1
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Hashmi SZ, Bareth D, Dwivedi J, Kishore D, Alvi PA. Green advancements towards the electrochemical synthesis of heterocycles. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18192-18246. [PMID: 38854834 PMCID: PMC11157331 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02812k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic chemistry is a large field with diverse applications in the areas of biological research and pharmaceutical advancement. Numerous initiatives have been proposed to further enhance the reaction conditions to reach these compounds without using harmful compounds. This paper focuses on the recent advances in the eco-friendly and green synthetic procedures to synthesize N-, S-, and O-heterocycles. This approach demonstrates considerable potential in accessing such compounds while circumventing the need for stoichiometric quantities of oxidizing/reducing agents or catalysts containing precious metals. Merely employing catalytic quantities of these substances proves sufficient, thereby offering an optimal means of contributing to resource efficiency. Renewable electricity plays a crucial role in generating environmentally friendly electrons (oxidant/reductant) that serve as catalysts for a series of reactions. These reactions involve the production of reactive intermediates, which in turn allow the synthesis of new chemical bonds, enabling beneficial transformations to occur. Furthermore, the utilization of metals as active catalysts in electrochemical activation has been recognized as an effective approach for achieving selective functionalization. The aim of this review was to summarize the electrochemical synthetic procedures so that the undesirable side reactions can be considerably reduced and the practical potential range of the chemical reactions can be expanded significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zeba Hashmi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Diksha Bareth
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Dharma Kishore
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - P A Alvi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
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2
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Aslam S, Sbei N, Rani S, Saad M, Fatima A, Ahmed N. Heterocyclic Electrochemistry: Renewable Electricity in the Construction of Heterocycles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6175-6217. [PMID: 36844606 PMCID: PMC9948259 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous applications in the realm of biological exploration and drug synthesis can be found in heterocyclic chemistry, which is a vast subject. Many efforts have been developed to further improve the reaction conditions to access this interesting family to prevent employing hazardous ingredients. In this instance, it has been stated that green and environmentally friendly manufacturing methodologies have been introduced to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles. It appears to be one of the most promising methods to access these types of compounds avoiding use of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing/reducing species or precious metal catalysts, in which only catalytic amounts are sufficient, and it represent an ideal way of contributing toward the resource economy. Thus, renewable electricity provides clean electrons (oxidant/reductant) that initiate a reaction cascade via producing reactive intermediates that facilitate in building new bonds for valuable chemical transformations. Moreover, electrochemical activation using metals as catalytic mediators has been identified as a more efficient strategy toward selective functionalization. Thus, indirect electrolysis makes the potential range more practical, and less side reactions can occur. The latest developments in using an electrolytic strategy to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles are the main topic of this mini review, which was documented over the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Aslam
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
- The Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Najoua Sbei
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, EggensteinLeopoldshafen, 76344KarlsruheGermany
| | - Sadia Rani
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
| | - Manal Saad
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Aroog Fatima
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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3
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Eckhardt P, Elliot Q, Alabugin IV, Opatz T. Two Paths to Oxidative C-H Amination Under Basic Conditions: A Theoretical Case Study Reveals Hidden Opportunities Provided by Electron Upconversion. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201637. [PMID: 35880945 PMCID: PMC9804812 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) leads to C-N bond formation under basic and oxidative conditions and is proposed to proceed via a two-electron bond formation mediated by carbenium ions. However, the formation of such high-energy intermediates is only possible in the presence of strong oxidants, which may lead to undesired side reactions and poor functional group tolerance. In this work we explore if oxidation under basic conditions allows the formation of three-electron bonds (resulting in "upconverted" highly-reducing radical-anions). The benefit of this "upconversion" process is in the ability to use milder oxidants (e. g., O2 ) and to avoid high-energy intermediates. Comparison of the two- and three-electron pathways using quantum mechanical calculations reveals that not only does the absence of a strong oxidant shut down two-electron pathways in favor of a three-electron path but, paradoxically, weaker oxidants react faster with the upconverted reductants by avoiding the inverted Marcus region for electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Eckhardt
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Quintin Elliot
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida 32306USA
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida 32306USA
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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4
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Guan Z, Zhu S, Ye Y, Li X, Liu Y, Wang P, Zhang H, Huang Z, Lei A. Synthesis of Cyclopentene Derivatives via Electrochemically Induced Intermolecular Selective (3+2) Annulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207059. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Guan
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Shuxiang Zhu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Yayu Ye
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Xiangwei Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Huang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
