1
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Campagna D, Göstl R. Mechanoresponsive Carbamoyloximes for the Activation of Secondary Amines in Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207557. [PMID: 35905139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanophores are molecular moieties that are incorporated into polymers and respond to force with constitutional, configurational, or conformational bond rearrangements to enable functionality. Up to today, several chemically latent motifs have been activated by polymer mechanochemical methods, but the generation of secondary amines remains elusive. Here we report carbamoyloximes as mechanochemical protecting groups for secondary amines. We show that carbamoyloximes undergo force-induced homolytic bond scission at the N-O oxime bond in polymers thus producing the free amine, as the reaction proceeds via the carbamoyloxyl and aminyl radicals, analogously to its photochemical counterpart. Eventually, we apply the carbamoyloxime motif in a force-activated organocatalytic Knoevenagel reaction. We believe that this protecting strategy can be universally applied for many other secondary and primary amines in polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Campagna
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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2
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Campagna D, Göstl R. Mechanoresponsive Carbamoyloximes for the Activation of Secondary Amines in Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Campagna
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Mechanoresponsive (bio)materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen GERMANY
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien: DWI-Leibniz-Institut fur Interaktive Materialien Mechanoresponsive (bio)materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen GERMANY
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3
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Ma W, Cheng T, Liu FZ, Liu Y, Yan K. Allosteric Binding-Induced Intramolecular Mechanical-Strain Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202213. [PMID: 35212101 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recently, polymer mechanochemistry has attracted much scientific interest due to its potential to develop degradable polymers. When the two ends of a polymer chain experience a linear pulling stress, molecular strain builds up, at sufficiently strong force, a bond scission of the weakest covalent bond results. In contrast, bond-breaking events triggered by conformational stress are much less explored. Here, we discovered that a Zn salen complex would undergo conformational switching upon allosteric complexation with alkanediammonium guests. By controlling the guest chain length, the torsional strain experienced by Zn complex can be modulated to induce bond cleavage with chemical stimulus, and reactivity trend is predicted by conformational analysis derived by DFT calculation. Such strain-release reactivity by a Zn(salen) complex initiated by guest binding is reminiscent of conformation-induced reactivity of enzymes to enable chemical events that are otherwise inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tingting Cheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Fang-Zi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - KaKing Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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4
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Ma W, Cheng T, Liu F, Liu Y, Yan K. Allosteric Binding‐Induced Intramolecular Mechanical‐Strain Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Tingting Cheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Fang‐Zi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - KaKing Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
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5
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Selim A, Neethu KM, Gowri V, Sartaliya S, Kaur S, Jayamurugan G. Thiol‐Functionalized Cellulose Wrapped Copperoxide as a Green Nano Catalyst for Regiospecific Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition Reaction: Application in Rufinamide Synthesis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Selim
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
| | - K. M. Neethu
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
| | - Vijayendran Gowri
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
| | - Shaifali Sartaliya
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
| | - Sharanjeet Kaur
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
| | - Govindasamy Jayamurugan
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
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6
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Noh J, Peterson GI, Choi T. Mechanochemical Reactivity of Bottlebrush and Dendronized Polymers: Solid vs. Solution States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry Incheon National University 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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7
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Noh J, Peterson GI, Choi TL. Mechanochemical Reactivity of Bottlebrush and Dendronized Polymers: Solid vs. Solution States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18651-18659. [PMID: 34101320 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We explored the mechanochemical degradation of bottlebrush and dendronized polymers in solution (with ultrasonication, US) and solid states (with ball-mill grinding, BMG). Over 50 polymers were prepared with varying backbone length and arm architecture, composition, and size. With US, we found that bottlebrush and dendronized polymers exhibited consistent backbone scission behavior, which was related to their elongated conformations in solution. Considerably different behavior was observed with BMG, as arm architecture and composition had a significant impact on backbone scission rates. Arm scission was also observed for bottlebrush polymers in both solution and solid states, but only in the solid state for dendronized polymers. Motivated by these results, multi-mechanophore polymers with bottlebrush and dendronized polymer architectures were prepared and their reactivity was compared. Although dendronized polymers showed slower arm-scission, the selectivity for mechanophore activation was much higher. Overall, these results have important implications to the development of new mechanoresponsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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8
