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Leavy A, Phelan J, Jimenez-Mateos EM. Contribution of microglia to the epileptiform activity that results from neonatal hypoxia. Neuropharmacology 2024; 253:109968. [PMID: 38692453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are described as the immune cells of the brain, their immune properties have been extensively studied since first described, however, their neural functions have only been explored over the last decade. Microglia have an important role in maintaining homeostasis in the central nervous system by surveying their surroundings to detect pathogens or damage cells. While these are the classical functions described for microglia, more recently their neural functions have been defined; they are critical to the maturation of neurons during embryonic and postnatal development, phagocytic microglia remove excess synapses during development, a process called synaptic pruning, which is important to overall neural maturation. Furthermore, microglia can respond to neuronal activity and, together with astrocytes, can regulate neural activity, contributing to the equilibrium between excitation and inhibition through a feedback loop. Hypoxia at birth is a serious neurological condition that disrupts normal brain function resulting in seizures and epilepsy later in life. Evidence has shown that microglia may contribute to this hyperexcitability after neonatal hypoxia. This review will summarize the existing data on the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of neonatal hypoxia and the plausible mechanisms that contribute to the development of hyperexcitability after hypoxia in neonates. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Microglia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Leavy
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jessie Phelan
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eva M Jimenez-Mateos
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Gębka-Kępińska B, Adamczyk B, Gębka D, Czuba Z, Szczygieł J, Adamczyk-Sowa M. Cytokine Profiling in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Newly Diagnosed Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS): Associations between Inflammatory Biomarkers and Disease Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7399. [PMID: 39000506 PMCID: PMC11242697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokines regulate immune responses and are crucial to MS pathogenesis. This study evaluated pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in the CSF of de novo diagnosed RRMS patients compared to healthy controls. We assessed cytokine levels in the CSF of 118 de novo diagnosed RRMS patients and 112 controls, analyzing relationships with time from symptom onset to diagnosis, MRI lesions, and serum vitamin D levels. Elevated levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, FGF-basic, and GM-CSF, and lower levels of IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-5, IL-7, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-15, G-CSF, PDGF-bb, and VEGF were observed in RRMS patients compared to controls. IL-2, IL-4, IL-12p70, PDGF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, and FGF-basic levels increased over time, while IL-10 decreased. IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6, TNF-α, and PDGF-bb levels negatively correlated with serum vitamin D. TNF-α levels positively correlated with post-contrast-enhancing brain lesions. IL-15 levels negatively correlated with T2 and Gd(+) lesions in C-spine MRI, while TNF-α, PDGF-bb, and FGF-basic correlated positively with T2 lesions in C-spine MRI. IL-6 levels positively correlated with post-contrast-enhancing lesions in Th-spine MRI. Distinct cytokine profiles in the CSF of de novo diagnosed MS patients provide insights into MS pathogenesis and guide immunomodulatory therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gębka-Kępińska
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-800 Katowice, Poland
| | - Bożena Adamczyk
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-800 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dorota Gębka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-800 Katowice, Poland
| | - Zenon Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-800 Katowice, Poland
| | - Jarosław Szczygieł
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-800 Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Adamczyk-Sowa
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-800 Katowice, Poland
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Ji E, Zhang Y, Li Z, Wei L, Wu Z, Li Y, Yu X, Song TJ. The Chemokine CCL2 Promotes Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in Hippocampal Neurons via GluA1 Subunit Trafficking. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01236-9. [PMID: 38954270 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2, also known as MCP-1) and its cognate receptor CCR2 have well-characterized roles in chemotaxis. CCL2 has been previously shown to promote excitatory synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability. However, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying this process remains largely unclear. In cultured hippocampal neurons, CCL2 application rapidly upregulated surface expression of GluA1, in a CCR2-dependent manner, assayed using SEP-GluA1 live imaging, surface GluA1 antibody staining, and electrophysiology. Using pharmacology and reporter assays, we further showed that CCL2 upregulated surface GluA1 expression primarily via Gαq- and CaMKII-dependent signaling. Consistently, using i.p. injection of lipopolysaccharide to induce neuroinflammation, we found upregulated phosphorylation of S831 and S845 sites on AMPA receptor subunit GluA1 in the hippocampus, an effect blocked in Ccr2-/- mice. Together, these results provide a mechanism through which CCL2, and other secreted molecules that signal through G-protein coupled receptors, can directly regulate synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Ji
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhaofa Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Tian-Jia Song
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics of Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Guadalupi L, Mandolesi G, Vanni V, Balletta S, Caioli S, Pavlovic A, De Vito F, Fresegna D, Sanna K, Vitiello L, Nencini M, Tartacca A, Mariani F, Rovella V, Schippling S, Ruf I, Collin L, Centonze D, Musella A. Pharmacological blockade of 2-AG degradation ameliorates clinical, neuroinflammatory and synaptic alterations in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuropharmacology 2024; 252:109940. [PMID: 38570068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is critically involved in the pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Over the past decade, researchers have extensively studied the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of the ECS. Inhibiting the degradation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate brain damage in MS. In this study, we investigated the effects of a novel reversible MAGL inhibitor (MAGLi 432) on C57/BL6 female mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS. We assessed its implications on motor disability, neuroinflammation, and synaptic dysfunction. Systemic in vivo treatment with MAGLi 432 resulted in a less severe EAE disease, accompanied by increased 2-AG levels and decreased levels of arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandins (PGs) in the brain. Additionally, MAGLi 432 reduced both astrogliosis and microgliosis, as evidenced by decreased microglia/macrophage density and a less reactive morphology. Flow cytometry analysis further revealed fewer infiltrating CD45+ and CD3+ cells in the brains of MAGLi 432-treated EAE mice. Finally, MAGLi treatment counteracted the striatal synaptic hyperexcitability promoted by EAE neuroinflammation. In conclusion, MAGL inhibition significantly ameliorated EAE clinical disability and striatal inflammatory synaptopathy through potent anti-inflammatory effects. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the neuroprotective role of the ECS during neuroinflammation and highlight the therapeutic potential of MAGLi-based drugs in mitigating MS-related inflammatory and neurodegenerative brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Guadalupi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgia Mandolesi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion University of Rome San Raffaele, Italy
| | - Valentina Vanni
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Balletta
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Silvia Caioli
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Anto Pavlovic
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca De Vito
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Diego Fresegna
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Krizia Sanna
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Vitiello
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion University of Rome San Raffaele, Italy; Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Nencini
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Tartacca
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mariani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Rovella
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sven Schippling
- F. Hoffmann -La Roche Ltd. Roche. Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland by Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iris Ruf
- F. Hoffmann -La Roche Ltd. Roche. Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland by Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Collin
- F. Hoffmann -La Roche Ltd. Roche. Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland by Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Centonze
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.
| | - Alessandra Musella
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion University of Rome San Raffaele, Italy
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Sanna K, Bruno A, Balletta S, Caioli S, Nencini M, Fresegna D, Guadalupi L, Dolcetti E, Azzolini F, Buttari F, Fantozzi R, Borrelli A, Stampanoni Bassi M, Gilio L, Lauritano G, Vanni V, De Vito F, Tartacca A, Mariani F, Rovella V, Musella A, Centonze D, Mandolesi G. Re-emergence of T lymphocyte-mediated synaptopathy in progressive multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1416133. [PMID: 38911847 PMCID: PMC11190089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1416133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) is defined by the irreversible accumulation of disability following a relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) course. Despite treatments advances, a reliable tool able to capture the transition from RRMS to SPMS is lacking. A T cell chimeric MS model demonstrated that T cells derived from relapsing patients exacerbate excitatory transmission of central neurons, a synaptotoxic event absent during remitting stages. We hypothesized the re-emergence of T cell synaptotoxicity during SPMS and investigated the synaptoprotective effects of siponimod, a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator, known to reduce grey matter damage in SPMS patients. Methods Data from healthy controls (HC), SPMS patients, and siponimod-treated SPMS patients were collected. Chimeric experiments were performed incubating human T cells on murine cortico-striatal slices, and recording spontaneous glutamatergic activity from striatal neurons. Homologous chimeric experiments were executed incubating EAE mice T cells with siponimod and specific S1PR agonists or antagonists to identify the receptor involved in siponimod-mediated synaptic recovery. Results SPMS patient-derived T cells significantly increased the striatal excitatory synaptic transmission (n=40 synapses) compared to HC T cells (n=55 synapses), mimicking the glutamatergic alterations observed in active RRMS-T cells. Siponimod treatment rescued SPMS T cells synaptotoxicity (n=51 synapses). Homologous chimeric experiments highlighted S1P5R involvement in the siponimod's protective effects. Conclusion Transition from RRMS to SPMS involves the reappearance of T cell-mediated synaptotoxicity. Siponimod counteracts T cell-induced excitotoxicity, emphasizing the significance of inflammatory synaptopathy in progressive MS and its potential as a promising pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krizia Sanna
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Bruno
- Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Sara Balletta
- Unit of Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Silvia Caioli
- Unit of Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Monica Nencini
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Fresegna
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Guadalupi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Dolcetti
- Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Federica Azzolini
- Unit of Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Fabio Buttari
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Roberta Fantozzi
- Unit of Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Angela Borrelli
- Unit of Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Mario Stampanoni Bassi
- Unit of Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Luana Gilio
- Unit of Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Gianluca Lauritano
- Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Valentina Vanni
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca De Vito
- Unit of Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Alice Tartacca
- Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mariani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Rovella
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Musella
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University of Rome San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Georgia Mandolesi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University of Rome San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
