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Liu X, Jin Z, Qiu F, Guo Y, Chen Y, Sun Z, Zhang L. Hexabenzoheptacene: A Longitudinally Multihelicene Nanocarbon with Local Aromaticity and Enhanced Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407547. [PMID: 38725308 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a longitudinally helical molecular nanocarbon, hexabenzoheptacene (HBH), along with its dimethylated derivative (HBH-Me), which are composed of six benzene rings periodically benzannulated to both zigzag edges of a heptacene core. This benzannulation pattern endows the resulting nanocarbons with a helical heptacene core and local aromaticity, imparting enhanced solubility and stability to the system. The chiral HBH-Me adopts a more highly twisted conformation with an end-to-end twist angle of 95°, enabling the separation of the enantiomers. Both HBH and HBH-Me can be facilely oxidized into their corresponding dications, which exhibit enhanced planarity and aromaticity upon loss of electrons. Notably, both longitudinally helical nanocarbons readily promote solid state packing into two-dimensional (2D) arrangement. Single-crystal microbelts of HBH-Me show hole mobility up to 0.62 cm2 V-1 s-1, illustrating the promising potential of these longitudinally helical molecules for organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxiong Jin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Fei Qiu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yupeng Guo
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformation, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformation, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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2
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Scognamiglio A, Thalmann KS, Hartweg S, Rendler N, Bruder L, Coto PB, Thoss M, Stienkemeier F. Non-adiabatic electronic relaxation of tetracene from its brightest singlet excited state. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:024302. [PMID: 38973758 DOI: 10.1063/5.0214006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The ultrafast relaxation dynamics of tetracene following UV excitation to the bright singlet state S6 has been studied with time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. With the help of high-level ab initio multireference perturbation theory calculations, we assign photoelectron signals to intermediate dark electronic states S3, S4, and S5 as well as to a low-lying electronic state S2. The energetic structure of these dark states has not been determined experimentally previously. The time-dependent photoelectron yields assigned to the states S6, S5, and S4 have been analyzed and reveal the depopulation of S6 within 60 fs, while S5 and S4 are populated with delays of about 50 and 80 fs. The dynamics of the lower-lying states S3 and S2 seem to agree with a delayed population coinciding with the depopulation of the higher-lying states S4-S6 but could not be elucidated in full detail due to the low signal levels of the corresponding two-photon ionization probe processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scognamiglio
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Physics, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, Freiburg, Germany
| | - K S Thalmann
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Physics, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Hartweg
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Physics, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, Freiburg, Germany
| | - N Rendler
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Physics, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, Freiburg, Germany
| | - L Bruder
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Physics, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, Freiburg, Germany
| | - P B Coto
- Materials Physics Center (CFM), CSIC and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - M Thoss
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Physics, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, Freiburg, Germany
| | - F Stienkemeier
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Physics, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, Freiburg, Germany
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Bessong CDRA, Abe MTO, Ntieche Z, Noudem P, Fankam Fankam JB, Ndjaka JMB. Impact of doping with organic dopants and mixed doping with alkali metals and organic dopants on the absorption, electronic, optoelectronic, thermodynamic and nonlinear optical properties of dibenzo[b,def]chrysene in gaseous media: DFT and TD-DFT studies. J Mol Model 2024; 30:240. [PMID: 38954155 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT In this study, we evaluate the geometrical, absorption, optoelectronic, electronic, nonlinear optical (NLO) and thermodynamic properties of dibenzo[b,def]chrysene molecule derivatives by means of DFT and TD-DFT simulations. In view of the aim of producing new high-performance materials for non-linear optics (NLO) by doping test, two types of doping were used. We obtained six derivatives by doping with organic dopants (Nitro, amide and ticyanoethenyl) and mixed alkali metal (potassium) and organic dopants. Doping with organic dopants produced molecules A, B and C, respectively when substituting one hydrogen with nitro (NO2), amide (CONH2) and tricyanoethenyl (C5N3) groups, while mixed doping involved considering A, B and C and then substituting two hydrogens with two potassiums to obtain compounds D, E and F respectively. The negative values of the various interaction energies calculated for all the doped molecules show that they are all stable, but also that molecules C and F are the most stable in the case of both dopings. The gap energies calculated at the B3LYP level of theory are all below 3 eV, which means that all the molecules obtained are semiconductors. Better still, compounds C and F, with gap energies of 1.852 eV and 1.204 eV, respectively, corresponding to decreases of 35.67% and 58.18% in gap energy compared with the pristine molecule, are more reactive than the other doped molecules. Mixed doping is therefore a highly effective way of narrowing the energy gap and boosting the semiconducting character and reactivity of organic materials. Optoelectronic properties have also been improved, with refractive index values higher than those of the reference material, glass. This shows that our compounds could be used under very high electric field conditions of the order of 4.164 × 109 V.m-1 for C and 7.410 × 109 V.m-1 for F the highest values at the B3LYP level of theory. The maximum first-order hyperpolarizability values for both types of doping are obtained at the CAM-B3LYP level of theory by C:β mol = 92.088 × 10-30esu and by F:β mol = 129.449 × 10-30esu, and second-order values are also given by these same compounds. These values are higher than the reference value, which is urea, making our compounds potential candidates for high-performance NLO applications. In dynamic mode and at a frequency of 1064 nm, at the CAM-B3LYP level of theory, the highest dynamic hyperpolarizability coefficients were obtained by C and F. Hyper-Rayleigh scattering β HRS , coefficients of the electro-optical Pockel effect (EOPE), EFISHG, third-order NLO-response degree four-wave mixingγ DFWM , quadratic nonlinear refractive index n2 were also calculated. The maximum values of n2 are obtained by C (6.13 × 10-20 m2/W) and F (6.60 × 10-20 m2/W), these values are 2.24 times higher than that of fused silica which is the reference for degenerate four-wave mixing so our molecules could also have applications in optoelectronics as wavelength converters, optical pulse modulators and optical switches. METHODS Using the DFT method, we were able to determine the optimized and stable electronic structures of doped dibenzo[b,def]chrysene derivatives in the gas phase. We limited ourselves to using the proven B3LYP and CAMB3LYP levels of theory for calculating electronic properties, and non-linear optics with the 6-311G + + (d,p) basis set, which is a large basis set frequently used for these types of compound. Gaussian 09 software was used to run our calculations, and Gauss View 6.0.16 was used to visualize the output files. TD-DFT was also used to determine absorption properties at the B3LYP level of theory, using the same basis set.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Ribouem A Bessong
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Yaoundé I, P.M.B 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - M T Ottou Abe
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Yaoundé I, P.M.B 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Zounedou Ntieche
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Yaoundé I, P.M.B 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Local Material Promotion Authority (MIPROMALO), P.O. Box 2396, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - P Noudem
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Yaoundé I, P.M.B 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - J B Fankam Fankam
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - J M B Ndjaka
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Yaoundé I, P.M.B 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF. How to Stabilize Large Soluble (Hetero-)Acenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16937-16949. [PMID: 38862130 PMCID: PMC11212629 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The higher acenes and azaacenes (>(aza)heptacenes) are fascinating, yet elusive materials. Their reactivity and sensitivity increases concomitantly with their size. In recent years, confinement techniques, that is isolation of acenes in matrices and on surfaces, has surpassed solution-based chemistry with respect to accessing the larger (hetero)acenes at the price of the accessibility of no more than a couple thousands of molecules. Isolating acenes in bulk quantities and in processable form is vital for applications in organic electronics as well as from a viewpoint from basic research. In this Perspective, we will discuss after a short historical outline their degradation pathways, and then will selectively highlight recent efforts in stabilizing soluble (aza)acenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freudenberg
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Prakash M, Rudharachari Maiyelvaganan K, Giri Lakshman N, Gopalakrishnan C, Hochlaf M. Microhydration of small protonated polyaromatic hydrocarbons: a first principles study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:17489-17503. [PMID: 38804893 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06000d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Using first principles methodology, we investigate the microsolvation of protonated benzene (BzH+), protonated coronene (CorH+) and protonated dodecabenzocoronene (DbcH+). Gas phase complexes of these small protonated polyaromatic hydrocarbons (H+PAHs) with mono-, di-, and tri-hydrated water molecules are considered. Their most stable forms are presented, where we discuss their structural, energetic aromaticity and IR and UV spectral features. In particular, we focus on the analysis of the bonding and various non-bonded interactions between these protonated aromatics and water clusters. The strength of non-bonded interactions is quantified and correlated with their electron density profiles. Furthermore, insights into the interfacial interactions and stability of these complexes were obtained through non-covalent index and symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT0) analyses. We also discuss the effects of the extension of the π aromatic cloud on the water solvation of these protonated aromatics. In particular, we extended our predictions for the S0 → S1 and S0 → T1 wavelength transitions of micro hydrated H+PAHs to deduce those of these species solvated in aqueous solution. The present findings should be useful for understanding, at the microscopic level, the effects of water interacting with H+PAHs, which are relevant for organic chemistry, astrochemistry, atmospheric chemistry, combustion and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthuramalingam Prakash
- Computational Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL), Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603 203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - K Rudharachari Maiyelvaganan
- Computational Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL), Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603 203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - N Giri Lakshman
- Computational Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL), Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603 203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - C Gopalakrishnan
- Computational Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL), Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603 203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Majdi Hochlaf
- Université Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/IMSE, 5 Bd Descartes, 77454, Champs Sur Marne, France.
