1
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Ning Y, Chen H, Ning Y, Zhang J, Bi X. Rhodium-Catalyzed One-Carbon Ring Expansion of Aziridines with Vinyl-N-triftosylhydrazones for the Synthesis of 2-Vinyl Azetidines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318072. [PMID: 38282137 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Azetidines, being four-membered N-heterocycles, possess significant potential in contemporary medicinal chemistry owing to their favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Regrettably, the incorporation of functionalized azetidines into pharmaceutical lead structures has been impeded by the absence of efficient synthetic methods for their synthesis. In this study, a Rh-catalyzed one-carbon ring expansion of aziridines with vinyl-N-triftosylhydrazones is presented, which facilitates the synthesis of high value-added 2-alkenyl azetidine products. This research represents the first example of ring expansion of aziridines enabled by vinyl carbenes. Additionally, a one-pot two-step protocol, initiated from cinnamaldehyde, was successfully achieved, offering a step-economical and facile approach for the synthesis of these compounds. The pivotal aspect of this successful transformation lies in the in situ formation of an alkenyl aziridinium ylide intermediate. Experimental investigations, coupled with computational studies, suggest that a diradical pathway is involved in the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Ning
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Hongzhu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Yongyue Ning
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
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2
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Ruffell K, Smith FR, Green MT, Nicolle SM, Inman M, Lewis W, Hayes CJ, Moody CJ. Diazophosphonates: Effective Surrogates for Diazoalkanes in Pyrazole Synthesis. Chemistry 2021; 27:13703-13708. [PMID: 34425034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diazophosphonates, readily prepared from α-ketophosphonates by oxidation of the corresponding hydrazones in batch or in flow, are useful partners in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions to alkynes to give N-H pyrazoles, including the first intramolecular examples of such a process. The phosphoryl group imbues a number of desirable properties into the diazo 1,3-dipole. The electron-withdrawing nature of the phosphoryl stabilizes the diazo compound making it easier to handle, whilst the ability of the phosphoryl group to migrate readily in a [1,5]-sigmatropic rearrangement enables its transfer from C to N to aromatize the initial cycloadduct, and hence its facile removal from the final pyrazole product. Overall, the diazophosphonate acts as a surrogate for the much less stable diazoalkane in cycloadditions, with the phosphoryl group playing a vital, but traceless, role. The cycloaddition proceeds more readily with alkynes bearing electron-withdrawing groups, and is regiospecific with asymmetrical alkynes. The potential of diazophosphonates for use in bioorthogonal cycloadditions is demonstrated by their facile addition to strained alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Ruffell
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Frances R Smith
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael T Green
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Simon M Nicolle
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Martyn Inman
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Christopher J Hayes
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Christopher J Moody
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
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3
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Choi I, Müller V, Wang Y, Xue K, Kuniyil R, Andreas LB, Karius V, Alauzun JG, Ackermann L. Recyclable Ruthenium Catalyst for Distal meta-C-H Activation. Chemistry 2020; 26:15290-15297. [PMID: 32770682 PMCID: PMC7756437 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We disclose the unprecedented hybrid-ruthenium catalysis for distal meta-C-H activation. The hybrid-ruthenium catalyst was recyclable, as was proven by various heterogeneity tests, and fully characterized with various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, highlighting the physical and chemical stability. Thereby, the hybrid-ruthenium catalysis proved broadly applicable for meta-C-H alkylations of among others purine-based nucleosides and natural product conjugates. Additionally, its versatility was further reflected by meta-C-H activations through visible-light irradiation, as well as para-selective C-H activations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Choi
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie andWöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Valentin Müller
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie andWöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Yanhui Wang
- Institut Charles Gerhardt MontpellierUMR 5253CNRS-Université de Montpellier-ENSCMMontpellier Cedex 534095France
| | - Kai Xue
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryAm Faßberg 1137077GöttingenGermany
| | - Rositha Kuniyil
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie andWöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Loren B. Andreas
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryAm Faßberg 1137077GöttingenGermany
| | - Volker Karius
- Geowissenschaftliches ZentrumGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenGoldschmidtstraße 337077GöttingenGermany
| | - Johan G. Alauzun
- Institut Charles Gerhardt MontpellierUMR 5253CNRS-Université de Montpellier-ENSCMMontpellier Cedex 534095France
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie andWöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-UniversitätTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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4
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Dhawa U, Tian C, Wdowik T, Oliveira JCA, Hao J, Ackermann L. Enantioselective Pallada-Electrocatalyzed C-H Activation by Transient Directing Groups: Expedient Access to Helicenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13451-13457. [PMID: 32243685 PMCID: PMC7497116 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric pallada-electrocatalyzed C-H olefinations were achieved through the synergistic cooperation with transient directing groups. The electrochemical, atroposelective C-H activations were realized with high position-, diastereo-, and enantio-control under mild reaction conditions to obtain highly enantiomerically-enriched biaryls and fluorinated N-C axially chiral scaffolds. Our strategy provided expedient access to, among others, novel chiral BINOLs, dicarboxylic acids and helicenes of value to asymmetric catalysis. Mechanistic studies by experiments and computation provided key insights into the catalyst's mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Cong Tian
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Tomasz Wdowik
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Jiping Hao
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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5
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Dhawa U, Tian C, Wdowik T, Oliveira JCA, Hao J, Ackermann L. Enantioselektive Pallada‐elektrokatalysierte C‐H‐Aktivierung durch transiente dirigierende Gruppen: Ein nützlicher Zugang zu Helicenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Cong Tian
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Tomasz Wdowik
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Jiping Hao
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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6
