1
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Prüßner T, Meinderink D, Zhu S, Orive AG, Kielar C, Huck M, Steinrück HG, Keller A, Grundmeier G. Molecular Adhesion of a Pilus-Derived Peptide Involved in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Formation on Non-Polar ZnO-Surfaces. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302464. [PMID: 37909474 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial colonization and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces are initiated by the adhesion of peptides and proteins. Understanding the adhesion of such peptides and proteins at a molecular level thus represents an important step toward controlling and suppressing biofilm formation on technological and medical materials. This study investigates the molecular adhesion of a pilus-derived peptide that facilitates biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen frequently encountered in healthcare settings. Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) was performed on chemically etched ZnO11 2 ‾ 0 ${\left(11\bar{2}0\right)}$ surfaces to gather insights about peptide adsorption force and its kinetics. Metal-free click chemistry for the fabrication of peptide-terminated SMFS cantilevers was performed on amine-terminated gold cantilevers and verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and XPS analyses reveal stable topographies and surface chemistries of the substrates that are not affected by SMFS. Rupture events described by the worm-like chain model (WLC) up to 600 pN were detected for the non-polar ZnO surfaces. The dissociation barrier energy at zero force ΔG(0), the transition state distance xb and bound-unbound dissociation rate at zero force koff (0) for the single crystalline substrate indicate that coordination and hydrogen bonds dominate the peptide/surface interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Prüßner
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Dennis Meinderink
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Siqi Zhu
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Alejandro G Orive
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofisico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Charlotte Kielar
- Insitute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marten Huck
- Chemistry Department, Paderborn University, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | | | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
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2
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Sun X, Li N, Su C, Mu Y, Cong X, Cao Z, Wang X, Yang X, Chen X, Feng C. Diatom-Inspired Bionic Hydrophilic Polysaccharide Adhesive for Rapid Sealing Hemostasis. ACS NANO 2023; 17:19121-19135. [PMID: 37725112 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are typical marine biofouling organisms that secrete extracellular polymers (EPS) to achieve strong underwater adhesion. Here, we report a diatom-inspired bionic hydrophilic polysaccharide adhesive composed of diatom biosilica (DB) and bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) for rapid sealing hemostasis. The hierarchical porous structure of DB with rich surface silanol groups provides a strong anchored interface effect for BSP, which can significantly enhance cross-linking density and interaction strength of the hydrophilic macromolecular network. BSP/DB adhesive offers 6 times greater mechanical strength and viscosity over BSP under different temperature conditions. The aggregation effect of DBs interface for BSP avoided the washout of BSP/DB adhesive during application in a wet environment before cross-linking occurs. This strengthened the adhesion ability of BSP/DB adhesive to biological tissue that brought out complete sealing hemostasis without blood loss in a rat liver injury model. The dry BSP/DB prepared by lyophilization inherited excellent clotting ability of BSP/DB adhesive, which could realize rapidly the cruor of anticoagulant whole blood within 1 min. The results of animal studies confirmed that dry BSP/DB exhibited superior hemostatic performance over silicate-based inorganic Quikclot, in terms of hemostatic rate, blood loss, dosage, and multiscroll wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Sun
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Qingdao Fifth People's Hospital, 3# Jiaxiang Road, Qingdao 266002, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chang Su
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuzhi Mu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xin Cong
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoye Wang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiguang Chen
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
- Sanya Oceanographic Institute, Ocean University of China, Floor 7, Building 1, Yonyou Industrial Park, Yazhou Bay Science & Technology City, Sanya 572019, Hainan Province, China
- Laoshan Laboratory, 1# Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chao Feng
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
- Sanya Oceanographic Institute, Ocean University of China, Floor 7, Building 1, Yonyou Industrial Park, Yazhou Bay Science & Technology City, Sanya 572019, Hainan Province, China
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3
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Lallemang M, Yu L, Cai W, Rischka K, Hartwig A, Haag R, Hugel T, Balzer BN. Multivalent non-covalent interactions lead to strongest polymer adhesion. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:3768-3776. [PMID: 35171194 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08338d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent interactions play a leading role in biological processes such as the inhibition of inflammation or virus internalization. The multivalent interactions show enhanced strength and better selectivity compared to monovalent interactions, but they are much less understood due to their complexity. Here, we detect molecular interactions in the range of a few piconewtons to several nanonewtons and correlate them with the formation and subsequent breaking of one or several bonds and assign these bonds. This becomes possible by performing atomic force microcopy (AFM)-based single molecule force spectroscopy of a multifunctional polymer covalently attached to an AFM cantilever tip on a substrate bound polymer layer of the multifunctional polymer. Varying the pH value and the crosslinking state of the polymer layer, we find that bonds of intermediate strength (non-covalent), like coordination bonds, give the highest multivalent bond strength, even outperforming strong (covalent) bonds. At the same time, covalent bonds enhance the polymer layer density, increasing in particular the number of non-covalent bonds. In summary, we can show that the key for the design of stable and durable polymer coatings is to provide a variety of multivalent interactions and to keep the number of non-covalent interactions at a high level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Lallemang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leixiao Yu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takusstraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wanhao Cai
