1
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Yamane R, Asai Y, Takiguchi N, Okamoto A, Kawano S, Tokunaga Y, Shizuma M, Muraoka M. Acid-base responsive molecular switching of a [2]rotaxane incorporating two different stations in an axle component. RSC Adv 2024; 14:19780-19786. [PMID: 38903675 PMCID: PMC11188621 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03532a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Interlocked compounds such as rotaxanes and catenanes exhibit unique kinetic properties in response to external chemical or physical stimuli and are therefore expected to be applied to molecular machines and molecular sensors. To develop a novel rotaxane for this application, an isophthalamide macrocycle and a neutral phenanthroline axle were used. Stable pseudorotaxanes are known to be formed using hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions. In this study, we designed a non-symmetric axial molecule and synthesized a [2]rotaxane with the aim of introducing two different stations; a phenanthroline and a secondary amine/ammonium unit. Furthermore, 1H NMR measurements demonstrated that the obtained rotaxane acts as a molecular switch upon application of external acid/base stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Yamane
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology Asahi-ku Osaka 535-8585 Japan
| | - Yuki Asai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology Asahi-ku Osaka 535-8585 Japan
| | - Nanami Takiguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology Asahi-ku Osaka 535-8585 Japan
| | - Ayuna Okamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology Asahi-ku Osaka 535-8585 Japan
| | - Shintaro Kawano
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology Joto-ku Osaka 536-8553 Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui Bunkyo Fukui 910-8507 Japan
| | - Motohiro Shizuma
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology Joto-ku Osaka 536-8553 Japan
| | - Masahiro Muraoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology Asahi-ku Osaka 535-8585 Japan
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2
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Ofodum NM, Qi Q, Chandradat R, Warfle T, Lu X. Advancing Dynamic Polymer Mechanochemistry through Synergetic Conformational Gearing. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38888499 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Harnessing mechanical force to modulate material properties and enhance biomechanical functions is essential for advancing smart materials and bioengineering. Polymer mechanochemistry provides an emerging toolkit for exploring unconventional chemical transformations and modulating molecular structures through mechanical force. One of the key challenges is developing innovative force-sensing mechanisms for precise and in situ force detection. This study introduces mDPAC, a dynamic and sensitive mechanophore, demonstrating its mechanochromic properties through synergetic conformational gearing. Its unique mechanoresponsive mechanism is based on the simultaneous conformational synergy between its phenazine and phenyl moieties, facilitated by a worm-gear-like structure. We confirm mDPAC's complex mechanochemical response and elucidate its mechanotransduction mechanism through our experimental data and comprehensive simulations. The compatibility of mDPAC with hydrogels is particularly notable, highlighting its potential for applications in aqueous biological environments as a dynamic force sensor. Moreover, mDPAC's multicolored mechanochromic responses facilitate direct force sensing and visual detection, paving the way for precise and real-time mechanical force sensing in bulk materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnamdi M Ofodum
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Qingkai Qi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Richard Chandradat
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Theodore Warfle
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Xiaocun Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
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3
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Pruchyathamkorn J, Nguyen BNT, Grommet AB, Novoveska M, Ronson TK, Thoburn JD, Nitschke JR. Harnessing Maxwell's demon to establish a macroscale concentration gradient. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01549-2. [PMID: 38858517 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Maxwell's demon describes a thought experiment in which a 'demon' regulates the flow of particles between two adjoining spaces, establishing a potential gradient without appearing to do work. This seeming paradox led to the understanding that sorting entails thermodynamic work, a foundational concept of information theory. In the past centuries, many systems analogous to Maxwell's demon have been introduced in the form of molecular information, molecular pumps and ratchets. Here we report a functional example of a Maxwell's demon that pumps material over centimetres, whereas previous examples operated on a molecular scale. In our system, this demon drives directional transport of o-fluoroazobenzene between the arms of a U-tube apparatus upon light irradiation, transiting through an aqueous membrane containing a coordination cage. The concentration gradient thus obtained is further harnessed to drive naphthalene transport in the opposite direction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bao-Nguyen T Nguyen
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angela B Grommet
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Miroslava Novoveska
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tanya K Ronson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John D Thoburn
- Department of Chemistry, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA, USA
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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4
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Chen Q, Zhu K. Advancements and strategic approaches in catenane synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5677-5703. [PMID: 38659402 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00499f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Catenanes, a distinctive category of mechanically interlocked molecules composed of intertwined macrocycles, have undergone significant advancements since their initial stages characterized by inefficient statistical synthesis methods. Through the aid of molecular recognition processes and principles of self-assembly, a diverse array of catenanes with intricate structures can now be readily accessed utilizing template-directed synthetic protocols. The rapid evolution and emergence of this field have catalyzed the design and construction of artificial molecular switches and machines, leading to the development of increasingly integrated functional systems and materials. This review endeavors to explore the pivotal advancements in catenane synthesis from its inception, offering a comprehensive discussion of the synthetic methodologies employed in recent years. By elucidating the progress made in synthetic approaches to catenanes, our aim is to provide a clearer understanding of the future challenges in further advancing catenane chemistry from a synthetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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5
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Borsley S, Leigh DA, Roberts BMW. Molecular Ratchets and Kinetic Asymmetry: Giving Chemistry Direction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400495. [PMID: 38568047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades ratchet mechanisms have transformed the understanding and design of stochastic molecular systems-biological, chemical and physical-in a move away from the mechanical macroscopic analogies that dominated thinking regarding molecular dynamics in the 1990s and early 2000s (e.g. pistons, springs, etc), to the more scale-relevant concepts that underpin out-of-equilibrium research in the molecular sciences today. Ratcheting has established molecular nanotechnology as a research frontier for energy transduction and metabolism, and has enabled the reverse engineering of biomolecular machinery, delivering insights into how molecules 'walk' and track-based synthesisers operate, how the acceleration of chemical reactions enables energy to be transduced by catalysts (both motor proteins and synthetic catalysts), and how dynamic systems can be driven away from equilibrium through catalysis. The recognition of molecular ratchet mechanisms in biology, and their invention in synthetic systems, is proving significant in areas as diverse as supramolecular chemistry, systems chemistry, dynamic covalent chemistry, DNA nanotechnology, polymer and materials science, molecular biology, heterogeneous catalysis, endergonic synthesis, the origin of life, and many other branches of chemical science. Put simply, ratchet mechanisms give chemistry direction. Kinetic asymmetry, the key feature of ratcheting, is the dynamic counterpart of structural asymmetry (i.e. chirality). Given the ubiquity of ratchet mechanisms in endergonic chemical processes in biology, and their significance for behaviour and function from systems to synthesis, it is surely just as fundamentally important. This Review charts the recognition, invention and development of molecular ratchets, focussing particularly on the role for which they were originally envisaged in chemistry, as design elements for molecular machinery. Different kinetically asymmetric systems are compared, and the consequences of their dynamic behaviour discussed. These archetypal examples demonstrate how chemical systems can be driven inexorably away from equilibrium, rather than relax towards it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Borsley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M W Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
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6