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Sammon MS, Biewend M, Michael P, Schirra S, Ončák M, Binder WH, Beyer MK. Activation of a Copper Biscarbene Mechano-Catalyst Using Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy Supported by Quantum Chemical Calculations. Chemistry 2021; 27:8723-8729. [PMID: 33822419 PMCID: PMC8251802 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule force spectroscopy allows investigation of the effect of mechanical force on individual bonds. By determining the forces necessary to sufficiently activate bonds to trigger dissociation, it is possible to predict the behavior of mechanophores. The force necessary to activate a copper biscarbene mechano-catalyst intended for self-healing materials was measured. By using a safety line bypassing the mechanophore, it was possible to pinpoint the dissociation of the investigated bond and determine rupture forces to range from 1.6 to 2.6 nN at room temperature in dimethyl sulfoxide. The average length-increase upon rupture of the Cu-C bond, due to the stretching of the safety line, agrees with quantum chemical calculations, but the values exhibit an unusual scattering. This scattering was assigned to the conformational flexibility of the mechanophore, which includes formation of a threaded structure and recoiling of the safety line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Sammon
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Michel Biewend
- Department of Macromolecular ChemistryMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenbergvon-Danckelmann-Platz 406120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Philipp Michael
- Department of Macromolecular ChemistryMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenbergvon-Danckelmann-Platz 406120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Simone Schirra
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Department of Macromolecular ChemistryMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenbergvon-Danckelmann-Platz 406120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
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9
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Shen H, Larsen MB, Roessler AG, Zimmerman PM, Boydston AJ. Mechanochemical Release of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes from Flex-Activated Mechanophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13559-13563. [PMID: 33826803 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have discovered a new flex-activated mechanophore that releases an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) under mechanical load. The mechanophore design is based upon NHC-carbodiimide (NHC-CDI) adducts and demonstrates an important first step toward flex-activated designs capable of further downstream reactivities. Since the flex-activation is non-destructive to the main polymer chains, the material can be subjected to multiple compression cycles to achieve iterative increases in the activation percentage of mechanophores. Two different NHC structures were demonstrated, signifying the potential modularity of the mechanophore design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael B Larsen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| | - Allison G Roessler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Oglethorpe University, 4484 Peachtree Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30319, USA
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Andrew J Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
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10
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Küng R, Pausch T, Rasch D, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanochemische Freisetzung nichtkovalent gebundener Gäste aus einem mit Polymerketten dekorierten supramolekularen Käfig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Dustin Rasch
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
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11
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Küng R, Pausch T, Rasch D, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanochemical Release of Non-Covalently Bound Guests from a Polymer-Decorated Supramolecular Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13626-13630. [PMID: 33729649 PMCID: PMC8251918 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular coordination cages show a wide range of useful properties including, but not limited to, complex molecular machine-like operations, confined space catalysis, and rich host-guest chemistries. Here we report the uptake and release of non-covalently encapsulated, pharmaceutically-active cargo from an octahedral Pd cage bearing polymer chains on each vertex. Six poly(ethylene glycol)-decorated bipyridine ligands are used to assemble an octahedral PdII6 (TPT)4 cage. The supramolecular container encapsulates progesterone and ibuprofen within its hydrophobic nanocavity and is activated by shear force produced by ultrasonication in aqueous solution entailing complete cargo release upon rupture, as shown by NMR and GPC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Dustin Rasch
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
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12
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Shen H, Larsen MB, Roessler AG, Zimmerman PM, Boydston AJ. Mechanochemical Release of
N
‐Heterocyclic Carbenes from Flex‐Activated Mechanophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shen
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Michael B. Larsen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Chemistry Western Washington University Bellingham WA 98225 USA
| | - Allison G. Roessler
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 N. University Ave Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
- Department of Chemistry Oglethorpe University 4484 Peachtree Rd Atlanta GA 30319 USA
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 N. University Ave Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Chemistry Western Washington University Bellingham WA 98225 USA
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13
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Kida J, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Self-Strengthening of Cross-Linked Elastomers via the Use of Dynamic Covalent Macrocyclic Mechanophores. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:558-563. [PMID: 35570767 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The creation of polymeric materials that self-strengthen in response to a mechanical force is an important objective in the field of polymer chemistry. Here, the mechanochemical strengthening of cross-linked elastomers using macrocyclic mechanophores that contain a dynamic covalent disulfide bond is reported. Cross-linked poly(hexyl methacrylate) (CPHMA) polymers with macrocyclic mechanophores inserted at the cross-linking points were synthesized via free radical polymerization. Tensile and swelling tests showed that the addition of the macrocyclic mechanophores to the CPHMA polymers successfully impart them with self-strengthening functionality following compression, without the need for any additives such as monomers and modifiers, or any other stimuli.
