to uncover common features including global developmental delay, frontal bossing, macrocephaly, seizures, kyphoscoliosis/skeletal anomalies, and microretrognathia/palatal anomalies. In this case, we describe a 4-year-old boy with a 30.8-Mb pure duplication of 7q32.1q36.3. Newly reported features associated with this duplication include intermittent dystonic posturing, increased behavioral irritability, eosinophilic esophagitis, segmental vertebral anomalies, and segmental intermittent limb cyanosis. We highlight the importance of using publicly available databases to describe rare genetic syndromes and to better characterize the features of pure distal 7q duplications and further postulate that duplication of this region represents a recognizable macrocephalic neurodevelopmental syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Bosfield
- Children's National Health System, Rare Disease Institute, Genetics and Metabolism, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jullianne Diaz
- Children's National Health System, Rare Disease Institute, Genetics and Metabolism, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Eyby Leon
- Children's National Health System, Rare Disease Institute, Genetics and Metabolism, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jacotot É. [Caspase inhibition: From cellular biology and thanatology to potential clinical agents]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36:1143-1154. [PMID: 33296631 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases well known for their central roles during apoptosis and inflammation. They also intervene in non-apoptotic regulated cell death pathways and contribute to a large number of physiological mechanisms. The development of therapeutic approaches targeting caspases has generated strong industrial interest since the 1990s, prompting intense research on biological mechanisms, and the development of numerous synthetic inhibitors. Most of these inhibitors are derivatives of peptides or mimetics capable of interacting with the active site of caspases. However, the structural conservation between the different caspases is a challenge for the development of selective inhibitors. To date 5 caspase inhibitors, targeting either Caspase-1, -2 or multiple caspases, have been investigated in clinical settings, and there is still no marketing authorization. The Pan-caspase inhibitor emricasan reached clinical phase III and was proven to be safe but failed to demonstrate efficacy against NASH. Contrary to initial assumptions, selective Caspase-3 inhibitors have not reached the clinical level, while QPI-1007, a siRNA directed against Caspase-2, is currently undergoing a multicentric phase III clinical study for the treatment of ischemic optic neuropathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Étienne Jacotot
- Inserm U1164, Sorbonne Université UMR 8256, équipe Stress neuronal et vieillissement (Neuronal Stress and Aging, NSA), Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France - Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, Étas-Unis
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vigneswara V, Ahmed Z. The Role of Caspase-2 in Regulating Cell Fate. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051259. [PMID: 32438737 PMCID: PMC7290664 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-2 is the most evolutionarily conserved member of the mammalian caspase family and has been implicated in both apoptotic and non-apoptotic signaling pathways, including tumor suppression, cell cycle regulation, and DNA repair. A myriad of signaling molecules is associated with the tight regulation of caspase-2 to mediate multiple cellular processes far beyond apoptotic cell death. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature pertaining to possible sophisticated molecular mechanisms underlying the multifaceted process of caspase-2 activation and to highlight its interplay between factors that promote or suppress apoptosis in a complicated regulatory network that determines the fate of a cell from its birth and throughout its life.
Collapse
|
13
|
Truttmann AC, Ginet V, Puyal J. Current Evidence on Cell Death in Preterm Brain Injury in Human and Preclinical Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:27. [PMID: 32133356 PMCID: PMC7039819 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous advances in neonatal intensive care over the past 20 years, prematurity carries a high burden of neurological morbidity lasting lifelong. The term encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) coined by Volpe in 2009 encompasses all aspects of the now known effects of prematurity on the immature brain, including altered and disturbed development as well as specific lesional hallmarks. Understanding the way cells are damaged is crucial to design brain protective strategies, and in this purpose, preclinical models largely contribute to improve the comprehension of the cell death mechanisms. While neuronal cell death has been deeply investigated and characterized in (hypoxic–ischemic) encephalopathy of the newborn at term, little is known about the types of cell death occurring in preterm brain injury. Three main different morphological cell death types are observed in the immature brain, specifically in models of hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy, namely, necrotic, apoptotic, and autophagic cell death. Features of all three types may be present in the same dying neuron. In preterm brain injury, description of cell death types is sparse, and cell loss primarily concerns immature oligodendrocytes and, infrequently, neurons. In the present review, we first shortly discuss the different main severe preterm brain injury conditions that have been reported to involve cell death, including periventricular leucomalacia (PVL), diffuse white matter injury (dWMI), and intraventricular hemorrhages, as well as potentially harmful iatrogenic conditions linked to premature birth (anesthesia and caffeine therapy). Then, we present an overview of current evidence concerning cell death in both clinical human tissue data and preclinical models by focusing on studies investigating the presence of cell death allowing discriminating between the types of cell death involved. We conclude that, to improve brain protective strategies, not only apoptosis but also other cell death (such as regulated necrotic and autophagic) pathways now need to be investigated together in order to consider all cell death mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of preterm brain damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita C Truttmann
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Women, Mother and Child, University Hospital Center of Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Ginet
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Women, Mother and Child, University Hospital Center of Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Puyal
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,CURML, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gaidin SG, Turovskaya MV, Gavrish MS, Babaev AA, Mal'tseva VN, Blinova EV, Turovsky EA. The selective BDNF overexpression in neurons protects neuroglial networks against OGD and glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Int J Neurosci 2019; 130:363-383. [PMID: 31694441 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1691205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Cerebral ischemia is accompanied by damage and death of a significant number of neurons due to glutamate excitotoxicity with subsequent a global increase of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective action of BDNF overexpression in hippocampal neurons against injury under ischemia-like conditions (oxygen and glucose deprivation) and glutamate-induced excitotoxicity (GluTox).Methods: The overexpression of BDNF was reached by the transduction of cell cultures with the adeno-associated (AAV)-Syn-BDNF-EGFP virus construct. Neuroprotective effects were mediated by Ca2+-dependent BDNF release followed by activation of the neuroprotective signaling cascades and changes of the gene expression. Thus, BDNF overexpression modulates Ca2+ homeostasis in cells, preventing Ca2+ overload and initiation of apoptotic and necrotic processes.Results:Antiapoptotic effect of BDNF overexpression is mediated via activation of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and changing the expression of PI3K, HIF-1, Src and an anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. On the contrary, the decrease of expression of proapoptotic proteins such as Jun, Mapk8, caspase-3 and an inflammatory cytokine IL-1β was observed. These changes of expression were accompanied by the decrease of quantity of IL-1β receptors and the level of TNFα in cells in control, as well as 24 h after OGD. Besides, BDNF overexpression changes the expression of GABA(B) receptors. Also, the expression of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits was altered towards a change in the conductivity of the receptors for Ca2+.Conclusion: Thus, our results demonstrate that neuronal BDNF overexpression reveals complex neuroprotective effects on the neurons and astrocytes under OGD and GluTox via inhibition of Ca2+ responses and regulation of gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S G Gaidin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - M V Turovskaya
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - M S Gavrish
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - A A Babaev
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - V N Mal'tseva
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - E V Blinova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,N. P. Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Russia
| | - E A Turovsky
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang Y, Xu N, Ding Y, Doycheva DM, Zhang Y, Li Q, Flores J, Haghighiabyaneh M, Tang J, Zhang JH. Chemerin reverses neurological impairments and ameliorates neuronal apoptosis through ChemR23/CAMKK2/AMPK pathway in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:97. [PMID: 30718467 PMCID: PMC6362229 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a devastating neurological event that contributes to the prolonged neurodevelopmental consequences in infants. Therapeutic strategies focused on attenuating neuronal apoptosis in the penumbra appears to be promising. Given the increasingly recognized neuroprotective roles of adipokines in HIE, we investigated the potential anti-apoptotic roles of a novel member of adipokines, Chemerin, in an experimental model of HIE. In the present study, 10-day-old rat pups underwent right common carotid artery ligation followed by 2.5 h hypoxia. At 1 h post hypoxia, pups were intranasally administered with human recombinant chemerin (rh-chemerin). Here, we showed that rh-chemerin prevented the neuronal apoptosis and degeneration as evidenced by the decreased expression of the pro-apoptotic markers, cleaved caspase 3 and Bax, as well as the numbers of Fluoro-Jade C and TUNEL-positive neurons. Furthermore, rh-Chemerin reversed neurological and morphological impairments induced by hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal rats at 24 h and 4 weeks after HIE. In addition, chemerin-mediated neuronal survival correlated with the elevation of chemerin receptor 23 (chemR23), phosphorylated calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2), as well as phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Specific inhibition of chemR23, CAMKK2, and AMPK abolished the anti-apoptotic effects of rh-chemerin at 24 h after HIE, demonstrating that rh-chemerin ameliorated neuronal apoptosis partially via activating chemR23/CAMKK2/AMPK signaling pathway. Neuronal apoptosis is a well-established contributing factor of pathological changes and the neurological impairment after HIE. These results revealed mechanisms of neuroprotection by rh-chemerin, and indicated that activation of chemR23 might be harnessed to protect from neuronal apoptosis in HIE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Ningbo Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Desislava Met Doycheva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Yiting Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Jerry Flores