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Roy P, Sardjan AS, Browne WR, Feringa BL, Meech SR. Excited State Dynamics in Unidirectional Photochemical Molecular Motors. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12255-12270. [PMID: 38656968 PMCID: PMC11082934 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Unidirectional photochemically driven molecular motors (PMMs) convert the energy of absorbed light into continuous rotational motion. As such they are key components in the design of molecular machines. The prototypical and most widely employed class of PMMs is the overcrowded alkenes, where rotational motion is driven by successive photoisomerization and thermal helix inversion steps. The efficiency of such PMMs depends upon the speed of rotation, determined by the rate of ground state thermal helix inversion, and the quantum yield of photoisomerization, which is dependent on the excited state energy landscape. The former has been optimized by synthetic modification across three generations of overcrowded alkene PMMs. These improvements have often been at the expense of photoisomerization yield, where there remains room for improvement. In this perspective we review the application of ultrafast spectroscopy to characterize the excited state dynamics in PMMs. These measurements lead to a general mechanism for all generations of PMMs, involving subpicosecond decay of a Franck-Condon excited state to populate a dark excited state which decays within picoseconds via conical intersections with the electronic ground state. The model is discussed in the context of excited state dynamics calculations. Studies of PMM photochemical dynamics as a function of solvent suggest exploitation of intramolecular charge transfer and solvent polarity as a route to controlling photoisomerization yield. A test of these ideas for a first generation motor reveals a high degree of solvent control over isomerization yield. These results suggest a pathway to fine control over the performance of future PMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palas Roy
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
- School
of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology
Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Andy S. Sardjan
- Molecular
Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R. Browne
- Molecular
Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen R. Meech
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
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7
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Olszewska K, Mizera A, Ławniczak P, Kamińska A, Santillan R, Morales-Chamorro M, Ochoa ME, Farfán N, Łapiński A, Górecki M, Jastrzebska I, Runka T. Molecular Dynamics of Steroidal Rotors Probed by Theoretical, Spectroscopic and Dielectric Methods. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303933. [PMID: 38311598 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Our study focuses on molecular rotors with fast-moving rotators and their potential applications in the development of new amphidynamic crystals. Steroidal molecular rotors with a dipolar fluorine-substituted phenyl group as the rotator were synthesized and characterized. Three different rotors were investigated with varying numbers of fluorine atoms. A comprehensive analysis was performed using vibrational spectroscopy (Raman, FT-IR), electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and dielectric response to understand the behavior of the investigated model rotors. The results were supported by theoretical calculations using Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods. The angle-dependent polarized Raman spectra confirmed the crystallinity of the samples. Nearly frequency and temperature-independent permittivity suggest low-frequency librational motion of stators. An in-depth analysis of ECD spectra revealed high conformational flexibility in solution, resulting in low ECD effects, while in the solid-state with restricted rotation, significant ECD effects were observed. These findings shed light on the conformational behavior and potential applications of the studied steroidal molecular rotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Olszewska
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Institute of Materials Research and Quantum Engineering, Poznan University of Technology Piotrowo, 3, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Mizera
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Ławniczak
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Kamińska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rosa Santillan
- Departamento de Química Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México D.F. Apdo. Postal 14-740, 07000, México
| | - Maricela Morales-Chamorro
- Departamento de Química Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México D.F. Apdo. Postal 14-740, 07000, México
| | - Ma Eugenia Ochoa
- Departamento de Química Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México D.F. Apdo. Postal 14-740, 07000, México
| | - Norberto Farfán
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Andrzej Łapiński
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Górecki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabella Jastrzebska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1 K, 15-254, Białystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Runka
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Institute of Materials Research and Quantum Engineering, Poznan University of Technology Piotrowo, 3, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
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8
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Wang B, Lu Y. Collective Molecular Machines: Multidimensionality and Reconfigurability. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:155. [PMID: 38499833 PMCID: PMC10948734 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Molecular machines are key to cellular activity where they are involved in converting chemical and light energy into efficient mechanical work. During the last 60 years, designing molecular structures capable of generating unidirectional mechanical motion at the nanoscale has been the topic of intense research. Effective progress has been made, attributed to advances in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry, biology and nanotechnology, and informatics. However, individual molecular machines are only capable of producing nanometer work and generally have only a single functionality. In order to address these problems, collective behaviors realized by integrating several or more of these individual mechanical units in space and time have become a new paradigm. In this review, we comprehensively discuss recent developments in the collective behaviors of molecular machines. In particular, collective behavior is divided into two paradigms. One is the appropriate integration of molecular machines to efficiently amplify molecular motions and deformations to construct novel functional materials. The other is the construction of swarming modes at the supramolecular level to perform nanoscale or microscale operations. We discuss design strategies for both modes and focus on the modulation of features and properties. Subsequently, in order to address existing challenges, the idea of transferring experience gained in the field of micro/nano robotics is presented, offering prospects for future developments in the collective behavior of molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Msellem P, Dekthiarenko M, Hadj Seyd N, Vives G. Switchable molecular tweezers: design and applications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:504-539. [PMID: 38440175 PMCID: PMC10910529 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Switchable molecular tweezers are a unique class of molecular switches that, like their macroscopic analogs, exhibit mechanical motion between an open and closed conformation in response to stimuli. Such systems constitute an essential component of artificial molecular machines. This review will present selected examples of switchable molecular tweezers and their potential applications. The first part will be devoted to chemically responsive tweezers, including stimuli such as pH, metal coordination, and anion binding. Then, redox-active and photochemical tweezers will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Msellem
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Maksym Dekthiarenko
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nihal Hadj Seyd
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Vives
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
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10
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van Beek CF, Feringa BL. Coupled Rotary Motion in Molecular Motors. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5634-5642. [PMID: 38350104 PMCID: PMC10910502 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Biological molecular machines play a pivotal role in sustaining life by producing a controlled and directional motion. Artificial molecular machines aim to mimic this motion, to exploit and tune the nanoscale produced motion to power dynamic molecular systems. The precise control, transfer, and amplification of the molecular-level motion is crucial to harness the potential of synthetic molecular motors. It is intriguing to establish how directional motor rotation can be utilized to drive secondary motions in other subunits of a multicomponent molecular machine. The challenge to design sophisticated synthetic machines involving multiple motorized elements presents fascinating opportunities for achieving unprecedented functions, but these remain almost unexplored due to their extremely intricate behavior. Here we show intrinsic coupled rotary motion in light-driven overcrowded-alkene based molecular motors. Thus far, molecular motors with two rotors have been understood to undergo independent rotation of each subunit. The new bridged-isoindigo motor design revealed an additional dimension to the motor's unidirectional operation mechanism where communication between the rotors occurs. An unprecedented double metastable state intermediate bridges the rotation cycles of the two rotor subunits. Our findings demonstrate how neighboring motorized subunits can affect each other and thereby drastically change the motor's functioning. Controlling the embedded entanglement of active intramolecular components sets the stage for more advanced artificial molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn
L. F. van Beek
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, Netherlands
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11
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Slavova S, Antonov L. Theoretical Understanding of the Long-Range Proton Transfer Mechanism in 7-Hydroxy Quinoline-Based Molecular Switches: Varma's Proton Crane and Its Analogues. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1280-1287. [PMID: 38344984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the detailed mechanism of intramolecular proton transfer in molecular switches, constructed from 7-hydroxy quinoline substituted in the eight-position C-C single axle, connected to three different proton cranes (morpholine, piperidine, and 1,3,5-dioxazine), was investigated by means of theoretical chemistry. The theoretical interpretation of the rotational mechanism and its stable structures were proposed for the well-known Varma's proton crane, based on morpholine molecule. The reliability of the theoretical simulations was confirmed by the available literature data from time-dependent IR measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Slavova