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Caló FP, Fürstner A. A Heteroleptic Dirhodium Catalyst for Asymmetric Cyclopropanation with α‐Stannyl α‐Diazoacetate. “Stereoretentive” Stille Coupling with Formation of Chiral Quarternary Carbon Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio P. Caló
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr Germany
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7
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Caló FP, Fürstner A. A Heteroleptic Dirhodium Catalyst for Asymmetric Cyclopropanation with α-Stannyl α-Diazoacetate. "Stereoretentive" Stille Coupling with Formation of Chiral Quarternary Carbon Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13900-13907. [PMID: 32426901 PMCID: PMC7496581 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The heteroleptic dirhodium paddlewheel catalyst 7 with a chiral carboxylate/acetamidate ligand sphere is uniquely effective in asymmetric [2+1] cycloadditions with α‐diazo‐α‐trimethylstannyl (silyl, germyl) acetate. Originally discovered as a trace impurity in a sample of the homoleptic parent complex [Rh2((R)‐TPCP)4] (5), it is shown that the protic acetamidate ligand is quintessential for rendering 7 highly enantioselective. The ‐NH group is thought to lock the ensuing metal carbene in place via interligand hydrogen bonding. The resulting stannylated cyclopropanes undergo “stereoretentive” cross coupling, which shows for the first time that even chiral quarternary carbon centers can be made by the Stille–Migita reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio P Caló
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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8
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Choi I, Müller V, Lole G, Köhler R, Karius V, Viöl W, Jooss C, Ackermann L. Photoinduced Heterogeneous C-H Arylation by a Reusable Hybrid Copper Catalyst. Chemistry 2020; 26:3509-3514. [PMID: 31943400 PMCID: PMC7155010 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous copper catalysis enabled photoinduced C-H arylations under exceedingly mild conditions at room temperature. The versatile hybrid copper catalyst provided step-economical access to arylated heteroarenes, terpenes and alkaloid natural products with various aryl halides. The hybrid copper catalyst could be reused without significant loss of catalytic efficacy. Detailed studies in terms of TEM, HRTEM and XPS analysis of the hybrid copper catalyst, among others, supported its outstanding stability and reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Choi
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammanstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentin Müller
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammanstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gaurav Lole
- Institut für Materialphysik, Georg-August-Universität, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Köhler
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Laboratory of Laser and Plasma Technologies, Von-Ossietzky-Strasse 99, 37085, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Volker Karius
- Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Georg-August-Universität, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Viöl
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Laboratory of Laser and Plasma Technologies, Von-Ossietzky-Strasse 99, 37085, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Jooss
- Institut für Materialphysik, Georg-August-Universität, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammanstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Wang X, Zheng Z, Xie J, Gu X, Mu Q, Yin G, Ye F, Xu Z, Xu L. Controllable Si−C Bond Activation Enables Stereocontrol in the Palladium‐Catalyzed [4+2] Annulation of Cyclopropenes with Benzosilacyclobutanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing‐Ben Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Zhan‐Jiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Jia‐Le Xie
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Xing‐Wei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Qiu‐Chao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Guan‐Wu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Fei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Li‐Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
- Suzhou Research Institute and State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective OxidationLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences P. R. China
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10
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Wang XB, Zheng ZJ, Xie JL, Gu XW, Mu QC, Yin GW, Ye F, Xu Z, Xu LW. Controllable Si-C Bond Activation Enables Stereocontrol in the Palladium-Catalyzed [4+2] Annulation of Cyclopropenes with Benzosilacyclobutanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:790-797. [PMID: 31829499 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel and unusual palladium-catalyzed [4+2] annulation of cyclopropenes with benzosilacyclobutanes is reported. This reaction occurred through chemoselective Si-C(sp2 ) bond activation in synergy with ring expansion/insertion of cyclopropenes to form new C(sp2 )-C(sp3 ) and Si-C(sp3 ) bonds. An array of previously elusive bicyclic skeleton with high strain, silabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanes, were formed in good yields with excellent diastereoselectivity under mild conditions. An asymmetric version of the reaction with a chiral phosphoramidite ligand furnished a variety of chiral bicyclic silaheterocycle derivatives with good enantioselectivity (up to 95.5:4.5 er). Owing to the mild reaction conditions, the good stereoselectivity profile, and the ready availability of the functionalized precursors, this process constitutes a useful and straightforward strategy for the synthesis of densely functionalized silacycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Ben Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Zhan-Jiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Le Xie
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Wei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Chao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Wu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Fei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China.,Suzhou Research Institute and State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China
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11
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Barkhatova D, Zhukovsky D, Dar'in D, Krasavin M. Employing α-Diazocarbonyl Compound Chemistry in the Assembly of Medicinally Important Aryl(alkyl)thiolactam Scaffold. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darina Barkhatova
- Saint Petersburg State University; 199034 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Daniil Zhukovsky
- Saint Petersburg State University; 199034 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Dar'in
- Saint Petersburg State University; 199034 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Saint Petersburg State University; 199034 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
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12
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Zhukovsky D, Dar'in D, Kantin G, Krasavin M. Synthetic Exploration of α-Diazo γ-Butyrolactams. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Zhukovsky
- Saint Petersburg State University; 199034 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Dar'in
- Saint Petersburg State University; 199034 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Grigory Kantin
- Saint Petersburg State University; 199034 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Saint Petersburg State University; 199034 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
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