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Mina Haghighiabyaneh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Transcriptome profiling of caspase-2 deficient EμMyc and Th-MYCN mouse tumors identifies distinct putative roles for caspase-2 in neuronal differentiation and immune signaling. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:56. [PMID: 30670683 PMCID: PMC6343006 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-2 is a highly conserved cysteine protease with roles in apoptosis and tumor suppression. Our recent findings have also demonstrated that the tumor suppression function of caspase-2 is context specific. In particular, while caspase-2 deficiency augments lymphoma development in the EμMyc mouse model, it leads to delayed neuroblastoma development in Th-MYCN mice. However, it is unclear how caspase-2 mediates these differential outcomes. Here we utilized RNA sequencing to define the transcriptomic changes caused by caspase-2 (Casp2−/−) deficiency in tumors from EμMyc and Th-MYCN mice. We describe key changes in both lymphoma and neuroblastoma-associated genes and identified differential expression of the EGF-like domain-containing gene, Megf6, in the two tumor types that may contribute to tumor outcome following loss of Casp2. We identified a panel of genes with altered expression in Th-MYCN/Casp2−/− tumors that are strongly associated with neuroblastoma outcome, with roles in melanogenesis, Wnt and Hippo pathway signaling, that also contribute to neuronal differentiation. In contrast, we found that key changes in gene expression in the EμMyc/Casp2−/− tumors, are associated with increased immune signaling and T-cell infiltration previously associated with more aggressive lymphoma progression. In addition, Rap1 signaling pathway was uniquely enriched in Casp2 deficient EμMyc tumors. Our findings suggest that Casp2 deficiency augments immune signaling pathways that may be in turn, enhance lymphomagenesis. Overall, our study has identified new genes and pathways that contribute to the caspase-2 tumor suppressor function and highlight distinct roles for caspase-2 in different tissues.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rocha-Ferreira E, Poupon L, Zelco A, Leverin AL, Nair S, Jonsdotter A, Carlsson Y, Thornton C, Hagberg H, Rahim AA. Neuroprotective exendin-4 enhances hypothermia therapy in a model of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Brain 2018; 141:2925-2942. [PMID: 30165597 PMCID: PMC6158761 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy remains a global health burden. Despite medical advances and treatment with therapeutic hypothermia, over 50% of cooled infants are not protected and still develop lifelong neurodisabilities, including cerebral palsy. Furthermore, hypothermia is not used in preterm cases or low resource settings. Alternatives or adjunct therapies are urgently needed. Exendin-4 is a drug used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus that has also demonstrated neuroprotective properties, and is currently being tested in clinical trials for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Therefore, we hypothesized a neuroprotective effect for exendin-4 in neonatal neurodisorders, particularly in the treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Initially, we confirmed that the glucagon like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R) was expressed in the human neonatal brain and in murine neurons at postnatal Day 7 (human equivalent late preterm) and postnatal Day 10 (term). Using a well characterized mouse model of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury, we investigated the potential neuroprotective effect of exendin-4 in both postnatal Day 7 and 10 mice. An optimal exendin-4 treatment dosing regimen was identified, where four high doses (0.5 µg/g) starting at 0 h, then at 12 h, 24 h and 36 h after postnatal Day 7 hypoxic-ischaemic insult resulted in significant brain neuroprotection. Furthermore, neuroprotection was sustained even when treatment using exendin-4 was delayed by 2 h post hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. This protective effect was observed in various histopathological markers: tissue infarction, cell death, astrogliosis, microglial and endothelial activation. Blood glucose levels were not altered by high dose exendin-4 administration when compared to controls. Exendin-4 administration did not result in adverse organ histopathology (haematoxylin and eosin) or inflammation (CD68). Despite initial reduced weight gain, animals restored weight gain following end of treatment. Overall high dose exendin-4 administration was well tolerated. To mimic the clinical scenario, postnatal Day 10 mice underwent exendin-4 and therapeutic hypothermia treatment, either alone or in combination, and brain tissue loss was assessed after 1 week. Exendin-4 treatment resulted in significant neuroprotection alone, and enhanced the cerebroprotective effect of therapeutic hypothermia. In summary, the safety and tolerance of high dose exendin-4 administrations, combined with its neuroprotective effect alone or in conjunction with clinically relevant hypothermia make the repurposing of exendin-4 for the treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy particularly promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- EGA Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, UK
| | - Laura Poupon
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, UK
| | - Aura Zelco
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, UK
| | - Anna-Lena Leverin
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Syam Nair
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Jonsdotter
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ylva Carlsson
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claire Thornton
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, UK
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King s College London, UK
| | - Ahad A Rahim
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Descloux C, Ginet V, Rummel C, Truttmann AC, Puyal J. Enhanced autophagy contributes to excitotoxic lesions in a rat model of preterm brain injury. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:853. [PMID: 30154458 PMCID: PMC6113308 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cystic periventricular leukomalacia is commonly diagnosed in premature infants, resulting from severe hypoxic-ischemic white matter injury, and also involving some grey matter damage. Very few is known concerning the cell death pathways involved in these types of premature cerebral lesions. Excitotoxicity is a predominant mechanism of hypoxic-ischemic injury in the developing brain. Concomitantly, it has been recently shown that autophagy could be enhanced in excitotoxic conditions switching this physiological intracellular degradation system to a deleterious process. We here investigated the role of autophagy in a validated rodent model of preterm excitotoxic brain damage mimicking in some aspects cystic periventricular leukomalacia. An excitotoxic lesion affecting periventricular white and grey matter was induced by injecting ibotenate, a glutamate analogue, in the subcortical white matter (subcingulum area) of five-day old rat pups. Ibotenate enhanced autophagy in rat brain dying neurons at 24 h as shown by increased presence of autophagosomes (increased LC3-II and LC3-positive dots) and enhanced autophagic degradation (SQSTM1 reduction and increased number and size of lysosomes (LAMP1- and CATHEPSIN B-positive vesicles)). Co-injection of the pharmacological autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine prevented not only autophagy induction but also CASPASE-3 activation and calpain-dependent cleavage of SPECTRIN 24 h after the insult, thus providing a strong reduction of the long term brain injury (16 days after ibotenate injection) including lateral ventricle dilatation, decreases in cerebral tissue volume and in subcortical white matter thickness. The autophagy-dependent neuroprotective effect of 3-methyladenine was confirmed in primary cortical neuronal cultures using not only pharmacological but also genetic autophagy inhibition of the ibotenate-induced autophagy. Strategies inhibiting autophagy could then represent a promising neuroprotective approach in the context of severe preterm brain injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Descloux
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Women, Mother and Child, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Ginet
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Coralie Rummel
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anita C Truttmann
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Women, Mother and Child, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Julien Puyal
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Charriaut-Marlangue C, Baud O. A Model of Perinatal Ischemic Stroke in the Rat: 20 Years Already and What Lessons? Front Neurol 2018; 9:650. [PMID: 30131764 PMCID: PMC6090994 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and ischemia are a common cause of neonatal brain injury resulting in cerebral palsy with subsequent learning disabilities and epilepsy. Recent data suggest a higher incidence of focal ischemia-reperfusion located in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory in near-term and newborn babies. Pre-clinical studies in the field of cerebral palsy research used, and still today, the classical HI model in the P7 rat originally described by Rice et al. (1). At the end of the 90s, we designed a new model of focal ischemia in the P7 rat to explore the short and long-term pathophysiology of neonatal arterial ischemic stroke, particularly the phenomenon of reperfusion injury and its sequelae (reported in 1998). Cerebral blood-flow and cell death/damage correlates have been fully characterized. Pharmacologic manipulations have been applied to the model to test therapeutic targets. The model has proven useful for the study of seizure occurrence, a clinical hallmark for neonatal ischemia in babies. Main pre-clinical findings obtained within these 20 last years are discussed associated to clinical pattern of neonatal brain damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Baud
- INSERM U1141 PROTECT, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.,Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cytokine production pattern of T lymphocytes in neonatal arterial ischemic stroke during the first month of life-a case study. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:191. [PMID: 29933753 PMCID: PMC6015463 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The perinatal period carries the highest risk for stroke in childhood; however, the pathophysiology is poorly understood and preventive, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies are not available. A new pathophysiological model describes the development of neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (NAIS) as the combined result of prenatal inflammation and hypoxic–ischemic insult. Neuroinflammation and a systemic inflammatory response are also important features of NAIS. Identifying key players of the inflammatory system is in the limelight of current research. Case presentation We present four NAIS cases, in whom detailed analysis of intracellular and plasma cytokine levels are available from the first month of life. All neonates were admitted with the initial diagnosis of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE); however, early MRI examination revealed NAIS. Blood samples were collected between 3 and 6 h of life, at 24 h, 72 h, 1 week, and 1 month of life. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were assessed with flow cytometry and plasma cytokine levels were measured. Pooled data from the cohort of four NAIS patients were compared to infants with HIE. At 6 and 72 h of age, the prevalence of IL10+ CD8+ lymphocytes remained lower in NAIS. At 6 h, CD8+ lymphocytes in NAIS produced more IL-17. At 72 h, CD8+ cells produced more IL-6 in severe HIE than in NAIS, but IL-6 production remained elevated in CD8 cells at 1 month in NAIS, while it decreased in HIE. At 1 week, the prevalence of TGF-β + lymphocytes prone to enter the CNS was elevated in NAIS. On the other hand, by 1 month of age, the prevalence of TGF-β + CD4+ lymphocytes decreased in NAIS compared to HIE. At 72 h, we found elevated plasma levels of IL-5, MCP-1, and IL-17 in NAIS. By 1 month, plasma levels of IL-4, IL-12, and IL-17 decreased in NAIS but remained elevated in HIE. Conclusions Differences in the cytokine network are present between NAIS and HIE. CD8 lymphocytes appear to shift towards the pro-inflammatory direction in NAIS. The inflammatory response appears to be more pronounced at 72 h in NAIS but decreases faster, reaching lower plasma levels of inflammatory markers at 1 month.