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Liudmil Antonov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
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12
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Zwick P, Troncossi A, Borsley S, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Leigh DA. Stepwise Operation of a Molecular Rotary Motor Driven by an Appel Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4467-4472. [PMID: 38319727 PMCID: PMC10885133 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
To date, only a small number of chemistries and chemical fueling strategies have been successfully used to operate artificial molecular motors. Here, we report the 360° directionally biased rotation of phenyl groups about a C-C bond, driven by a stepwise Appel reaction sequence. The motor molecule consists of a biaryl-embedded phosphine oxide and phenol, in which full rotation around the biaryl bond is blocked by the P-O oxygen atom on the rotor being too bulky to pass the oxygen atom on the stator. Treatment with SOCl2 forms a cyclic oxyphosphonium salt (removing the oxygen atom of the phosphine oxide), temporarily linking the rotor with the stator. Conformational exchange via ring flipping then allows the rotor and stator to twist back and forth past the previous limit of rotation. Subsequently, the ring opening of the tethered intermediate with a chiral alcohol occurs preferentially through a nucleophilic attack on one face. Thus, the original phosphine oxide is reformed with net directional rotation about the biaryl bond over the course of the two-step reaction sequence. Each repetition of SOCl2-chiral alcohol additions generates another directionally biased rotation. Using the same reaction sequence on a derivative of the motor molecule that forms atropisomers rather than fully rotating 360° results in enantioenrichment, suggesting that, on average, the motor molecule rotates in the "wrong" direction once every three fueling cycles. The interconversion of phosphine oxides and cyclic oxyphosphonium groups to form temporary tethers that enable a rotational barrier to be overcome directionally adds to the strategies available for generating chemically fueled kinetic asymmetry in molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Troncossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Borsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | | | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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13
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Xu W, Tao Y, Xu H, Wen J. Theoretical trends in the dynamics simulations of molecular machines across multiple scales. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4828-4839. [PMID: 38235540 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05201j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, molecular machines have been extensively studied, since they are composed of single molecules for functional materials capable of responding to external stimuli, enabling motion at scales ranging from the microscopic to the macroscopic level within molecular aggregates. This advancement holds the potential to efficiently transform external resources into mechanical movement, achieved through precise control of conformational changes in stimuli-responsive materials. However, the underlying mechanism that links microscopic and macroscopic motions remains unclear, demanding computational development associated with simulating the construction of molecular machines from single molecules. This bottleneck has impeded the design of more efficient functional materials. Advancements in theoretical simulations have successfully been developed in various computational models to unveil the operational mechanisms of stimulus-responsive molecular machines, which could help us reduce the costs in experimental trial-and-error procedures. It opens doors to the computer-aided design of innovative functional materials. In this perspective, we have reviewed theoretical approaches employed in simulating dynamic processes involving conformational changes in molecular machines, spanning different scales and environmental conditions. In addition, we have highlighted current challenges and anticipated future trends in the collective control of aggregates within molecular machines. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent theoretical advancements in the field of molecular machines, offering valuable insights for the design of novel smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Yuanda Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Haoyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Jin Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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14
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Zazza C, Borocci S, Sanna N. A computational study of a light-driven artificial device: a third generation rotational photo-molecular motor in dilute solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5399-5407. [PMID: 38273806 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
A third-generation artificial photo-molecular motor, featuring two photo-switchable rotating moieties in connection with a pseudoasymmetric molecular centre, is investigated by combining quantum-mechanics (QM) algorithms with classical molecular dynamics (MD) propagators. In particular, in the present contribution we have addressed such a molecular motor in different rotational isomers following the experimental observations arising from the application of multiple spectroscopic techniques in dilute solutions. At first, we focused our attention on the reproduction of the UV/Vis absorption spectrum in two solvents (acetonitrile and cyclohexane) with different gradient-corrected density functional theory (B3LYP, Cam-B3LYP, PBE, PBE0) functionals in conjunction with the conductor-like and polarizable continuum model (C-PCM). Furthermore, we refined the absorption signals by combining a classical MD sampling at room-temperature with DFT-based electronic degrees of freedom to compute perturbed excitation wavelengths driven by thermal fluctuation and solvation effects. In this respect, we have modelled the investigated artificial motor within solution nanodroplets with solvent molecules treated contextually at atomistic level and via a dielectric and polarizable continuum model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Zazza
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems Università della Tuscia (DIBAF), Largo dell'Università, s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Stefano Borocci
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems Università della Tuscia (DIBAF), Largo dell'Università, s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Nico Sanna
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems Università della Tuscia (DIBAF), Largo dell'Università, s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
- CNR-ISTP (Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi), Via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
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15
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Stockerl WJ, Reißenweber L, Gerwien A, Bach NN, Thumser S, Mayer P, Gschwind RM, Dube H. Azotriptycenes: Photoswitchable Molecular Brakes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302267. [PMID: 37779321 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The control of molecular motions is a central topic of molecular machine research. Molecular brakes are fundamental building blocks towards such goal as they allow deliberately decelerating specific motions after an outside stimulus is applied. Here we present azotriptycenes as structural framework for light-controlled molecular brakes. The intrinsic kinetics and their changes upon azotriptycene isomerization are scrutinized comprehensively by a mixed theoretical and variable temperature NMR approach. With azotriptycenes C-N bond rotation rates can be decelerated or accelerated reversibly by up to five orders of magnitude. Rate change effects are highly localized and are strongest for the C-N bond connecting a triptycene rotor fragment to the central diazo group. The detailed mechanistic insights provide a solid basis for further conscious design and applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willibald J Stockerl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lilli Reißenweber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aaron Gerwien
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolai N Bach
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Thumser
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Arpa EM, Stafström S, Durbeej B. A Proof-of-Principle Design for Through-Space Transmission of Unidirectional Rotary Motion by Molecular Photogears. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303191. [PMID: 37906675 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The construction of molecular photogears that can achieve through-space transmission of the unidirectional double-bond rotary motion of light-driven molecular motors onto a remote single-bond axis is a formidable challenge in the field of artificial molecular machines. Here, we present a proof-of-principle design of such photogears that is based on the possibility of using stereogenic substituents to control both the relative stabilities of two helical forms of the photogear and the double-bond photoisomerization reaction that connects them. The potential of the design was verified by quantum-chemical modeling through which photogearing was found to be a favorable process compared to free-standing single-bond rotation ("slippage"). Overall, our study unveils a surprisingly simple approach to realizing unidirectional photogearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique M Arpa
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sven Stafström
- Division of Theoretical Physics, IFM, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
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17