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Kamebuchi H, Makino R, Hiruma K, Tomura K, Tadokoro M. Covalently Linked 5,6,11,12-Tetraazanaphthacene Dimer and Its Triptycene-Capped Derivatives as Electron Acceptors. Chemistry 2024:e202400632. [PMID: 38924204 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of electron transport and n-type materials is still largely dominated by a limited number of organic semiconductors, with fullerenes at the forefront. In contrast, substantial progress has been made in developing hole transport and p-type materials. Therefore, expanding the range of electron acceptors, making them solution-processable, and elucidating their structural arrangement by X-ray crystallography is essential. We synthesised 2,2'-bi-(5,6,11,12-tetraazanaphthacene) (bi-TANC) and its triptycene end-capped derivative, 2,2'-bi(8,13-dihydro-8,13-[1,2]benzenonaphtho-5,6,15,16-tetraazanaphthacene) (bi-TpTANC), as electron acceptors. Bi-TANC exhibits a herringbone-like crystal packing with intermolecular π-π overlap, which is observed in typical organic n-type semiconductors. However, it showed poor solubility, similar to larger acenes. In contrast, bi-TpTANC exhibited favourable solubility, and its electrochemistry in solution was investigated. In the cyclic voltammogram of bi-TpTANC, reversible redox waves corresponding to 3-step/4-electron transfer were observed at -0.795 V (1e-), -0.927 V (1e-), and -1.44 V (2e-) as half-wave potentials. The redox wave associated with the two-electron transfer on the negative low-potential side indicates the presence of through-bond charge delocalisation in the monoanionic state. Furthermore, the LUMO level of bi-TpTANC is -4.1 eV, which indicates its potential as a promising air-stable n-type material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kamebuchi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajosui 3-25-40, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8550, Japan
| | - Rintaro Makino
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Koji Hiruma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Tomura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Tadokoro
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
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7
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Zhang L, Wang Z, Song Z. Synthesis of Benzo[ a]carbazoles and Dibenzo[ c, g]carbazoles via Sequential Gold Catalysis and Photomediated Cyclization. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8888-8895. [PMID: 38818883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a reaction protocol for the construction of benzo[a]carbazole and dibenzo[c,g]carbazole frameworks. The detailed gold catalytic reaction conditions developed for the challenging intermolecular carbon nucleophilic addition to internal alkynes are realized, giving the desired alkyne hydroarylation products in good yields. The resulting trisubstituted alkenes are able to undergo photomediated cyclization, furnishing the desired carbazole molecules with excellent yields and high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguang Song
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, P. R. China
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Polishchuk V, Kulinich A, Shandura M. Tetraanionic Oligo-Dioxaborines: Strongly Absorbing Near-Infrared Dyes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401097. [PMID: 38624080 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Polymethine dyes of tetraanionic nature comprising 1,3,2-dioxaborine rings in the polymethine chain and end-groups of different electron-accepting abilities have been synthesized. They can be considered as oligomeric polymethines, where a linear conjugated π-system passes through three 1,3,2-dioxaborine units and a number of tri- and dimethine π-bridges between two end-groups. The obtained dyes exhibit near-infrared absorption and fluorescence, with molar absorption coefficients reaching as high as 564000 M-1 cm-1 in DMF, rendering them among the strongest absorbers known. The novel compounds are bright NIR fluorophores, with fluorescence quantum yields up to 0.13 in DMF. A comparative analysis of the electronic structure of the obtained dyes with respective dianionic and trianionic oligomers was conducted through quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladyslav Polishchuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademika Kukharya Street 5, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrii Kulinich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademika Kukharya Street 5, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Shandura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademika Kukharya Street 5, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Cador A, Kahlal S, Richards GJ, Halet JF, Hill JP. Protic Processes in an Extended Pyrazinacene: The Case of Dihydrotetradecaazaheptacene. Molecules 2024; 29:2407. [PMID: 38792268 PMCID: PMC11124472 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinacenes are linearly fused heteroaromatic rings, with N atoms replacing all apical CH moieties. Component rings may exist in a reduced state, having NH groups instead of N, causing cross-conjugation. These compounds have interesting optical and electronic properties, including strong fluorescence in the near-infrared region and photocatalytic properties, leading to diverse possible applications in bio-imaging and organic synthesis, as well as obvious molecular electronic uses. In this study, we investigated the behavior of seven-ring pyrazinacene 2,3,11,12-tetraphenyl-7,16-dihydro-1,4,5,6,7,8,9,12,13,14,15,16,17,18-tetradecaazaheptacene (Ph4H2N14HEPT), with an emphasis on protic processes, including oxidation, tautomerism, deprotonation, and protonation, and the species resulting from those processes. We used computational methods to optimize the structures of the different species and generate/compare molecular orbital structures. The aromaticity of the species generated by the different processes was assessed using the nucleus-independent chemical shifts, and trends in the values were associated with the different transformations of the pyrazinacene core. The computational data were compared with experimental data obtained from synthetic samples of the molecule tBu8Ph4H2N14HEPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aël Cador
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, CEA Saclay, DRF/IRAMIS/NIMBE/LSDRM, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR), CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), University of Rennes, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, F-35708 Rennes, France;
| | - Samia Kahlal
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR), CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), University of Rennes, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, F-35708 Rennes, France;
| | - Gary J. Richards
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku 307, Minuma-ku, Saitama-shi 337-8570, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Jean-François Halet
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR), CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), University of Rennes, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, F-35708 Rennes, France;
- CNRS–Saint-Gobain–NIMS, IRL 3629, Laboratory for Innovative Key Materials and Structures (LINK), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jonathan P. Hill
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan
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Gribanov PS, Philippova AN, Topchiy MA, Lypenko DA, Dmitriev AV, Tokarev SD, Smol’yakov AF, Rodionov AN, Asachenko AF, Osipov SN. Synthesis of 5-(Aryl)amino-1,2,3-triazole-containing 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazoles via Azide-Nitrile Cycloaddition Followed by Buchwald-Hartwig Reaction. Molecules 2024; 29:2151. [PMID: 38731642 PMCID: PMC11085325 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
An efficient access to the novel 5-(aryl)amino-1,2,3-triazole-containing 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole derivatives has been developed. The method is based on 1,3-dipolar azide-nitrile cycloaddition followed by Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling to afford the corresponding N-aryl and N,N-diaryl substituted 5-amino-1,2,3-triazolyl 2,1,3-benzothiadiazoles under NHC-Pd catalysis. The one-pot diarylative Pd-catalyzed heterocyclization opens the straightforward route to triazole-linked carbazole-benzothiadiazole D-A systems. The optical and electrochemical properties of the compound obtained were investigated to estimate their potential application as emissive layers in OLED devises. The quantum yield of photoluminescence (PLQY) of the synthesized D-A derivatives depends to a large extent on electron-donating strengths of donor (D) component, reaching in some cases the values closed to 100%. Based on the most photoactive derivative and wide bandgap host material mCP, a light-emitting layer of OLED was made. The device showed a maximum brightness of 8000 cd/m2 at an applied voltage of 18 V. The maximum current efficiency of the device reaches a value of 3.29 cd/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel S. Gribanov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28/1 Vavilova Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.P.); (S.D.T.); (A.F.S.); (A.N.R.)
| | - Anna N. Philippova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28/1 Vavilova Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.P.); (S.D.T.); (A.F.S.); (A.N.R.)
| | - Maxim A. Topchiy
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.T.); (A.F.A.)
| | - Dmitry A. Lypenko
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, Bld. 4, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.L.); (A.V.D.)
| | - Artem V. Dmitriev
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, Bld. 4, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.L.); (A.V.D.)
| | - Sergey D. Tokarev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28/1 Vavilova Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.P.); (S.D.T.); (A.F.S.); (A.N.R.)
| | - Alexander F. Smol’yakov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28/1 Vavilova Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.P.); (S.D.T.); (A.F.S.); (A.N.R.)
| | - Alexey N. Rodionov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28/1 Vavilova Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.P.); (S.D.T.); (A.F.S.); (A.N.R.)
| | - Andrey F. Asachenko
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.T.); (A.F.A.)
| | - Sergey N. Osipov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28/1 Vavilova Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.P.); (S.D.T.); (A.F.S.); (A.N.R.)