Collapse
|
21
|
Thornton C, Jones A, Nair S, Aabdien A, Mallard C, Hagberg H. Mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and biogenesis in neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:812-830. [PMID: 29265370 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, resulting from asphyxia during birth, affects 2-3 in every 1000 term infants and depending on severity, brings about life-changing neurological consequences or death. This hypoxic-ischaemia (HI) results in a delayed neural energy failure during which the majority of brain injury occurs. Currently, there are limited treatment options and additional therapies are urgently required. Mitochondrial dysfunction acts as a focal point in injury development in the immature brain. Not only do mitochondria become permeabilised, but recent findings implicate perturbations in mitochondrial dynamics (fission, fusion), mitophagy and biogenesis. Mitoprotective therapies may therefore offer a new avenue of intervention for babies who suffer lifelong disabilities due to birth asphyxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Thornton
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adam Jones
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Syam Nair
- Perinatal Center, Department of Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Afra Aabdien
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Department of Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.,Perinatal Center, Department of Clinical Sciences & Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Giraud A, Guiraut C, Chevin M, Chabrier S, Sébire G. Role of Perinatal Inflammation in Neonatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2017; 8:612. [PMID: 29201015 PMCID: PMC5696351 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the review of the literature, perinatal inflammation often induced by infection is the only consistent independent risk factor of neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (NAIS). Preclinical studies show that acute inflammatory processes take place in placenta, cerebral arterial wall of NAIS-susceptible arteries and neonatal brain. A top research priority in NAIS is to further characterize the nature and spatiotemporal features of the inflammatory processes involved in multiple levels of the pathophysiology of NAIS, to adequately design randomized control trials using targeted anti-inflammatory vasculo- and neuroprotective agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Giraud
- EA 4607 SNA EPIS, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France.,Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Clémence Guiraut
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mathilde Chevin
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Chabrier
- French Center for Pediatric Stroke and Pediatric Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Guillaume Sébire
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Thornton C, Leaw B, Mallard C, Nair S, Jinnai M, Hagberg H. Cell Death in the Developing Brain after Hypoxia-Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:248. [PMID: 28878624 PMCID: PMC5572386 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal insults such as hypoxia–ischemia induces secondary brain injury. In order to develop the next generation of neuroprotective therapies, we urgently need to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to cell death. The cell death mechanisms have been shown to be quite different in the developing brain compared to that in the adult. The aim of this review is update on what cell death mechanisms that are operating particularly in the setting of the developing CNS. In response to mild stress stimuli a number of compensatory mechanisms will be activated, most often leading to cell survival. Moderate-to-severe insults trigger regulated cell death. Depending on several factors such as the metabolic situation, cell type, nature of the stress stimulus, and which intracellular organelle(s) are affected, the cell undergoes apoptosis (caspase activation) triggered by BAX dependent mitochondrial permeabilzation, necroptosis (mixed lineage kinase domain-like activation), necrosis (via opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore), autophagic cell death (autophagy/Na+, K+-ATPase), or parthanatos (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, apoptosis-inducing factor). Severe insults cause accidental cell death that cannot be modulated genetically or by pharmacologic means. However, accidental cell death leads to the release of factors (damage-associated molecular patterns) that initiate systemic effects, as well as inflammation and (regulated) secondary brain injury in neighboring tissue. Furthermore, if one mode of cell death is inhibited, another route may step in at least in a scenario when upstream damaging factors predominate over protective responses. The provision of alternative routes through which the cell undergoes death has to be taken into account in the hunt for novel brain protective strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Thornton
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' HospitalLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Leaw
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical ResearchClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Perinatal Center, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Syam Nair
- Department of Physiology, Perinatal Center, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Masako Jinnai
- Department of Physiology, Perinatal Center, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' HospitalLondon, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Physiology and Neuroscience, Perinatal Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg UniversityGothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Baburamani AA, Sobotka KS, Vontell R, Mallard C, Supramaniam VG, Thornton C, Hagberg H. Effect of Trp53 gene deficiency on brain injury after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12081-12092. [PMID: 28076846 PMCID: PMC5355327 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) can result in permanent life-long injuries such as motor and cognitive deficits. In response to cellular stressors such as hypoxia, tumor suppressor protein p53 is activated, potently initiating apoptosis and promoting Bax-dependent mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Trp53 genetic inhibition on injury development in the immature brain following HI. HI (50 min or 60 min) was induced at postnatal day 9 (PND9) in Trp53 heterozygote (het) and wild type (WT) mice. Utilizing Cre-LoxP technology, CaMK2α-Cre mice were bred with Trp53-Lox mice, resulting in knockdown of Trp53 in CaMK2α neurons. HI was induced at PND12 (50 min) and PND28 (40 min). Extent of brain injury was assessed 7 days following HI. Following 50 min HI at PND9, Trp53 het mice showed protection in the posterior hippocampus and thalamus. No difference was seen between WT or Trp53 het mice following a severe, 60 min HI. Cre-Lox mice that were subjected to HI at PND12 showed no difference in injury, however we determined that neuronal specific CaMK2α-Cre recombinase activity was strongly expressed by PND28. Concomitantly, Trp53 was reduced at 6 weeks of age in KO-Lox Trp53 mice. Cre-Lox mice subjected to HI at PND28 showed no significant difference in brain injury. These data suggest that p53 has a limited contribution to the development of injury in the immature/juvenile brain following HI. Further studies are required to determine the effect of p53 on downstream targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Baburamani
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina S Sobotka
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Regina Vontell
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Veena G Supramaniam
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Thornton
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Perinatal Brain Injury Group, Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Leaw B, Nair S, Lim R, Thornton C, Mallard C, Hagberg H. Mitochondria, Bioenergetics and Excitotoxicity: New Therapeutic Targets in Perinatal Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:199. [PMID: 28747873 PMCID: PMC5506196 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the fragile immature brain is implicated in the manifestation of long-term neurological disorders, including childhood disability such as cerebral palsy, learning disability and behavioral disorders. Advancements in perinatal practice and improved care mean the majority of infants suffering from perinatal brain injury will survive, with many subtle clinical symptoms going undiagnosed until later in life. Hypoxic-ischemia is the dominant cause of perinatal brain injury, and constitutes a significant socioeconomic burden to both developed and developing countries. Therapeutic hypothermia is the sole validated clinical intervention to perinatal asphyxia; however it is not always neuroprotective and its utility is limited to developed countries. There is an urgent need to better understand the molecular pathways underlying hypoxic-ischemic injury to identify new therapeutic targets in such a small but critical therapeutic window. Mitochondria are highly implicated following ischemic injury due to their roles as the powerhouse and main energy generators of the cell, as well as cell death processes. While the link between impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics and secondary energy failure following loss of high-energy phosphates is well established after hypoxia-ischemia (HI), there is emerging evidence that the roles of mitochondria in disease extend far beyond this. Indeed, mitochondrial turnover, including processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion, fission and mitophagy, affect recovery of neurons after injury and mitochondria are involved in the regulation of the innate immune response to inflammation. This review article will explore these mitochondrial pathways, and finally will summarize past and current efforts in targeting these pathways after hypoxic-ischemic injury, as a means of identifying new avenues for clinical intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Leaw
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical ResearchClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Syam Nair
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical ResearchClayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University ClaytonClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Claire Thornton