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Borsley S, Gallagher JM, Leigh DA, Roberts BMW. Ratcheting synthesis. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:8-29. [PMID: 38102412 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemistry has traditionally relied on reactions between reactants of high chemical potential and transformations that proceed energetically downhill to either a global or local minimum (thermodynamic or kinetic control). Catalysts can be used to manipulate kinetic control, lowering activation energies to influence reaction outcomes. However, such chemistry is still constrained by the shape of one-dimensional reaction coordinates. Coupling synthesis to an orthogonal energy input can allow ratcheting of chemical reaction outcomes, reminiscent of the ways that molecular machines ratchet random thermal motion to bias conformational dynamics. This fundamentally distinct approach to synthesis allows multi-dimensional potential energy surfaces to be navigated, enabling reaction outcomes that cannot be achieved under conventional kinetic or thermodynamic control. In this Review, we discuss how ratcheted synthesis is ubiquitous throughout biology and consider how chemists might harness ratchet mechanisms to accelerate catalysis, drive chemical reactions uphill and programme complex reaction sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Borsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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18
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Baluna A, Dommaschk M, Groh B, Kassem S, Leigh DA, Tetlow DJ, Thomas D, Varela López L. Switched "On" Transient Fluorescence Output from a Pulsed-Fuel Molecular Ratchet. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27113-27119. [PMID: 38047919 PMCID: PMC10722508 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and operation of a molecular energy ratchet that transports a crown ether from solution onto a thread, along the axle, over a fluorophore, and off the other end of the thread back into bulk solution, all in response to a single pulse of a chemical fuel (CCl3CO2H). The fluorophore is a pyrene residue whose fluorescence is normally prevented by photoinduced electron transfer (PET) to a nearby N-methyltriazolium group. However, crown ether binding to the N-methyltriazolium site inhibits the PET, switching on pyrene fluorescence under UV irradiation. Each pulse of fuel results in a single ratchet cycle of transient fluorescence (encompassing threading, transport to the N-methyltriazolium site, and then dethreading), with the onset of the fluorescent time period determined by the amount of fuel in each pulse and the end-point determined by the concentration of the reagents for the disulfide exchange reaction. The system provides a potential alternative signaling approach for artificial molecular machines that read symbols from sequence-encoded molecular tapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei
S. Baluna
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Marcel Dommaschk
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Burkhard Groh
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Salma Kassem
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - David A. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Daniel J. Tetlow
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Dean Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Loli Varela López
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
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19
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Sangchai T, Al Shehimy S, Penocchio E, Ragazzon G. Artificial Molecular Ratchets: Tools Enabling Endergonic Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309501. [PMID: 37545196 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-equilibrium chemical systems underpin multiple domains of contemporary interest, including supramolecular chemistry, molecular machines, systems chemistry, prebiotic chemistry, and energy transduction. Experimental chemists are now pioneering the realization of artificial systems that can harvest energy away from equilibrium. In this tutorial Review, we provide an overview of artificial molecular ratchets: the chemical mechanisms enabling energy absorption from the environment. By focusing on the mechanism type-rather than the application domain or energy source-we offer a unifying picture of seemingly disparate phenomena, which we hope will foster progress in this fascinating domain of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitiporn Sangchai
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Shaymaa Al Shehimy
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emanuele Penocchio
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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20
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Cárdenas G, Ledentu V, Huix-Rotllant M, Olivucci M, Ferré N. Automatic Rhodopsin Modeling with Multiple Protonation Microstates. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9365-9380. [PMID: 37877699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Automatic Rhodopsin Modeling (ARM) is a simulation protocol providing QM/MM models of rhodopsins capable of reproducing experimental electronic absorption and emission trends. Currently, ARM is restricted to a single protonation microstate for each rhodopsin model. Herein, we incorporate an extension of the minimal electrostatic model (MEM) into the ARM protocol to account for all relevant protonation microstates at a given pH. The new ARM+MEM protocol determines the most important microstates contributing to the description of the absorption spectrum. As a test case, we have applied this methodology to simulate the pH-dependent absorption spectrum of a toy model, showing that the single-microstate picture breaks down at certain pH values. Subsequently, we applied ARM+MEM toAnabaenasensory rhodopsin, confirming an improved description of its absorption spectrum when the titration of several key residues is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Massimo Olivucci
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Nicolas Ferré
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13013 Marseille, France
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21
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Jensen SK, Neumann MS, Frederiksen R, Skavenborg ML, Larsen MC, Wessel SE, Jeppesen JO. Mechanistic studies of isomeric [2]rotaxanes consisting of two different tetrathiafulvalene units reveal that the movement of cyclobis(paraquat- p-phenylene) can be controlled. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12366-12378. [PMID: 37969595 PMCID: PMC10631196 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04408d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the movement in artificial molecular machines is a key challenge that needs to be solved before their full potential can be harnessed. In this study, two isomeric tri-stable [2]rotaxanes 1·4PF6 and 2·4PF6 incorporating both a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and a monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene (MPTTF) unit in the dumbbell component have been synthesised to measure the energy barriers when the tetracationic cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+) ring moves across either a TTF2+ or an MPTTF2+ dication. By strategically exchanging one of the thiomethyl barriers on either the TTF unit or the MPTTF unit with the bulkier thioethyl group, the movement of the CBPQT4+ ring in 14+ and 24+ can be controlled to take place in only one direction upon tetra-oxidation. Cyclic voltammetry and 1H NMR spectroscopy were used to investigate the switching mechanism and it was found that upon tetra-oxidation of 14+ and 24+, the CBPQT4+ ring moves first to a position where it is located between the TTF2+ and MPTTF2+ dications producing high-energy co-conformations which slowly interconvert into thermodynamically more stable co-conformations. The kinetics of the movement occurring in the tetra-oxidised [2]rotaxanes 18+ and 28+ were studied at different temperatures allowing the free energy of the transition state, when CBPQT4+ moves across TTF2+ (21.5 kcal mol-1) and MPTTF2+ (20.3 kcal mol-1) at 298 K, to be determined. These results demonstrate for the first time that the combination of a TTF and an MPTTF unit can be used to induce directional movement of the CBPQT4+ ring in molecular machines with a 90% efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie K Jensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Mathias S Neumann
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Rikke Frederiksen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Mathias L Skavenborg
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Mads C Larsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Stinne E Wessel
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Jan O Jeppesen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
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22
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Xie Y, Wang CY, Chen N, Cao Z, Wu G, Yin B, Li Y. Supramolecular Memristor Based on Bistable [2]Catenanes: Toward High-Density and Non-Volatile Memory Devices. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309605. [PMID: 37651501 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing demand for data storage and neuromorphic computing calls for innovative, high-density solutions, such as resistive random-access memory (RRAM). However, the integration of resistive switching and rectification at the nanoscale remains a formidable challenge. In this study, we introduce a bistable [2]catenane-based supramolecular junction that simultaneously functions as a resistive switch and a diode. All supramolecular junctions are highly stable and reproducible over thousands of resistive switching cycles, because the nano-confinement of two mechanically interlocked rings can stabilize the radical states of pyridinium moieties under ambient conditions. The successful realization of supramolecular junctions in functionality with a thickness of approximately 2 nm presents a promising avenue for the development of molecule-scale based RRAM for a better solution to high density and energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Cai-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ningyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhou Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Bangchen Yin
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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23
