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Ueda M, Lee J, Yi H, Lee GH, Kim YJ, Kim GH, Oh K, Yoon SH, Nakabayashi K, Park JI. Qualitative Analysis of Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds in Vacuum Gas Oils via Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2024; 29:2508. [PMID: 38893384 PMCID: PMC11173734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the heavy fractions in crude oil has been important in petroleum industries. It is well known that heavy fractions such as vacuum gas oils (VGOs) include heteroatoms, of which sulfur and nitrogen are often characterized in many cases. We conducted research regarding the molecular species analysis of VGOs. Further refine processes using VGOs are becoming important when considering carbon recycling. In this work, we attempted to classify compounds within VGOs provided by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Two VGOs were priorly distillated from Kuwait Export crude and Lower Fars crude. Quantitative analysis was performed mainly using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS). MALDI-TOF-MS has been developed for analyzing high-molecular-weight compounds such as polymer and biopolymers. As matrix selection is one of the most important aspects in MALDI-TOFMS, the careful selection of a matrix was firstly evaluated, followed by analysis using a Kendrick plot with nominal mass series (z*). The objective was to evaluate if this work could provide an effective classification of VGOs compounds. The Kendrick plot is a well-known method for processing mass data. The difference in the Kendrick mass defect (KMD) between CnH2n-14S and CnH2n-20O is only 0.0005 mass units, which makes it difficult in general to distinguish these compounds. However, since the z* value showed effective differences during the classification of these compounds, qualitative analysis could be possible. The analysis using nominal mass series showed the potential to be used as an effective method in analyzing heavy fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morio Ueda
- Kyushu Environmental Evaluation Association, Fukuoka 813-0004, Japan
| | - Jongbeom Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Yi
- Carbon Materials Research Group, Research Institute of Industrial Science & Technology (RIST), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; (H.Y.)
| | - Gang-Ho Lee
- Carbon Materials Research Group, Research Institute of Industrial Science & Technology (RIST), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; (H.Y.)
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Hee Kim
- Department of Defense Space Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongseok Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Inha Technical College, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seong-Ho Yoon
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Koji Nakabayashi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Joo-Il Park
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
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2
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Luo R, Schrader W. Physical removal of PAXHs from highly contaminated soil by density differentiation: studying the effectiveness on the molecular level. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:136-145. [PMID: 37994147 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated soils from industrial sites, such as for coal mining or manufactured gas production, can contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with a concentration higher than 10 000 mg kg-1, which require an integrated approach for remediation. A physical treatment by separating organic contaminants from soil materials using the density difference could lower the cost for the upcoming chemical and/or biological treatment. In our study, a highly PAH contaminated soil was separated in a 39% (w/w) calcium chloride solution (ρ = 1.4 g cm-3) via stirring, aeration or ultrasonication. Both first and second methods could separate soil materials from organic particles efficiently. The light fraction comprised around 10% of the total soil weight but 80% of solvent extractable organics (SEO). Optical and transmission electron microscopic analysis showed the light fraction, which consisted of mainly black solid aggregates (BSA), differed strongly from soil materials. Additionally, the original contaminated soil, its light and heavy fractions and the corresponding water phase together with the manually separated BSA were analyzed on the molecular level using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with different atmospheric pressure ionization (API) methods, such as electrospray (ESI) and atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI). Results showed that SEO, which were primarily associated with BSA and successfully separated through physical method, contained mainly condensed aromatic ring structures of pure hydrocarbons and nitrogen heterocycles with low oxygen content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoji Luo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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3
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Gault IG, Sun C, Martin JW. Persistent Cytotoxicity and Endocrine Activity in the First Oil Sands End-Pit Lake. ACS ES&T WATER 2023; 3:366-376. [PMID: 38894704 PMCID: PMC11181316 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is a byproduct of bitumen extraction that has persistent toxicity owing to its complex mixture of organics. A prominent remediation strategy that involves aging OSPW in end-pit lakes and Base Mine Lake (BML) is the first full-scale test. Its effectiveness over the first 5 years was investigated here using real-time cell analysis, yeast estrogenic and androgenic screens (YES/YAS), and ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry. HepG2 cytotoxicity per volume of BML organics extracted decreased with age; however, the toxic potency (i.e., toxicity per mass of extract) was not significantly different between years. This was consistent with mass spectral evidence showing no difference in chemical profiles, yet lower total abundance of organics in field-aged samples, suggestive that dilution explains the declining cytotoxicity in BML. The IC50's of BML extracts for YES/YAS antagonism were at environmental concentrations and were similar despite differences in field-age. Persistent YES/YAS antagonism and cytotoxicity were detected in experimental pond OSPW field-aged >20 years, and while organic acids were depleted here, non-acid chemical classes were enriched compared to BML, suggesting these contribute to persistent toxicity of aged OSPW. To avoid a legacy of contaminated sites, active water treatment may be required to accelerate detoxification of end-pit lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G.