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' HospitalLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' HospitalLondon, United Kingdom.,Perinatal Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg UniversityGothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chhor V, Moretti R, Le Charpentier T, Sigaut S, Lebon S, Schwendimann L, Oré MV, Zuiani C, Milan V, Josserand J, Vontell R, Pansiot J, Degos V, Ikonomidou C, Titomanlio L, Hagberg H, Gressens P, Fleiss B. Role of microglia in a mouse model of paediatric traumatic brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 63:197-209. [PMID: 27818218 PMCID: PMC5441571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cognitive and behavioural deficits caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI) to the immature brain are more severe and persistent than TBI in the mature brain. Understanding this developmental sensitivity is critical as children under four years of age sustain TBI more frequently than any other age group. Microglia (MG), resident immune cells of the brain that mediate neuroinflammation, are activated following TBI in the immature brain. However, the type and temporal profile of this activation and the consequences of altering it are still largely unknown. In a mouse model of closed head weight drop paediatric brain trauma, we characterized i) the temporal course of total cortical neuroinflammation and the phenotype of ex vivo isolated CD11B-positive microglia/macrophage (MG/MΦ) using a battery of 32 markers, and ii) neuropathological outcome 1 and 5days post-injury. We also assessed the effects of targeting MG/MΦ activation directly, using minocycline a prototypical microglial activation antagonist, on these processes and outcome. TBI induced a moderate increase in both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Isolated cortical MG/MΦ expressed increased levels of markers of endogenous reparatory/regenerative and immunomodulatory phenotypes compared with shams. Blocking MG/MΦ activation with minocycline at the time of injury and 1 and 2days post-injury had only transient protective effects, reducing ventricular dilatation and cell death 1day post-injury but having no effect on injury severity at 5days. This study demonstrates that, unlike in adults, the role of MG/MΦ in injury mechanisms following TBI in the immature brain may not be negative. An improved understanding of MG/MΦ function in paediatric TBI could support translational efforts to design therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vibol Chhor
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUP, Paris, France; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Raffaella Moretti
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUP, Paris, France; Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Tifenn Le Charpentier
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Sigaut
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lebon
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Leslie Schwendimann
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Virginie Oré
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Zuiani
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Valentina Milan
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Julien Josserand
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Regina Vontell
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Pansiot
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Degos
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUP, Paris, France; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Luigi Titomanlio
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy/East Hospital, Gothenburg University, 416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pierre Gressens
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUP, Paris, France; Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUP, Paris, France; Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Miles M, Kitevska-Ilioski T, Hawkins C. Old and Novel Functions of Caspase-2. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 332:155-212. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
28
|
Xie C, Ginet V, Sun Y, Koike M, Zhou K, Li T, Li H, Li Q, Wang X, Uchiyama Y, Truttmann AC, Kroemer G, Puyal J, Blomgren K, Zhu C. Neuroprotection by selective neuronal deletion of Atg7 in neonatal brain injury. Autophagy 2016; 12:410-23. [PMID: 26727396 PMCID: PMC4835980 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1132134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia induces neuronal cell death and brain injury, and is often associated with irreversible neurological deficits in children. There is an urgent need to elucidate the neuronal death mechanisms occurring after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). We here investigated the selective neuronal deletion of the Atg7 (autophagy related 7) gene on neuronal cell death and brain injury in a mouse model of severe neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Neuronal deletion of Atg7 prevented HI-induced autophagy, resulted in 42% decrease of tissue loss compared to wild-type mice after the insult, and reduced cell death in multiple brain regions, including apoptosis, as shown by decreased caspase-dependent and -independent cell death. Moreover, we investigated the lentiform nucleus of human newborns who died after severe perinatal asphyxia and found increased neuronal autophagy after severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy compared to control uninjured brains, as indicated by the numbers of MAP1LC3B/LC3B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3)-, LAMP1 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1)-, and CTSD (cathepsin D)-positive cells. These findings reveal that selective neuronal deletion of Atg7 is strongly protective against neuronal death and overall brain injury occurring after HI and suggest that inhibition of HI-enhanced autophagy should be considered as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of human newborns developing severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Xie
- a Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Vanessa Ginet
- b Department of Fundamental Neurosciences , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Yanyan Sun
- a Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden.,c Department of Pediatrics , Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China.,d Department of Pediatrics , Zhengzhou Children's Hospital , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Masato Koike
- e Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology , Juntendo University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kai Zhou
- a Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Tao Li
- a Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden.,c Department of Pediatrics , Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China.,d Department of Pediatrics , Zhengzhou Children's Hospital , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Hongfu Li
- a Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden.,c Department of Pediatrics , Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Qian Li
- a Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden.,c Department of Pediatrics , Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- c Department of Pediatrics , Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China.,f Perinatal Center, Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- e Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology , Juntendo University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Anita C Truttmann
- g Clinic of Neonatology; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Center , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Guido Kroemer
- h INSERM U848, Institute Gustave Roussy , Villejuif , France.,i Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France.,j Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France.,k Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France.,l Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus , Villejuif , France.,m Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou , AP-HP, Paris , France.,n Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Julien Puyal
- b Department of Fundamental Neurosciences , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland.,g Clinic of Neonatology; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Center , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Klas Blomgren
- n Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Changlian Zhu
- a Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden.,c Department of Pediatrics , Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mutations in CRADD Result in Reduced Caspase-2-Mediated Neuronal Apoptosis and Cause Megalencephaly with a Rare Lissencephaly Variant. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:1117-1129. [PMID: 27773430 PMCID: PMC5097945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lissencephaly is a malformation of cortical development typically caused by deficient neuronal migration resulting in cortical thickening and reduced gyration. Here we describe a “thin” lissencephaly (TLIS) variant characterized by megalencephaly, frontal predominant pachygyria, intellectual disability, and seizures. Trio-based whole-exome sequencing and targeted re-sequencing identified recessive mutations of CRADD in six individuals with TLIS from four unrelated families of diverse ethnic backgrounds. CRADD (also known as RAIDD) is a death-domain-containing adaptor protein that oligomerizes with PIDD and caspase-2 to initiate apoptosis. TLIS variants cluster in the CRADD death domain, a platform for interaction with other death-domain-containing proteins including PIDD. Although caspase-2 is expressed in the developing mammalian brain, little is known about its role in cortical development. CRADD/caspase-2 signaling is implicated in neurotrophic factor withdrawal- and amyloid-β-induced dendritic spine collapse and neuronal apoptosis, suggesting a role in cortical sculpting and plasticity. TLIS-associated CRADD variants do not disrupt interactions with caspase-2 or PIDD in co-immunoprecipitation assays, but still abolish CRADD’s ability to activate caspase-2, resulting in reduced neuronal apoptosis in vitro. Homozygous Cradd knockout mice display megalencephaly and seizures without obvious defects in cortical lamination, supporting a role for CRADD/caspase-2 signaling in mammalian brain development. Megalencephaly and lissencephaly associated with defective programmed cell death from loss of CRADD function in humans implicate reduced apoptosis as an important pathophysiological mechanism of cortical malformation. Our data suggest that CRADD/caspase-2 signaling is critical for normal gyration of the developing human neocortex and for normal cognitive ability.