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Hertzog JE, Liu G, Rawe BW, Maddi VJ, Hart LF, Oh J, Dolinski ND, Rowan SJ. Balancing ring and stopper group size to control the stability of doubly threaded [3]rotaxanes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6969-6978. [PMID: 37581904 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01123b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthesizing doubly threaded [3]rotaxanes requires the use of larger rings than more traditional singly threaded [2]rotaxanes. A key challenge in accessing stable doubly threaded [3]rotaxanes with large rings is finding the right combination of ring to stopper size. In this study, a series of doubly threaded [3]rotaxanes derived from five different sized macrocycles in the size range of 40-48 atoms and two different stopper groups, which contain 1 or 2 tris(p-t-butylbiphenyl)methyl moieties, were prepared and their kinetic stability examined. These interlocked compounds were synthesized using a metal-templated approach and fully characterized utilizing a combination of mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and size-exclusion chromatography techniques. The effect of ring size on the stability of the doubly threaded [3]rotaxane was investigated via kinetic stability tests monitored using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. By tightening the macrocycle systematically every 2 atoms from 48 to 40 atoms, a wide range of doubly threaded interlocked molecules could be accessed in which the rate of room temperature slippage of the macrocycle from the dumbbells could be tuned. Using the larger stopper group with a 48-atom ring results in no observable rotaxane, 46-44 atom macrocycles result in metastable rotaxane species with a slippage half-life of ∼5 weeks and ∼9 weeks, respectively, while macrocycles of 42 atoms or smaller yield a stable rotaxane. The smaller sized stopper is not able to fully stabilize any of the [3]rotaxane structures but metastable [3]rotaxanes are obtained with slippage half-lives of 25 ± 2 hours and 13 ± 1 days using macrocycles with 42 or 40 atoms, respectively. These results highlight the dramatic effect that relatively small ring size changes can have on the structure of doubly threaded [3]rotaxanes and lay the synthetic groundwork for a range of higher order doubly threaded interlocked architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald E Hertzog
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Guancen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Benjamin W Rawe
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Vincent J Maddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Laura F Hart
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jongwon Oh
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Neil D Dolinski
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stuart J Rowan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60434, USA
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24
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Georgiev NI, Bakov VV, Bojinov VB. A Tutorial Review on the Fluorescent Probes as a Molecular Logic Circuit-Digital Comparator. Molecules 2023; 28:6327. [PMID: 37687156 PMCID: PMC10489932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid progress in the field of fluorescent probes and fluorescent sensing material extended this research area toward more complex molecular logic gates capable of carrying out a variety of sensing functions simultaneously. These molecules are able to calculate a composite result in which the analysis is not performed by a man but by the molecular device itself. Since the first report by de Silva of AND molecular logic gate, all possible logic gates have been achieved at the molecular level, and currently, utilization of more complicated molecular logic circuits is a major task in this field. Comparison between two digits is the simplest logic operation, which could be realized with the simplest logic circuit. That is why the right understanding of the applied principles during the implementation of molecular digital comparators could play a critical role in obtaining logic circuits that are more complicated. Herein, all possible ways for the construction of comparators on the molecular level were discussed, and recent achievements connected with these devices were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai I. Georgiev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Ventsislav V. Bakov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Vladimir B. Bojinov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1040 Sofia, Bulgaria
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25
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Regen-Pregizer BL, Ozcelik A, Mayer P, Hampel F, Dube H. A photochemical method to evidence directional molecular motions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4595. [PMID: 37524701 PMCID: PMC10390485 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Light driven synthetic molecular motors represent crucial building blocks for advanced molecular machines and their applications. A standing challenge is the development of very fast molecular motors able to perform rotations with kHz, MHz or even faster frequencies. Central to this challenge is the direct experimental evidence of directionality because analytical methods able to follow very fast motions rarely deliver precise geometrical insights. Here, a general photochemical method for elucidation of directional motions is presented. In a macrocyclization approach the molecular motor rotations are restricted and forced to proceed in two separate ~180° rotation-photoequilibria. Therefore, all four possible photoinduced rotation steps (clockwise and counterclockwise directions) can be quantified. Comparison of the corresponding quantum yields to the unrestricted motor delivers direct evidence for unidirectionality. This method can be used for any ultrafast molecular motor even in cases where no high energy intermediates are present during the rotation cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lukas Regen-Pregizer
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ani Ozcelik
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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26
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Sacherer M, Hampel F, Dube H. Diaryl-hemiindigos as visible light, pH, and heat responsive four-state switches and application in photochromic transparent polymers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4382. [PMID: 37474507 PMCID: PMC10359318 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoswitches are indispensable tools for responsive chemical nanosystems and are used today in almost all areas of the natural sciences. Hemiindigo (HI) derivatives have recently been introduced as potent photoswitches, but their full applicability has been hampered by the limited possibilities of their functionalization and structural modification. Here we report on a short and easy to diversify synthesis yielding diaryl-HIs bearing one additional aromatic residue at the central double bond. The resulting chromophores offer an advantageous property profile combining red-light responsiveness, high thermal bistability, strong isomer accumulations in both switching directions, strong photochromism, tunable acid responsiveness, and acid gating. With this progress, a broader structural realm becomes accessible for HI photoswitches, which can now be synthetically tailored for advanced future applications, e.g., in research on molecular machines and switches, in studies of photoisomerization mechanisms, or in the generation of smart and addressable materials. To showcase the potential of these distinct light-responsive molecular tools, we demonstrate four-state switching, chemical fueling, and reversible inscription into transparent polymers using green and red light as well as acid/base stimuli, in addition to a comprehensive photochemical study of all compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Sacherer
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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27
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Xiao X, Xiao D, Sheng G, Shan T, Wang J, Miao X, Liu Y, Li G, Zhu Y, Sessler JL, Huang F. Formation of polyrotaxane crystals driven by dative boron-nitrogen bonds. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi1169. [PMID: 37406124 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The integration of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) into purely organic crystalline materials is expected to produce materials with properties that are not accessible using more classic approaches. To date, this integration has proved elusive. We present a dative boron-nitrogen bond-driven self-assembly strategy that allows for the preparation of polyrotaxane crystals. The polyrotaxane nature of the crystalline material was confirmed by both single-crystal x-ray diffraction analysis and cryogenic high-resolution low-dose transmission electron microscopy. Enhanced softness and greater elasticity are seen for the polyrotaxane crystals than for nonrotaxane polymer controls. This finding is rationalized in terms of the synergetic microscopic motion of the rotaxane subunits. The present work thus highlights the benefits of integrating MIMs into crystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Xiao
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center-Hangzhou Zhijiang Silicone Chemicals Co. Ltd. Joint Lab, Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, P. R. China
| | - Ding Xiao
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center-Hangzhou Zhijiang Silicone Chemicals Co. Ltd. Joint Lab, Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, P. R. China
| | - Guan Sheng
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Shan
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center-Hangzhou Zhijiang Silicone Chemicals Co. Ltd. Joint Lab, Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center-Hangzhou Zhijiang Silicone Chemicals Co. Ltd. Joint Lab, Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohe Miao
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Physical Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Yikuan Liu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Guangfeng Li
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center-Hangzhou Zhijiang Silicone Chemicals Co. Ltd. Joint Lab, Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, P. R. China
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA
| | - Feihe Huang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center-Hangzhou Zhijiang Silicone Chemicals Co. Ltd. Joint Lab, Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, P. R. China
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28