M. Gault
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Chenxing Sun
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Jonathan W. Martin
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
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4
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Parastar H, Tauler R. Big (Bio)Chemical Data Mining Using Chemometric Methods: A Need for Chemists. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Parastar
- Department of Chemistry Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Roma Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry IDAEA-CSIC 08034 Barcelona Spain
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5
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Modern analytical techniques are improving our ability to follow the fate of spilled oil in the environment. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2021.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Xu Y, Schrader W. Trash-to-fuel: Converting municipal waste into transportation fuels by pyrolysis. iScience 2022; 25:104036. [PMID: 35372803 PMCID: PMC8971950 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In daily life humankind is producing a significant amount of garbage, creating a great environmental concern. However, garbage consists of high amounts of carbon based materials, making it a very useful resource. An easy way to use it is to produce transport fuels obtained through pyrolysis. Multiple plastic waste materials were investigated here. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of individual polymers shows that almost complete conversion could be achieved. More than 70% liquid fuels were derived from pyrolysis of polypropylene, polystyrene at 450°C, and low-/high-density polyethylene at 500°C. Using gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HR-MS) allows studying the thermal transformation and proposing a mechanism. An examination of carbon number distribution reveals the potential of plastic liquid fuels, which can be used as an alternative to partial substitution of fossil-fuel-derived gasoline and diesel fuel and also provides a final use of polymer materials, which otherwise would be deposited on waste dumps. Development of pyrolysis reactor to convert municipal waste to transportation fuels Studying the reaction parameters of a set of different individual polymer materials Development of a reaction and degradation mechanism
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7
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Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry for Structural Elucidation of Petroleum Compounds. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Panda SK, Al-Zahrani AA, Kearney DJ, Altarooti ES, Al-Qunaysi TA. Size exclusion chromatography of aromatic compounds in high-boiling petroleum samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1657:462510. [PMID: 34614470 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of aromatic compounds in petroleum samples is of paramount interest from processing and environmental viewpoints. Considering the complexity of such samples, a selective analytical strategy viz. aromatic specific size exclusion chromatographic methodology using amino-bonded silica phase, was adopted to obtain the average molecular weights of distilled cuts, residue and the corresponding crude oil. The method was found to be suitable from middle distillates up to the residue. It was found that the increase in boiling temperature of distilled cuts was reflected in an increase in high molecular weight aromatic species. The increase in the molecular weight of aromatic species is linked to the increase in alkylation as verified by studying the elution pattern of alkylated aromatic compounds. The accuracy of the molecular weights obtained from the size exclusion chromatographic method depends on the elution profile of aromatic species in petroleum samples. It was found that the size and shape of the parent aromatic compounds negatively influence the size exclusion elution profile. However, such influence can be assumed to be negligible as all the aromatic species of each distilled cut, residue, and crude oil eluted in the permeation zone of the chromatogram. This method has the potential to be used in the second dimension of a 2D-LC method where the aromatic compounds are separated based on the size (or alkylation). The first dimension will separate compounds based on the number of aromatic rings, thereby eliminating the interference of parent aromatic compounds of different sizes in the total elution profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj K Panda
- Saudi Aramco, Research & Development Center, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Dominic J Kearney
- Saudi Aramco, Research & Development Center, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas S Altarooti