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Mancini M, Calculli A, Di Martino D, Pisani A. Interplay between endocannabinoids and dopamine in the basal ganglia: implications for pain in Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIA, ANALGESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2024; 4:33. [PMID: 38745258 PMCID: PMC11094869 DOI: 10.1186/s44158-024-00169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Pain is a complex phenomenon, and basal ganglia circuitry integrates many aspects of pain including motor, emotional, autonomic, and cognitive responses. Perturbations in dopamine (DA) signaling are implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic pain due to its involvement in both pain perception and relief. Several lines of evidence support the role of endocannabinoids (eCBs) in the regulation of many electrical and chemical aspects of DAergic neuron function including excitability, synaptic transmission, integration, and plasticity. However, eCBs play an even more intricate and intimate relationship with DA, as indicated by the adaptive changes in the eCB system following DA depletion. Although the precise mechanisms underlying DA control on pain are not fully understood, given the high correlation of eCB and DAergic system, it is conceivable that eCBs may be part of these mechanisms.In this brief survey, we describe the reciprocal regulation of eCB-DA neurotransmission with a particular emphasis on the actions of eCBs on ionic and synaptic signaling in DAergic neurons mediated by CB receptors or independent on them. Furthermore, we analyze the eCB-DA imbalance which characterizes pain condition and report the implications of reduced DA levels for pain in Parkinson's disease. Lastly, we discuss the potential of the eCB-DA system in the development of future therapeutic strategies for the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mancini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, c/o Mondino Foundation Via Mondino, 2, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Alessandra Calculli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, c/o Mondino Foundation Via Mondino, 2, Pavia, 27100, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Deborah Di Martino
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, c/o Mondino Foundation Via Mondino, 2, Pavia, 27100, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, c/o Mondino Foundation Via Mondino, 2, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
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7
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Hedley KE, Cuskelly A, Callister RJ, Horvat JC, Hodgson DM, Tadros MA. The medulla oblongata shows a sex-specific inflammatory response to systemic neonatal lipopolysaccharide. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 389:578316. [PMID: 38394966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Early life inflammation has been linked to long-term modulation of behavioural outcomes due to the central nervous system, but it is now becoming apparent it is also linked to dysfunction of visceral physiology. The medulla oblongata contains a number of nuclei critical for homeostasis, therefore we utilised the well-established model of neonatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure to examine the immediate and long-term impacts of systemic inflammation on the medulla oblongata. Wistar rats were injected with LPS or saline on postnatal days 3 and 5, with tissues collected on postnatal days 7 or 90 in order to assess expression of inflammatory mediators and microglial morphology in autonomic regions of the medulla oblongata. We observed a distinct sex-specific response of all measured inflammatory mediators at both ages, as well as significant neonatal sex differences in inflammatory mediators within saline groups. At both ages, microglial morphology had significant changes in branch length and soma size in a sex-specific manner in response to LPS exposure. This data not only highlights the strong sex-specific response of neonates to LPS administration, but also the significant life-long impact on the medulla oblongata and the potential altered control of visceral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateleen E Hedley
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Annalisa Cuskelly
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Education, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert J Callister
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah M Hodgson
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa A Tadros
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
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8
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Ramos-González EJ, Bitzer-Quintero OK, Ortiz G, Hernández-Cruz JJ, Ramírez-Jirano LJ. Relationship between inflammation and oxidative stress and its effect on multiple sclerosis. Neurologia 2024; 39:292-301. [PMID: 38553104 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This paper highlights the relationship of inflammation and oxidative stress as damage mechanisms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), considered an inflammatory and autoimmune disease. DEVELOPMENT The oxidative stress concept has been defined by an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of the oxidants. There is necessary to do physiological functions, like the respiration chain, but in certain conditions, the production of reactive species overpassed the antioxidant systems, which could cause tissue damage. On the other hand, it is well established that inflammation is a complex reaction in the vascularized connective tissue in response to diverse stimuli. However, an unregulated prolonged inflammatory process also can induce tissue damage. CONCLUSION Both inflammation and oxidative stress are interrelated since one could promote the other, leading to a toxic feedback system, which contributes to the inflammatory and demyelination process in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Ramos-González
- Unidad de Investigacion Biomedica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - O K Bitzer-Quintero
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - G Ortiz
- Departamento de Diciplinas Metodológicas y Filosóficas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - J J Hernández-Cruz
- Departamento de Diciplinas Metodológicas y Filosóficas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - L J Ramírez-Jirano
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Huang S, Dong W, Lin X, Xu K, Li K, Xiong S, Wang Z, Nie X, Bian JS. Disruption of the Na +/K +-ATPase-purinergic P2X7 receptor complex in microglia promotes stress-induced anxiety. Immunity 2024; 57:495-512.e11. [PMID: 38395698 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) plays an important role in the central nervous system. However, little is known about its function in the microglia. Here, we found that NKAα1 forms a complex with the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), an adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-gated ion channel, under physiological conditions. Chronic stress or treatment with lipopolysaccharide plus ATP decreased the membrane expression of NKAα1 in microglia, facilitated P2X7R function, and promoted microglia inflammatory activation via activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Accordingly, global deletion or conditional deletion of NKAα1 in microglia under chronic stress-induced aggravated anxiety-like behavior and neuronal hyperexcitability. DR5-12D, a monoclonal antibody that stabilizes membrane NKAα1, improved stress-induced anxiety-like behavior and ameliorated neuronal hyperexcitability and neurogenesis deficits in the ventral hippocampus of mice. Our results reveal that NKAα1 limits microglia inflammation and may provide a target for the treatment of stress-related neuroinflammation and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songqiang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanting Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqian Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Kangtai Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Siping Xiong
- Department of Pathology, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Zilong Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowei Nie
- Key Laboratory of Shenzhen Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jin-Song Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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10
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You Y, An DD, Wan YS, Zheng BX, Dai HB, Zhang SH, Zhang XN, Wang RR, Shi P, Jin M, Wang Y, Jiang L, Chen Z, Hu WW. Cell-specific IL-1R1 regulates the regional heterogeneity of microglial displacement of GABAergic synapses and motor learning ability. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:116. [PMID: 38438808 PMCID: PMC10912170 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Microglia regulate synaptic function in various ways, including the microglial displacement of the surrounding GABAergic synapses, which provides important neuroprotection from certain diseases. However, the physiological role and underlying mechanisms of microglial synaptic displacement remain unclear. In this study, we observed that microglia exhibited heterogeneity during the displacement of GABAergic synapses surrounding neuronal soma in different cortical regions under physiological conditions. Through three-dimensional reconstruction, in vitro co-culture, two-photon calcium imaging, and local field potentials recording, we found that IL-1β negatively modulated microglial synaptic displacement to coordinate regional heterogeneity in the motor cortex, which impacted the homeostasis of the neural network and improved motor learning ability. We used the Cre-Loxp system and found that IL-1R1 on glutamatergic neurons, rather than that on microglia or GABAergic neurons, mediated the negative effect of IL-1β on synaptic displacement. This study demonstrates that IL-1β is critical for the regional heterogeneity of synaptic displacement by coordinating different actions of neurons and microglia via IL-1R1, which impacts both neural network homeostasis and motor learning ability. It provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the physiological role and mechanism of microglial displacement of GABAergic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi You
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Da-Dao An
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yu-Shan Wan
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bai-Xiu Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hai-Bin Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - She-Hong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Xiang-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Rong-Rong Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mingjuan Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Wei-Wei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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11
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Li J, Qi H, Chen Y, Zhu X. Epilepsy and demyelination: Towards a bidirectional relationship. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 234:102588. [PMID: 38378072 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Demyelination stands out as a prominent feature in individuals with specific types of epilepsy. Concurrently, individuals with demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are at a greater risk of developing epilepsy compared to non-MS individuals. These bidirectional connections raise the question of whether both pathological conditions share common pathogenic mechanisms. This review focuses on the reciprocal relationship between epilepsy and demyelination diseases. We commence with an overview of the neurological basis of epilepsy and demyelination diseases, followed by an exploration of how our comprehension of these two disorders has evolved in tandem. Additionally, we discuss the potential pathogenic mechanisms contributing to the interactive relationship between these two diseases. A more nuanced understanding of the interplay between epilepsy and demyelination diseases has the potential to unveiling the molecular intricacies of their pathological relationships, paving the way for innovative directions in future clinical management and treatment strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honggang Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhou Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinjian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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12
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Amoriello R, Memo C, Ballerini L, Ballerini C. The brain cytokine orchestra in multiple sclerosis: from neuroinflammation to synaptopathology. Mol Brain 2024; 17:4. [PMID: 38263055 PMCID: PMC10807071 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-024-01077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is finely protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Immune soluble factors such as cytokines (CKs) are normally produced in the CNS, contributing to physiological immunosurveillance and homeostatic synaptic scaling. CKs are peptide, pleiotropic molecules involved in a broad range of cellular functions, with a pivotal role in resolving the inflammation and promoting tissue healing. However, pro-inflammatory CKs can exert a detrimental effect in pathological conditions, spreading the damage. In the inflamed CNS, CKs recruit immune cells, stimulate the local production of other inflammatory mediators, and promote synaptic dysfunction. Our understanding of neuroinflammation in humans owes much to the study of multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common autoimmune and demyelinating disease, in which autoreactive T cells migrate from the periphery to the CNS after the encounter with a still unknown antigen. CNS-infiltrating T cells produce pro-inflammatory CKs that aggravate local demyelination and neurodegeneration. This review aims to recapitulate the state of the art about CKs role in the healthy and inflamed CNS, with focus on recent advances bridging the study of adaptive immune system and neurophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Amoriello
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy.
| | - Christian Memo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Ballerini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Clara Ballerini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy.