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5
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Guan Z, Zhu S, Ye Y, Li X, Liu Y, Wang P, Zhang H, Huang Z, Lei A. Synthesis of Cyclopentene Derivatives via Electrochemical‐Induced Intermolecular Selective (3+2) Annulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Guan
- Wuhan University The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences CHINA
| | - Shuxiang Zhu
- Wuhan University The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences CHINA
| | - Yayu Ye
- Wuhan University The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences CHINA
| | - Xiangwei Li
- Wuhan University The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences CHINA
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Wuhan University The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences CHINA
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Wuhan University The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences CHINA
| | - Heng Zhang
- Wuhan University The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences CHINA
| | - Zhiliang Huang
- Wuhan University The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences CHINA
| | - Aiwen Lei
- Wuhan University Chemistry the college of chemistry and molecular Sciences 430072 Wuhan CHINA
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6
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Devi S, Jyoti, Kiran, Wadhwa D, Sindhu J. Electro-organic synthesis: an environmentally benign alternative for heterocycle synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5163-5229. [PMID: 35730661 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00572g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds are considered to be one of the most established structural classes due to their extensive application in agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and organic materials. Over the past few years, the development of heterocyclic compounds has gone through a considerable renaissance from conventional traditional methodologies to non-conventional electro-organic synthesis. Replacing metal catalysts, strong oxidants and multi-step methodologies with metal and strong oxidant-free single-step protocols has revolutionized the field of sustainable organic synthesis. Electro-organic synthesis has evolved as a scalable and sustainable approach in different synthetic protocols in an environment-benign manner. The current review outlines the recent developments in C-C, C-N, C-S and C-O/Se bond formation for heterocycle synthesis using electrochemical methods. Different synthetic strategies and their detailed mechanistic description are presented to enlighten the future applications of electrochemistry in heterocycle synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Jyoti
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Kiran
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.
| | - Deepak Wadhwa
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.
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7
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Chicas-Baños DF, Frontana-Uribe BA. Electrochemical Generation and Use in Organic Synthesis of C-, O-, and N-Centered Radicals. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2538-2573. [PMID: 34047059 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade several research groups have been developing electrochemical procedures to access highly functionalized organic molecules. Among the most exciting advances, the possibility of using free radical chemistry has attracted the attention of the most important synthetic groups. Nowadays, electrochemical strategies based on these species with a synthetic purpose are published continuously in scientific journals, increasing the alternatives for the synthetic organic chemistry laboratories. Free radicals can be obtained in organic electrochemical reactions; thus, this review reassembles the last decade's (2010-2020) efforts of the electrosynthetic community to generate and take advantage of the C-, O-, and N-centered radicals' reactivity. The electrochemical reactions that occur, as well as the proposed mechanism, are discussed, trying to give clear information about the used conditions and reactivity of these reactive intermediate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Francisco Chicas-Baños
- Centro Conjunto Química Sustentable UAEMéx-UNAM, Km 14.5 Carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca, Toluca, 50200, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Bernardo A Frontana-Uribe
- Centro Conjunto Química Sustentable UAEMéx-UNAM, Km 14.5 Carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca, Toluca, 50200, Estado de México, Mexico.,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
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8
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Puthanveedu M, Khamraev V, Brieger L, Strohmann C, Antonchick AP. Electrochemical Dehydrogenative C(sp 2 )-H Amination. Chemistry 2021; 27:8008-8012. [PMID: 33931904 PMCID: PMC8251997 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A transition-metal-free direct electrolytic C-H amination involving an electrochemically generated nitrenium ion intermediate has been developed. The electrosynthesis takes place in the absence of any organoiodine catalysts and is enabled by an in situ generated electrolyte. A novel, efficient intramolecular and intermolecular C-H amination has been demonstrated using a simple reaction setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Puthanveedu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare PhysiologieAbteilung Chemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Straße 1144227DortmundGermany
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieChemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Straße 4a44221DortmundGermany
| | - Vladislav Khamraev
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieChemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Straße 4a44221DortmundGermany
- North Caucasus Federal UniversityDepartment of Chemistry1a Pushkin St.355009StavropolRussian Federation
- Present address: D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia9 Miusskaya Square, 125047MoscowRussian Federation
| | - Lukas Brieger
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieAnorganische ChemieOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieAnorganische ChemieOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Andrey P. Antonchick
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare PhysiologieAbteilung Chemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Straße 1144227DortmundGermany
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieChemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Straße 4a44221DortmundGermany