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11
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Chagas JCV, Milanez BD, Oliveira VP, Pinheiro M, Ferrão LFA, Aquino AJA, Lischka H, Machado FBC. A multi-descriptor analysis of substituent effects on the structure and aromaticity of benzene derivatives: π-Conjugation versus charge effects. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:863-877. [PMID: 38153839 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
This work provides a detailed multi-component analysis of aromaticity in monosubstituted (X = CH3, CH 2 - , CH 2 + , NH2, NH-, NH+, OH, O-, and O+) and para-homodisubstituted (X = CH3, CH2, NH2, NH, OH, and O) benzene derivatives. We investigate the effects of substituents using single-reference (B3LYP/DFT) and multireference (CASSCF/MRCI) methods, focusing on structural (HOMA), vibrational (AI(vib)), topological (ELFπ), electronic (MCI), magnetic (NICS), and stability (S0-T1 splitting) properties. The findings reveal that appropriate π-electron-donating and π-electron-accepting substituents with suitable size and symmetry can interact with the π-system of the ring, significantly influencing π-electron delocalization. While the charge factor has a minimal impact on π-electron delocalization, the presence of a pz orbital capable of interacting with the π-electron delocalization is the primary factor leading to a deviation from the typical aromaticity characteristics observed in benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C V Chagas
- Department of Chemistry, Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno D Milanez
- Department of Chemistry, Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vytor P Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Max Pinheiro
- Department of Chemistry, Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz F A Ferrão
- Department of Chemistry, Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelia J A Aquino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Francisco B C Machado
- Department of Chemistry, Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Lim S, Nguyen KV, Lee WH. Enhancing Sensitivity in Gas Detection: Porous Structures in Organic Field-Effect Transistor-Based Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2862. [PMID: 38732968 PMCID: PMC11086080 DOI: 10.3390/s24092862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Gas detection is crucial for detecting environmentally harmful gases. Organic field-effect transistor (OFET)-based gas sensors have attracted attention due to their promising performance and potential for integration into flexible and wearable devices. This review examines the operating mechanisms of OFET-based gas sensors and explores methods for improving sensitivity, with a focus on porous structures. Researchers have achieved significant enhancements in sensor performance by controlling the thickness and free volume of the organic semiconductor layer. Additionally, innovative fabrication techniques like self-assembly and etching have been used to create porous structures, facilitating the diffusion of target gas molecules, and improving sensor response and recovery. These advancements in porous structure fabrication suggest a promising future for OFET-based gas sensors, offering increased sensitivity and selectivity across various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wi Hyoung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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13
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S K N, P R, Ann Babu S, John J, Hopf H. A Review on the Synthetic Methods towards Benzothienobenzothiophenes. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202400019. [PMID: 38456791 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Benzothienobenzothiophenes (BTBTs) are a class of heteroacenes for which two distinct isomers have been identified depending on the locations of the fused benzothiophene motifs. Benzothienobenzothiophenes represent a class of heteroacenes demonstrating remarkable electronic properties that make them prominent in the realm of organic semiconductors. The structure of BTBTs, incorporating two sulfur atoms, contributes to their unique electronic characteristics, including narrow bandgaps and effective charge transport pathways. These compounds have gained attention for their high charge carrier mobility, making them desirable candidates for application in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and other electronic devices. Researchers have explored various synthetic strategies to design and tailor the properties of BTBT derivatives, leading to advancements in the development of high-performance organic semiconductors. Various synthetic techniques for benzothienobenzothiophenes have been reported in the literature including multistep synthesis, tandem transformations, electrochemical synthesis, and annulations. This review investigates the generality of each synthetic methodology by highlighting its benefits and drawbacks, and it analyses all synthetic approaches described for the creation of the two isomers. For the advantage of the readers, we have delved upon every mechanism of the reactions that are known. Finally, we have also summarized the synthetic methodologies that are used for making benzothienobenzothiophene analogues for material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandana S K
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rahul P
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sheba Ann Babu
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jubi John
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Henning Hopf
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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14
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Khatymov RV, Muftakhov MV, Tuktarov RF, Shchukin PV, Khatymova LZ, Pancras E, Terentyev AG, Petrov NI. Resonant electron capture by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules: Effects of aza-substitution. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:124310. [PMID: 38533882 DOI: 10.1063/5.0195316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Resonant electron capture by aza and diaza derivatives of phenanthrene (7,8-benzoquinoline and 1,10-phenanthroline) and anthracene (acridine and phenazine) at incident free electron energies (Ee) in the range of 0-15 eV was studied. All compounds except 7,8-benzoquinoline form long-lived molecular ions (M-) at thermal electron energies (Ee ∼ 0 eV). Acridine and phenazine also form such ions at epithermal electron energies up to Ee = 1.5-2.5 eV. The lifetimes (τa) of M- with respect to electron autodetachment are proportional to the extent of aza-substitution and increase on going from molecules with bent geometry of the fused rings (azaphenanthrenes) to linear isomers (azaanthracenes). These regularities are due to an increase in the adiabatic electron affinities (EAa) of the molecules. The EAa values of the molecules under study were comprehensively assessed based on a comparative analysis of the measured τa values using the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus theory, the electronic structure analysis using the molecular orbital approach, as well as the density functional calculations of the total energy differences between the molecules and anions. The only fragmentation channel of M- ions from the compounds studied is abstraction of hydrogen atoms. When studying [M-H]- ions, electron autodetachment processes were observed, the τa values were measured, and the appearance energies were determined. A comparative analysis of the gas-phase acidity of the molecules and the EAa values of the [M-H]· radicals revealed their proportionality to the EAa values of the parent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem V Khatymov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Square, 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mars V Muftakhov
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 151, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Renat F Tuktarov
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 151, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Pavel V Shchukin
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 151, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Lyaysan Z Khatymova
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 151, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Eugene Pancras
- Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, ul. Kosmonavtov, 1, 450064 Ufa, Russia
| | - Andrey G Terentyev
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Square, 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay I Petrov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Square, 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
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15
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Ludwig P, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF. Stabilization of Acenes: "Geländer"-Pentacenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316902. [PMID: 38180106 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
We report soluble tetrakis-biphenylyl substituted pentacenes comprised of sp2 carbons and synthesized from pentacene-5,7,12,14-tetraone. Intramolecular Yamamoto coupling of two tetrakis(chlorobiphenylyl)pentacenes yields helical, doubly wrapped pentacenes, in which the quaterphenylene units solubilize the pentacenes and shield their central anthracene units to an unprecedented degree. The criss-cross-bridged pentacenes resist (photo)oxidation, Diels-Alder reactions and are much less reactive than TIPS-ethynylated pentacene. Extension of this concept might provide access to the larger acenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ludwig
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Takimiya K, Bulgarevich K, Kawabata K. Crystal-Structure Control of Molecular Semiconductors by Methylthiolation: Toward Ultrahigh Mobility. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:884-894. [PMID: 38428923 PMCID: PMC10956433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusThe crystal structure of organic semiconductors has been regarded as one of the crucial factors for realizing high-performance electronic devices, such as organic field-effect transistors. However, although the control of crystal structures of organic semiconductors has been examined in the last two decades of intensive efforts of the development of organic semiconductors, active measures to control crystal structures enabling high carrier mobility are still limited. In 2016, our research group noticed that regioselective methylthiolation could provide a selective crystal structure change from an ordinary herringbone structure to a pitched π-stacking structure, similar to the crystal structure of rubrene, in the benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) system. Following this serendipitous finding, our group systematically investigated the relationship between the molecular and crystal structures of a range of methylthiolated aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds.This Account provides a comprehensive overview of our research efforts and advancements in the development of methylthiolated small-molecule-based organic semiconductors (molecular semiconductors). We first describe the outline of the past development of molecular semiconductors, focusing on the types of crystal structures of high-performance molecular semiconductors. Then, we describe our findings on the drastic crystal structure change in the BDT system upon methylthiolation, detailing the causes of the change in terms of the intermolecular contacts and intermolecular interaction energies. This is followed by the confirmation of the generality of the crystal-structure change by methylthiolation of a series of acene and heteroacenes, where the herringbone structure in the parent system is unexceptionally transformed into the pitched π-stacking structure, a promising crystal structure for high-mobility molecular semiconductors well exemplified by the prototypical molecular semiconductor, rubrene. In fact, the methylthiolated anthradithiophene afforded comparable high mobility to rubrene in single-crystal field-effect transistors. Then, we demonstrate that the sandwich herringbone structures of peri-condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including pyrene, perylene, and peropyrene, change into brickwork crystal structures upon methylthiolation and that, among these compounds, very promising molecular semiconductors, methylthiolated pyrene and peropyrene, showing ultrahigh mobility of 30 cm2 V s-1, are realized.Through the studies, by gaining insights into the underlying mechanisms driving the crystal structure changes, we lay a strong foundation for tackling challenges related to controlling the crystal structures and developing high-performance molecular semiconductors. This will be a distinct approach from the past activities in the development of molecular semiconductors that mainly focused on molecules themselves, including their synthesis, properties, and characterization. We thus anticipate that our findings and the present Account will open the door to a new era of the development of molecular semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Takimiya
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
- RIKEN
Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Tohoku
University Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577 Japan
| | - Kirill Bulgarevich
- RIKEN
Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Kawabata
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
- RIKEN
Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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17
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Zhang Y, Oberg CP, Hu Y, Xu H, Yan M, Scholes GD, Wang M. Molecular and Supramolecular Materials: From Light-Harvesting to Quantum Information Science and Technology. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:3294-3316. [PMID: 38497707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed immense advances in quantum information technology (QIT), benefited by advances in physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science and engineering. It is intriguing to consider whether these diverse molecular and supramolecular structures and materials, partially inspired by quantum effects as observed in sophisticated biological systems such as light-harvesting complexes in photosynthesis and the magnetic compass of migratory birds, might play a role in future QIT. If so, how? Herein, we review materials and specify the relationship between structures and quantum properties, and we identify the challenges and limitations that have restricted the intersection of QIT and chemical materials. Examples are broken down into two categories: materials for quantum sensing where nonclassical function is observed on the molecular scale and systems where nonclassical phenomena are present due to intermolecular interactions. We discuss challenges for materials chemistry and make comparisons to related systems found in nature. We conclude that if chemical materials become relevant for QIT, they will enable quite new kinds of properties and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