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13
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Acosta-Galeana I, Hernández-Martínez R, Reyes-Cruz T, Chiquete E, Aceves-Buendia JDJ. RNA-binding proteins as a common ground for neurodegeneration and inflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1193636. [PMID: 37475885 PMCID: PMC10355071 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1193636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurodegenerative and inflammatory illnesses of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis were once thought to be completely distinct entities that did not share any remarkable features, but new research is beginning to reveal more information about their similarities and differences. Here, we review some of the pathophysiological features of both diseases and their experimental models: RNA-binding proteins, energy balance, protein transportation, and protein degradation at the molecular level. We make a thorough analysis on TDP-43 and hnRNP A1 dysfunction, as a possible common ground in both pathologies, establishing a potential link between neurodegeneration and pathological immunity. Furthermore, we highlight the putative variations that diverge from a common ground in an atemporal course that proposes three phases for all relevant molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tania Reyes-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erwin Chiquete
- Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose de Jesus Aceves-Buendia
- Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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14
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Mancini M, Natoli S, Gardoni F, Di Luca M, Pisani A. Dopamine Transmission Imbalance in Neuroinflammation: Perspectives on Long-Term COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065618. [PMID: 36982693 PMCID: PMC10056044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a key neurotransmitter in the basal ganglia, implicated in the control of movement and motivation. Alteration of DA levels is central in Parkinson’s disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor manifestations and deposition of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates. Previous studies have hypothesized a link between PD and viral infections. Indeed, different cases of parkinsonism have been reported following COVID-19. However, whether SARS-CoV-2 may trigger a neurodegenerative process is still a matter of debate. Interestingly, evidence of brain inflammation has been described in postmortem samples of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2, which suggests immune-mediated mechanisms triggering the neurological sequelae. In this review, we discuss the role of proinflammatory molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, and oxygen reactive species in modulating DA homeostasis. Moreover, we review the existing literature on the possible mechanistic interplay between SARS-CoV-2-mediated neuroinflammation and nigrostriatal DAergic impairment, and the cross-talk with aberrant α-syn metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mancini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Natoli
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- IRCCS Maugeri Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-380-247
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15
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Sun Y, Yu H, Guan Y. Glia Connect Inflammation and Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:466-478. [PMID: 36853544 PMCID: PMC10043151 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is regarded as a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and eventually to neurodegeneration. Activation of innate immune cells and other inflammatory cells in the brain and spinal cord of people with MS has been well described. However, with the innovation of technology in glial cell research, we have a deep understanding of the mechanisms of glial cells connecting inflammation and neurodegeneration in MS. In this review, we focus on the role of glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, in the pathogenesis of MS. We mainly focus on the connection between glial cells and immune cells in the process of axonal damage and demyelinating neuron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sun
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Haojun Yu
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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16
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Neuroinflammation microenvironment sharpens seizure circuit. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 178:106027. [PMID: 36736598 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A large set of inflammatory molecules and their receptors are induced in epileptogenic foci of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsies of structural etiologies or with refractory status epilepticus. Studies in animal models mimicking these clinical conditions have shown that the activation of specific inflammatory signallings in forebrain neurons or glial cells may modify seizure thresholds, thus contributing to both ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. The search for mechanisms underlying these effects has highlighted that inflammatory mediators have CNS-specific neuromodulatory functions, in addition to their canonical activation of immune responses for pathogen recognition and clearance. This review reports the neuromodulatory effects of inflammatory mediators and how they contribute to alter the inhibitory/excitatory balance in neural networks that underlie seizures. In particular, we describe key findings related to the ictogenic role of prototypical inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF) and danger signals (HMGB1), their modulatory effects of neuronal excitability, and the mechanisms underlying these effects. It will be discussed how harnessing these neuromodulatory properties of immune mediators may lead to novel therapies to control drug-resistant seizures.
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17
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is regarded as a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and eventually to neurodegeneration. Activation of innate immune cells and other inflammatory cells in the brain and spinal cord of people with MS has been well described. However, with the innovation of technology in glial cell research, we have a deep understanding of the mechanisms of glial cells connecting inflammation and neurodegeneration in MS. In this review, we focus on the role of glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, in the pathogenesis of MS. We mainly focus on the connection between glial cells and immune cells in the process of axonal damage and demyelinating neuron loss.
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18
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Schwarz K, Schmitz F. Synapse Dysfunctions in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021639. [PMID: 36675155 PMCID: PMC9862173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting nearly three million humans worldwide. In MS, cells of an auto-reactive immune system invade the brain and cause neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation triggers a complex, multi-faceted harmful process not only in the white matter but also in the grey matter of the brain. In the grey matter, neuroinflammation causes synapse dysfunctions. Synapse dysfunctions in MS occur early and independent from white matter demyelination and are likely correlates of cognitive and mental symptoms in MS. Disturbed synapse/glia interactions and elevated neuroinflammatory signals play a central role. Glutamatergic excitotoxic synapse damage emerges as a major mechanism. We review synapse/glia communication under normal conditions and summarize how this communication becomes malfunctional during neuroinflammation in MS. We discuss mechanisms of how disturbed glia/synapse communication can lead to synapse dysfunctions, signaling dysbalance, and neurodegeneration in MS.
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19
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Gola L, Bierhansl L, Hummel N, Korn L, Pawlowski M, Cerina M, Hundehege P, Budde T, König S, Meuth SG, Wiendl H, Kovac S. MMF induces antioxidative and anaplerotic pathways and is neuroprotective in hyperexcitability in vitro. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 194:337-346. [PMID: 36521578 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hyperexcitability-induced neuronal damage plays a role both in epilepsy as well as in inflammatory brain diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and as such represents an important disease pathway which potentially can be targeted to mitigate neuronal damage. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and its pharmacologically active metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) are FDA-approved therapeutics for MS, which can induce immunosuppressive and antioxidant pathways, and their neuroprotective capacity has been demonstrated in other preclinical neurological disease models before. In this study, we used an unbiased proteomic approach to identify potential new targets upon the treatment of MMF in glio-neuronal hippocampal cultures. MMF treatment results in induction of antioxidative (HMOX1, NQO1) and anaplerotic metabolic (GAPDH, PC) pathways, which correlated with reduction in ROS production, increased mitochondrial NADH-redox index and decreased NADH pool, independent of glutathione levels. Additionally, MMF reduced glycolytic capacity indicating individual intra-cellular metabolic programs within different cell types. Furthermore, we demonstrate a neuroprotective effect of MMF upon hyperexcitability in vitro (low magnesium model), where MMF prevents glio-neuronal death via reduced ROS production. These results highlight MMF as a potential new therapeutic opportunity in hyperexcitability-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gola
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Laura Bierhansl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicolas Hummel
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lisanne Korn
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Pawlowski
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuela Cerina
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Petra Hundehege
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Department of Neurophysiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Simone König
- Core Unit Proteomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stjepana Kovac
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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20
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Schroeter CB, Rolfes L, Gothan KSS, Gruchot J, Herrmann AM, Bock S, Fazio L, Henes A, Narayanan V, Pfeuffer S, Nelke C, Räuber S, Huntemann N, Duarte-Silva E, Dobelmann V, Hundehege P, Wiendl H, Raba K, Küry P, Kremer D, Ruck T, Müntefering T, Budde T, Cerina M, Meuth SG. Cladribine treatment improves cortical network functionality in a mouse model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:270. [DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Cladribine is a synthetic purine analogue that interferes with DNA synthesis and repair next to disrupting cellular proliferation in actively dividing lymphocytes. The compound is approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Cladribine can cross the blood–brain barrier, suggesting a potential effect on central nervous system (CNS) resident cells. Here, we explored compartment-specific immunosuppressive as well as potential direct neuroprotective effects of oral cladribine treatment in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice.
Methods
In the current study, we compare immune cell frequencies and phenotypes in the periphery and CNS of EAE mice with distinct grey and white matter lesions (combined active and focal EAE) either orally treated with cladribine or vehicle, using flow cytometry. To evaluate potential direct neuroprotective effects, we assessed the integrity of the primary auditory cortex neuronal network by studying neuronal activity and spontaneous synaptic activity with electrophysiological techniques ex vivo.
Results
Oral cladribine treatment significantly attenuated clinical deficits in EAE mice. Ex vivo flow cytometry showed that cladribine administration led to peripheral immune cell depletion in a compartment-specific manner and reduced immune cell infiltration into the CNS. Histological evaluations revealed no significant differences for inflammatory lesion load following cladribine treatment compared to vehicle control. Single cell electrophysiology in acute brain slices was performed and showed an impact of cladribine treatment on intrinsic cellular firing patterns and spontaneous synaptic transmission in neurons of the primary auditory cortex. Here, cladribine administration in vivo partially restored cortical neuronal network function, reducing action potential firing. Both, the effect on immune cells and neuronal activity were transient.
Conclusions
Our results indicate that cladribine exerts a neuroprotective effect after crossing the blood–brain barrier independently of its peripheral immunosuppressant action.