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Bilancioni M, Esposito M, Penocchio E. A [3]-catenane non-autonomous molecular motor model: Geometric phase, no-pumping theorem, and energy transduction. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:224104. [PMID: 37310874 DOI: 10.1063/5.0151625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We study a model of a synthetic molecular motor-a [3]-catenane consisting of two small macrocycles mechanically interlocked with a bigger one-subjected to time-dependent driving using stochastic thermodynamics. The model presents nontrivial features due to the two interacting small macrocycles but is simple enough to be treated analytically in limiting regimes. Among the results obtained, we find a mapping into an equivalent [2]-catenane that reveals the implications of the no-pumping theorem stating that to generate net motion of the small macrocycles, both energies and barriers need to change. In the adiabatic limit (slow driving), we fully characterize the motor's dynamics and show that the net motion of the small macrocycles is expressed as a surface integral in parameter space, which corrects previous erroneous results. We also analyze the performance of the motor subjected to step-wise driving protocols in the absence and presence of an applied load. Optimization strategies for generating large currents and maximizing free energy transduction are proposed. This simple model provides interesting clues into the working principles of non-autonomous molecular motors and their optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bilancioni
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City 1511, Luxembourg
| | - Massimiliano Esposito
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City 1511, Luxembourg
| | - Emanuele Penocchio
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City 1511, Luxembourg
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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29
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Singhania A, Kalita S, Chettri P, Ghosh S. Accounts of applied molecular rotors and rotary motors: recent advances. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:3177-3208. [PMID: 37325522 PMCID: PMC10262963 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular machines are nanoscale devices capable of performing mechanical works at molecular level. These systems could be a single molecule or a collection of component molecules that interrelate with one another to produce nanomechanical movements and resulting performances. The design of the components of molecular machine with bioinspired traits results in various nanomechanical motions. Some known molecular machines are rotors, motors, nanocars, gears, elevators, and so on based on their nanomechanical motion. The conversion of these individual nanomechanical motions to collective motions via integration into suitable platforms yields impressive macroscopic output at varied sizes. Instead of limited experimental acquaintances, the researchers demonstrated several applications of molecular machines in chemical transformation, energy conversion, gas/liquid separation, biomedical use, and soft material fabrication. As a result, the development of new molecular machines and their applications has accelerated over the previous two decades. This review highlights the design principles and application scopes of several rotors and rotary motor systems because these machines are used in real applications. This review also offers a systematic and thorough overview of current advancements in rotary motors, providing in-depth knowledge and predicting future problems and goals in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Singhania
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology Jorhat 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Sudeshna Kalita
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology Jorhat 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Prerna Chettri
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology Jorhat 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology Jorhat 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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30
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Horiuchi S, Hayashi M, Umakoshi K. Noncovalent tailoring of coordination complexes by resorcin[4]arene-based supramolecular hosts. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:6604-6618. [PMID: 37128873 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00710c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular recognition of guest molecules in a confined cavity is one of the important phenomena in biological and artificial molecular systems. When the guest is trapped within an artificial nano-space, its conformation is fixed in an unusual fashion by noncovalent interactions with host frameworks, and also the guest is kept away from the bulk solvent by the steric effect of the host. Therefore, host-guest formations lead to the effective modulation of the chemical and physical properties of guests via noncovalent interactions. In contrast to the many examples of organic guests, the examples of host-guest formation using coordination complex guests have been less explored. This is simply due to the size and shape complementarity problem between small hosts and large coordination complex guests. Resorcin[4]arene-based supramolecular hosts have been shown to provide internal cavities that are large enough to fully accommodate coordination complexes within the internal spaces via effective molecular interactions. In this article, we focus on supramolecular strategies to control the chemical and physical properties of the coordination complex guests within resorcin[4]arene-based supramolecular hosts. By the careful selection of the host and guest complexes, these combinations can produce a new supramolecular system, showing unusual structures, redox, catalytic, and photophysical properties derived from the entrapped coordination complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Horiuchi
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Hayashi
- Faculty of Education, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Keisuke Umakoshi
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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31
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Chau AKH, Leung FKC. Exploration of molecular machines in supramolecular soft robotic systems. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 315:102892. [PMID: 37084547 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Soft robotic system, a new era of material science, is rapidly developing with advanced processing technology in soft matters, featured with biomimetic nature. An important bottom-up approach is through the implementation of molecular machines into polymeric materials, however, the synchronized molecular motions, acumination of strain across multiple length-scales, and amplification into macroscopic actuations remained highly challenging. This review presents the significances, key design strategies, and outlook of the hierarchical supramolecular systems of molecular machines to develop novel types of supramolecular-based soft robotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson Kwok-Hei Chau
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Franco King-Chi Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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32
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Rybak CJ, Andjaba JM, Fan C, Zeller M, Uyeda C. Dinickel-Catalyzed N═N Bond Rotation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5886-5891. [PMID: 37018479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Azoarenes function as molecular switches that can be triggered by external stimuli, such as heat, light, and electrochemical potential. Here, we show that a dinickel catalyst can induce cis/trans isomerization in azoarenes through a N═N bond rotation mechanism. Catalytic intermediates containing azoarenes bound in both the cis and trans forms are characterized. Solid-state structures reveal the importance of π-back-bonding interactions from the dinickel active site in lowering the N═N bond order and accelerating bond rotation. The scope of the catalytic isomerization includes high-performance acyclic, cyclic, and polymeric azoarene switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Rybak
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John M Andjaba
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chengyi Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christopher Uyeda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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33
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Takiguchi N, Yamazaki S, Murata M, Kawano S, Shizuma M, Muraoka M. Controlling the Molecular Shuttling of pH‐Responsive [2]Rotaxanes with Two Different Stations. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202300687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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34
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Perrot A, Wang WZ, Buhler E, Moulin E, Giuseppone N. Bending Actuation of Hydrogels through Rotation of Light-Driven Molecular Motors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300263. [PMID: 36715696 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The unidirectional rotation of chemically crosslinked light-driven molecular motors is shown to progressively shift the swelling equilibrium of hydrogels. The concentration of molecular motors and the initial strand density of the polymer network are key parameters to modulate the macroscopic contraction of the material, and both parameters can be tuned using polymer chains of different molecular weights. These findings led to the design of optimized hydrogels revealing a half-time contraction of approximately 5 min. Furthermore, under inhomogeneous stimulation, the local contraction event was exploited to design useful bending actuators with an energy output 400 times higher than for previously reported self-assembled systems involving rotary motors. In the present configuration, we measure that a single molecular motor can lift up loads of 200 times its own molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Perrot
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wen-Zhi Wang
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Buhler
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR CNRS 7057, Université Paris Cité, Bâtiment Condorcet, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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35