| | - Catrina P Oberg
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hongxue Xu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
| | - Mengwen Yan
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Mingfeng Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
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18
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Wang Y, Gong WW, Zhao Y, Xing GY, Kang LX, Sha F, Huang ZY, Liu JW, Han YJ, Li P, Li DY, Liu PN. Two-Dimensional Nonbenzenoid Heteroacene Crystals Synthesized via In-Situ Embedding of Ladder Bipyrazinylenes on Au(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318142. [PMID: 38265124 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Precisely introducing topological defects is an important strategy in nanographene crystal engineering because defects can tune π-electronic structures and control molecular assemblies. The synergistic control of the synthesis and assembly of nanographenes by embedding the topological defects to afford two-dimensional (2D) crystals on surfaces is still a great challenge. By in-situ embedding ladder bipyrazinylene (LBPy) into acene, the narrowest nanographene with zigzag edges, we have achieved the precise preparation of 2D nonbenzenoid heteroacene crystals on Au(111). Through intramolecular electrocyclization of o-diisocyanides and Au adatom-directed [2+2] cycloaddition, the nonbenzenoid heteroacene products are produced with high chemoselectivity, and lead to the molecular 2D assembly via LBPy-derived interlocking hydrogen bonds. Using bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy, we determined the atomic structures of the nonbenzenoid heteroacene product and diverse organometallic intermediates. The tunneling spectroscopy measurements revealed the electronic structure of the nonbenzenoid heteroacene, which is supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The observed distinct organometallic intermediates during progression annealing combined with DFT calculations demonstrated that LBPy formation proceeds via electrocyclization of o-diisocyanides, trapping of heteroarynes by Au adatoms, and stepwise elimination of Au adatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Wen Gong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Yan Xing
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Li-Xia Kang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Feng Sha
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Yang Huang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Jie Han
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Deng-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
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19
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Chen C, Chang ZD, Guo YK, Huang YB, Wang XY. BN-Isosteres of Nonacene with Antiaromatic B 2 C 4 and N 2 C 4 Heterocycles: Synthesis and Strong Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316596. [PMID: 38216533 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Embedding both boron and nitrogen into the backbone of acenes to generate their isoelectronic structures has significantly enriched the acene chemistry to offer appealing properties. However, only small BN-heteroacenes have been extensively investigated, with BN-heptacenes as the hitherto longest homologue. Herein, we report the synthesis of three new nonacene BN-isosteres via incorporating a pair of antiaromatic B2 C4 and N2 C4 heterocycles, representing a new length record for BN-heteroacenes. The distance between the B2 C4 and N2 C4 rings affects the contribution of the charge-separated resonance forms, leading to tunable antiaromaticity of the two heterocycles. The adjusted local antiaromaticity manifests substantial influence on the molecular orbital arrangement, and consequently, the radiative transition rate of BN-3 is greatly enhanced compared with BN-1 and BN-2, realizing a high fluorescence quantum yield of 92 %. This work provides a novel design concept of large acene BN-isosteres and reveals the importance of BN/CC isosterism on their luminescent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Dong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong-Kang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-Bo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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20
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Wagner MS, Peisert H, Chassé T, Hemberger P, Bettinger HF. Gas Phase Ionization Energy of Heptacene. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2332-2336. [PMID: 38386914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The ionization energy is a fundamental property that is relevant to charge transport in organic semiconductors. We report adiabatic ionization energies (AIEs) of heptacene at 6.21 and 7.20 eV for the X̃+B2g and Ã+Au states, respectively, as the next larger member of the acene series using mass- and isomer-selective double imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy. The X̃+ state energy decreases monotonically with an increase in size within the homologous series of acenes and approaches an asymptotic limit [AIE(polyacene) = 5.94 ± 0.06 eV] based on a fit with an exponential decay function. As byproducts of heptacene formation from cycloreversion of diheptacenes, 5,18-, 7,16-, and 6,17-dihydroheptacene can be detected, and their AIE is similar to that of their largest acene subunit (anthracene and tetracene, respectively), in very good agreement with computational treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie S Wagner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Peisert
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Chassé
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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21
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Deng CL, Obi AD, Tra BYE, Sarkar SK, Dickie DA, Gilliard RJ. Air- and photo-stable luminescent carbodicarbene-azaboraacenium ions. Nat Chem 2024; 16:437-445. [PMID: 38052948 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Substitution of a C=C bond by an isoelectronic B-N bond is a well-established strategy to alter the electronic structure and stability of acenes. BN-substituted acenes that possess narrow energy gaps have attractive optoelectronic properties. However, they are susceptible to air and/or light. Here we present the design, synthesis and molecular structures of fully π-conjugated cationic BN-doped acenes stabilized by carbodicarbene ligands. They are luminescent in the solution and solid states and show high air and moisture stability. Compared with their neutral BN-substituted counterparts as well as the parent all-carbon acenes, these species display improved quantum yields and small optical gaps. The electronic structures of the azabora-anthracene and azabora-tetracene cations resemble higher-order acenes while possessing high photo-oxidative resistance. Investigations using density functional theory suggest that the stability and photo-physics of these conjugated systems may be ascribed to their cationic nature and the electronic properties of the carbodicarbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Akachukwu D Obi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bi Youan E Tra
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samir Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Robert J Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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22
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Zuzak R, Kumar M, Stoica O, Soler-Polo D, Brabec J, Pernal K, Veis L, Blieck R, Echavarren AM, Jelinek P, Godlewski S. On-Surface Synthesis and Determination of the Open-Shell Singlet Ground State of Tridecacene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317091. [PMID: 38192200 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The character of the electronic structure of acenes has been the subject of longstanding discussion. However, convincing experimental evidence of their open-shell character has so far been missing. Here, we present the on-surface synthesis of tridecacene molecules by thermal annealing of octahydrotridecacene on a Au(111) surface. We characterized the electronic structure of the tridecacene by scanning probe microscopy, which reveals the presence of an inelastic signal at 126 meV. We attribute the inelastic signal to spin excitation from the singlet diradical ground state to the triplet excited state. To rationalize the experimental findings, we carried out many-body ab initio calculations as well as model Hamiltonians to take into account the effect of the metallic substrate. Moreover, we provide a detailed analysis of how the dynamic electron correlation and virtual charge fluctuation between the molecule and metallic surface reduces the singlet-triplet band gap. Thus, this work provides the first experimental confirmation of the magnetic character of tridecacene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Zuzak
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Manish Kumar
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnicka 10, 16200, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Otilia Stoica
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Quımica Organica i Analıtica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Diego Soler-Polo
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnicka 10, 16200, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Brabec
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katarzyna Pernal
- Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 219, 90924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Libor Veis
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Remi Blieck
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio M Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Quımica Organica i Analıtica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pavel Jelinek
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnicka 10, 16200, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Szymon Godlewski
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30348, Krakow, Poland
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23
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King RA, Schreiner PR, Crawford TD. Structure of [18]Annulene Revisited: Challenges for Computing Benzenoid Systems. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1098-1108. [PMID: 38306465 PMCID: PMC10875677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
For cyclic conjugated structures, erratic computational results have been obtained with Hartree-Fock (HF) molecular orbital (MO) methods as well as density functional theory (DFT) with large HF-exchange contributions. In this work, the reasons for this unreliability are explored. Extensive computations on [18]annulene and related compounds highlight the pitfalls to be avoided and the due diligence required for such computational investigations. In particular, a careful examination of the MO singlet-stability eigenvalues is recommended. The appearance of negative eigenvalues is not (necessarily) problematic, but near-zero (positive or negative) eigenvalues can lead to dramatic errors in vibrational frequencies and related properties. DFT approaches with a lower HF admixture generally appear more robust in this regard for the description of benzenoid structures, although they may exaggerate the tendency toward planarity and C-C bond-equalization. For the iconic [18]annulene, the results support a nonplanar equilibrium structure. The density-fitted frozen natural orbital coupled-cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples [DF-FNO CCSD(T)] method of electron correlation with an aug-pVQZ/aug-pVTZ basis set places the C2 global minimum 1.1 kcal mol-1 below the D6h stationary point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rollin A. King
- Department
of Chemistry, Bethel University, St. Paul, Minnesota 55112, United States
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - T. Daniel Crawford
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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24
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Babu SA, E J, John J. Annulation reactions of electrophilic benzannulated heterocycles towards heteroacenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1674-1689. [PMID: 38258327 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05449g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The current review describes different annulation strategies reported with electrophilic benzannulated heterocycles for accessing heteroacenes. For the past two decades, the chemistry of electrophilic benzannulated heterocycles was extensively investigated, and several dipolar cycloadditions, metal and organo-catalyzed transformations were introduced for the generation of fused heterocycles. In this review, we have collected all the reports where the annulation of electrophilic benzannulated heterocycles results in a fully aromatic system, viz. heteroacenes with tri-, tetra-, and pentacyclic rings. We reviewed every paper on the synthesis of fused heterocycles that was accessible and categorized the review into several parts based on the electrophilic benzannulated heterocycle used in the heteroacene synthesis such as electrophilic indole, electrophilic benzothiophene, and so forth. The generality and mechanistic postulates of each methodology are highlighted. In addition, we have also tried to feature the advantages or shortcomings of each method and have mentioned the possible applications of these methodologies for accessing heteroacenes for material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheba Ann Babu
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram-695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
| | - Jijy E
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram-695019, India
- Department of Chemistry, MES College, Nedumkandam, Idukki, Kerala-685553, India.