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21
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Dolcetti E, Bruno A, Azzolini F, Gilio L, Moscatelli A, De Vito F, Pavone L, Iezzi E, Gambardella S, Giardina E, Ferese R, Buttari F, Rizzo FR, Furlan R, Finardi A, Musella A, Mandolesi G, Guadalupi L, Centonze D, Stampanoni Bassi M. The BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism (rs6265) Modulates Inflammation and Neurodegeneration in the Early Phases of Multiple Sclerosis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020332. [PMID: 35205376 PMCID: PMC8871843 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical course of multiple sclerosis (MS) is critically influenced by the interplay between inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism (rs6265), one of the most studied single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), influences brain functioning and neurodegenerative processes in healthy individuals and in several neuropsychiatric diseases. However, the role of this polymorphism in MS is still controversial. In 218 relapsing–remitting (RR)-MS patients, we explored, at the time of diagnosis, the associations between the Val66Met polymorphism, clinical characteristics, and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of a large set of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules. In addition, associations between Val66Met and structural MRI measures were assessed. We identified an association between the presence of Met and a combination of cytokines, identified by principal component analysis (PCA), including the pro-inflammatory molecules MCP-1, IL-8, TNF, Eotaxin, and MIP-1b. No significant associations emerged with clinical characteristics. Analysis of MRI measures evidenced reduced cortical thickness at the time of diagnosis in patients with Val66Met. We report for the first time an association between the Val66Met polymorphism and central inflammation in MS patients at the time of diagnosis. The role of this polymorphism in both inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes may explain its complex influence on the MS course.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Bruno
- Neurology Unit, IRCSS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Luana Gilio
- Neurology Unit, IRCSS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moscatelli
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Pavone
- Neurology Unit, IRCSS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Ennio Iezzi
- Neurology Unit, IRCSS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Stefano Gambardella
- Neurology Unit, IRCSS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Emiliano Giardina
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Buttari
- Neurology Unit, IRCSS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Musella
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University of Rome San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Georgia Mandolesi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University of Rome San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Guadalupi
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Neurology Unit, IRCSS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
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22
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Stampanoni Bassi M, Iezzi E, Centonze D. Multiple sclerosis: Inflammation, autoimmunity and plasticity. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:457-470. [PMID: 35034754 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, experimental studies have clarified that immune system influences the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. The neuro-immune crosstalk plays a crucial role in neuronal development and may be critically involved in mediating CNS response to neuronal damage. Multiple sclerosis (MS) represents a good model to investigate how the immune system regulates neuronal activity. Accordingly, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated that increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators may significantly impact synaptic mechanisms, influencing overall neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity expression. In this chapter, we provide an overview of preclinical data and clinical studies exploring synaptic functioning noninvasively with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in patients with MS. Moreover, we examine how inflammation-driven synaptic dysfunction could affect synaptic plasticity expression, negatively influencing the MS course. Contrasting CSF inflammation together with pharmacologic enhancement of synaptic plasticity and application of noninvasive brain stimulation, alone or in combination with rehabilitative treatments, could improve the clinical compensation and prevent the accumulating deterioration in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ennio Iezzi
- Unit of Neurology & Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Unit of Neurology & Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Laboratory of Synaptic Immunopathology, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.
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23
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Beamer E, Morgan J, Alves M, Méndez AM, Morris G, Zimmer B, Conte G, de Diego-Garcia L, Alarcón-Vila C, Ng NKY, Madden S, Calzaferri F, de Los Rios C, Garcia AG, Hamacher M, Dinkel K, Pelegrin P, Henshall DC, Nicke A, Engel T. Increased expression of the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor reduces responsiveness to anti-convulsants during status epilepticus in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2986-3006. [PMID: 34962289 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Refractory status epilepticus is a clinical emergency associated with high mortality and morbidity. Increasing evidence suggests neuroinflammation contributes to the development of drug-refractoriness during status epilepticus. The aim of the present study was to determine the contribution of the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), previously linked to both inflammation and increased hyperexcitability, to drug-refractory status epilepticus and its therapeutic potential. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Status epilepticus was induced via a unilateral microinjection of kainic acid into the amygdala in adult mice. Severity of status epilepticus was compared in animals with overexpressing or knock-out of the P2X7R, after inflammatory priming by the pre-injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in mice treated with P2X7R-targeting and anti-inflammatory drugs. KEY RESULTS P2X7R overexpressing mice were unresponsive to several anticonvulsants (lorazepam, midazolam, phenytoin and carbamazepine) during status epilepticus. P2X7R expression was increased in microglia during status epilepticus, at a time-point when responses to anticonvulsant are reduced. P2X7R overexpression led to a pro-inflammatory phenotype in microglia during status epilepticus and the anti-inflammatory drug minocycline restored normal responsiveness to anticonvulsants in P2X7R overexpressing mice. Pre-treatment of wildtype mice with LPS increased P2X7R levels in the brain and reduced responsiveness to anticonvulsants during status epilepticus, which was overcome by either a genetic deletion of the P2X7R or the administration of the P2X7R antagonists AFC-5128 or ITH15004. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results demonstrate that P2X7R-induced pro-inflammatory effects contribute to resistance to pharmacotherapy during status epilepticus and suggest therapies targeting the P2X7R as novel adjunctive treatments for drug-refractory status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Beamer
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - James Morgan
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aida Menéndez Méndez
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gareth Morris
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Béla Zimmer
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Giorgia Conte
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura de Diego-Garcia
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cristina Alarcón-Vila
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Carretera Buenavista s/n. 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nico Ka Yiu Ng
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Madden
- Data Science Centre, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francesco Calzaferri
- Instituto-Fundación Teofilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristobal de Los Rios
- Instituto-Fundación Teofilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, C/Diego de Leon, 62, 1a Planta, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio G Garcia
- Instituto-Fundación Teofilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, C/Diego de Leon, 62, 1a Planta, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Hamacher
- Affectis Pharmaceuticals AG, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Klaus Dinkel
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pablo Pelegrin
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Carretera Buenavista s/n. 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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24
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Martínez-Aguirre C, Cinar R, Rocha L. Targeting Endocannabinoid System in Epilepsy: For Good or for Bad. Neuroscience 2021; 482:172-185. [PMID: 34923038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder with a high prevalence worldwide. Several studies carried out during the last decades indicate that the administration of cannabinoids as well as the activation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) represent a therapeutic strategy to control epilepsy. However, there are controversial studies indicating that activation of ECS results in cell damage, inflammation and neurotoxicity, conditions that facilitate the seizure activity. The present review is focused to present findings supporting this issue. According to the current discrepancies, it is relevant to elucidate the different effects induced by the activation of ECS and determine the conditions under which it facilitates the seizure activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Resat Cinar
- Section on Fibrotic Disorders, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, USA
| | - Luisa Rocha
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City, Mexico.
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25
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Relationship between inflammation and oxidative stress and its effect on multiple sclerosis. Neurologia 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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26
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Mehmood Siddiqui E, Mehan S, Upadhayay S, Khan A, Halawi M, Ahmed Halawi A, Alsaffar RM. Neuroprotective efficacy of 4-Hydroxyisoleucine in experimentally induced intracerebral hemorrhage. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6417-6431. [PMID: 34764759 PMCID: PMC8568986 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe form of brain injury, which is a major cause of mortality in humans. Hydrocephalus and cerebral hematoma lead to severe neurological deficits. A single autologous blood (ALB) injection in rats' brains induces hemorrhage and other conditions that regularly interfere with the standard treatment of several cellular and molecular pathways. Several studies have found that IGF-1/GLP-1 decreases the production of inflammatory markers in peripheral tissues, while some have found that they also have pro-inflammatory functions. Since these receptors are down-regulated in hemorrhagic situations, we looked into the potential neuroprotective effect of 4-hydroxyisoleucine (4-HI); 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, an active compound Trigonellafoenum-graecum, on post-hemorrhagic deficits in rats. Long-term oral administration of 4-HI for 35 days has improved behavioral and neurochemical deficits and severe pathological changes and improved cellular and molecular markers, apoptotic markers in the ALB-induced ICH experimental model. Furthermore, the findings revealed that 4-HI also improved the levels of other neurotransmitters (Ach, DOPA, GABA, glutamate); inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1β, IL-17), and oxidative stress markers (MDA, nitrite, LDH, AchE, SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH) in the brain when evaluated after Day 35. There is no proven treatment available for the prevention of post-brain hemorrhage and neurochemical malfunction; available therapy is only for symptomatic relief of the patient. Thus, 4-HI could be a potential clinical approach for treating post-brain haemorrhage and neurochemical changes caused by neurological damage. Furthermore, 4-HI may be linked to other standard therapeutic therapies utilized in ICH as a potential pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehraz Mehmood Siddiqui
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Shubham Upadhayay
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Halawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rana M Alsaffar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy Girls Section, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O.Box-173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Panattoni G, Amoriello R, Memo C, Thalhammer A, Ballerini C, Ballerini L. Diverse inflammatory threats modulate astrocytes Ca 2+ signaling via connexin43 hemichannels in organotypic spinal slices. Mol Brain 2021; 14:159. [PMID: 34696792 PMCID: PMC8547100 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an escalation factor shared by a vast range of central nervous system (CNS) pathologies, from neurodegenerative diseases to neuropsychiatric disorders. CNS immune status emerges by the integration of the responses of resident and not resident cells, leading to alterations in neural circuits functions. To explore spinal cord astrocyte reactivity to inflammatory threats we focused our study on the effects of local inflammation in a controlled micro-environment, the organotypic spinal slices, developed from the spinal cord of mouse embryos. These organ cultures represent a complex in vitro model where sensory-motor cytoarchitecture, synaptic properties and spinal cord resident cells, are retained in a 3D fashion and we recently exploit these cultures to model two diverse immune conditions in the CNS, involving different inflammatory networks and products. Here, we specifically focus on the tuning of calcium signaling in astrocytes by these diverse types of inflammation and we investigate the mechanisms which modulate intracellular calcium release and its spreading among astrocytes in the inflamed environment. Organotypic spinal cord slices are cultured for two or three weeks in vitro (WIV) and exposed for 6 h to a cocktail of cytokines (CKs), composed by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 β) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). By live calcium imaging of the ventral horn, we document an increase in active astrocytes and in the occurrence of spontaneous calcium oscillations displayed by these cells when exposed to each inflammatory threat. Through several pharmacological treatments, we demonstrate that intracellular calcium sources and the activation of connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels have a pivotal role in increasing calcium intercellular communication in both CKs and LPS conditions, while the Cx43 gap junction communication is apparently reduced by the inflammatory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Panattoni
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberta Amoriello
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Christian Memo
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Agnes Thalhammer
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Clara Ballerini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy.
| | - Laura Ballerini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy.