Collapse
|
30
|
Perinatal brain damage: The term infant. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 92:102-12. [PMID: 26409031 PMCID: PMC4915441 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
31
|
Nerve protective effect of Baicalin on newborn HIBD rats. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 7:806-10. [PMID: 25129465 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the nerve protective effect and mechanism of baicalin on newborn rats with hypoxic ischemic brain damage (HIBD). METHODS A total of 64 SD newborn rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, nerve growth factor group and baicalin group, with 16 in each group. Left carotid artery ligation method was adopted to establish the HIBD model except for in control group, which was treated with intraperitoneal injection of salin e10 mL/kg for 3 d. After oxygen recovery on hypoxia ischemia rats, intraperitoneal injection of saline 10 mL/kg was adopted in model group for 3 d. Intraperitoneal injection of nerve growth factor injection 50 μg/kg per day was adopted in nerve growth factor group for 3 d; intraperitoneal injection of radix scutellariae 16 mg/kg per day was adopted in baicalin group for 3 d after modeling. Four rats of each group were sacrificed at Day 1, 2, 3, 7 for microscopic observation of pathological morphological changes in brain tissue after HE staining, S-P immunohistochemical method was used for observation of Fas and FasL expression in brain cells. RESULTS Neat structure of cells was observed in control group; edema cells in disordered arrangement was observed in model group, with some cells necrosis and cavity change; tissue injury in nerve growth factor group and baicalin group was significantly lighter than that in model group; Fas and FasL expression in model group, nerve growth factor group and baicalin group were significantly higher than that in control group at different time points (P<0.05); Fas and FasL expression in nerve growth factor group and baicalin group were significantly lower than that in model group at different time points (P<0.05); There was no statistical difference of Fas, FasL expression at each time point between nerve growth factor group and baicalin group (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Baicalin can reduce expression of Fas and FasL in HIBD rats, inhibit apoptosis of nerve cells, thus achieve the protective effect on HIBD rat nerves.
Collapse
|
32
|
Descloux C, Ginet V, Clarke PGH, Puyal J, Truttmann AC. Neuronal death after perinatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia: Focus on autophagy-mediated cell death. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26225751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a critical cerebral event occurring around birth with high mortality and neurological morbidity associated with long-term invalidating sequelae. In view of the great clinical importance of this condition and the lack of very efficacious neuroprotective strategies, it is urgent to better understand the different cell death mechanisms involved with the ultimate aim of developing new therapeutic approaches. The morphological features of three different cell death types can be observed in models of perinatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia: necrotic, apoptotic and autophagic cell death. They may be combined in the same dying neuron. In the present review, we discuss the different cell death mechanisms involved in neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia with a special focus on how autophagy may be involved in neuronal death, based: (1) on experimental models of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia and stroke, and (2) on the brains of human neonates who suffered from neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Descloux
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - V Ginet
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P G H Clarke
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Puyal
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - A C Truttmann
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Titomanlio L, Fernández-López D, Manganozzi L, Moretti R, Vexler ZS, Gressens P. Pathophysiology and neuroprotection of global and focal perinatal brain injury: lessons from animal models. Pediatr Neurol 2015; 52:566-584. [PMID: 26002050 PMCID: PMC4720385 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial ischemic stroke occurs more frequently in term newborns than in the elderly, and brain immaturity affects mechanisms of ischemic injury and recovery. The susceptibility to injury of the brain was assumed to be lower in the perinatal period as compared with childhood. This concept was recently challenged by clinical studies showing marked motor disabilities after stroke in neonates, with the severity of motor and cortical sensory deficits similar in both perinatal and childhood ischemic stroke. Our understanding of the triggers and the pathophysiological mechanisms of perinatal stroke has greatly improved in recent years, but many factors remain incompletely understood. METHODS In this review, we focus on the pathophysiology of perinatal stroke and on therapeutic strategies that can protect the immature brain from the consequences of stroke by targeting inflammation and brain microenvironment. RESULTS Studies in neonatal rodent models of cerebral ischemia have suggested a potential role for soluble inflammatory molecules as important modulators of injury and recovery. A great effort is underway to investigate neuroprotective molecules based on our increasing understanding of the pathophysiology. CONCLUSION In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of new insights concerning pathophysiology of focal and global perinatal brain injury and their implications for new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Titomanlio
- Pediatric Emergency Department, APHP, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
- Inserm, U1141, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - David Fernández-López
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158-0663, USA
| | - Lucilla Manganozzi
- Pediatric Emergency Department, APHP, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
- Inserm, U1141, F-75019 Paris, France
| | | | - Zinaida S. Vexler
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158-0663, USA
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Inserm, U1141, F-75019 Paris, France
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 676, F-75019 Paris, France
- PremUP, Paris, France
- Centre for the Developing Brain, King’s College, St Thomas’ Campus, London SE1 7EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jackson TC, Du L, Janesko-Feldman K, Vagni VA, Dezfulian C, Poloyac SM, Jackson EK, Clark RSB, Kochanek PM. The nuclear splicing factor RNA binding motif 5 promotes caspase activation in human neuronal cells, and increases after traumatic brain injury in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:655-66. [PMID: 25586139 PMCID: PMC4420885 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Splicing factors (SFs) coordinate nuclear intron/exon splicing of RNA. Splicing factor disturbances can cause cell death. RNA binding motif 5 (RBM5) and 10 (RBM10) promote apoptosis in cancer cells by activating detrimental alternative splicing of key death/survival genes. The role(s) of RBM5/10 in neurons has not been established. Here, we report that RBM5 knockdown in human neuronal cells decreases caspase activation by staurosporine. In contrast, RBM10 knockdown augments caspase activation. To determine whether brain injury alters RBM signaling, we measured RBM5/10 protein in mouse cortical/hippocampus homogenates after controlled cortical impact (CCI) traumatic brain injury (TBI) plus hemorrhagic shock (CCI+HS). The RBM5/10 staining was higher 48 to 72 hours after injury and appeared to be increased in neuronal nuclei of the hippocampus. We also measured levels of other nuclear SFs known to be essential for cellular viability and report that splicing factor 1 (SF1) but not splicing factor 3A (SF3A) decreased 4 to 72 hours after injury. Finally, we confirm that RBM5/10 regulate protein expression of several target genes including caspase-2, cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), LETM1 Domain-Containing Protein 1 (LETMD1), and amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2) in neuronal cells. Knockdown of RBM5 appeared to increase expression of c-FLIP(s), LETMD1, and APLP2 but decrease caspase-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis C Jackson
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lina Du
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Keri Janesko-Feldman
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vincent A Vagni
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cameron Dezfulian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert S B Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Baburamani AA, Miyakuni Y, Vontell R, Supramaniam VG, Svedin P, Rutherford M, Gressens P, Mallard C, Takeda S, Thornton C, Hagberg H. Does Caspase-6 Have a Role in Perinatal Brain Injury? Dev Neurosci 2015; 37:321-37. [PMID: 25823427 PMCID: PMC4876595 DOI: 10.1159/000375368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic mechanisms are centre stage for the development of injury in the immature brain, and caspases have been shown to play a pivotal role during brain development and in response to injury. The inhibition of caspases using broad-spectrum agents such as Q-VD-OPh is neuroprotective in the immature brain. Caspase-6, an effector caspase, has been widely researched in neurodevelopmental disorders and found to be important following adult stroke, but its function in the neonatal brain has yet to be detailed. Furthermore, caspases may be important in microglial activation; microglia are required for optimal brain development and following injury, and their close involvement during neuronal cell death suggests that apoptotic cues such as caspase activation may be important in microglial activation. Therefore, in this study we aimed to investigate the possible apoptotic and non-apoptotic functions caspase-6 may have in the immature brain in response to hypoxia-ischaemia. We examined whether caspases are involved in microglial activation. We assessed cleaved caspase-6 expression following hypoxia-ischaemia and conducted primary microglial cultures to assess whether the broad-spectrum inhibitor Q-VD-OPh or caspase-6 gene deletion affected lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated microglial activation and phenotype. We observed cleaved caspase-6 expression to be low but present in the cell body and cell processes in both a human case of white matter injury and 72 h following hypoxia-ischaemia in the rat. Gene deletion of caspase-6 did not affect the outcome of brain injury following mild (50 min) or severe (60 min) hypoxia-ischaemia. Interestingly, we did note that cleaved caspase-6 was co-localised with microglia that were not of apoptotic morphology. We observed that mRNA of a number of caspases was modulated by low-dose LPS stimulation of primary microglia. Q-VD-OPh treatment and caspase-6 gene deletion did not affect microglial activation but modified slightly the M2b phenotype response by changing the time course of SOCS3 expression after LPS administration. Our results suggest that the impact of active caspase-6 in the developing brain is subtle, and we believe there are predominantly other caspases (caspase-2, −3, −8, −9) that are essential for the cell death processes in the immature brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Baburamani