- Saudi Aramco, Research & Development Center, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Luo R, Schrader W. Getting a better overview of a highly PAH contaminated soil: A non-targeted approach assessing the real environmental contamination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126352. [PMID: 34329030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 40 years, soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were monitored according to a list of 16 PAH, established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This, however, is underestimating the danger to the environment and humanity because other high molecular weight PAHs, heterocycles (PAXH, X = N, O, S) and alkylated derivatives can also occur at the contaminated site. Here, a new non-targeted approach of highly contaminated soil (64.5 ± 9.5 g kg-1 solvent extractable organics from the German Ruhrgebiet) is introduced, where ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry is combined with multiple ionization methods to get a better overview of anthropogenic contamination at a former industrial site. In total, 21,958 elemental compositions were assigned for positive and negative mode measurements. The approach is strongly increasing the amount of data that can be obtained from a single contaminated soil, making an assessment of the real environmental risk possible. In addition to highly aromatized and (alkylated) high molecular weight PAH, other PAXH especially basic and neutral PANH with very high aromaticity were also detected. This shows that while regulations and routine analysis are still stuck in the 1960 s, modern analytical methods are present in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoji Luo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
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10
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Stylianou M, Vyrides I, Agapiou A. Oil biodesulfurization: A review of applied analytical techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1171:122602. [PMID: 33744596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The wide use of fossil fuels and their associated environmental concerns, highlighted the importance of affordable and clean energy (goal 7), as adopted by the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations for 2030. For years now, the detection of sulfur components in liquid fuels is performed mainly for environmental and health purposes in compliance with the respective legislations. Towards this, the aerobic and anaerobic biodesulfurization (BDS) process, which entails the use of microorganisms to limit the sulfur concentration is followed. To ensure effective BDS, several traditional analytical methods are utilized, although they require bench-top, bulky, costly, and time-consuming instruments along with skilled personnel. The currently employed analytical methods are mostly chromatographic techniques (e.g. liquid and gas) coupled with various detectors. To start with, high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV), as well as electrospray ionization-LC-mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-MS) were mostly reported. Additionally, many detectors were coupled to gas chromatography (CG) including atomic emission detector (GC-AED), flame ionization detector (GC-FID), flame photometric detector (GC-FPD), sulfur fluorescence detector (GC-SFD), mass selective detector (GC-MS), etc. The solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique provides extra capabilities when added to the separation techniques. Towards the continuous interest in oil supercomplex synthesis, other atmospheric and surface desorption ionization techniques, as well as the multidimensional 2D chromatographic systems (GC × GC and LC × LC) were also investigated, due to their unsurpassed resolution power. The current review ends with final remarks per applied methodology and the necessity to respect and protect the human environment and life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinos Stylianou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis Vyrides
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 57 Anexartisias Str., P.O. BOX 50329, 3603 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Agapios Agapiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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11
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Abstract
Biofuel produced from biomass pyrolysis is a good example of a highly complex mixture. Detailed understanding of its composition is a prerequisite for optimizing transformation processes and further upgrading conditions. The major challenge in understanding the composition of biofuel derived from biomass is the wide range of compounds with high diversity in polarity and abundance that can be present. In this work, a comprehensive analysis using mass spectrometry is reported. Different operation conditions are studied by utilizing multiple ionization methods (positive mode atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) and negative mode ESI) and applying different resolving power set-ups (120 k, 240 k, 480 k and 960 k) and scan techniques (full scan and spectral stitching method) to study the complexity of a pyrolysis biofuel. Using a mass resolution of 960 k and the spectral stitching scan technique gives a total of 21,703 assigned compositions for one ionization technique alone. The number of total compositions is significantly expanded by the combination of different ionization methods.