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28
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Siddiqui AM, Islam R, Cuellar CA, Silvernail JL, Knudsen B, Curley DE, Strickland T, Manske E, Suwan PT, Latypov T, Akhmetov N, Zhang S, Summer P, Nesbitt JJ, Chen BK, Grahn PJ, Madigan NN, Yaszemski MJ, Windebank AJ, Lavrov IA. Newly regenerated axons via scaffolds promote sub-lesional reorganization and motor recovery with epidural electrical stimulation. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:66. [PMID: 34671050 PMCID: PMC8528837 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the effect of newly regenerated axons via scaffolds on reorganization of spinal circuitry and restoration of motor functions with epidural electrical stimulation (EES). Motor recovery was evaluated for 7 weeks after spinal transection and following implantation with scaffolds seeded with neurotrophin producing Schwann cell and with rapamycin microspheres. Combined treatment with scaffolds and EES-enabled stepping led to functional improvement compared to groups with scaffold or EES, although, the number of axons across scaffolds was not different between groups. Re-transection through the scaffold at week 6 reduced EES-enabled stepping, still demonstrating better performance compared to the other groups. Greater synaptic reorganization in the presence of regenerated axons was found in group with combined therapy. These findings suggest that newly regenerated axons through cell-containing scaffolds with EES-enabled motor training reorganize the sub-lesional circuitry improving motor recovery, demonstrating that neuroregenerative and neuromodulatory therapies cumulatively enhancing motor function after complete SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad M. Siddiqui
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Riazul Islam
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Carlos A. Cuellar
- grid.440977.90000 0004 0483 7094School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Anáhuac México, Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, State of Mexico Mexico
| | - Jodi L. Silvernail
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Bruce Knudsen
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Dallece E. Curley
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA ,grid.40263.330000 0004 1936 9094Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island USA
| | - Tammy Strickland
- grid.9344.a0000 0004 0488 240XNational University of Ireland Gallway, Gallway, Ireland
| | - Emilee Manske
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA ,grid.421979.00000 0001 2158 754XDepartment of Neuroscience, Scripps College, Claremont, CA USA
| | | | - Timur Latypov
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Division of Brain, Imaging, and Behaviour – Systems Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Nafis Akhmetov
- grid.77268.3c0000 0004 0543 9688Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Shuya Zhang
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Priska Summer
- Paracelsus Medical Private University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jarred J. Nesbitt
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Bingkun K. Chen
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Peter J. Grahn
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Nicolas N. Madigan
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Michael J. Yaszemski
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Anthony J. Windebank
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Igor A. Lavrov
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA ,grid.77268.3c0000 0004 0543 9688Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
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29
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Satheesh NJ, Salloum-Asfar S, Abdulla SA. The Potential Role of COVID-19 in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis-A Preliminary Report. Viruses 2021; 13:2091. [PMID: 34696521 PMCID: PMC8540806 DOI: 10.3390/v13102091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that mainly affects the lungs. COVID-19 symptoms include the presence of fevers, dry coughs, fatigue, sore throat, headaches, diarrhea, and a loss of taste or smell. However, it is understood that SARS-CoV-2 is neurotoxic and neuro-invasive and could enter the central nervous system (CNS) via the hematogenous route or via the peripheral nerve route and causes encephalitis, encephalopathy, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in COVID-19 patients. This review discusses the possibility of SARS-CoV-2-mediated Multiple Sclerosis (MS) development in the future, comparable to the surge in Parkinson's disease cases following the Spanish Flu in 1918. Moreover, the SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a cytokine storm. This review highlights the impact of these modulated cytokines on glial cell interactions within the CNS and their role in potentially prompting MS development as a secondary disease by SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 is neurotropic and could interfere with various functions of neurons leading to MS development. The influence of neuroinflammation, microglia phagocytotic capabilities, as well as hypoxia-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration, are mechanisms that may ultimately trigger MS development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salam Salloum-Asfar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha 34110, Qatar;
| | - Sara A. Abdulla
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha 34110, Qatar;
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30
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Stampanoni Bassi M, Nuzzo T, Gilio L, Miroballo M, Casamassa A, Buttari F, Bellantonio P, Fantozzi R, Galifi G, Furlan R, Finardi A, De Rosa A, Di Maio A, Errico F, Centonze D, Usiello A. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of L-glutamate signal central inflammatory neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 2021; 159:857-866. [PMID: 34547109 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Excessive extracellular concentrations of L-glutamate (L-Glu) can be neurotoxic and contribute to neurodegenerative processes in multiple sclerosis (MS). The association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) L-Glu levels, clinical features, and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with MS remains unclear. In 179 MS patients (relapsing remitting, RR, N = 157; secondary progressive/primary progressive, SP/PP, N = 22), CSF levels of L-Glu at diagnosis were determined and compared with those obtained in a group of 40 patients with non-inflammatory/non-degenerative disorders. Disability at the time of diagnosis, and after 1 year follow-up, was assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). CSF concentrations of lactate and of a large set of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules were explored. CSF levels of L-Glu were slightly reduced in MS patients compared to controls. In RR-MS patients, L-Glu levels correlated with EDSS after 1 year follow-up. Moreover, in MS patients, significant correlations were found between L-Glu and both CSF levels of lactate and the inflammatory molecules interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and IL-1 receptor antagonist. Altered expression of L-Glu is associated with disability progression, oxidative stress, and inflammation. These findings identify CSF L-Glu as a candidate neurochemical marker of inflammatory neurodegeneration in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tommaso Nuzzo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Luana Gilio
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Mattia Miroballo
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Buttari
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna De Rosa
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Di Maio
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Errico
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
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Benedetti F, Dallaspezia S, Melloni EMT, Lorenzi C, Zanardi R, Barbini B, Colombo C. Effective Antidepressant Chronotherapeutics (Sleep Deprivation and Light Therapy) Normalize the IL-1β:IL-1ra Ratio in Bipolar Depression. Front Physiol 2021; 12:740686. [PMID: 34539454 PMCID: PMC8440979 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.740686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mood disorders associate with peripheral markers of low-grade inflammation, among which circulating levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) consistently predict diagnosis and poor outcomes. Antidepressant chronotherapeutics (total sleep deprivation and light therapy, TSD+LT) prompts response in drug-resistant bipolar depression, but its effect on peripheral inflammation were never assessed. Here we explored the effects of TSD+LT on IL-1β signaling. Methods We studied the ratio between IL-1β and its receptor antagonist (IL-1β:IL1ra) in 33 healthy participants, and in 26 inpatients with a major depressive episode in course of Bipolar Disorder, before and after treatment with three cycles of repeated TSD+LT, interspersed with sleep recovery nights, administered during 1 week. Treatment effects of mood and on IL-1β:IL1ra were analyzed in the context of the Generalized Linear Model (GLM). Results At baseline, patients had higher IL-1β, IL1ra, and IL-1β:IL1ra than controls. Treatment significantly decreased IL-1β:IL1ra, by decreasing IL-1β and increasing IL1ra, the effect being proportional to baseline levels and normalizing values. Patients with higher baseline levels showed the highest decrease in IL-1β:IL-1ra, which associated with the immediate antidepressant response at the first cycle; while patients with lower baseline values showed negligible changes in the IL-1β:IL-1ra, unrelated to treatment response. Conclusion We observed a parallel change of inflammatory biomarkers and severity of depression after chronotherapeutics, suggesting that a reduction in inflammation associated with depression could contribute to the mechanism of action of TSD+LT, and warranting interest for controlled studies addressing the role of inflammation in the recovery from bipolar depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Benedetti
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Dallaspezia
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Maria Teresa Melloni
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Lorenzi
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Zanardi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Mood Disorders Unit, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Barbini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Mood Disorders Unit, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Colombo
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Mood Disorders Unit, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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32
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Bellingacci L, Mancini A, Gaetani L, Tozzi A, Parnetti L, Di Filippo M. Synaptic Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis: A Red Thread from Inflammation to Network Disconnection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189753. [PMID: 34575917 PMCID: PMC8469646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been clinically considered a chronic inflammatory disease of the white matter; however, in the last decade growing evidence supported an important role of gray matter pathology as a major contributor of MS-related disability and the involvement of synaptic structures assumed a key role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Synaptic contacts are considered central units in the information flow, involved in synaptic transmission and plasticity, critical processes for the shaping and functioning of brain networks. During the course of MS, the immune system and its diffusible mediators interact with synaptic structures leading to changes in their structure and function, influencing brain network dynamics. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the existing literature on synaptic involvement during experimental and human MS, in order to understand the mechanisms by which synaptic failure eventually leads to brain networks alterations and contributes to disabling MS symptoms and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bellingacci
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Lorenzo Gaetani
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Alessandro Tozzi
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Massimiliano Di Filippo
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-075-578-3830
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De Vito F, Musella A, Fresegna D, Rizzo FR, Gentile A, Stampanoni Bassi M, Gilio L, Buttari F, Procaccini C, Colamatteo A, Bullitta S, Guadalupi L, Caioli S, Vanni V, Balletta S, Sanna K, Bruno A, Dolcetti E, Furlan R, Finardi A, Licursi V, Drulovic J, Pekmezovic T, Fusco C, Bruzzaniti S, Hornstein E, Uccelli A, Salvetti M, Matarese G, Centonze D, Mandolesi G. MiR-142-3p regulates synaptopathy-driven disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 48:e12765. [PMID: 34490928 PMCID: PMC9291627 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim We recently proposed miR‐142‐3p as a molecular player in inflammatory synaptopathy, a new pathogenic hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) and of its mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), that leads to neuronal loss independently of demyelination. MiR‐142‐3p seems to be unique among potential biomarker candidates in MS, since it is an inflammatory miRNA playing a dual role in the immune and central nervous systems. Here, we aimed to verify the impact of miR‐142‐3p circulating in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients on clinical parameters, neuronal excitability and its potential interaction with disease modifying therapies (DMTs). Methods and Results In a cohort of 151 MS patients, we found positive correlations between CSF miR‐142‐3p levels and clinical progression, IL‐1β signalling as well as synaptic excitability measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Furthermore, therapy response of patients with ‘low miR‐142‐3p’ to dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an established disease‐modifying treatment (DMT), was superior to that of patients with ‘high miR‐142‐3p’ levels. Accordingly, the EAE clinical course of heterozygous miR‐142 mice was ameliorated by peripheral DMF treatment with a greater impact relative to their wild type littermates. In addition, a central protective effect of this drug was observed following intracerebroventricular and ex vivo acute treatments of EAE wild type mice, showing a rescue of miR‐142‐3p‐dependent glutamatergic alterations. By means of electrophysiology, molecular and biochemical analysis, we suggest miR‐142‐3p as a molecular target of DMF. Conclusion MiR‐142‐3p is a novel and potential negative prognostic CSF marker of MS and a promising tool for identifying personalised therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Musella