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Kuwahara K, Yajima S, Yamano Y, Nagatsugi F, Onizuka K. Formation of Direction-Controllable Pseudorotaxane and Catenane Using Chemically Cyclized Oligodeoxynucleotides and Their Noncovalent RNA Labeling. Bioconjug Chem 2023. [PMID: 36930464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The formation of interlocked structures, such as rotaxane and catenane, enables noncovalent conjugations. We previously confirmed that the chemically cyclized pseudorotaxane-forming oligodeoxynucleotides (prfODNs) with double-tailed parts formed a pseudorotaxane structure with the target DNA and RNA via the slipping process. Here, we report the one-step synthesis of cyclized prfODNs from alkyne-modified ODNs, after which we investigated the properties and mechanism of the slipping process and performed noncovalent RNA labeling with prfODNs. Additionally, the catenane structure was formed by the combination of pseudorotaxane formation with a 5'-end-phosphorylated RNA and enzymatic ligation. The newly synthesized prfODN represents a new tool for achieving the noncovalent conjugation of various functional moieties to RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kuwahara
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yajima
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuuhei Yamano
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Fumi Nagatsugi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Onizuka
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.,Division for the Establishment of Frontier Sciences of Organization for Advanced Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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36
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Liu L, Fang WH, Martinez TJ. A Nitrogen Out-of-Plane (NOOP) Mechanism for Imine-Based Light-Driven Molecular Motors. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6888-6898. [PMID: 36920260 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven molecular motors have generated considerable interest due to their potential applications in material and biological systems. Recently, Greb and Lehn reported a new class of molecular motors, chiral N-alkyl imines, which undergo unidirectional rotation induced by light and heat. The mechanism of unidirectional motion in molecular motors containing a C═N group has been assumed to consist of photoinduced torsion about the double bond. In this work, we present a computational study of the photoisomerization dynamics of a chiral N-alkyl imine motor. We find that the location and energetics of minimal energy conical intersections (MECIs) alone are insufficient to understand the mechanism of the motor. Furthermore, a key part of the mechanism consists of out-of-plane distortions of the N atom (followed by isomerization about the double bond). Dynamic effects and out-of-plane distortions are critical to understand the observed (rather low) quantum yield for photoisomerization. Our results provide hints as to how the photoisomerization quantum yield might be increased, improving the efficiency of this class of molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.,Department of Chemistry and PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Todd J Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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37
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Kanagaraj K, Wang R, Zhao MK, Ballester P, Rebek J, Yu Y. Selective Binding and Isomerization of Oximes in a Self-Assembled Capsule. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5816-5823. [PMID: 36857099 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of straight-chain (C7-C13) alkyl-O-methyl aldoximes (R-C(H)═NOMe) were synthesized with various functional groups at the remote ends (alkenes, halogen, -COOH, and NH2). Their isomers about the C═N bond showed ∼60-40% E-Z-ratio in organic solutions. Surprisingly, their confinement in a water-soluble capsule with benzoselenodiazole walls shows high selectivity for the cis-/Z-isomer. Their relative affinities for the chalcogen-bonded capsule at room temperature depend mainly on the guest chain length and functional groups. A chain length of 14 heavy atoms showed especially high E- to Z-isomer selectivity (>99%) and was used in separation. The E-Z isomerization occurred only in the capsular cavity at room temperature and was accelerated 10-fold by sonication. The Z-isomer selective binding, separation, and E-Z isomerization are supported by NMR, DOSY, and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuppusamy Kanagaraj
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ming-Kai Zhao
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Pablo Ballester
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julius Rebek
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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38
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Benke BP, Kirschbaum T, Graf J, Gross JH, Mastalerz M. Dimeric and trimeric catenation of giant chiral [8 + 12] imine cubes driven by weak supramolecular interactions. Nat Chem 2023; 15:413-423. [PMID: 36456691 PMCID: PMC9986109 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01094-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked structures, such as catenanes and rotaxanes, are fascinating synthetic targets and some are used for molecular switches and machines. Today, the vast majority of catenated structures are built upon macrocycles and only a very few examples of three-dimensional shape-persistent organic cages forming such structures have been reported. However, the catenation in all these cases was based on a thermodynamically favoured π-π-stacking under certain reaction conditions. Here, we show that catenane formation can be induced by adding methoxy or thiomethyl groups to one of the precursors during the synthesis of chiral [8 + 12] imine cubes, giving dimeric and trimeric catenated organic cages. To elucidate the underlying driving forces, we reacted 11 differently 1,4-disubstituted terephthaldehydes with a chiral triamino tribenzotriquinacene under various conditions to study whether monomeric cages or catenated cage dimers are the preferred products. We find that catenation is mainly directed by weak interactions derived from the substituents rather than by π-stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahiru Punja Benke
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kirschbaum
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Graf
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen H Gross
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Schied M, Prezzi D, Liu D, Kowarik S, Jacobson PA, Corni S, Tour JM, Grill L. Chirality-Specific Unidirectional Rotation of Molecular Motors on Cu(111). ACS NANO 2023; 17:3958-3965. [PMID: 36757212 PMCID: PMC9979643 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motors have chemical properties that enable unidirectional motion, thus breaking microscopic reversibility. They are well studied in solution, but much less is known regarding their behavior on solid surfaces. Here, single motor molecules adsorbed on a Cu(111) surface are excited by voltages pulses from an STM tip, which leads to their rotation around a fixed pivot point. Comparison with calculations shows that this axis results from a chemical bond of a sulfur atom in the chemical structure and a metal atom of the surface. While statistics show approximately equal rotations in both directions, clockwise and anticlockwise, a detailed study reveals that these motions are enantiomer-specific. Hence, the rotation direction of each individual molecule depends on its chirality, which can be determined from STM images. At first glance, these dynamics could be assigned to the activation of the motor molecule, but our results show that this is unlikely as the molecule remains in the same conformation after rotation. Additionally, a control molecule, although it lacks unidirectional rotation in solution, also shows unidirectional rotation for each enantiomer. Hence, it seems that the unidirectional rotation is not specifically related to the motor property of the molecule. The calculated energy barriers for motion show that the propeller-like motor activity requires higher energy than the simple rotation of the molecule as a rigid object, which is therefore preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schied
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Deborah Prezzi
- Nanoscience
Institute of the National Research Council (CNR-NANO), via G. Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Dongdong Liu
- Departments
of Chemistry and Materials Science and NanoEngineering, the Smalley
Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, the Welch Institute
for Advanced Materials and the NanoCarbon Laboratory, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Stefan Kowarik
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter A. Jacobson
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefano Corni
- Nanoscience
Institute of the National Research Council (CNR-NANO), via G. Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Padova, Padova I-35131, Italy
| | - James M. Tour
- Departments
of Chemistry and Materials Science and NanoEngineering, the Smalley
Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, the Welch Institute
for Advanced Materials and the NanoCarbon Laboratory, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Leonhard Grill
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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40
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Liu JX, Chen K, Redshaw C. Stimuli-responsive mechanically interlocked molecules constructed from cucurbit[ n]uril homologues and derivatives. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1428-1455. [PMID: 36728265 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00785a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbit[n]uril supramolecular chemistry has developed rapidly since 2001 when different cucurbit[n]uril homologues (Q[n]) were successfully separated in pure form. The combination of Q[n] cavity size and various types of external stimuli has given birth to numerous types of Q[n]-based mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), including (pseudo)rotaxanes, catenanes, dendrimers and poly(pseudo)rotaxanes. In this review article, the important advances in the field of Q[n]-based MIMs over the past two decades are highlighted. This review also describes examples of heterowheel (pseudo)rotaxanes and poly(pseudo)rotaxanes involving Q[n]s, and reflects on the opportunities and challenges of constructing Q[n]-based stimuli-responsive MIMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan 243002, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, P. R. China.