- Nottingham Trent UniversityCollege of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Chemistry and ForensicsClifton LaneNG11 8NSNottinghamUK
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9
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Zhang H, Yang Z, Zhang H, Han Y, Zhao J, Zhang Y. The Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction of β‐Ketoesters with Quinoxalin‐2(1
H
)‐ones. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐Yu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 P. R. China
| | - Zibing Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 P. R. China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 P. R. China
| | - Ya‐Ping Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 P. R. China
| | - Jiquan Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 P. R. China
| | - Yuecheng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 P. R. China
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10
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Dagar N, Sen PP, Roy SR. Electrifying Sustainability on Transition Metal-Free Modes: An Eco-Friendly Approach for the Formation of C-N Bonds. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1229-1257. [PMID: 33373494 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Embracing sustainable green methodologies and techniques in chemical transformations has always been in the limelight to the synthetic community. Electrosynthesis has emerged as a powerful, sustainable synthetic tool for molecular synthesis exploiting inexpensive electricity in place of sacrificial chemical oxidizing/reducing reagents. Herein, recent advances in the incorporation of transition metal-free redox mediators in electrosynthesis for the construction of C-N bonds are outlined. Furthermore, conjugation of this strategy with flow catalysis allows easy scale up of the synthesis of molecular assembly. This comprehensive Review provides an overview of metal-free mediated electro-construction of C-N bonds, focusing on the reaction mechanisms involved and its synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Dagar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Partha Pratim Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sudipta Raha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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11
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Liang H, Wang LJ, Ji YX, Wang H, Zhang B. Selective Electrochemical Hydrolysis of Hydrosilanes to Silanols via Anodically Generated Silyl Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1839-1844. [PMID: 33058450 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The first electrochemical hydrolysis of hydrosilanes to silanols under mild and neutral reaction conditions is reported. The practical protocol employs commercially available and cheap NHPI as a hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) mediator and operates at room temperature with high selectivity, leading to various valuable silanols in moderate to good yields. Notably, this electrochemical method exhibits a broad substrate scope and high functional-group compatibility, and it is applicable to late-stage functionalization of complex molecules. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction appears to proceed through a nucleophilic substitution reaction of an electrogenerated silyl cation with H2 O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lu-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yun-Xing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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12
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Liang H, Wang L, Ji Y, Wang H, Zhang B. Selective Electrochemical Hydrolysis of Hydrosilanes to Silanols via Anodically Generated Silyl Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Lu‐Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Yun‐Xing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
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13
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Chen X, Luo X, Peng X, Guo J, Zai J, Wang P. Catalyst‐Free Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acids and Deoxygenation of Alcohols by Electro‐Induced Radical Formation. Chemistry 2020; 26:3226-3230. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of, Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Xiaosheng Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral DrugsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of, Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral DrugsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Jiantao Zai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral DrugsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral DrugsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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14
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Wang Y, Tian B, Ding M, Shi Z. Electrochemical Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling between Phenols and β-Dicarbonyl Compounds: Facile Construction of Benzofurans. Chemistry 2020; 26:4297-4303. [PMID: 31900957 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Preparative electrochemical synthesis is an ideal method for establishing green, sustainable processes. The major benefits of an electro-organic strategy over that of conventional chemical synthesis are the avoidance of reagent waste and mild reaction conditions. Here, an intermolecular cross-dehydrogenative coupling between phenols and β-dicarbonyl compounds has been developed to build various benzofurans under undivided electrolytic conditions. Neither transition metals nor external chemical oxidants are required to facilitate the dehydrogenation and dehydration processes. The key factor in success was the use of nBu4 NBF4 as the electrolyte and hexafluoroisopropanol as the solvent, which play key roles in the cyclocondensation step. This electrolysis is scalable and can be used as a key step in drug synthesis. On the basis of several experimental results, the mechanism, particularly of the remarkable anodic oxidation and cyclization process, was illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Bailin Tian
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Mengning Ding
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
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15