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University of Rome, San Raffaele, Italy
| | - Diego Fresegna
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Luana Gilio
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.,Unit of Neuroimmunology, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colamatteo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Bullitta
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Guadalupi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Vanni
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Balletta
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Krizia Sanna
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Bruno
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Dolcetti
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Licursi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin," Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Jelena Drulovic
- Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Pekmezovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Clorinda Fusco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Bruzzaniti
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Eran Hornstein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health Unit and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgia Mandolesi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University of Rome, San Raffaele, Italy
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Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to modulate neuronal signaling in homeostasis and diseases. In homeostasis, IL-1 regulates sleep and memory formation, whereas in diseases, IL-1 impairs memory and alters affect. Interestingly, IL-1 can cause long-lasting changes in behavior, suggesting IL-1 can alter neuroplasticity. The neuroplastic effects of IL-1 are mediated via its cognate receptor, Interleukin-1 Type 1 Receptor (IL-1R1), and are dependent on the distribution and cell type(s) of IL-1R1 expression. Recent reports found that IL-1R1 expression is restricted to discrete subpopulations of neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells and suggest IL-1 can influence neural circuits directly through neuronal IL-1R1 or indirectly via non-neuronal IL-1R1. In this review, we analyzed multiple mechanisms by which IL-1/IL-1R1 signaling might impact neuroplasticity based upon the most up-to-date literature and provided potential explanations to clarify discrepant and confusing findings reported in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Nemeth
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ning Quan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
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35
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Rupnik M, Baker D, Selwood DL. Oligodendrocytes, BK channels and remyelination. F1000Res 2021; 10:781. [PMID: 34909188 PMCID: PMC8596180 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.53422.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes wrap multiple lamellae of their membrane, myelin, around axons of the central nervous system (CNS), to improve impulse conduction. Myelin synthesis is specialised and dynamic, responsive to local neuronal excitation. Subtle pathological insults are sufficient to cause significant neuronal metabolic impairment, so myelin preservation is necessary to safeguard neural networks. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent demyelinating disease of the CNS. In MS, inflammatory attacks against myelin, proposed to be autoimmune, cause myelin decay and oligodendrocyte loss, leaving neurons vulnerable. Current therapies target the prominent neuroinflammation but are mostly ineffective in protecting from neurodegeneration and the progressive neurological disability. People with MS have substantially higher levels of extracellular glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter. This impairs cellular homeostasis to cause excitotoxic stress. Large conductance Ca2 +-activated K + channels (BK channels) could preserve myelin or allow its recovery by protecting cells from the resulting excessive excitability. This review evaluates the role of excitotoxic stress, myelination and BK channels in MS pathology, and explores the hypothesis that BK channel activation could be a therapeutic strategy to protect oligodendrocytes from excitotoxic stress in MS. This could reduce progression of neurological disability if used in parallel to immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Rupnik
- Wolfson Insitute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David Baker
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David L. Selwood
- Wolfson Insitute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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36
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Rupnik M, Baker D, Selwood DL. Oligodendrocytes, BK channels and the preservation of myelin. F1000Res 2021; 10:781. [PMID: 34909188 PMCID: PMC8596180 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.53422.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes wrap multiple lamellae of their membrane, myelin, around axons of the central nervous system (CNS), to improve impulse conduction. Myelin synthesis is specialised and dynamic, responsive to local neuronal excitation. Subtle pathological insults are sufficient to cause significant neuronal metabolic impairment, so myelin preservation is necessary to safeguard neural networks. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent demyelinating disease of the CNS. In MS, inflammatory attacks against myelin, proposed to be autoimmune, cause myelin decay and oligodendrocyte loss, leaving neurons vulnerable. Current therapies target the prominent neuroinflammation but are mostly ineffective in protecting from neurodegeneration and the progressive neurological disability. People with MS have substantially higher levels of extracellular glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter. This impairs cellular homeostasis to cause excitotoxic stress. Large conductance Ca2 +-activated K + channels (BK channels) could preserve myelin or allow its recovery by protecting cells from the resulting excessive excitability. This review evaluates the role of excitotoxic stress, myelination and BK channels in MS pathology, and explores the hypothesis that BK channel activation could be a therapeutic strategy to protect oligodendrocytes from excitotoxic stress in MS. This could reduce progression of neurological disability if used in parallel to immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Rupnik
- Wolfson Insitute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David Baker
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David L. Selwood
- Wolfson Insitute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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37
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Tsouki F, Williams A. Multifaceted involvement of microglia in gray matter pathology in multiple sclerosis. Stem Cells 2021; 39:993-1007. [PMID: 33754376 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the inflammatory demyelinating neurodegenerative disease multiple sclerosis (MS), there is increasing interest in gray matter pathology, as neuronal loss and cortical atrophy correlate with disability and disease progression, and MS therapeutics fail to significantly slow or stop neurodegeneration. Microglia, the central nervous system (CNS)-resident macrophages, are extensively involved in white matter MS pathology, but are also implicated in gray matter pathology, similar to other neurodegenerative diseases, for which there is synaptic, axonal, and neuronal degeneration. Microglia display regional heterogeneity within the CNS, which reflects their highly plastic nature and their ability to deliver context-dependent responses tailored to the demands of their microenvironment. Therefore, microglial roles in the MS gray matter in part reflect and in part diverge from those in the white matter. The present review summarizes current knowledge of microglial involvement in gray matter changes in MS, in demyelination, synaptic damage, and neurodegeneration, with evidence implicating microglia in pathology, neuroprotection, and repair. As our understanding of microglial physiology and pathophysiology increases, we describe how we are moving toward potential therapeutic applications in MS, harnessing microglia to protect and regenerate the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Tsouki
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
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Engel T, Smith J, Alves M. Targeting Neuroinflammation via Purinergic P2 Receptors for Disease Modification in Drug-Refractory Epilepsy. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3367-3392. [PMID: 34305404 PMCID: PMC8298823 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s287740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of epilepsy remains a clinical challenge, with >30% of patients not responding to current antiseizure drugs (ASDs). Moreover, currently available ASDs are merely symptomatic without altering significantly the progression of the disease. Inflammation is increasingly recognized as playing an important role during the generation of hyperexcitable networks in the brain. Accordingly, the suppression of chronic inflammation has been suggested as a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent epileptogenesis and to treat drug-refractory epilepsy. As a consequence, a strong focus of ongoing research is identification of the mechanisms that contribute to sustained inflammation in the brain during epilepsy and whether these can be targeted. ATP is released in response to several pathological stimuli, including increased neuronal activity within the central nervous system, where it functions as a neuro- and gliotransmitter. Once released, ATP activates purinergic P2 receptors, which are divided into metabotropic P2Y and ionotropic P2X receptors, driving inflammatory processes. Evidence from experimental models and patients demonstrates widespread expression changes of both P2Y and P2X receptors during epilepsy, and critically, drugs targeting both receptor subtypes, in particular the P2Y1 and P2X7 subtypes, have been shown to possess both anticonvulsive and antiepileptic potential. This review provides a detailed summary of the current evidence suggesting ATP-gated receptors as novel drug targets for epilepsy and discusses how P2 receptor–driven inflammation may contribute to the generation of seizures and the development of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Jonathon Smith
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
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Kantorová E, Hnilicová P, Bogner W, Grendár M, Čierny D, Hečková E, Strasser B, Ružinák R, Zeleňák K, Kurča E. Positivity of oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid predisposed to metabolic changes and rearrangement of inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmitters in subcortical brain structures in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 52:102978. [PMID: 34015640 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The latest diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS) have revitalized the role of oligoclonal bands synthesis in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF-OCB). This study identifies predictors of CSF-OCB-positivity among in vivo metabolic markers in the subcortical gray/white matter in MS patients after their first episode (CIS) and in patients with relapsing-remitting course (RRMS). METHODS The study enrolled 13 CIS and 23 RRMS patients. Metabolism was evaluated using Mescher-Garwood-edited proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a 3T MR scanner. In addition to N-acetyl-aspartate (tNAA), myoinositol (mIns), and choline- and creatine compounds (tCho, tCr) were also evaluated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate-glutamine (Glx) ratios. RESULTS CSF-OCB-positivity was found in 76.9% of CIS and 78.2% of RRMS patients. GABA and Glx ratios in putamen and corpus callosum strongly determined CSF-OCB-positive CIS patients. Other essential predictors of CSF-OCB-positive CIS were mIns and Glx ratios in the putamen, and tCho/tNAA in the corpus callosum. In RRMS, GABA ratios in the right thalamus and Glx ratios in the left hippocampus strongly predicted CSF-OCB-positive patients. tCho/tNAA and tNAA/tCr in the left hippocampus were also identified as essential predictors of CSF-OCB-positive RRMS patients. CONCLUSION This is the first in vivo evidence of GABA-Glx rearrangement in CSF-OCB-positive patients since its early stages of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Kantorová
- Clinic of Neurology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Petra Hnilicová
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Wolfgang Bogner
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, High-field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marián Grendár
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Daniel Čierny
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Eva Hečková
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, High-field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard Strasser
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, High-field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Róbert Ružinák
- Clinic of Neurology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Kamil Zeleňák
- Clinic of Radiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Egon Kurča
- Clinic of Neurology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia.