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Rischka
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Wiener Straße 12, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hartwig
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Wiener Straße 12, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Department 2 Biology/Chemistry, Leobener Straße 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takusstraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hugel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bizan N Balzer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Bilotto P, Imre AM, Dworschak D, Mears LLE, Valtiner M. Visualization of Ion|Surface Binding and In Situ Evaluation of Surface Interaction Free Energies via Competitive Adsorption Isotherms. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2021; 1:45-53. [PMID: 34939072 PMCID: PMC8679647 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.1c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Function and properties
at biologic as well as technological interfaces
are controlled by a complex and concerted competition of specific
and unspecific binding with ions and water in the electrolyte. It
is not possible to date to directly estimate by experiment the interfacial
binding energies of involved species in a consistent approach, thus
limiting our understanding of how interactions in complex (physiologic)
media are moderated. Here, we employ a model system utilizing polymers
with end grafted amines interacting with a negatively charged mica
surface. We measure interaction forces as a function of the molecule
density and ion concentration in NaCl solutions. The measured adhesion
decreases by about 90%, from 0.01 to 1 M electrolyte concentration.
We further demonstrate by molecular resolution imaging how ions increasingly
populate the binding surface at elevated concentrations, and are effectively
competing with the functional group for a binding site. We demonstrate
that a competing Langmuir isotherm model can describe this concentration-dependent
competition. Further, based on this model we can quantitatively estimate
ion binding energies, as well as binding energy relationships at a
complex solid|liquid interface. Our approach enables the extraction
of thermodynamic interaction energies and kinetic parameters of ionic
species during monolayer level interactions at a solid|liquid interface,
which to-date is impossible with other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Bilotto
- Institute of Applied Physics, Applied Interface Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander M. Imre
- Institute of Applied Physics, Applied Interface Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Dworschak
- Institute of Applied Physics, Applied Interface Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura L. E. Mears
- Institute of Applied Physics, Applied Interface Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Valtiner
- Institute of Applied Physics, Applied Interface Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Liu L, Liu Z, Ren Y, Zou X, Peng W, Li W, Wu Y, Zheng S, Wang X, Yan F. A Superstrong and Reversible Ionic Crystal-Based Adhesive Inspired by Ice Adhesion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8948-8959. [PMID: 33527627 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a superstrong and reversible adhesive, which can possess a high bonding strength in the "adhesive" state and detach with the application of heating. An ionic crystal (IC) gel, in which an IC was immobilized within a soft-polymer matrix, were synthesized via in situ photo-crosslinking of a precursor solution composed of N, N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMAA) and a melted IC. The obtained IC gel is homogenous and transparent at melt point. When cooled to the phase transition temperature of the IC, the gel turns into the adhesive with the adhesion strength of 5.82 MPa (on glasses), due to the excellent wetting of melted gel and a thin layer of crystalline IC with high cohesive strength formed on the substrates. The synergistic effects between IC, polymer networks and substrates were investigated by solid state 1 H NMR and molecular dynamics simulation. Such an adhesive layer is reversable and can be detached by heating and subsequent re-adhesion via cooling. This study proposed the new design of removable adhesives, which can be used in dynamic and complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ziyang Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yongyuan Ren
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiuyang Zou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Wansu Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Weizheng Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yiqing Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Sijie Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Feng Yan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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6
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Liu L, Liu Z, Ren Y, Zou X, Peng W, Li W, Wu Y, Zheng S, Wang X, Yan F. A Superstrong and Reversible Ionic Crystal‐Based Adhesive Inspired by Ice Adhesion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Ziyang Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yongyuan Ren
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xiuyang Zou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Wansu Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Weizheng Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yiqing Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Sijie Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Feng Yan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
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7