| | - Jubi John
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram-695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
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25
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Qi Z, Wang S, Ji B, Shang H, Ye T, Shi Y, Xiao J. Self-Assembly of Functionalized Twistarenes into Supramolecular Assemblies with Chiroptical Property and Photoconductive Behavior. Org Lett 2024; 26:781-785. [PMID: 38241637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
A pair of novel chiral 1-phenylethylamine-modified twistarenes (4 and 11; compound 4 = 9,14-di-tert-butyl-7,16-diphenyl-2-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-benzo[8',9']triphenyleno[2',3':6,7]fluoreno[2,1,9-def]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione) have been synthesized and characterized, and how the solvent component affects the chirality transfer of their self-assembled processes is investigated in mixtures with THF and H2O. The ordered assembly of 11 exhibits circular dichroism response. In addition, both 11a and 11b display positive photoconducting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Qi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei ProvinceHebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Sujuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei ProvinceHebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingliang Ji
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei ProvinceHebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Shang
- Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongtong Ye
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei ProvinceHebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Shi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei ProvinceHebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinchong Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei ProvinceHebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
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26
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Unger F, Lepple D, Asbach M, Craciunescu L, Zeiser C, Kandolf AF, Fišer Z, Hagara J, Hagenlocher J, Hiller S, Haug S, Deutsch M, Grüninger P, Novák J, Bettinger HF, Broch K, Engels B, Schreiber F. Optical Absorption Properties in Pentacene/Tetracene Solid Solutions. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:747-760. [PMID: 38232326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Modifying the optical and electronic properties of crystalline organic thin films is of great interest for improving the performance of modern organic semiconductor devices. Therein, the statistical mixing of molecules to form a solid solution provides an opportunity to fine-tune optical and electronic properties. Unfortunately, the diversity of intermolecular interactions renders mixed organic crystals highly complex, and a holistic picture is still lacking. Here, we report a study of the optical absorption properties in solid solutions of pentacene and tetracene, two prototypical organic semiconductors. In the mixtures, the optical properties can be continuously modified by statistical mixing at the molecular level. Comparison with time-dependent density functional theory calculations on occupationally disordered clusters unravels the electronic origin of the low energy optical transitions. The disorder partially relaxes the selection rules, leading to additional optical transitions that manifest as optical broadening. Furthermore, the contribution of diabatic charge-transfer states is modified in the mixtures, reducing the observed splitting in the 0-0 vibronic transition. Additional comparisons with other blended systems generalize our results and indicate that changes in the polarizability of the molecular environment in organic thin-film blends induce shifts in the absorption spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Unger
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Lepple
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Asbach
- Julius-Maximilian University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Luca Craciunescu
- Julius-Maximilian University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, U.K
| | - Clemens Zeiser
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas F Kandolf
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zbyněk Fišer
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics (UFKL), Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hagara
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Hagenlocher
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hiller
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Haug
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marian Deutsch
- Julius-Maximilian University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Grüninger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jiří Novák
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics (UFKL), Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Julius-Maximilian University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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27
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Padniuk I, Stoica O, Zuzak R, Blieck R, Krawiec M, Godlewski S, Echavarren AM. On surface synthesis of an eleven-ring sulfur-doped nonacene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:858-861. [PMID: 38131529 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05486a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Dithienoacenes with a heptacene core, heptaceno[2,3-b:11,12-b']bis[1]benzothiophene, have been synthesized through the combination of solution and surface assisted chemistry. The atomic composition, structural arrangement and electronic properties of the molecules on the Au(111) surface have been deeply explored by non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM), bond-resolved scanning tunnelling microscopy (BR-STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) corroborated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our combined experiments reveal modifications induced by sulfur substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Padniuk
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow PL 30-348, Poland.
- Jagiellonian University, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Prof. St. Łojasiewicza St 11, PL30348, Cracow, Poland
| | - Otilia Stoica
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
- Departament de Química Organica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcell·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Rafal Zuzak
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow PL 30-348, Poland.
| | - Remi Blieck
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
- Departament de Química Organica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcell·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Mariusz Krawiec
- Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 1, Lublin 20-031, Poland.
| | - Szymon Godlewski
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow PL 30-348, Poland.
| | - Antonio M Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
- Departament de Química Organica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcell·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
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28
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Yang XF, Zhang MX, Liu SH, Hartl F. Metallaaromatic Complexes as Candidates for Future Molecular Materials and Electronic Devices: Recent Advancements. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300860. [PMID: 37997007 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the field of organometallic chemistry has made a great progress and diverse types of metallaaromatics have successively been reported. In those studies, incorporation of ligated osmium centers into metallaaromatic systems played a prominent role. The reviewed literature documents that certain metallaaromatics with unconventional photophysical properties, redox and electronic transport properties and magnetism, have potential to be widely used in diverse practical applications, with selected examples of amino acid and fluoride anion identification, photothermal effects, functional materials, photodynamic therapy (PDT) in biomedicine, single-molecule junction conductors, and electron-transport layer materials (ETLs) in solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Xing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti-cancer Active Ingredients, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - František Hartl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6DX, United Kingdom
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29
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Hulley EB, Clennan EL. Dihydrophenanthrene Open-Shell Singlet Diradicals and Their Roles in the Mallory Photocyclization Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1122-1131. [PMID: 38163932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A computational study (ωB97X-D/6-31G(d)) of the Mallory photocyclization reaction has revealed that the well-established dihydrophenanthrene (DHP) intermediates can adopt either closed-shell (CS) or open-shell-diradical (OS) singlet ground states. A detailed study of the properties of DHPs allowed their classifications as OS, borderline-OS, borderline-CS, or CS intermediates. The triplet electronic state and higher energy CS* isomer of all the OS singlet diradicals were computationally located, and the expected relationship between the diradical index, yo, and the triplet energy and the OS-CS* energy gaps was established. The importance of aromaticity in stabilizing the OS singlet diradicals was confirmed by using the Harmonic Oscillator Model of Aromaticity (HOMA). The thermal decompositions of DHPs by cycloreversions to regenerate the Mallory starting materials were also studied. The cycloreversion mechanism was described as a homolytic cleavage characterized by an anchimeric assistance continuum promoted by bis-β-homolytic cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott B Hulley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Edward L Clennan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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30
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Yan Y, Brega V, Pina MM, Thomas SW. Electronic effects of conjugated aryl groups on the properties and reactivities of di(arylethynyl)tetracenes. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:289-295. [PMID: 38054249 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01601c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical oxidations of acenes can cause challenges with their optoelectronic applications, such as singlet fission and organic transistors. At the same time, these reactions form the basis for many luminescent sensing schemes for 1O2. While diethynyl substitution is arguably the most widely adopted of the various substitution strategies to control oxidation and also improve solubility and processability of long acenes, the extent to which differences between the alkyne groups can influence key properties of long acenes remains largely unknown. This report therefore describes the effects of various arenes and heteroarenes on the electronic structures, optical properites, and reactivity with singlet oxygen for eight 5,12-di(arylethynyl)tetracenes. The fluorescence spectra of these tetracenes span approximately 100 nm, while their observed rate constants for reaction with singlet oxygen correlates strongly with the HOMO level, spanning one order of magnitude. They are also amenable to fluorescent materials that respond ratiometrically to singlet oxygen. Therefore, electronic effects of groups directly conjugated to ethynylacenes offer a useful chemical space for rational acene design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Valentina Brega
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Manuel M Pina
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Samuel W Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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31