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Röckl JL, Schollmeyer D, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Dehydrogenative Anodic C-C Coupling of Phenols Bearing Electron-Withdrawing Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:315-319. [PMID: 31498544 PMCID: PMC6973026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We herein present a metal-free, electrosynthetic method that enables the direct dehydrogenative coupling reactions of phenols carrying electron-withdrawing groups for the first time. The reactions are easy to conduct and scalable, as they are carried out in undivided cells and obviate the necessity for additional supporting electrolyte. As such, this conversion is efficient, practical, and thereby environmentally friendly, as production of waste is minimized. The method features a broad substrate scope, and a variety of functional groups are tolerated, providing easy access to precursors for novel polydentate ligands and even heterocycles such as dibenzofurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L. Röckl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128Mainz (Germany)
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzGermany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128Mainz (Germany)
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbHPaul-Baumann-Str. 145772MarlGermany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128Mainz (Germany)
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzGermany
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16
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Röckl JL, Schollmeyer D, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Dehydrierende anodische C‐C‐Kupplung von Phenolen mit elektronenziehenden Substituenten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L. Röckl
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Deutschland
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH Paul-Baumann-Straße 1 45772 Marl Deutschland
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Deutschland
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17
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Xiong M, Liang X, Liang X, Pan Y, Lei A. Hexafluoro‐2‐Propanol‐Promoted Electro‐Oxidative [3+2] Annulation of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds and Alkenes. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingteng Xiong
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Xingan Liang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
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18
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Xu HH, Song J, Xu HC. Electrochemical Difluoromethylation of Electron-Deficient Alkenes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3060-3063. [PMID: 30684294 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201803058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical 1,2-hydroxydifluoromethylation and C-H difluoromethylation of acrylamides were developed by using CF2 HSO2 NHNHBoc as the source of the CF2 H group. These electricity-powered oxidative alkene functionalization reactions do not need transition-metal catalysts or chemical oxidants. The reaction outcome, 1,2-difuntionalization or C-H functionalization, is determined by the substituents on the amide nitrogen atom of the acrylamides instead of by the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Huan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Francke
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - R. Daniel Little
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA-93106 USA
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20
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Huang W, Li X, Song X, Luo Q, Li Y, Dong Y, Liang D, Wang B. Benzylarylation of N-Allyl Anilines: Synthesis of Benzylated Indolines. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6072-6083. [PMID: 31021621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented benzylic C-H functionalization of methyl arenes across unactivated alkenes is presented. In the presence of MnCl2·4H2O and di- tert-butyl peroxide, N-allyl anilines underwent benzylation/cyclization cascade to give benzylated indolines, which are a previously unmet synthetic goal. This protocol features simple operation, broad substrate scope, and great exo selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Huang
- Department of Chemistry , Kunming University , Kunming 650214 , China
| | - Xiulan Li
- Department of Chemistry , Kunming University , Kunming 650214 , China
| | - Xuemei Song
- Department of Chemistry , Kunming University , Kunming 650214 , China
| | - Qing Luo
- Department of Chemistry , Kunming University , Kunming 650214 , China
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Chemistry , Kunming University , Kunming 650214 , China
| | - Ying Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , China
| | - Deqiang Liang
- Department of Chemistry , Kunming University , Kunming 650214 , China.,Yunnan Engineering Technology Research Center for Plastic Films , Kunming 650214 , China
| | - Baoling Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Kunming University , Kunming 650214 , China.,Yunnan Engineering Technology Research Center for Plastic Films , Kunming 650214 , China
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21
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Yan H, Hou Z, Xu H. Photoelectrochemical C−H Alkylation of Heteroarenes with Organotrifluoroborates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4592-4595. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Zhong‐Wei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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22
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Yan H, Hou Z, Xu H. Photoelectrochemical C−H Alkylation of Heteroarenes with Organotrifluoroborates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Zhong‐Wei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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23
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Li J, He L, Liu X, Cheng X, Li G. Electrochemical Hydrogenation with Gaseous Ammonia. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1759-1763. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Salt Chemical IndustryCollege of Chemical EngineeringHuaiyin Institute of Technology Jiangsu Province Huaian 223003 China
| | - Lingfeng He
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xu Liu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and EfficacyNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryTexas Tech University Lubbock TX USA
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24
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Li J, He L, Liu X, Cheng X, Li G. Electrochemical Hydrogenation with Gaseous Ammonia. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Salt Chemical IndustryCollege of Chemical EngineeringHuaiyin Institute of Technology Jiangsu Province Huaian 223003 China
| | - Lingfeng He
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xu Liu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and EfficacyNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryTexas Tech University Lubbock TX USA
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