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Pardini M, Brown JWL, Magliozzi R, Reynolds R, Chard DT. Surface-in pathology in multiple sclerosis: a new view on pathogenesis? Brain 2021; 144:1646-1654. [PMID: 33876200 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While multiple sclerosis can affect any part of the CNS, it does not do so evenly. In white matter it has long been recognized that lesions tend to occur around the ventricles, and grey matter lesions mainly accrue in the outermost (subpial) cortex. In cortical grey matter, neuronal loss is greater in the outermost layers. This cortical gradient has been replicated in vivo with magnetization transfer ratio and similar gradients in grey and white matter magnetization transfer ratio are seen around the ventricles, with the most severe abnormalities abutting the ventricular surface. The cause of these gradients remains uncertain, though soluble factors released from meningeal inflammation into the CSF has the most supporting evidence. In this Update, we review this 'surface-in' spatial distribution of multiple sclerosis abnormalities and consider the implications for understanding pathogenic mechanisms and treatments designed to slow or stop them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pardini
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, and IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - J William L Brown
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 165, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.,Clinical Outcomes Research Unit (CORe), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Roberta Magliozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Centre for Molecular Neuropathology, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Declan T Chard
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, UK
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Mancini A, Ghiglieri V, Parnetti L, Calabresi P, Di Filippo M. Neuro-Immune Cross-Talk in the Striatum: From Basal Ganglia Physiology to Circuit Dysfunction. Front Immunol 2021; 12:644294. [PMID: 33953715 PMCID: PMC8091963 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.644294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia network is represented by an interconnected group of subcortical nuclei traditionally thought to play a crucial role in motor learning and movement execution. During the last decades, knowledge about basal ganglia physiology significantly evolved and this network is now considered as a key regulator of important cognitive and emotional processes. Accordingly, the disruption of basal ganglia network dynamics represents a crucial pathogenic factor in many neurological and psychiatric disorders. The striatum is the input station of the circuit. Thanks to the synaptic properties of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and their ability to express synaptic plasticity, the striatum exerts a fundamental integrative and filtering role in the basal ganglia network, influencing the functional output of the whole circuit. Although it is currently established that the immune system is able to regulate neuronal transmission and plasticity in specific cortical areas, the role played by immune molecules and immune/glial cells in the modulation of intra-striatal connections and basal ganglia activity still needs to be clarified. In this manuscript, we review the available evidence of immune-based regulation of synaptic activity in the striatum, also discussing how an abnormal immune activation in this region could be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and degenerative central nervous system (CNS) diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancini
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Section of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Di Filippo
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Lu H, Wu PF, Zhang W, Liao X. Circulating Interleukins and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:647588. [PMID: 33936066 PMCID: PMC8081970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.647588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research have implicated critical roles of systemic inflammation in the development of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). But the causal relationship between interleukins (ILs) and MS has not been fully elucidated. Objective In this study, we applied Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches to address the causal associations between genetically determined circulating levels of ILs and the risk of MS. Methods Genetic instruments for circulating IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-2 receptor α subunit (IL-2Rα), IL-6, IL-16, IL-17, and IL-18 were obtained from recently published genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Summary-level data for MS were obtained from the International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium. MR analyses were performed using the R software (version 3.6.1, The R Foundation) and the TwoSampleMR package. Results Genetic predisposition to higher circulating levels of IL-2Rα were significantly associated with MS risk. The odds ratio (OR) was 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-1.32; p < 0.001) per one standard deviation increase in circulating IL-2Rα levels. There was a suggestive association of circulating IL-1Ra with MS risk (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-0.99; p = 0.027). The other ILs were not associated with the outcome. Conclusion Our results indicated that circulating IL-2Rα was causally associated with risk of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaoyao Liao
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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NLRP3 Inflammasome Blockade Reduces Cocaine-Induced Microglial Activation and Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2215-2230. [PMID: 33417223 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder is a major health crisis that is associated with increased oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. While the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in mediating neuroinflammation is well-recognized, whether cocaine induces this response remains unexplored. Based on the premise that cocaine induces both reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as microglial activation, we hypothesized that cocaine-mediated microglial activation involves both ROS and NLRP3 signaling pathways. We examined activation of the NLRP3 pathway in microglia exposed to cocaine, followed by validation in mice administered either cocaine or saline for 7 days, with or without pretreatment with the NLRP3 inhibitor, MCC950, and in postmortem cortical brain tissues of chronic cocaine-dependent humans. We found that microglia exposed to cocaine exhibited significant induction of NLRP3 and mature IL-1β expression. Intriguingly, blockade of ROS (Tempol) attenuated cocaine-mediated priming of NLRP3 and microglial activation (CD11b). Blockade of NLRP3 by both pharmacological (MCC950) as well as gene silencing (siNLRP3) approaches underpinned the critical role of NLRP3 in cocaine-mediated activation of inflammasome and microglial activation. Pretreatment of mice with MCC950 followed by cocaine administration for 7 days mitigated cocaine-mediated upregulation of mature IL-1β and CD11b, in both the striatum and the cortical regions. Furthermore, cortical brain tissues of chronic cocaine-dependent humans also exhibited upregulated expression of the NLRP3 pathway mediators compared with non-cocaine dependent controls. Collectively, these findings suggest that cocaine activates microglia involving the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, thereby contributing to neuroinflammation. NLRP3 can thus be considered as a potential therapeutic target for alleviating cocaine-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Nkpaa KW, Owoeye O, Amadi BA, Adedara IA, Abolaji AO, Wegwu MO, Farombi EO. Ethanol exacerbates manganese-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-κB activation, and apoptosis induction in rat cerebellar cortex. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 35:e22681. [PMID: 33314588 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) exposure is causing public health concerns as well as heavy alcohol consumption. This study investigates the mechanisms of neurotoxicity associated with Mn and ethanol (EtOH) exposure in the rat cerebellar cortex. Experimental animals received 30 mg/kg of Mn alone, 5 g/kg of EtOH alone, co-exposed with 30 mg/kg of Mn and 1.25 or 5 g/kg EtOH, while control animals received water by oral gavage for 35 days. Subsequently, alterations in the neuronal morphology of the cerebellar cortex, oxidative/nitrosative stress, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, neuro-inflammation and protein expression of p53, BAX, caspase-3, and BCL-2 were investigated. The results indicate that Mn alone and EtOH alone induce neuronal alterations in the cerebellar cortex, decrease glutathione level and antioxidant enzyme activities, along with an increase in AChE activity, lipid peroxidation, and hydrogen peroxide generation. Mn alone and EtOH alone also increased neuro-inflammatory markers, namely nitric oxide, myeloperoxidase activity, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) levels in the cerebellar cortex. Immunohistochemistry analysis further revealed that exposure of Mn alone and EtOH alone increases the protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2, BAX, p53, and caspase-3 and decrease BCL-2 in the rat cerebellar cortex. Furthermore, the results indicated that Mn co-exposure with EtOH at 1.25 and 5 g/kg EtOH significantly (p ≤ .05) increases the toxicity in the cerebellum when compared with the toxicity of Mn or EtOH alone. Taken together, co-exposure of Mn and EtOH exacerbates neuronal alterations, oxidative/nitrosative stress, AChE activity, pro-inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB signal transcription, and apoptosis induction in the rat cerebellar cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kpobari W Nkpaa
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Olatunde Owoeye
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin A Amadi
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Isaac A Adedara
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Amos O Abolaji
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Matthew O Wegwu
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Ebenezer O Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Malhotra S, Costa C, Eixarch H, Keller CW, Amman L, Martínez-Banaclocha H, Midaglia L, Sarró E, Machín-Díaz I, Villar LM, Triviño JC, Oliver-Martos B, Parladé LN, Calvo-Barreiro L, Matesanz F, Vandenbroeck K, Urcelay E, Martínez-Ginés ML, Tejeda-Velarde A, Fissolo N, Castilló J, Sanchez A, Robertson AAB, Clemente D, Prinz M, Pelegrin P, Lünemann JD, Espejo C, Montalban X, Comabella M. NLRP3 inflammasome as prognostic factor and therapeutic target in primary progressive multiple sclerosis patients. Brain 2020; 143:1414-1430. [PMID: 32282893 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary progressive multiple sclerosis is a poorly understood disease entity with no specific prognostic biomarkers and scarce therapeutic options. We aimed to identify disease activity biomarkers in multiple sclerosis by performing an RNA sequencing approach in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a discovery cohort of 44 untreated patients with multiple sclerosis belonging to different clinical forms and activity phases of the disease, and 12 healthy control subjects. A validation cohort of 58 patients with multiple sclerosis and 26 healthy control subjects was included in the study to replicate the RNA sequencing findings. The RNA sequencing revealed an interleukin 1 beta (IL1B) signature in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Subsequent immunophenotyping pointed to blood monocytes as responsible for the IL1B signature observed in this group of patients. Functional experiments at baseline measuring apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) speck formation showed that the NOD-leucine rich repeat and pyrin containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome was overactive in monocytes from patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis, and canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation with a combination of ATP plus lipopolysaccharide was associated with increased IL1B production in this group of patients. Primary progressive multiple sclerosis patients with high IL1B gene expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells progressed significantly faster compared to patients with low IL1B levels based on the time to reach an EDSS of 6.0 and the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score. In agreement with peripheral blood findings, both NLRP3 and IL1B expression in brain tissue from patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis was mainly restricted to cells of myeloid lineage. Treatment of mice with a specific NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor attenuated established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease severity and improved CNS histopathology. NLRP3 inflammasome-specific inhibition was also effective in reducing axonal damage in a model of lipopolysaccharide-neuroinflammation using organotypic cerebellar cultures. Altogether, these results point to a role of IL1B and the NLRP3 inflammasome as prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target, respectively, in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Malhotra