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Thornton C, Hagberg H. Role of mitochondria in apoptotic and necroptotic cell death in the developing brain. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 451:35-8. [PMID: 25661091 PMCID: PMC4661434 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy induces secondary brain injury characterized by delayed energy failure. Currently, therapeutic hypothermia is the sole treatment available after severe intrapartum asphyxia in babies and acts to attenuate secondary loss of high energy phosphates improving both short- and long-term outcome. In order to develop the next generation of neuroprotective therapies, we urgently need to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to cell death. Hypoxia–ischemia creates a toxic intracellular environment including accumulation of reactive oxygen/nitrosative species and intracellular calcium after the insult, inducing mitochondrial impairment. More specifically mitochondrial respiration is suppressed and calcium signaling is dysregulated. At a certain threshold, Bax-dependent mitochondrial permeabilization will occur leading to activation of caspase-dependent and apoptosis-inducing factor-dependent apoptotic cell death. In addition, hypoxia–ischemia induces inflammation, which leads to the release of TNF-α, TRAIL, TWEAK, FasL and Toll-like receptor agonists that will activate death receptors on neurons and oligodendroglia. Death receptors trigger apoptotic death via caspase-8 and necroptotic cell death through formation of the necrosome (composed of RIP1, RIP3 and MLKL), both of which converge at the mitochondria. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy induces secondary brain injury characterized by delayed energy failure and excitotoxicity. Hypoxia-ischemia triggers accumulation of reactive oxygen species andintracellular calcium, which induces mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial impairment can cause Bax-dependent mitochondrial permeabilization, which triggers release of pro-apoptotic proteins and cell death. During the recovery phase, Inflammation is produced leading to death receptor activation and induction of necroptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Thornton
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom; Perinatal Center, Department of Clinical Sciences & Physiology and Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Picco R, Tomasella A, Fogolari F, Brancolini C. Transcriptomic analysis unveils correlations between regulative apoptotic caspases and genes of cholesterol homeostasis in human brain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110610. [PMID: 25330190 PMCID: PMC4199739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulative circuits controlling expression of genes involved in the same biological processes are frequently interconnected. These circuits operate to coordinate the expression of multiple genes and also to compensate dysfunctions in specific elements of the network. Caspases are cysteine-proteases with key roles in the execution phase of apoptosis. Silencing of caspase-2 expression in cultured glioblastoma cells allows the up-regulation of a limited number of genes, among which some are related to cholesterol homeostasis. Lysosomal Acid Lipase A (LIPA) was up-regulated in two different cell lines in response to caspase-2 down-regulation and cells silenced for caspase-2 exhibit reduced cholesterol staining in the lipid droplets. We expanded this observation by large-scale analysis of mRNA expression. All caspases were analyzed in terms of co-expression in comparison with 166 genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. In the brain, hierarchical clustering has revealed that the expression of regulative apoptotic caspases (CASP2, CASP8 CASP9, CASP10) and of the inflammatory CASP1 is linked to several genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. These correlations resulted in altered GBM (Glioblastoma Multiforme), in particular for CASP1. We have also demonstrated that these correlations are tissue specific being reduced (CASP9 and CASP10) or different (CASP2) in the liver. For some caspases (CASP1, CASP6 and CASP7) these correlations could be related to brain aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Picco
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Tomasella
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Federico Fogolari
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Claudio Brancolini
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Haldipur P, Dupuis N, Degos V, Moniaux N, Chhor V, Rasika S, Schwendimann L, le Charpentier T, Rougier E, Amouyal P, Amouyal G, Dournaud P, Bréchot C, El Ghouzzi V, Faivre J, Fleiss B, Mani S, Gressens P. HIP/PAP prevents excitotoxic neuronal death and promotes plasticity. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:739-54. [PMID: 25493266 PMCID: PMC4241802 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Excitotoxicity plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of perinatal brain injuries. Among the consequences of excessive activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate are oxidative stress caused by free radical release from damaged mitochondria, neuronal death and subsequent loss of connectivity. Drugs that could protect nervous tissue and support regeneration are attractive therapeutic options. The hepatocarcinoma intestine pancreas protein/pancreatitis-associated protein I (HIP/PAP) or Reg3α, which is approved for clinical testing for the protection and regeneration of the liver, is upregulated in the central nervous system following injury or disease. Here, we examined the neuroprotective/neuroregenerative potential of HIP/PAP following excitotoxic brain injury. Methods We studied the expression of HIP/PAP and two of its putative effectors, cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 19 (ARPP19) and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), in the neonatal brain, and the protective/regenerative properties of HIP/PAP in three paradigms of perinatal excitotoxicity: intracerebral injection of the NMDA agonist ibotenate in newborn pups, a pediatric model of traumatic brain injury, and cultured primary cortical neurons. Results HIP/PAP, ARPP19, and GAP-43 were expressed in the neonatal mouse brain. HIP/PAP prevented the formation of cortical and white matter lesions and reduced neuronal death and glial activation following excitotoxic insults in vivo. In vitro, HIP/PAP promoted neuronal survival, preserved neurite complexity and fasciculation, and protected cell contents from reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage. Interpretation HIP/PAP has strong neuroprotective/neuroregenerative potential following excitotoxic injury to the developing brain, and could represent an interesting therapeutic strategy in perinatal brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parthiv Haldipur
- National Brain Research Centre Manesar, India ; Centre for Neuroscience, IISC Bangalore, India
| | - Nina Dupuis
- Inserm U1141 Paris, France ; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité UMRS 1141, Paris, France ; PremUP Paris, France
| | - Vincent Degos
- Inserm U1141 Paris, France ; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité UMRS 1141, Paris, France ; PremUP Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Moniaux
- Inserm U785, Centre Hépatobiliaire Villejuif, France ; Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud Villejuif, France
| | - Vibol Chhor
- Inserm U1141 Paris, France ; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité UMRS 1141, Paris, France ; PremUP Paris, France ; Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital London, United Kingdom
| | - Sowmyalakshmi Rasika
- Inserm U1141 Paris, France ; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité UMRS 1141, Paris, France ; PremUP Paris, France
| | - Leslie Schwendimann
- Inserm U1141 Paris, France ; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité UMRS 1141, Paris, France ; PremUP Paris, France
| | - Tifenn le Charpentier
- Inserm U1141 Paris, France ; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité UMRS 1141, Paris, France ; PremUP Paris, France
| | - Elodie Rougier
- Inserm U1141 Paris, France ; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité UMRS 1141, Paris, France ; PremUP Paris, France
| | | | | | - Pascal Dournaud
- Inserm U1141 Paris, France ; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité UMRS 1141, Paris, France ; PremUP Paris, France
| | - Christian Bréchot
- Inserm U785, Centre Hépatobiliaire Villejuif, France ; Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud Villejuif, France
| | - Vincent El Ghouzzi
- Inserm U1141 Paris, France ; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité UMRS 1141, Paris, France ; PremUP Paris, France
| | - Jamila Faivre
- Inserm U785, Centre Hépatobiliaire Villejuif, France ; Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud Villejuif, France
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- Inserm U1141 Paris, France ; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité UMRS 1141, Paris, France ; PremUP Paris, France ; Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital London, United Kingdom
| | - Shyamala Mani
- National Brain Research Centre Manesar, India ; Centre for Neuroscience, IISC Bangalore, India
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Inserm U1141 Paris, France ; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité UMRS 1141, Paris, France ; PremUP Paris, France ; Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hagberg H, Mallard C, Rousset CI, Thornton C. Mitochondria: hub of injury responses in the developing brain. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:217-32. [PMID: 24457191 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the field of mitochondrial biology in the past few years has shown that mitochondrial activities go beyond bioenergetics. These new aspects of mitochondrial physiology and pathophysiology have important implications for the immature brain. A picture emerges in which mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, migration, and morphogenesis are crucial for brain development and synaptic pruning, and play a part in recovery after acute insults. Mitochondria also affect brain susceptibility to injury, and mitochondria-directed interventions can make the immature brain highly resistant to acute injury. Finally, the mitochondrion is a platform for innate immunity, contributes to inflammation in response to infection and acute damage, and participates in antiviral and antibacterial defence. Understanding of these new aspects of mitochondrial function will provide insights into brain development and neurological disease, and enable discovery and development of new strategies for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hagberg
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Perinatal Imaging & Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK; Perinatal Center, Departments of Clinical Sciences and Physiology & Neurosciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Departments of Clinical Sciences and Physiology & Neurosciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine I Rousset
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Perinatal Imaging & Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Claire Thornton
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Perinatal Imaging & Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Caspase-2 is essential for c-Jun transcriptional activation and Bim induction in neuron death. Biochem J 2013; 455:15-25. [PMID: 23815625 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptotic death generally requires de novo transcription, and activation of the transcription factor c-Jun has been shown to be necessary in multiple neuronal death paradigms. Caspase-2 has been implicated in death of neuronal and non-neuronal cells, but its relationship to transcriptional activation has not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, using two different neuronal apoptotic paradigms, β-amyloid treatment and NGF (nerve growth factor) withdrawal, we examined the hierarchical role of caspase-2 activation in the transcriptional control of neuron death. Both paradigms induce rapid activation of caspase-2 as well as activation of the transcription factor c-Jun and subsequent induction of the pro-apoptotic BH3 (Bcl-homology domain 3)-only protein Bim (Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death). Caspase-2 activation is dependent on the adaptor protein RAIDD {RIP (receptor-interacting protein)-associated ICH-1 [ICE (interleukin-1β-converting enzyme)/CED-3 (cell-death determining 3) homologue 1] protein with a death domain}, and both caspase-2 and RAIDD are required for c-Jun activation and Bim induction. The present study thus shows that rapid caspase-2 activation is essential for c-Jun activation and Bim induction in neurons subjected to apoptotic stimuli. This places caspase-2 at an apical position in the apoptotic cascade and demonstrates for the first time that caspase-2 can regulate transcription.