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14
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Kumar S, Stauch T. The activation efficiency of mechanophores can be modulated by adjacent polymer composition. RSC Adv 2021; 11:7391-7396. [PMID: 35423252 PMCID: PMC8695044 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09834e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation efficiency of mechanophores in stress-responsive polymers is generally limited by the competing process of unspecific scission in other parts of the polymer chain. Here it is shown that the linker between the mechanophore and the polymer backbone determines the force required to activate the mechanophore. Using quantum chemical methods, it is demonstrated that the activation forces of three mechanophores (Dewar benzene, benzocyclobutene and gem-dichlorocyclopropane) can be adjusted over a range of almost 300% by modifying the chemical composition of the linker. The results are discussed in terms of changes in electron density, strain distribution and structural parameters during the rupture process. Using these findings it is straightforward to either significantly enhance or reduce the activation rate of mechanophores in stress-responsive materials, depending on the desired use case. The methodology is applied to switch a one-step "gating" of a mechanochemical transformation to a two-step process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Kumar
- University of Bremen, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Leobener Straße NW2 D-28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Tim Stauch
- University of Bremen, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Leobener Straße NW2 D-28359 Bremen Germany
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen Am Fallturm 1 D-28359 Bremen Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen Bibliothekstraße 1 D-28359 Bremen Germany
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15
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Zhou Y, Huo S, Loznik M, Göstl R, Boersma AJ, Herrmann A. Kontrolle über die optische und katalytische Aktivität gentechnisch hergestellter Proteine mit Ultraschall. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research School of Pharmaceutical Science Xiamen University 361102 Xiamen China
| | - Mark Loznik
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Arnold J. Boersma
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
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16
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Zhou Y, Huo S, Loznik M, Göstl R, Boersma AJ, Herrmann A. Controlling Optical and Catalytic Activity of Genetically Engineered Proteins by Ultrasound. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1493-1497. [PMID: 33104261 PMCID: PMC7839785 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) produces cavitation-induced mechanical forces stretching and breaking polymer chains in solution. This type of polymer mechanochemistry is widely used for synthetic polymers, but not biomacromolecules, even though US is biocompatible and commonly used for medical therapy as well as in vivo imaging. The ability to control protein activity by US would thus be a major stepping-stone for these disciplines. Here, we provide the first examples of selective protein activation and deactivation by means of US. Using GFP as a model system, we engineer US sensitivity into proteins by design. The incorporation of long and highly charged domains enables the efficient transfer of force to the protein structure. We then use this principle to activate the catalytic activity of trypsin by inducing the release of its inhibitor. We expect that this concept to switch "on" and "off" protein activity by US will serve as a blueprint to remotely control other bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical ScienceXiamen University361102XiamenChina
| | - Mark Loznik
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Arnold J. Boersma
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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17
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Mier LJ, Adam G, Kumar S, Stauch T. The Mechanism of Flex-Activation in Mechanophores Revealed By Quantum Chemistry. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2402-2406. [PMID: 32964598 PMCID: PMC7702058 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flex-activated mechanophores can be used for small-molecule release in polymers under tension by rupture of covalent bonds that are orthogonal to the polymer main chain. Using static and dynamic quantum chemical methods, we here juxtapose three different mechanical deformation modes in flex-activated mechanophores (end-to-end stretching, direct pulling of the scissile bonds, bond angle bendings) with the aim of proposing ways to optimize the efficiency of flex-activation in experiments. It is found that end-to-end stretching, which is a traditional approach to activate mechanophores in polymers, does not trigger flex-activation, whereas direct pulling of the scissile bonds or displacement of adjacent bond angles are efficient methods to achieve this goal. Based on the structural, energetic and electronic effects responsible for these observations, we propose ways of weakening the scissile bonds experimentally to increase the efficiency of flex-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart J. Mier