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12
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13
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Zaikin VG, Borisov RS. Options of the Main Derivatization Approaches for Analytical ESI and MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1287-1342. [PMID: 33557614 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1873100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion of preliminary chemical labeling (derivatization) in the analysis process by such powerful and widespread methods as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is a popular and widely used methodological approach. This is due to the need to remove some fundamental limitations inherent in these powerful analytic methods. Although a number of special reviews has been published discussing the utilization of derivatization approaches, the purpose of the present critical review is to comprehensively summarize, characterize and evaluate most of the previously developed and practically applied, as well as recently proposed representative derivatization reagents for ESI-MS and MALDI-MS platforms in their mostly sensitive positive ion mode and frequently hyphenated with separation techniques. The review is focused on the use of preliminary chemical labeling to facilitate the detection, identification, structure elucidation, quantification, profiling or MS imaging of compounds within complex matrices. Two main derivatization approaches, namely the introduction of permanent charge-fixed or highly proton affinitive residues into analytes are critically evaluated. In situ charge-generation, charge-switch and charge-transfer derivatizations are considered separately. The potential of using reactive matrices in MALDI-MS and chemical labeling in MS-based omics sciences is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Zaikin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Roman S Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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14
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Cho E, Solihat NN, Kim YH, Kim S. Comprehensive Lists of Internal Calibrants for Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Crude Oil and Natural Organic Matter and Their Preparation Recipes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:590-596. [PMID: 33426888 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, comprehensive lists of internal calibrants for accurate mass determination of molecules in crude oils, natural organic matter, and soil as well as their preparation recipes are presented. The lists include various sets of chemicals for positive- and negative-ion mode electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, atmospheric pressure photoionization, and laser desorption ionization. The chemicals were chosen based on their solvent compatibility, ionization efficiency, and accessibility. The sample preparation process was optimized for each ionization method and type of sample. The lists include detailed information on preparation solvent, concentrations, and mixing ratios of sample and calibrants. Internal calibration using the information in the lists results in successful calibration, and all the data presented in this study show root-mean-square errors between the theoretical and obtained m/z numbers of less than 0.4 ppm. The information presented in this study provides an important guideline for researchers working on complex mixtures with ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Cho
- Mass Spectrometry Based Convergence Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Nissa Nurfajrin Solihat
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
| | - Young Hwan Kim
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28119, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Mass Spectrometry Based Convergence Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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15
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Cao Z, Xu Y, Lyu P, Dierks M, Morales‐García Á, Schrader W, Nachtigall P, Schüth F. Flexibilization of Biorefineries: Tuning Lignin Hydrogenation by Hydrogen Partial Pressure. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:373-378. [PMID: 33174387 PMCID: PMC7839488 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes an interesting and practical catalytic system that allows flexible conversion of lignin into aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons, depending on the hydrogen partial pressure. A combination of experiment and theory shows that the product distribution between aromatics and aliphatics can be simply tuned by controlling the availability of hydrogen on the catalyst surface. Noticeably, these pathways lead to almost complete oxygen removal from lignin biomass, yielding high-quality hydrocarbons. Thus, hydrogen-lignin co-refining by using this catalytic system provides high flexibility in hydrogen storage/consumption towards meeting different regional and temporal demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwen Cao
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Yun Xu
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Pengbo Lyu
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular ChemistryFaculty of ScienceCharles University128 43Prague 2Czech Republic
| | - Michael Dierks
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Ángel Morales‐García
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular ChemistryFaculty of ScienceCharles University128 43Prague 2Czech Republic
- Present AddressDepartament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física &Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB)Universitat de Barcelonac/Martí i Franquès 1–1108028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Petr Nachtigall
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular ChemistryFaculty of ScienceCharles University128 43Prague 2Czech Republic
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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16
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Farmani Z, Vetere A, Poidevin C, Auer AA, Schrader W. Studying Natural Buckyballs and Buckybowls in Fossil Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15008-15013. [PMID: 32427395 PMCID: PMC7496765 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Buckyballs (fullerenes) were first reported over 30 years ago, but still little is known regarding their natural occurrence, since they have so far only been found at sites of high-energy incidents, such as lightning strikes or meteor impacts, but have not been reported in low-energy materials like fossil fuels. Using ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, a wide range of fullerenes from C30 to C114 was detected in the asphaltene fraction of a heavy crude oil, together with their building blocks of C10n H10 stoichiometry. High-level DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations corroborate their stability as spherical and hemispherical species. Interestingly, the maximum intensity of the fullerenes was found at C40 instead of the major fullerene C60 . Hence, experimental evidence supported by calculations show the existence of not only buckyballs but also buckybowls as 3-dimensional polyaromatic compounds in fossil materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Farmani