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Liu K, Zhang H, Xing R, Zou Q, Yan X. Biomimetic Oxygen-Evolving Photobacteria Based on Amino Acid and Porphyrin Hierarchical Self-Organization. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12840-12848. [PMID: 29195044 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic organization provides a promising strategy to develop functional materials and understand biological processes. However, how to mimic complex biological systems using simple biomolecular units remains a great challenge. Herein, we design and fabricate a biomimetic cyanobacteria model based on self-integration of small bioinspired molecules, including amphiphilic amino acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), and metalloporphyrin and cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4 NPs), with the assistance of chemical conjugation and molecular self-assembly. The assembled amino acid fiber can be modified by DOPA to form covalently bound DOPA melanin containing hydroxyl and quinone species via Schiff base reaction. The adhering template can further tune the self-assembly of metalloporphyrin and Co3O4 NPs into J-aggregation and dispersive distribution, respectively, mainly via coordination binding. Metalloporphyrin molecules in the resulting hybrid fibers capture light; quinone species accept the excited electrons, and Co3O4 NPs catalyze water oxidation. Thus, the essential components of the photosystem-II protein complex in cyanobacteria are simplified and engineered into a simple framework, still retaining a similar photosynthetic mechanism. In addition, this architecture leads to efficient coupling of antenna, quinone-type reaction center, and photocatalyst, which increases the flux of light energy from antenna to reaction center for charge separation, resulting in enhanced oxygen evolution rate with excellent sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100190 Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Xuehai Yan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100190 Beijing, China
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8
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Zhang C, Gong L, Xiang L, Du Y, Hu W, Zeng H, Xu ZK. Deposition and Adhesion of Polydopamine on the Surfaces of Varying Wettability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:30943-30950. [PMID: 28832107 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mussel-inspired chemistry, particularly the versatile coating capability of polydopamine (PDA), has received much research interest as a promising strategy for fabricating functional coatings in numerous fields. However, the understanding of deposition mechanisms and adhesion behaviors of PDA on different substrates still remains incomplete, significantly limiting the related fundamental research and its practical applications. In this work, a colloidal probe atomic force spectroscopy technique was employed to quantify the interaction forces and adhesion between the PDA coatings and the substrate surfaces with different wettabilities. The surface force measurements and thermodynamic analysis of interaction energy indicate that the surface wettability has a significant influence on the adhesion, deposition behaviors, and morphologies of PDA coatings. Compared with the hydrophilic surfaces, the hydrophobic surfaces exhibit stronger adhesion with the PDA coatings. Furthermore, for the first time, this work demonstrates that ethanol has the capability of effectively displacing the trapped air/vapor layer or the so-called "hydrophobic depletion layer" on the hydrophobic substrate to allow the intimate contact between PDA and the substrate, thus enhancing the adhesion and facilitating the PDA deposition. This work provides new insights into the fundamental PDA deposition mechanism as well as the design and development of versatile mussel-inspired coatings on the substrates of varying hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lu Gong
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Li Xiang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yong Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wenjihao Hu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
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9
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Yu L, Cheng C, Ran Q, Schlaich C, Noeske PLM, Li W, Wei Q, Haag R. Bioinspired Universal Monolayer Coatings by Combining Concepts from Blood Protein Adsorption and Mussel Adhesion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:6624-6633. [PMID: 28118539 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing need for universal polymer coating strategies, only a few approaches have been successfully developed, and most of them are suffering from color, high thickness, or high roughness. In this paper, we present for the first time a universal monolayer coating that is only a few nanometers thick and independent of the composition, size, shape, and structure of the substrate. The coating is based on a bioinspired synthetic amphiphilic block copolymer that combines two concepts from blood protein adsorption and mussel adhesion. This polymer can be rapidly tethered on various substrates including both planar surfaces and nanosystems with high grafting density. The resulting monolayer coatings are, on the one hand, inert to the adsorption of multiple polymer layers and prevent biofouling. On the other hand, they are chemically active for secondary functionalization and provide a new platform for selective material surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leixiao Yu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chong Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Qidi Ran
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Helmholtz Virtual Institute , Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow-Seehof, Germany
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Schlaich
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul-Ludwig Michael Noeske
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials , Wiener Strasse 12, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Wenzhong Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Helmholtz Virtual Institute , Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow-Seehof, Germany
- Department of Biointerface Science & Technology, Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research , Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Helmholtz Virtual Institute , Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow-Seehof, Germany
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