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Costa
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Herena Eixarch
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian W Keller
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Immunology, Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Amman
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helios Martínez-Banaclocha
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luciana Midaglia
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Sarró
- Renal Physiopathology Group, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR) - CIBBIM Nanomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Machín-Díaz
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Luisa M Villar
- Departments of Immunology and Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Begoña Oliver-Martos
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, UGC Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Navarro Parladé
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Calvo-Barreiro
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fuencisla Matesanz
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Elena Urcelay
- Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Amalia Tejeda-Velarde
- Departments of Immunology and Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolás Fissolo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Castilló
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Sanchez
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Avril A B Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for NeuroModulation (NeuroModul), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Pelegrin
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Immunology, Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Espejo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Multiple Sclerosis, St, Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Marchese E, Valentini M, Di Sante G, Cesari E, Adinolfi A, Corvino V, Ria F, Sette C, Geloso MC. Alternative splicing of neurexins 1-3 is modulated by neuroinflammation in the prefrontal cortex of a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2020; 335:113497. [PMID: 33058888 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence points to immune-mediated synaptopathy and impaired plasticity as early pathogenic events underlying cognitive decline (CD) in Multiple sclerosis (MS) and in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of the disease. However, knowledge of the neurobiology of synaptic dysfunction is still incomplete. Splicing regulation represents a flexible and powerful mechanism involved in dynamic remodeling of the synapse, which allows the expression of synaptic protein variants that dynamically control the specificity of contacts between neurons. The pre-synaptic adhesion molecules neurexins (NRXNs) 1-3 play a relevant role in cognition and are alternatively spliced to yield variants that differentially cluster specific ligands in the postsynaptic compartment and modulate functional properties of the synaptic contact. Notably, mutations in these genes or disruption of their splicing program are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Herein, we have investigated how inflammatory changes imposed by EAE impact on alternative splicing of the Nrxn 1-3 mouse genes in the acute phase of disease. Due to its relevance in cognition, we focused on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of SJL/J mice, in which EAE-induced inflammatory lesions extend to the rostral forebrain. We found that inclusion of the Nrxn 1-3 AS4 exon is significantly increased in the PFC of EAE mice and that splicing changes are correlated with local Il1β-expression levels. This correlation is sustained by the concomitant downregulation of SLM2, the main splicing factor involved in skipping of the AS4 exon, in EAE mice displaying high levels of Il1β- expression. We also observed that Il1β-expression levels correlate with changes in parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneuron connectivity. Moreover, exposure to environmental enrichment (EE), a condition known to stimulate neuronal connectivity and to improve cognitive functions in mice and humans, modified PFC phenotypes of EAE mice with respect to Il1β-, Slm2-expression, Nrxn AS4 splicing and PV-expression, by limiting changes associated with high levels of inflammation. Our results reveal that local inflammation results in early splicing modulation of key synaptic proteins and in remodeling of GABAergic circuitry in the PFC of SJL/J mice. We also suggest EE as a tool to counteract these inflammation-associated events, thus highlighting potential therapeutic targets for limiting the progressive CD occurring in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Marchese
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mariagrazia Valentini
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Cesari
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Adinolfi
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Corvino
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudio Sette
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Concetta Geloso
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197336. [PMID: 33020408 PMCID: PMC7582271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a new reality for many physiological and pathological functions as an alternative mode of intercellular communication. This is due to their capacity to interact with distant recipient cells, usually involving delivery of the EVs contents into the target cells. Intensive investigation has targeted the role of EVs in different pathological conditions, including multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the nervous system, one of the main causes of neurological disability in young adults. The fine interplay between the immune and nervous systems is profoundly altered in this disease, and EVs seems to have a relevant impact on MS pathogenesis. Here, we provide an overview of both clinical and preclinical studies showing that EVs released from blood–brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells, platelets, leukocytes, myeloid cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of MS and of its rodent model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Most of the information points to an impact of EVs on BBB damage, on spreading pro-inflammatory signals, and altering neuronal functions, but EVs reparative function of brain damage deserves attention. Finally, we will describe recent advances about EVs as potential therapeutic targets and tools for therapeutic intervention in MS.
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Rasgado LAV, Urbieta AT, Jiménez JMM. Affected albumin endocytosis as a new neurotoxicity mechanism of amyloid beta. AIMS Neurosci 2020; 7:344-359. [PMID: 32995492 PMCID: PMC7519963 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Senile plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, are composed by Amyloid-Beta (Aβ). Aβ 25-35 toxicity is caused mainly by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is reversed by albumin preventing Aβ internalization. In addition, key cellular processes and basic cell functions require of endocytosis, particularly relevant in neurons. To understand the protective effect of albumin and the toxicity mechanism of Aβ, the need of albumin uptake for neurons protection as well as the possible influence of Aβ on albumin endocytosis were investigated. With this aim the influence of lectin from soybeans (LEC), which prevents albumin endocytosis, on the effects of Aβ 25-35 on cellular morphology and viability, ROS generation and Aβ uptake with and without albumin in neurons in primary culture was investigated. Influence of Aβ on albumin endocytosis was studied using FITC-labelled albumin. LEC did not modify Aβ effects with or without albumin on neuronal morphology, but increased cell viability. LEC increased ROS generation with and without Aβ in the same magnitude. Diminished Aβ internalization observed with albumin was not affected by LEC. In presence of Aβ albumin is internalized, but endosomes did not deliver their cargo to the lysosomes for degradation. It is concluded that formation of Aβ-albumin complex does not require of albumin internalization, thus is extracellular. Aβ affects albumin endocytosis preventing late endosomes and lysosomes degradation, probably caused by changes in albumin structure or deregulation in vesicular transport. Considering the consequences such as its osmotic effects, the inability to exert its antioxidant properties, its effects on neuronal plasticity and excitability albumin affected endocytosis induced by Aβ is proposed as a new physiopathology mechanism in AD. It is hypothesized that there is critical intraneuronal level above which albumin becomes toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes A Vega Rasgado
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Arantxa Tabernero Urbieta
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), c/Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José María Medina Jiménez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), c/Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Interleukin-1β Alters Hebbian Synaptic Plasticity in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21196982. [PMID: 32977401 PMCID: PMC7584038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21196982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammation alters synaptic transmission and plasticity, negatively influencing the disease course. In the present study, we aimed to explore the influence of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β on peculiar features of associative Hebbian synaptic plasticity, such as input specificity, using the paired associative stimulation (PAS). In 33 relapsing remitting-MS patients and 15 healthy controls, PAS was performed on the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle. The effects over the motor hot spot of the APB and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscles were tested immediately after PAS and 15 and 30 min later. Intracortical excitability was tested with paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of IL-1β were calculated. In MS patients, PAS failed to induce long-term potentiation (LTP)-like effects in the APB muscle and elicited a paradoxical motor-evoked potential (MEP) increase in the ADM. IL-1β levels were negatively correlated with the LTP-like response in the APB muscle. Moreover, IL-1β levels were associated with synaptic hyperexcitability tested with paired-pulse TMS. Synaptic hyperexcitability caused by IL-1β may critically contribute to alter Hebbian plasticity in MS, inducing a loss of topographic specificity.
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Sushak L, Gabure S, Maise J, Arnett J, Whalen MM. Dibutyltin alters immune cell production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) 1β and IL-6: role of mitogen-activated protein kinases and changes in mRNA. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1047-1059. [PMID: 32141102 PMCID: PMC7354221 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dibutyltin (DBT) is used to stabilize plastics and as a deworming agent in some poultry. It is found in human blood (levels as high as 0.3 μM). Interleukin (IL) 1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 are pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by lymphocytes, monocytes, and other cells. Elevated levels of IL-1β and IL-6 have been associated with pathologies including rheumatoid arthritis and cancers. DBT was shown to decrease IL-1β and IL-6 secretion from immune cells at higher concentrations while causing increases at lower concentrations. However, it was not clear if these changes were due to DBT's alteration of the secretory process or due its ability to change cellular synthesis/production of these proteins. This study addresses this question, as well as mechanisms for any observed changes in synthesis/production. Monocyte-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MD-PBMCs) were exposed to DBT at concentrations of 5, 2.5, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.1, and 0.05 μM for 1, 6, and 24 h and the production (combination of secreted and intracellular levels from the same cells) of both IL-1β and IL-6 were measured. Effects of selected DBT exposures on cytokine production were also examined in PBMCs and DBT's effects were similar when monocytes were present. The 24-h exposures to DBT decreased production of both IL-1β and IL-6 at the two highest concentrations but increased production at lower concentrations. Both decreases and increases in cytokine production appear to be explained by DBT-induced changes in mRNA levels. DBT-induced increases in cellular production of the cytokines appear to require p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sushak
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sahra Gabure
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - JaQuel Maise
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jessica Arnett
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Margaret M Whalen
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA
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