- University of BremenInstitute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryLeobener Straße NW2D-28359BremenGermany
- Current address: University of Bremen, UFTLeobener Str. 6D-28359BremenGermany
| | - Gheorghe Adam
- University of BremenInstitute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryLeobener Straße NW2D-28359BremenGermany
| | - Sourabh Kumar
- University of BremenInstitute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryLeobener Straße NW2D-28359BremenGermany
| | - Tim Stauch
- University of BremenInstitute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryLeobener Straße NW2D-28359BremenGermany
- University of BremenBremen Center for Computational Materials ScienceAm Fallturm 1D-28359BremenGermany
- University of BremenMAPEX Center for Materials and ProcessesBibliothekstraße 1D-28359BremenGermany
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18
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Surendra Reddy G, Anebouselvy K, Ramachary DB. [3+2]‐Cycloaddition for Fully Decorated Vinyl‐1,2,3‐Triazoles: Design, Synthesis and Applications. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2960-2983. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Surendra Reddy
- Catalysis Laboratory School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500 046 India
| | - K. Anebouselvy
- Catalysis Laboratory School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500 046 India
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19
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Brevé TG, Filius M, Araman C, Helm MP, Hagedoorn P, Joo C, Kasteren SI, Eelkema R. Conditional Copper‐Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition by Catalyst Encapsulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias G. Brevé
- Department of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Mike Filius
- Department of BioNanoScienceDelft University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Can Araman
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Michelle P. Helm
- Department of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Peter‐Leon Hagedoorn
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Chirlmin Joo
- Department of BioNanoScienceDelft University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Sander I. Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Eelkema
- Department of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
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20
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Brevé TG, Filius M, Araman C, van der Helm MP, Hagedoorn PL, Joo C, van Kasteren SI, Eelkema R. Conditional Copper-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition by Catalyst Encapsulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9340-9344. [PMID: 32180306 PMCID: PMC7318279 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular encapsulation is known to alter chemical properties of guest molecules. We have applied this strategy of molecular encapsulation to temporally control the catalytic activity of a stable copper(I)–carbene catalyst. Encapsulation of the copper(I)–carbene catalyst by the supramolecular host cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) resulted in the complete inactivation of a copper‐catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. The addition of a chemical signal achieved the near instantaneous activation of the catalyst, by releasing the catalyst from the inhibited CB[7] catalyst complex. To broaden the scope of our on‐demand CuAAC reaction, we demonstrated the protein labeling of vinculin with the copper(I)–carbene catalyst, to inhibit its activity by encapsulation with CB[7] and to initiate labeling at any moment by adding a specific signal molecule. Ultimately, this strategy allows for temporal control over copper‐catalyzed click chemistry, on small molecules as well as protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias G Brevé
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Filius
- Department of BioNanoScience, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Can Araman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle P van der Helm
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Chirlmin Joo
- Department of BioNanoScience, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Eelkema
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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21
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Biewend M, Michael P, Binder WH. Detection of stress in polymers: mechanochemical activation of CuAAC click reactions in poly(urethane) networks. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:1137-1141. [PMID: 31938798 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02185j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on copper(i)-bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)s (NHC) for quantitative stress-sensing, embedded within polyurethane networks, triggering a fluorogenic copper(i) azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) of 8-azido-2-naphtol and 3-hydroxy phenylacetylene. A completely transparent, force responsive poly(urethane) material is generated, allowing a quantification of the applied stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Biewend
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, Halle D-06120, Germany.