Collapse
|
41
|
Tian SF, Yang HH, Xiao DP, Huang YJ, He GY, Ma HR, Xia F, Shi XC. Mechanisms of neuroprotection from hypoxia-ischemia (HI) brain injury by up-regulation of cytoglobin (CYGB) in a neonatal rat model. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15988-6003. [PMID: 23585565 PMCID: PMC3668754 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.428789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the expression profile of CYGB, its potential neuroprotective function, and underlying molecular mechanisms using a model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) brain injury. Cygb mRNA and protein expression were evaluated within the first 36 h after the HI model was induced using RT-PCR and Western blotting. Cygb mRNA expression was increased at 18 h in a time-dependent manner, and its level of protein expression increased progressively in 24 h. To verify the neuroprotective effect of CYGB, a gene transfection technique was employed. Cygb cDNA and shRNA delivery adenovirus systems were established (Cygb-cDNA-ADV and Cygb-shRNA-ADV, respectively) and injected into the brains of 3-day-old rats 4 days before they were induced with HI treatment. Rats from different groups were euthanized 24 h post-HI, and brain samples were harvested. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride, TUNEL, and Nissl staining indicated that an up-regulation of CYGB resulted in reduced acute brain injury. The superoxide dismutase level was found to be dependent on expression of CYGB. The Morris water maze test in 28-day-old rats demonstrated that CYGB expression was associated with improvement of long term cognitive impairment. Studies also demonstrated that CYGB can up-regulate mRNA and protein levels of VEGF and increase both the density and diameter of the microvessels but inhibits activation of caspase-2 and -3. Thus, this is the first in vivo study focusing on the neuroprotective role of CYGB. The reduction of neonatal HI injury by CYGB may be due in part to antioxidant and antiapoptotic mechanisms and by promoting angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Tian
- From the Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Section of Dong-xia Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Han-Hua Yang
- From the Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Section of Dong-xia Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Dan-Ping Xiao
- From the Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Section of Dong-xia Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Yue-Jun Huang
- From the Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Section of Dong-xia Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Gu-Yu He
- From the Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Section of Dong-xia Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Hai-Ran Ma
- From the Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Section of Dong-xia Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Fang Xia
- From the Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Section of Dong-xia Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Xue-Chuan Shi
- From the Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Section of Dong-xia Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 86-754-88915666; Fax: 86-754-88346543; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Puyal J, Ginet V, Clarke PGH. Multiple interacting cell death mechanisms in the mediation of excitotoxicity and ischemic brain damage: a challenge for neuroprotection. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 105:24-48. [PMID: 23567504 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
There is currently no approved neuroprotective pharmacotherapy for acute conditions such as stroke and cerebral asphyxia. One of the reasons for this may be the multiplicity of cell death mechanisms, because inhibition of a particular mechanism leaves the brain vulnerable to alternative ones. It is therefore essential to understand the different cell death mechanisms and their interactions. We here review the multiple signaling pathways underlying each of the three main morphological types of cell death--apoptosis, autophagic cell death and necrosis--emphasizing their importance in the neuronal death that occurs during cerebral ischemia and hypoxia-ischemia, and we analyze the interactions between the different mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the implications of the multiplicity of cell death mechanisms for the design of neuroprotective strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Puyal
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Spatiotemporal resolution of BDNF neuroprotection against glutamate excitotoxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 2013; 237:66-86. [PMID: 23384605 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protects hippocampal neurons from glutamate excitotoxicity as determined by analysis of chromatin condensation, through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) signaling pathways. However, it is still unknown whether BDNF also prevents the degeneration of axons and dendrites, and the functional demise of synapses, which would be required to preserve neuronal activity. Herein, we have studied the time-dependent changes in several neurobiological markers, and the regulation of proteolytic mechanisms in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, through quantitative western blot and immunocytochemistry. Calpain activation peaked immediately after the neurodegenerative input, followed by a transient increase in ubiquitin-conjugated proteins and increased abundance of cleaved-caspase-3. Proteasome and calpain inhibition did not reproduce the protective effect of BDNF and caspase inhibition in preventing chromatin condensation. However, proteasome and calpain inhibition did protect the neuronal markers for dendrites (MAP-2), axons (Neurofilament-H) and the vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1-2), whereas caspase inhibition was unable to mimic the protective effect of BDNF on neurites and synaptic markers. BDNF partially prevented the downregulation of synaptic activity measured by the KCl-evoked glutamate release using a Förster (Fluorescence) resonance energy transfer (FRET) glutamate nanosensor. These results translate a time-dependent activation of proteases and spatial segregation of these mechanisms, where calpain activation is followed by proteasome deregulation, from neuronal processes to the soma, and finally by caspase activation in the cell body. Moreover, PI3-K and PLCγ small molecule inhibitors significantly blocked the protective action of BDNF, suggesting an activity-dependent mechanism of neuroprotection. Ultimately, we hypothesize that neuronal repair after a degenerative insult is initiated at the synaptic level.
Collapse
|
44
|
Eyo U, Dailey ME. Effects of oxygen-glucose deprivation on microglial mobility and viability in developing mouse hippocampal tissues. Glia 2012; 60:1747-60. [PMID: 22847985 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As brain-resident immune cells, microglia (MG) survey the brain parenchyma to maintain homeostasis during development and following injury. Research in perinatal stroke, a leading cause of lifelong disability, has implicated MG as targets for therapeutic intervention during stroke. Although MG responses are complex, work in developing rodents suggests that MG limit brain damage after stroke. However, little is known about how energy-limiting conditions affect MG survival and mobility (motility and migration) in developing brain tissues. Here, we used confocal time-lapse imaging to monitor MG viability and mobility during hypoxia or oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in hippocampal tissue slices derived from neonatal GFP-reporter mice (CX3CR1(GFP/+) ). We found that MG remain viable for at least 6 h of hypoxia but begin to die after 2 h of OGD, while both hypoxia and OGD reduce MG motility. Unexpectedly, some MG retain or recover motility during OGD and can engulf dead cells. Additionally, MG from younger neonates (P2-P3) are more resistant to OGD than those from older ones (P6-P7), indicating increasing vulnerability with developmental age. Finally, transient (2 h) OGD also increases MG death, and although motility is rapidly restored after transient OGD, it remains below control levels for many hours. Together, these results show that MG in neonatal mouse brain tissues are vulnerable to both transient and sustained OGD, and many MG die within hours after onset of OGD. Preventing MG death may, therefore, provide a strategy for promoting tissue restoration after stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ukpong Eyo
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Modeling the encephalopathy of prematurity in animals: the important role of translational research. Neurol Res Int 2012; 2012:295389. [PMID: 22685653 PMCID: PMC3366246 DOI: 10.1155/2012/295389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational research in preterm brain injury depends upon the delineation of the human neuropathology in order that animal models faithfully reiterate it, thereby ensuring direct relevance to the human condition. The major substrate of human preterm brain injury is the encephalopathy of prematurity that is characterized by gray and white matter lesions reflecting combined acquired insults, altered developmental trajectories, and reparative phenomena. Here we highlight the key features of human preterm brain development and the encephalopathy of prematurity that are critical for modeling in animals. The complete mimicry of the complex human neuropathology is difficult in animal models. Many models focus upon mechanisms related to a specific feature, for example, loss of premyelinating oligodendrocytes in the cerebral white matter. Nevertheless, animal models that simultaneously address oligodendrocyte, neuronal, and axonal injury carry the potential to decipher shared mechanisms and synergistic treatments to ameliorate the global consequences of the encephalopathy of prematurity.