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Pratakshya P, Xu C, Dibble DJ, Mukazhanova A, Liu P, Burke AM, Kurakake R, Lopez R, Dennison PR, Sharifzadeh S, Gorodetsky AA. Octopus-inspired deception and signaling systems from an exceptionally-stable acene variant. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8528. [PMID: 38135683 PMCID: PMC10746719 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional platforms that can dynamically modulate their color and appearance have attracted attention for applications as varied as displays, signaling, camouflage, anti-counterfeiting, sensing, biomedical imaging, energy conservation, and robotics. Within this context, the development of camouflage systems with tunable spectroscopic and fluorescent properties that span the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared spectral regions has remained exceedingly challenging because of frequently competing materials and device design requirements. Herein, we draw inspiration from the unique blue rings of the Hapalochlaena lunulata octopus for the development of deception and signaling systems that resolve these critical challenges. As the active material, our actuator-type systems incorporate a readily-prepared and easily-processable nonacene-like molecule with an ambient-atmosphere stability that exceeds the state-of-the-art for comparable acenes by orders of magnitude. Devices from this active material feature a powerful and unique combination of advantages, including straightforward benchtop fabrication, competitive baseline performance metrics, robustness during cycling with the capacity for autonomous self-repair, and multiple dynamic multispectral operating modes. When considered together, the described exciting discoveries point to new scientific and technological opportunities in the areas of functional organic materials, reconfigurable soft actuators, and adaptive photonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeta Pratakshya
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chengyi Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - David J Dibble
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Aliya Mukazhanova
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Panyiming Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Anthony M Burke
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Reina Kurakake
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Robert Lopez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Philip R Dennison
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sahar Sharifzadeh
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Alon A Gorodetsky
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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32
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Dengiz C. Biphenylene-containing polycyclic conjugated compounds. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1895-1911. [PMID: 38116241 PMCID: PMC10729107 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a growing emphasis on the synthesis of polycyclic conjugated compounds, driven by their distinct structural characteristics that make them valuable candidates for use in cutting-edge technologies. In particular, acenes, a subgroup of polycyclic aromatic compounds, are sought-after synthetic targets due to their remarkable optoelectronic properties which stem from their π-conjugation and planar structure. Despite all these promising characteristics, acenes exhibit significant stability problems when their conjugation enhances. Various approaches have been developed to address this stability concern. Among these strategies, one involves the incorporation of the biphenylene unit into acene frameworks, limiting the electron delocalization through the antiaromatic four-membered ring. This review gives a brief overview of the methods used in the synthesis of biphenylenes and summarizes the recent studies on biphenylene-containing polycyclic conjugated compounds, elucidating their synthesis, and distinct optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagatay Dengiz
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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33
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Balduzzi F, Stewart P, Samanta SK, Mooibroek TJ, Hoeg-Jensen T, Shi K, Smith BD, Davis AP. A High-Affinity "Synthavidin" Receptor for Squaraine Dyes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314373. [PMID: 37816075 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Strong-binding host-guest pairings in aqueous media have potential as "supramolecular glues" in biomedical techniques, complementing the widely-used (strept)avidin-biotin combination. We have previously found that squaraine dyes are bound very strongly by tetralactam macrocycles possessing anthracenyl units as cavity walls. Here we show that replacing the anthracenes with pentacyclic 5,7,12,14-tetrahydro-5,7,12,14-tetraoxapentacene (TOP) units generates receptors which bind squaraines with increased affinities (around Ka =1010 m-1 ) and improved selectivities. Binding can be followed through changes to squaraine fluorescence and absorbance. The TOP units are easy to prepare and potentially variable, while the TOP-based receptor shows improved photostability, both in itself and in complex with squaraines. The results suggest that this system could prove valuable in the further development of practical "synthavidin" chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Balduzzi
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Stewart
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Soumen K Samanta
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tiddo J Mooibroek
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kejia Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, United States
| | - Bradley D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, United States
| | - Anthony P Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Bulgarevich K, Takimiya K. Crystal-structure simulation of molecular semiconductors: brickwork-related crystal structures of methylthiolated peri-condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:5492-5499. [PMID: 37970694 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01055d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite the critical importance to carrier transport properties, studies on the control and prediction of crystal structures of molecular semiconductors have not been well-matured. To tackle this issue, we have developed "in silico crystallization" (ISC) protocols for simulating the brickwork (BW) crystal structures of methylchalcogenolated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, by carefully analyzing a BW-related polymorph of experimental crystal structures, an inclined brickwork (iBW) structure, we further extend the ISC protocol to simulate various BW-related crystal structures including iBW structures. Rational conditional branching in the simulation not only makes it possible to simulate eight polymorph candidates of methylchalcogenolated PAHs but also helps understand the relationship between the polymorphs. Furthermore, the relative favorability of each polymorphic candidate, i.e., the likelihood of the appearance among the polymorph candidates, can also be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Bulgarevich
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Takimiya
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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35
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Bak JM, Song M, Shin I, Lim HN. A deconstruction-reconstruction strategy to access 1-naphthol derivatives: application to the synthesis of aristolactam scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8936-8941. [PMID: 37916683 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01603j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
A deconstruction-reconstruction strategy for the synthesis of multisubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is delineated herein. The deconstruction step enables the synthesis of o-cyanomethylaroyl fluorides that are bifunctional substrates holding both a pro-nucleophile and an electrophile. The construction step involves a formal [4 + 2] benzannulation using o-cyanomethylaroyl fluorides and active methylenes. The utility of this synthetic method is also demonstrated by the synthesis of a tetracyclic aristolactam derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Min Bak
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moonyeong Song
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Inji Shin
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Nam Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Zeitter N, Hippchen N, Weidlich A, Jäger P, Ludwig P, Rominger F, Dreuw A, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF. Hexakis-TIPS-Alkynylated Nonacenes: Persistent and Processible. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302323. [PMID: 37490332 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Four substituted nonacenes were prepared and characterized by UV-vis and EPR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The compounds are the most stable and soluble nonacenes to date - due to six strategically placed triisopropylsilyl(TIPS)-ethynyl groups. They are stable for several weeks in the solid state. In dilute solution their half-life is 5-9 h. Crystal structure analyses of two nonacenes prove their structures. A nonacene derivative was tested in a solution-processed transistor and exhibits ambipolar charge transport (μe =0.007 cm2 /Vs; μh =0.023 cm2 /Vs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Zeitter
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Hippchen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Weidlich
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Jäger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Ludwig
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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37
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Metzler M, Virovets A, Lerner HW, Wagner M. B 2,N 4-Doped Heptacenes: Ambipolar Charge-Transfer Compounds with Deep LUMO Levels. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23824-23831. [PMID: 37862629 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The B2,N4-doped heptacene H4 in which two N,N'-dihydrophenazine units are linked by two BMes bridges (Mes = mesityl) was synthesized via fourfold Buchwald-Hartwig coupling between 2,3,6,7-tetrachloro-9,10-dimesityl-9,10-dihydro-9,10-diboraanthracene and o-phenylenediamine (tBuXPhos-Pd-G3, DBU/NaOTf, 2-MeTHF, 50 °C, 16 h). Upon exposure to ambient air, H4 is oxidized to its N,N'-dihydro form H2; further oxidation with MnO2 furnishes the di(phenazine) derivative H0. Stirring under a blanket of H2 in the presence of Pd/C hydrogenates H0 back to H2 and ultimately H4. Yellow-colored H0 is a remarkably good electron acceptor with a LUMO-energy level of -3.9 eV; upon irradiation with a 405 nm LED in the presence of THF or 1,4-cyclohexadiene, H0 accepts two H atoms to furnish H2. One-electron reduction of H0 yields the isolable radical-anion salt Li[H0] (lithium naphthalenide, THF, -30 °C to rt). The ambipolar compounds H2 and H4 possess a navy blue and deep purple color, respectively, due to charge-transfer interactions from the electron-rich N,N'-dihydrophenazine donor(s) to the electron-accepting B2C4 core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Metzler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, D-60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Alexander Virovets
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, D-60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, D-60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, D-60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
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38
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Kaur R, Kaur S, Randhawa DKK, Sharma R, Kaur P. Mechanism of rectification and negative differential resistance in single-molecule junctions with asymmetric anchoring groups: a DFT study. J Mol Model 2023; 29:340. [PMID: 37840050 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT This study aims to investigate the electronic transport properties of tetracene molecule connected to gold (Au) electrodes with asymmetric anchoring groups. More specifically, we investigate the effect of asymmetric electrode coupling on the rectification ratio of tetracene-based molecular device. To introduce coupling asymmetry in these junctions, one end of the tetracene molecule is terminated with thiol (-SH) or isocyanide (-NC) while the other end with amine (-NH2) or nitro (-NO2) anchoring group. The results indicate that the electronic transport behavior is affected by the nature of molecule-electrode coupling, and the rectification ratio can be modulated by a proper choice of the anchoring groups. We reveal that the tetracene molecule when connected with isocyanide and amine combination exhibits remarkable rectifying performance (with a rectification ratio of 74) in contrast with other configurations. Furthermore, a prominent negative differential resistance (NDR) feature is observed when the molecule is connected with thiol as one of the anchors. Our present findings with excellent rectifying performance and negative differential resistance pave a new roadmap for designing multifunctional molecular devices. METHODS By applying non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism combined with density functional theory (DFT) Atomistic Tool Kit software package, the electronic transport properties of tetracene molecule connected to gold electrodes with asymmetric anchoring groups have been investigated. The calculations were performed using the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) parameterization of DFT within generalized gradient approximation (GGA) exchange-correlation functional. To improve calculation precision and save computational efforts, the molecule and anchor groups were double-ζ (DZ) polarized, while single-ζ (SZ) polarized basis set was used for gold electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupendeep Kaur