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22
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Schwartz JJ, Behrou R, Cao B, Bassford M, Mendible A, Shaeffer C, Boydston AJ, Boechler N. Reduced strain mechanochemical activation onset in microstructured materials. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01875a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we show that mechanochemical activation in responsive materials with designed, periodic microstructures can be achieved at lower applied strains than their bulk counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Reza Behrou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Bo Cao
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
| | - Morgan Bassford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
| | - Ariana Mendible
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
| | - Courtney Shaeffer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
| | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Nicholas Boechler
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
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23
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Mohapatra H, Ayarza J, Sanders EC, Scheuermann AM, Griffin PJ, Esser‐Kahn AP. Ultrasound Promoted Step‐Growth Polymerization and Polymer Crosslinking Via Copper Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne “Click” Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hemakesh Mohapatra
- Institute for Molecular Engineering University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Jorge Ayarza
- Institute for Molecular Engineering University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Emily C. Sanders
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | | | - Philip J. Griffin
- Institute for Molecular Engineering University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Aaron P. Esser‐Kahn
- Institute for Molecular Engineering University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
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24
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Mohapatra H, Ayarza J, Sanders EC, Scheuermann AM, Griffin PJ, Esser‐Kahn AP. Ultrasound Promoted Step‐Growth Polymerization and Polymer Crosslinking Via Copper Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne “Click” Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11208-11212. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hemakesh Mohapatra
- Institute for Molecular Engineering University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Jorge Ayarza
- Institute for Molecular Engineering University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Emily C. Sanders
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | | | - Philip J. Griffin
- Institute for Molecular Engineering University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Aaron P. Esser‐Kahn
- Institute for Molecular Engineering University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
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25
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Chen MY, Xu Z, Chen L, Song T, Zheng ZJ, Cao J, Cui YM, Xu LW. Catalytic Asymmetric Huisgen Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition of Bisalkynes by Copper(I) Nanoparticles. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; No.1378 Wenyi West Road Hangzhou 311121 P.R. China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; No.1378 Wenyi West Road Hangzhou 311121 P.R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; No.1378 Wenyi West Road Hangzhou 311121 P.R. China
| | - Tao Song
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; No.1378 Wenyi West Road Hangzhou 311121 P.R. China
| | - Zhan-Jiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; No.1378 Wenyi West Road Hangzhou 311121 P.R. China
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; No.1378 Wenyi West Road Hangzhou 311121 P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; No.1378 Wenyi West Road Hangzhou 311121 P.R. China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; No.1378 Wenyi West Road Hangzhou 311121 P.R. China
- Suzhou Research Insititue and State Key Laboratory for Oxo, Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
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26
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Akbulatov S, Boulatov R. Experimental Polymer Mechanochemistry and its Interpretational Frameworks. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1422-1450. [PMID: 28256793 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry is an emerging field at the interface of chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. It aims at understanding and exploiting unique reactivities of polymer chains confined to highly non-equilibrium stretched geometries by interactions with their surroundings. Macromolecular chains or their segments become stretched in bulk polymers under mechanical loads or when polymer solutions are sonicated or flow rapidly through abrupt contractions. An increasing amount of empirical data suggests that mechanochemical phenomena are widespread wherever polymers are used. In the past decade, empirical mechanochemistry has progressed enormously, from studying fragmentations of commodity polymers by simple backbone homolysis to demonstrations of self-strengthening and stress-reporting materials and mechanochemical cascades using purposefully designed monomers. This progress has not yet been matched by the development of conceptual frameworks within which to rationalize, systematize and generalize empirical mechanochemical observations. As a result, mechanistic and/or quantitative understanding of mechanochemical phenomena remains, with few exceptions, tentative. In this review we aim at systematizing reported macroscopic manifestations of polymer mechanochemistry, and critically assessing the interpretational framework that underlies their molecular rationalizations from a physical chemist's perspective. We propose a hierarchy of mechanochemical phenomena which may guide the development of multiscale models of mechanochemical reactivity to match the breadth and utility of the Eyring equation of chemical kinetics. We discuss the limitations of the approaches to quantifying and validating mechanochemical reactivity, with particular focus on sonicated polymer solutions, in order to identify outstanding questions that need to be solved for polymer mechanochemistry to become a rigorous, quantitative field. We conclude by proposing 7 problems whose solution may have a disproportionate impact on the development of polymer mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Akbulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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