Collapse
|
46
|
Pistritto G, Papaleo V, Sanchez P, Ceci C, Barbaccia ML. Divergent modulation of neuronal differentiation by caspase-2 and -9. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36002. [PMID: 22629307 PMCID: PMC3356362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Ntera2/cl.D1 (NT2) cells treated with retinoic acid (RA) differentiate towards a well characterized neuronal phenotype sharing many features with human fetal neurons. In view of the emerging role of caspases in murine stem cell/neural precursor differentiation, caspases activity was evaluated during RA differentiation. Caspase-2, -3 and -9 activity was transiently and selectively increased in differentiating and non-apoptotic NT2-cells. SiRNA-mediated selective silencing of either caspase-2 (si-Casp2) or -9 (si-Casp9) was implemented in order to dissect the role of distinct caspases. The RA-induced expression of neuronal markers, i.e. neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP2) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNAs and proteins, was decreased in si-Casp9, but markedly increased in si-Casp2 cells. During RA-induced NT2 differentiation, the class III histone deacetylase Sirt1, a putative caspase substrate implicated in the regulation of the proneural bHLH MASH1 gene expression, was cleaved to a ∼100 kDa fragment. Sirt1 cleavage was markedly reduced in si-Casp9 cells, even though caspase-3 was normally activated, but was not affected (still cleaved) in si-Casp2 cells, despite a marked reduction of caspase-3 activity. The expression of MASH1 mRNA was higher and occurred earlier in si-Casp2 cells, while was reduced at early time points during differentiation in si-Casp9 cells. Thus, caspase-2 and -9 may perform opposite functions during RA-induced NT2 neuronal differentiation. While caspase-9 activation is relevant for proper neuronal differentiation, likely through the fine tuning of Sirt1 function, caspase-2 activation appears to hinder the RA-induced neuronal differentiation of NT2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Pistritto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata-Medical School, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Combined effect of hypothermia and caspase-2 gene deficiency on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Pediatr Res 2012; 71:566-72. [PMID: 22322383 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION [corrected] Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) injury in term infants develops with a delay during the recovery phase, opening up a therapeutic window after the insult. Hypothermia is currently an established neuroprotective treatment in newborns with neonatal encephalopathy (NE), saving one in nine infants from developing neurological deficits. Caspase-2 is an initiator caspase, a key enzyme in the route to destruction and, therefore, theoretically a potential target for a pharmaceutical strategy to prevent HI brain damage. METHODS The aim of this study was to explore the neuroprotective efficacy of hypothermia in combination with caspase-2 gene deficiency using the neonatal Rice-Vannucci model of HI injury in mice. RESULTS HI brain injury was moderately reduced in caspase-2(-/-) mice as compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Five hours of hypothermia (33 °C ) vs. normothermia (36 °C) directly after HI provided additive protection overall (temperature P = 0.0004, caspase-2 genotype P = 0.0029), in the hippocampus and thalamus, but not in other gray matter regions or white matter. Delayed hypothermia initiated 2 h after HI in combination with caspase-2 gene deficiency reduced injury in the hippocampus, but not in other brain areas. DISCUSSION In conclusion, caspase-2 gene deficiency combined with hypothermia provided enhanced neuroprotection as compared with hypothermia alone.
Collapse
|
48
|
Molecular mechanisms of neonatal brain injury. Neurol Res Int 2012; 2012:506320. [PMID: 22363841 PMCID: PMC3272851 DOI: 10.1155/2012/506320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal/neonatal brain injury is an important cause of neurological disability. Hypoxia-ischemia and excitotoxicity are considered important insults, and, in spite of their acute nature, brain injury develops over a protracted time period during the primary, secondary, and tertiary phases. The concept that most of the injury develops with a delay after the insult makes it possible to provide effective neuroprotective treatment after the insult. Indeed, hypothermia applied within 6 hours after birth in neonatal encephalopathy reduces neurological disability in clinical trials. In order to develop the next generation of treatment, we need to know more about the pathophysiological mechanism during the secondary and tertiary phases of injury. We review some of the critical molecular events related to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis during the secondary phase and report some recent evidence that intervention may be feasible also days-weeks after the insult.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Within the last decade, it became clear that oxygen contributes to the pathogenesis of neonatal brain damage, leading to neurocognitive impairment of prematurely born infants in later life. Recently, we have identified a critical role for receptor-mediated neuronal apoptosis in the immature rodent brain. However, the contribution of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway accompanied by activation of caspase-2 under hyperoxic conditions in the neonatal brain still remains elusive. Inhibition of caspases appears a promising strategy for neuroprotection. In order to assess the influence of specific caspases on the developing brain, we applied a recently developed pentapeptide-based group II caspase inhibitor (5-(2,6-difluoro-phenoxy)-3(R,S)-(2(S)-(2(S)-(3-methoxycarbonyl-2(S)-(3-methyl-2(S)-((quinoline-2-carbonyl)-amino)-butyrylamino)propionylamino)3-methylbutyrylamino)propionylamino)-4-oxo-pentanoic acid methyl ester; TRP601). Here, we report that elevated oxygen (hyperoxia) triggers a marked increase in active caspase-2 expression, resulting in an initiation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway with upregulation of key proteins, namely, cytochrome c, apoptosis protease-activating factor-1, and the caspase-independent protein apoptosis-inducing factor, whereas BH3-interacting domain death agonist and the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma-2 are downregulated. These results coincide with an upregulation of caspase-3 activity and marked neurodegeneration. However, single treatment with TRP601 at the beginning of hyperoxia reversed the detrimental effects in this model. Hyperoxia-mediated neurodegeneration is supported by intrinsic apoptosis, suggesting that the development of highly selective caspase inhibitors will represent a potential useful therapeutic strategy in prematurely born infants.
Collapse
|
50
|
Chauvier D, Renolleau S, Holifanjaniaina S, Ankri S, Bezault M, Schwendimann L, Rousset C, Casimir R, Hoebeke J, Smirnova M, Debret G, Trichet AP, Carlsson Y, Wang X, Bernard E, Hébert M, Rauzier JM, Matecki S, Lacampagne A, Rustin P, Mariani J, Hagberg H, Gressens P, Charriaut-Marlangue C, Jacotot E. Targeting neonatal ischemic brain injury with a pentapeptide-based irreversible caspase inhibitor. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e203. [PMID: 21881605 PMCID: PMC3186905 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Brain protection of the newborn remains a challenging priority and represents a totally unmet medical need. Pharmacological inhibition of caspases appears as a promising strategy for neuroprotection. In a translational perspective, we have developed a pentapeptide-based group II caspase inhibitor, TRP601/ORPHA133563, which reaches the brain, and inhibits caspases activation, mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, and apoptosis in vivo. Single administration of TRP601 protects newborn rodent brain against excitotoxicity, hypoxia-ischemia, and perinatal arterial stroke with a 6-h therapeutic time window, and has no adverse effects on physiological parameters. Safety pharmacology investigations, and toxicology studies in rodent and canine neonates, suggest that TRP601 is a lead compound for further drug development to treat ischemic brain damage in human newborns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Chauvier
- Theraptosis Research Laboratory, Theraptosis SA, Pasteur BioTop, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|