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Alessandro Vetere
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Corentin Poidevin
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Alexander A. Auer
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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17
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Farmani Z, Vetere A, Poidevin C, Auer AA, Schrader W. Studying Natural Buckyballs and Buckybowls in Fossil Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Farmani
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Alessandro Vetere
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Corentin Poidevin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Alexander A. Auer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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18
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Luo R, Schrader W. Development of a Non-Targeted Method to Study Petroleum Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil by Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry Using Multiple Ionization Methods. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1748665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoji Luo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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Vetere A, Alachraf MW, Panda SK, Andersson JT, Schrader W. Studying the fragmentation mechanism of selected components present in crude oil by collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:2141-2151. [PMID: 30198194 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Structural characterization of individual compounds in very complex mixtures is difficult to achieve. One important step in structural elucidation is understanding the mass spectrometric fragmentation mechanisms of the compounds present in such mixtures. Here, different individual compounds presumed to be present in a complex crude oil mixture have been synthesized and structurally characterized by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) studies. METHODS Model compounds with different aromatic cores and various substitutents were synthesized. Major effort has been put into producing isomerically pure compounds to better understand the fragmentation pattern. Each synthesized compound has been subjected to MSn studies using either a triple quadrupole or a linear ion trap mass spectrometer with electrospray or atmospheric pressure photoionization. The results are used to analyze individual compounds from a complex vacuum gas oil (VGO). RESULTS The synthesized compounds and a chromatographically simplified vacuum gas oil were used for structural analysis. The major fragmentation mechanism is the benzylic cleavage of the aliphatic side chain. Each side chain can be separately removed from the aromatic core by using MSn methods. At the end of a series of fragmentations, the base aromatic core structure remains and can be chararcterized. CONCLUSIONS By defining the fragmentation mechanism in complex oil samples it was possible to structurally characterize individual compounds present in a chromatographically simplified VGO. The compounds consist of an aromatic core with aliphatic side chains. Cleavage of all side chains can be achieved by MSn measurements, allowing characterization of the remaining core structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vetere
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - M Wasim Alachraf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Saroj K Panda
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jan T Andersson
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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20
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Lim D, Davidson KL, Son S, Ahmed A, Bush MF, Kim S. Determining Collision Cross‐Sections of Aromatic Compounds in Crude Oil by Using Aromatic Compound Mixture as Calibration Standard. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongwan Lim
- Department of ChemistryKyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Seungwoo Son
- Department of ChemistryKyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Arif Ahmed
- Department of ChemistryKyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Matthew F. Bush
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Washington Seattle WA, 98195‐1700 USA
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of ChemistryKyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
- Green‐Nano Materials Research Center Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
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21
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Solihat NN, Acter T, Kim D, Plante AF, Kim S. Analyzing Solid-Phase Natural Organic Matter Using Laser Desorption Ionization Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 91:951-957. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nissa Nurfajrin Solihat
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
| | - Thamina Acter
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Alain F. Plante
- University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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22
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Comparing Crude Oils with Different API Gravities on a Molecular Level Using Mass Spectrometric Analysis. Part 2: Resins and Asphaltenes. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11102767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The combination of fractionation methods for crude oils, such as saturate, aromatic, resin and asphaltene (SARA) fractionation, in combination with analysis by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) has been used for reducing the complexity and improving the characterization of crude oils. We have used the FT-ICR MS techniques in conjunction with electrospray ionization (ESI(±)) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI(+)) to find trends between MS data of SARA fractions of crude oils with different American Petroleum Institute (API) gravities from the Sergipe-Alagoas basin (Brazil), focusing on the resin and asphaltene fractions. For the first time, an adaptation of the SARA fractionation has been performed to obtain a second resin fraction, which presented compounds with an intermediate aromaticity level between the first resins and asphaltene fraction. Both the first and second resin and the asphaltene fractions were studied on a molecular level using multiple ionization techniques and FT-ICR MS to find a direct relationship between the API gravities of a heavy, medium and light crude oil. For the FT-ICR MS data and the API gravities an aromaticity tendency was found. The data show that the use of SARA fractionation with FT-ICR MS offers a tool for comprehensive characterization of individual fractions and selective chemical characterization of the components in crude oils.