- Department of Electronics Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Sukhdeep Kaur
- Department of Electronics Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
| | - Deep Kamal Kaur Randhawa
- Department of Engineering and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University Regional Campus, Jalandhar, 144007, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Pawandeep Kaur
- Department of Electronics Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
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Wu MX, Li Y, Liu P, Shi X, Kang H, Zhao XL, Xu L, Li X, Fang J, Fang Z, Cheng Y, Yu H, Shi X, Yang HB. Functionalization of Pentacene: A Facile and Versatile Approach to Contorted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309619. [PMID: 37610742 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a facile and versatile strategy for the synthesis of contorted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) starting from the functionalized pentacene was established. A series of novel PAHs 1-4 and their derivatives were synthesized through a simple two-step synthesis procedure involving an intramolecular reductive Friedel-Crafts cyclization of four newly synthesized pentacene aldehydes 5-8 as a key step. All the molecules were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and their photophysical and electrochemical properties were studied in detail. Interestingly, the most striking feature of 1-4 is their highly contorted carbon structures and the accompanying helical chirality. In particular, the optical resolution of 2 was successfully achieved by chiral-phase HPLC, and the enantiomers were characterized by circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence spectroscopy. Despite the highly nonplanar conformations, these contorted PAHs exhibited emissive properties with moderate-to-good fluorescence quantum yields, implying the potential utility of this series PAHs as high-quality organic laser dyes. By using a self-assembly method with the help of epoxy resin, a bottle microlaser based on 3 a was successfully illustrated with a lasing wavelength of 567.8 nm at a threshold of 0.3 mJ/cm2 . We believe that this work will shed light on the chemical versatility of pentacene and its derivatives in the construction of novel functionalized PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xiang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Yantong Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xusheng Shi
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hao Kang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Fang
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Ya Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Huakang Yu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xueliang Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
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40
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Bourgalais J, Mercier X, Al-Mogren MM, Hochlaf M. Accurate Prediction of Adiabatic Ionization Energies for PAHs and Substituted Analogues. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8447-8458. [PMID: 37773010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The accurate calculation of adiabatic ionization energies (AIEs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their substituted analogues is essential for understanding their electronic properties, reactivity, stability, and environmental/health implications. This study demonstrates that the M06-2X density functional theory method excels in predicting the AIEs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related molecules, rivaling the (R)CCSD(T)-F12 method in terms of accuracy. These findings suggest that M06-2X, coupled with an appropriate basis set, represents a reliable and efficient method for studying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related molecules, aligning well with the experimental techniques. The set of molecules examined in this work encompasses numerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from m/z 67 up to m/z 1,176, containing heteroatoms that may be found in biofuels or nucleic acid bases, making the results highly relevant for photoionization experiments and mass spectrometry. For coronene-derivative molecular species with the C6n2H6n chemical formula, we give an expression to predict their AIEs (AIE (n) = 4.359 + 4.8743n-0.72057, in eV) upon extending the π-aromatic cloud until reaching graphene. In the long term, the application of this method is anticipated to contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationships between PAHs and graphene, guiding research in materials science and electronic applications and serving as a valuable tool for validating theoretical calculation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muneerah Mogren Al-Mogren
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majdi Hochlaf
- Université Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/IMSE, 77454 Champs sur Marne, France
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41
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Wei Y, Cai Y, He L, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Zhang J, Wang P. Molecular engineering of nitrogen-rich helicene based organic semiconductors for stable perovskite solar cells. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10285-10296. [PMID: 37772097 PMCID: PMC10530664 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02845c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic heteroaromatics play a pivotal role in advancing the field of high-performance organic semiconductors. In this study, we report the synthesis of a pyrrole-bridged double azahelicene through intramolecular oxidative cyclization. By incorporating bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amine (OMeDPA) and ethylenedioxythiophene-phenyl-OMeDPA (EP-OMeDPA) into the sp3-nitrogen rich double helicene framework, we have successfully constructed two organic semiconductors with ionization potentials suitable for application in perovskite solar cells. The amorphous films of both organic semiconductors exhibit hole density-dependent mobility and conductivity. Notably, the organic semiconductor utilizing EP-OMeDPA as the electron donor demonstrates superior hole mobility at a given hole density, which is attributed to reduced reorganization energy and increased centroid distance. Moreover, this organic semiconductor exhibits a remarkably elevated glass transition temperature of up to 230 °C and lower diffusivity for external small molecules and ions. When employed as the p-doped hole transport layer in perovskite solar cells, TMDAP-EP-OMeDPA achieves an improved average efficiency of 21.7%. Importantly, the solar cell with TMDAP-EP-OMeDPA also demonstrates enhanced long-term operational stability and storage stability at 85 °C. These findings provide valuable insights into the development of high-performance organic semiconductors, contributing to the practical application of perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310030 China
| | - Yaohang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310030 China
| | - Lifei He
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310030 China
| | - Yuyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310030 China
| | - Yi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310030 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310030 China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310030 China
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42
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Xu T, Hou X, Han Y, Wei H, Li Z, Chi C. Fused Indacene Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304937. [PMID: 37387478 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic hydrocarbons consisting of two or more directly fused antiaromatic subunits are rare due to their high reactivity. However, it is important to understand how the interactions between the antiaromatic subunits influence the electronic properties of the fused structure. Herein, we present the synthesis of two fused indacene dimer isomers: s-indaceno[2,1-a]-s-indacene (s-ID) and as-indaceno[3,2-b]-as-indacene (as-ID), containing two fused antiaromatic s-indacene or as-indacene units, respectively. Their structures were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. 1 H NMR/ESR measurements and DFT calculations revealed that both s-ID and as-ID have an open-shell singlet ground state. However, while localized antiaromaticity was observed in s-ID, as-ID showed weak global aromaticity. Moreover, as-ID exhibited a larger diradical character and a smaller singlet-triplet gap than s-ID. All the differences can be attributed to their distinct quinoidal substructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xudong Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haipeng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhengtao Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
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43
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Saatlo RE, Matiba JP, Rudolph M, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK. Gold(I)-Mediated Cyclizations of Triene-Yne Systems: An Easy Access to Cyclopenta-Fused Anthracenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301671. [PMID: 37283554 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The direct synthesis of cyclopenta-fused anthracenes (CP-anthracenes) through a gold(I)-catalyzed cyclization reaction of easily available triene-yne systems bearing a benzofulvene substructure, is reported. The targets are of great interest due to the potential use as organic materials and the preparation of these compounds is gaining huge importance. The applied starting materials are readily available through a three-step synthesis, which further contributes to the advantages of this route. In addition, UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra of the obtained CP-anthracenes were recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Eshagh Saatlo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan P Matiba
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Stephen K Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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44
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Sarkar S, Banik H, Rahman FY, Majumdar S, Bhattacharjee D, Hussain SA. Effect of long chain fatty acids on the memory switching behavior of tetraindolyl derivatives. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26330-26343. [PMID: 37671340 PMCID: PMC10476023 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03869f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-volatile memory devices using organic materials have attracted much attention due to their excellent scalability, fast switching speed, low power consumption, low cost etc. Here, we report both volatile as well as non-volatile resistive switching behavior of p-di[3,3'-bis(2-methylindolyl)methane]benzene (Indole2) and its mixture with stearic acid (SA). Previously, we have reported the bipolar resistive switching (BRS) behavior using 1,4-bis(di(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)benzene (Indole1) molecules under ambient conditions [Langmuir 37 (2021) 4449-4459] and complementary resistive switching (CRS) behavior when the device was exposed to 353 K or higher temperature [Langmuir 38 (2022) 9229-9238]. However, the present study revealed that when the H of -NH group of Indole1 is replaced by -CH3, the resultant Indole2 molecule-based device showed volatile threshold switching behaviour. On the other hand, when Indole2 is mixed with SA at a particular mole fraction, dynamic evolution of an Au/Indole2-SA/ITO device from volatile to non-volatile switching occurred with very good device stability (>285 days), memory window (6.69 × 102), endurance (210 times), data retention (6.8 × 104 s) and device yield of the order of 78.5%. Trap controlled SCLC as well as electric field driven conduction was the key behind the observed switching behaviour of the devices. In the active layer, trap centers due to the SA network may be responsible for non-volatile characteristics of the device. Observed non-volatile switching may be a potential candidate for write once read many (WORM) memory applications in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Sarkar