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
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41
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Au-Yeung KH, Sarkar S, Kühne T, Aiboudi O, Ryndyk DA, Robles R, Lorente N, Lissel F, Joachim C, Moresco F. A Nanocar and Rotor in One Molecule. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3128-3134. [PMID: 36638056 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Depending on its adsorption conformation on the Au(111) surface, a zwitterionic single-molecule machine works in two different ways under bias voltage pulses. It is a unidirectional rotor while anchored on the surface. It is a fast-drivable molecule vehicle (nanocar) while physisorbed. By tuning the surface coverage, the conformation of the molecule can be selected to be either rotor or nanocar. The inelastic tunneling excitation producing the movement is investigated in the same experimental conditions for both the unidirectional rotation of the rotor and the directed movement of the nanocar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Ho Au-Yeung
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Suchetana Sarkar
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Tim Kühne
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Oumaima Aiboudi
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Dmitry A Ryndyk
- Institute for Materials Science, TU Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
- Theoretical Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Roberto Robles
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), 20018Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nicolas Lorente
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), 20018Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia international physics center, 20018Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Franziska Lissel
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Joachim
- GNS & MANA Satellite, CEMES, CNRS, 29 rue J. Marvig, 31055Toulouse, France
| | - Francesca Moresco
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
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42
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He L, Zhang T, Zhu C, Yan T, Liu J. Crown Ether-Based Ion Transporters in Bilayer Membranes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300044. [PMID: 36723493 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bilayer membranes that enhance the stability of the cell are essential for cell survival, separating and protecting the interior of the cell from its external environment. Membrane-based channel proteins are crucial for sustaining cellular activities. However, dysfunction of these proteins would induce serial channelopathies, which could be substituted by artificial ion channel analogs. Crown ethers (CEs) are widely studied in the area of artificial ion channels owing to their intrinsic host-guest interaction with different kinds of organic and inorganic ions. Other advantages such as lower price, chemical stability, and easier modification also make CE a research hotspot in the field of synthetic transmembrane nanopores. And numerous CEs-based membrane-active synthetic ion channels were designed and fabricated in the past decades. Herein, the recent progress of CEs-based synthetic ion transporters has been comprehensively summarized in this review, including their design principles, functional mechanisms, controllable properties, and biomedical applications. Furthermore, this review has been concluded by discussing the future opportunities and challenges facing this research field. It is anticipated that this review could offer some inspiration for the future fabrication of novel CEs-derived ion transporters with more advanced structures, properties, and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Tianlong Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Canhong Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Tengfei Yan
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junqiu Liu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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43
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Jiang Y, Danowski W, Feringa BL, Heinke L. Nanoporous Films with Oriented Arrays of Molecular Motors for Photoswitching the Guest Adsorption and Diffusion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214202. [PMID: 36367076 PMCID: PMC10107543 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular motors are fascinating nanomachines. However, constructing smart materials from such functional molecules presents a severe challenge in material science. Here, we present a bottom-up layer-by-layer assembly of oriented overcrowded-alkene molecular motors forming a crystalline metal-organic framework thin film. While all stator parts of the overcrowded-alkene motors are oriented perpendicular to the substrate, the rotors point into the pores, which are large enough allowing for the light-induced molecular rotation. Taking advantage of the thin film's transparency, the motor rotation and its activation energy are determined by UV/Vis spectroscopy. As shown by gravimetric uptake experiments, molecular motors in crystalline porous materials are used, for the first time, to control the adsorption and diffusion properties of guest molecules in the pores, here, by switching with light between the (meta-)stable states. The work demonstrates the potential of designed materials with molecular motors and indicates a path for the future development of smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Jiang
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wojciech Danowski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, AG, The Netherlands.,University of Strasbourg CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Heinke
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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44
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Morimoto K, Kitagawa D, Sotome H, Ito S, Miyasaka H, Kobatake S. Edge-to-Center Propagation of Photochemical Reaction during Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Photomechanical Transformation of 2,5-Distyrylpyrazine Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212290. [PMID: 36326234 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Photomechanical molecular crystals are promising materials for photon-powered artificial actuators. To interpret the photomechanical responses, the spatiotemporal distribution of photoproducts in crystals could be an important role in addition to molecular structures, molecular packings, illumination conditions, crystal morphology, crystal size, and so on. In this study, we have found that single crystals of 2,5-distyrylpyrazine show a smooth single-crystal-to-single-crystal photomechanical expansion, and the photochemical reaction propagates from the edge to the center of the single crystal. We revealed that the surface effect (special reactivity at the crystal surface) in addition to the cooperative effect (the reaction is facilitated by neighboring molecules) is essential for the edge-to-center propagation of the photochemical reaction. Our results would provide a foundation for future studies of the photochemical reaction dynamics in photomechanical molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Morimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sotome
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Syoji Ito
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
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45
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Zhou M, Mathew S, de Bruin B. Thermal and (Thermo-Reversible) Photochemical Cycloisomerization of 1 H-2-Benzo[ c]oxocins: From Synthetic Applications to the Development of a New T-Type Molecular Photoswitch. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:645-657. [PMID: 36548378 PMCID: PMC9837851 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel T-type molecular photoswitch based on the reversible cyclization of 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins to dihydro-4H-cyclobuta[c]isochromenes has been developed. The switching mechanism involves a light-triggered ring-contraction of 8-membered 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins to 4,6-fused O-heterocyclic dihydro-4H-cyclobuta[c]isochromene ring systems, with reversion back to the 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocin state accessible through heating. Both processes are unidirectional and proceed with good efficiency, with switching properties─including reversibility and half-life time─easily adjusted via structural functionalization. Our new molecular-switching platform exhibits independence from solvent polarity, originating from its neutral-charge switching mechanism, a property highly sought-after for biological applications. The photoinduced ring-contraction involves a [2+2] conjugated-diene cyclization that obeys the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. In contrast, the reverse process initiates via a thermal ring-opening (T > 60 °C) to produce the original 8-membered 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins, which is thermally forbidden according to the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. The thermal ring-opening is likely to proceed via an ortho-quinodimethane (o-QDM) intermediate, and the corresponding switching mechanisms are supported by experimental observations and density functional theory calculations. Other transformations of 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins were found upon altering reaction conditions: prolonged heating of the 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins at a significantly elevated temperature (72 h at 120 °C), with the resulting dihydronaphthalenes formed via the o-QDM intermediate. These reactions also proceed with good chemoselectivities, providing new synthetic protocols for motifs found in several bioactive molecules, but are otherwise difficult to access.
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46
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Foy JT, Ta N, Hoyt J, Staples RJ, Ehm C. Photoswitching Properties of 5‐Methoxy‐2‐ (2‐phenyldiazenyl) Pyridine. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. Foy
- Department of Physical and Biological Sciences Western New England University 1215 Wilbraham Rd Springfield MA 01119 Unites States
| | - Nicholas Ta
- Department of Physical and Biological Sciences Western New England University 1215 Wilbraham Rd Springfield MA 01119 Unites States
| | - Johnathon Hoyt
- Department of Physical and Biological Sciences Western New England University 1215 Wilbraham Rd Springfield MA 01119 Unites States
| | - Richard J. Staples
- Department of Chemistry Michigan State University 578 S. Shaw Lane East Lansing MI 48824
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia, Complesso di Monte San Angelo 80126 Napoli Italy
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47
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Chan MHY, Yam VWW. Toward the Design and Construction of Supramolecular Functional Molecular Materials Based on Metal–Metal Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22805-22825. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ho-Yeung Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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48
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Optical Tweezers to Force Information out of Biological and Synthetic Systems One Molecule at a Time. BIOPHYSICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/biophysica2040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, in vitro single-molecule manipulation techniques have enabled the use of force and displacement as controlled variables in biochemistry. Measuring the effect of mechanical force on the real-time kinetics of a biological process gives us access to the rates, equilibrium constants and free-energy landscapes of the mechanical steps of the reaction; this information is not accessible by ensemble assays. Optical tweezers are the current method of choice in single-molecule manipulation due to their versatility, high force and spatial and temporal resolutions. The aim of this review is to describe the contributions of our lab in the single-molecule manipulation field. We present here several optical tweezers assays refined in our laboratory to probe the dynamics and mechano-chemical properties of biological molecular motors and synthetic molecular devices at the single-molecule level.
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49
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Directed Motion and Pinning of Atomic Lattices at Disordered Interfaces. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2023-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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50
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Bruns CJ. Moving forward in the semantic soup of artificial molecular machine taxonomy. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:1231-1234. [PMID: 36494473 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carson J Bruns
- ATLAS Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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