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23
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Comparing Crude Oils with Different API Gravities on a Molecular Level Using Mass Spectrometric Analysis. Part 1: Whole Crude Oil. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11102766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Different ionization techniques based on different principles have been applied for the direct mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of crude oils providing composition profiles. Such profiles have been used to infer a number of crude oil properties. We have tested the ability of two major atmospheric pressure ionization techniques, electrospray ionization (ESI(±)) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI(+)), in conjunction with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). The ultrahigh resolution and accuracy measurements of FT-ICR MS allow for the correlation of mass spectrometric (MS) data with crude oil American Petroleum Institute (API) gravities, which is a major quality parameter used to guide crude oil refining, and represents a value of the density of a crude oil. The double bond equivalent (DBE) distribution as a function of the classes of constituents, as well as the carbon numbers as measured by the carbon number distributions, were examined to correlate the API gravities of heavy, medium, and light crude oils with molecular FT-ICR MS data. An aromaticity tendency was found to directly correlate the FT-ICR MS data with API gravities, regardless of the ionization technique used. This means that an analysis on the molecular level can explain the differences between a heavy and a light crude oil on the basis of the aromaticity of the compounds in different classes. This tendency of FT-ICR MS with all three techniques, namely, ESI(+), ESI(−), and APPI(+), indicates that the molecular composition of the constituents of crude oils is directly associated with API gravity.
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24
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Parulkar A, Thompson JA, Hurt M, Zhan BZ, Brunelli NA. Improving Hydrodenitrogenation Catalyst Performance through Analyzing Hydrotreated Vacuum Gas Oil Using Ion Mobility–Mass Spectrometry. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aamena Parulkar
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Joshua A. Thompson
- Chevron Energy Technology Company, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94801, United States
| | - Matt Hurt
- Chevron Energy Technology Company, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94801, United States
| | - Bi-Zeng Zhan
- Chevron Energy Technology Company, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94801, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Brunelli
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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25
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Tauler R, Parastar H. Big (Bio)Chemical Data Mining Using Chemometric Methods: A Need for Chemists. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 61:e201801134. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roma Tauler
- IDAEA-CSIC Environmental Chemistry Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona SPAIN
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26
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Filipovic MR, Zivanovic J, Alvarez B, Banerjee R. Chemical Biology of H 2S Signaling through Persulfidation. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1253-1337. [PMID: 29112440 PMCID: PMC6029264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 599] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by H2S is proposed to occur via persulfidation, a posttranslational modification of cysteine residues (RSH) to persulfides (RSSH). Persulfidation provides a framework for understanding the physiological and pharmacological effects of H2S. Due to the inherent instability of persulfides, their chemistry is understudied. In this review, we discuss the biologically relevant chemistry of H2S and the enzymatic routes for its production and oxidation. We cover the chemical biology of persulfides and the chemical probes for detecting them. We conclude by discussing the roles ascribed to protein persulfidation in cell signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos R. Filipovic
- Univeristy of Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jasmina Zivanovic
- Univeristy of Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Universidad de la Republica, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0600, United States
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Panda SK, Muller H, Al-Qunaysi TA, Koseoglu OR. Determination of heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by non-aqueous reversed phase liquid chromatography: Application and limitation in refining streams. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1533:30-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Krajewski LC, Rodgers RP, Marshall AG. 126 264 Assigned Chemical Formulas from an Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization 9.4 T Fourier Transform Positive Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrum. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11318-11324. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Logan C. Krajewski
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain
Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Ryan P. Rodgers
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain
Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Alan G. Marshall
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain
Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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Kim D, Yim UH, Kim B, Cha S, Kim S. Paper Spray Chemical Ionization: Highly Sensitive Ambient Ionization Method for Low- and Nonpolar Aromatic Compounds. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9056-9061. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donghwi Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil
and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Center
for Organic Analysis, Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Cha
- Department
of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 17035, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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30
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Vetere A, Pröfrock D, Schrader W. Quantitative und qualitative Analyse dreier Klassen von Schwefelverbindungen in Erdöl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vetere
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Daniel Pröfrock
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Institut für Küstenforschung; Max-Planck-Straße 1 21502 Geesthacht Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
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31
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Vetere A, Pröfrock D, Schrader W. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Three Classes of Sulfur Compounds in Crude Oil. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10933-10937. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vetere
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Daniel Pröfrock