- Thin Film and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799022 West Tripura Tripura India
| | - Hritinava Banik
- Thin Film and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799022 West Tripura Tripura India
| | - Farhana Yasmin Rahman
- Thin Film and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799022 West Tripura Tripura India
| | - Swapan Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799022 West Tripura Tripura India
| | - Debajyoti Bhattacharjee
- Thin Film and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799022 West Tripura Tripura India
| | - Syed Arshad Hussain
- Thin Film and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799022 West Tripura Tripura India
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45
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Boné T, Windischbacher A, Scheucher L, Presel F, Schnabl P, Wagner MS, Bettinger HF, Peisert H, Chassé T, Puschnig P, Ramsey MG, Sterrer M, Koller G. Orientation, electronic decoupling and band dispersion of heptacene on modified and nanopatterned copper surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:475003. [PMID: 37586386 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acf105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of heptacene (7 A) on Cu(110) and Cu(110)-(2 × 1)-O was studied with scanning tunneling microscopy, photoemission orbital tomography and density functional calculations to reveal the influence of surface passivation on the molecular geometry and electronic states. We found that the charge transfer into the 7 A molecules on Cu(110) is completely suppressed for the oxygen-modified Cu surface. The molecules are aligned along the Cu-O rows and uncharged. They are tilted due to the geometry enforced by the substrate and the ability to maximize intermolecular π-π overlap, which leads to strong π-band dispersion. The HOMO-LUMO gap of these decoupled molecules is significantly larger than that reported on weakly interacting metal surfaces. Finally, the Cu-O stripe phase was used as a template for nanostructured molecular growth and to assess possible confinement effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boné
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Windischbacher
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas Scheucher
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Francesco Presel
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Paul Schnabl
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marie S Wagner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Peisert
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Chassé
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Puschnig
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael G Ramsey
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Sterrer
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Koller
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
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46
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Darzi ER, Stanfield DA, McDermott L, Kelleghan AV, Schwartz BJ, Garg NK. Facile synthesis of 2-aza-9,10-diphenylanthracene and the effect of precise nitrogen atom incorporation on OLED emitters performance. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 4:3351-3355. [PMID: 37588776 PMCID: PMC10388396 DOI: 10.1039/d3ma00280b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are important compounds in materials chemistry, particularly for optoelectronic applications. One strategy for tuning PAH properties involves the net exchange of carbon atoms for heteroatoms, such as nitrogen. We report a comparative study of the well-known fluorophore 9,10-diphenylanthracene with an aza analog. The latter compound is accessed using a short sequence involving the use of two strained cyclic alkynes, benzyne and a 3,4-piperidyne, in Diels-Alder cycloaddition sequences. Comparative studies of 9,10-diphenylanthracene and the aza-analog show how the addition of a single nitrogen atom impacts electrochemical and optical properties. Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices were prepared using both compounds, which showed that nitrogen substitution leads to an unexpected red shift in electroluminescence, likely due to exciplex formation between the active layer and the 4,4'-N,N'-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (NPB) hole-transport layer. These studies highlight a unique approach to accessing heteroatom-containing PAHs, while underscoring the impact of heteroatoms on OLED device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan R Darzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - Dane A Stanfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - Luca McDermott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - Andrew V Kelleghan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - Benjamin J Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 USA
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47
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Babu SA, P V V, Poulose S, Varughese S, John J. Copper-Catalyzed Annulation of Electrophilic Benzannulated Heterocycles with 2-Aminopyridine and 2-Aminoquinoline: Direct Access toward Polyring-Fused Imidazo[1,2- a]pyridines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:10027-10039. [PMID: 37433107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a direct method for the synthesis of polyring-fused imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via a copper-catalyzed annulation of electrophilic benzannulated heterocycles with 2-aminopyridine and 2-aminoquinoline. From 3-nitroindoles and 2-aminopyridine, we could synthesize tetracenes, viz., indole-fused imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, and by starting from 2-aminoquinoline, we could generate pentacenes, viz., indolo-imidazo[1,2-a]quinolines. In addition, we could also extend the methodology toward the synthesis of benzothieno-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines starting from 3-nitrobenzothiophene. Furthermore, the basic photophysical properties of these synthesized heteroacenes were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheba Ann Babu
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Varsha P V
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Susanna Poulose
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sunil Varughese
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jubi John
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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48
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Hao T, Gao W, Yuan S, Liu Y, Li Y, Fu Y, Ding Q. One-Pot Three-Component Synthesis of Phenanthrenes via Palladium-Catalyzed Catellani and Retro-Diels-Alder Reactions. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37452758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
An efficient one-pot three-component palladium-catalyzed domino reaction of aryl iodide, 2-bromophenylboronic acid, and norbornadiene to produce phenanthrenes has been developed. Norbornadiene serves both as the activator of ortho-C-H bond and the source of ethylene via a retro-Diels-Alder reaction. The method features inexpensive and readily available substrates, a broad range of functional groups, and good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Hao
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Sitian Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yang Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qiuping Ding
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
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49
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Costello A, Duke R, Sorensen S, Kothalawala NL, Ogbaje M, Sarkar N, Kim DY, Risko C, Parkin SR, Huckaba AJ. Hydrogen-Bonding Trends in a Bithiophene with 3- and/or 4-Pyridyl Substituents. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:24485-24494. [PMID: 37457451 PMCID: PMC10339323 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
To improve the charge-carrier transport capabilities of thin-film organic materials, the intermolecular electronic couplings in the material should be maximized. Decreasing intermolecular distance while maintaining proper orbital overlap in highly conjugated aromatic molecules has so far been a successful way to increase electronic coupling. We attempted to decrease the intermolecular distance in this study by synthesizing cocrystals of simple benzoic acid coformers and dipyridyl-2,2'-bithiophene molecules to understand how the coformer identity and pyridine N atom placement affected solid-state properties. We found that with the 5-(3-pyridyl)-5'-(4-pyridyl)-isomer, the 4-pyridyl ring interacted with electrophiles and protons more strongly. Synthesized cocrystal powders were found to have reduced average crystallite size in reference to the parent compounds. The opposite was found for the intermolecular electronic couplings, as determined via density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which were relatively large in some of the cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison
M. Costello
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Rebekah Duke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Stephanie Sorensen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | | | - Moses Ogbaje
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Nandini Sarkar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Doo Young Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Sean R. Parkin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Aron J. Huckaba
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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50
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Kaur R, Kaur S, Randhawa DKK, Sharma R. Tuning the transport properties of tetracene-based single-molecule junctions with chemical or structural variation of side and anchoring groups. J Mol Model 2023; 29:208. [PMID: 37310503 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT This study aims to tune the transport properties of tetracene single-molecule junctions with the proper choice and placement of side and anchoring groups. For the operationalization of the molecule that was anchored with thiol or isocyanide groups, two different side groups, amine and nitro, in two different positions, were taken into consideration. For unperturbed tetracene molecule, a prominent negative differential resistance (NDR) feature at 1.8 V was observed with the isocyanide anchoring group while the thiol anchoring group exhibits a plateau region over a bias voltage of 2.2 to 3.2 V. At a bias voltage that is dependent on the chemical or structural change of side or anchoring groups, NDR feature of varying degree was seen in all configurations. Results show that the current flowing through the thiol-anchored molecule perturbed with the amine group at S' position is relatively larger than other configurations because of the smaller HOMO-LUMO gap and broader transmission peaks resulting in a peak to valley current ratio (PVCR) of 1.22. In addition, multiple NDR regions were realized in nitro-perturbed isocyanide-anchored molecule at S position. These results suggest their promising applications in switches, logic cells, and storage devices. METHODS The modeling and simulation of side-group mediated anchored tetracene molecule through two electrodic systems were studied using density functional theory (DFT) combined with non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) in Virtual NanoLab-AtomistixToolkit (ATK). The electron transport properties were calculated using Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) generalized gradient approximation (GGA) exchange-correlation function. To optimize computing time, gold electrodes were single zeta polarized whereas the molecule, anchor groups, and side groups were double zeta polarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupendeep Kaur
- Department of Electronics Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Sukhdeep Kaur
- Department of Electronics Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
| | - Deep Kamal Kaur Randhawa
- Department of Engineering and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University Regional Campus, Jalandhar, 144007, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
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