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Institut für Küstenforschung; Max-Planck-Strasse 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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32
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Ahmed A, Lim D, Choi CH, Kim S. Correlation between experimental data of protonation of aromatic compounds at (+) atmospheric pressure photoionization and theoretically calculated enthalpies. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1023-1030. [PMID: 28401729 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The theoretical enthalpy calculated from the overall protonation reaction (electron transfer plus hydrogen transfer) in positive-mode (+) atmospheric-pressure photoionization (APPI) was compared with experimental results for 49 aromatic compounds. A linear relationship was observed between the calculated ΔH and the relative abundance of the protonated peak. The parameter gives reasonable predictions for all the aromatic hydrocarbon compounds used in this study. METHODS A parameter is devised by combining experimental MS data and high-level theoretical calculations. A (+) APPI Q Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer was used to obtain MS data for each solution. B3LYP exchange-correlation functions with the standard 6-311+G(df,2p) basis set was used to perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations. RESULTS All the molecules with ΔH <0 kcal/mol for the overall protonation reaction with toluene clusters produced protonated ions, regardless of the desolvation temperature. For molecules with ΔH >0, molecular ions were more abundant at typical APPI desolvation temperatures (300°C), while the protonated ions became comparable or dominant at higher temperatures (400°C). The toluene cluster size was an important factor when predicting the ionization behavior of aromatic hydrocarbon ions in (+) APPI. CONCLUSIONS The data used in this study clearly show that the theoretically calculated reaction enthalpy (ΔH) of protonation with toluene dimers can be used to predict the protonation behavior of aromatic compounds. When compounds have a negative ΔH value, the types of ions generated for aromatic compounds could be very well predicted based on the ΔH value. The ΔH can explain overall protonation behavior of compounds with ΔH values >0. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Green Nano Center, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Green Nano Center, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Ghislain T, Molnárné Guricza L, Schrader W. Characterization of crude oil asphaltenes by coupling size-exclusion chromatography directly to an ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:495-502. [PMID: 28010034 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fossil fuels are one of the most important energy resources until new sustainable materials become available. To optimize the upgrading processes of these materials characterization of the remaining heavy materials is of great importance. METHODS Asphaltenes are the most difficult fraction of crude oil to process due to the limited number of solvents in which they can be dissolved. Chromatographic separation methods need to consider the difficulties associated with these limitations. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) in combination with Fourier transform Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) combines the capabilities of ultrahigh resolution and very high mass accuracy with a separation method that allows using solvents as mobile phase for asphaltene separation. RESULTS A chromatographic method was developed that shows the separation of asphaltenes according to their molecular mass. A simplification of the samples was achieved by reducing the number of compounds present in a single spectrum compared to infusion data. Direct detection by mass spectrometry additionally allows a distinction of different isomers present in the complex samples. CONCLUSIONS Direct coupling of SEC with ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry allows the study of the most difficult to analyze fraction of crude oil, the asphaltene fraction. Separation reduces the complexity of individual spectra and, therefore, also reduces suppression and discrimination effects. The separation of structural isomers which cannot be characterized by MS alone gives an added dimension to the analysis of asphaltenes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Ghislain
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Lilla Molnárné Guricza
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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34
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Kozlov AV, Borisov RS, Zaikin VG. A “soft” ionization mass spectrometric study of organic sulfides as sulfonium salts. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816140070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Molnárné Guricza L, Schrader W. Argentation chromatography coupled to ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry for the separation of a heavy crude oil. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1484:41-48. [PMID: 28088359 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Simplification of highly complex mixtures such as crude oil by using chromatographic methods makes it possible to get more detailed information about the composition of the analyte. Separation by argentation chromatography can be achieved based on the interaction of different strength between the silver ions (Ag+) immobilized through a spacer on the silica gel surface and the π-bonds of the analytes. Heavy crude oils contain compounds with a high number of heteroatoms (N, O, S) and a high degree of unsaturation thus making them the perfect analyte for argentation chromatography. The direct coupling of argentation chromatography and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry allows to continuously tracking the separation of the many different compounds by retention time and allows sensitive detection on a molecular level. Direct injection of a heavy crude oil into a ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometer showed components with DBE of up to 25, whereas analytes with DBE of up to 35 could be detected only after separation with argentation chromatography. The reduced complexity achieved by the separation helps increasing the information depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Molnárné Guricza
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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36
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Kim S, Ahmed A. Protonation Sites of Aromatic Compounds in (+) Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Kyungpook National University; Daegu 702-701 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry; Green Nano Center; Daegu 702-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Arif Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry; Kyungpook National University; Daegu 702-701 Republic of Korea
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37
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Separations in the Sample Preparation for Sulfur Compound Analysis. SPRINGER HANDBOOK OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Islam A, Ahmed A, Hur M, Thorn K, Kim S. Molecular-level evidence provided by ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry for oil-derived doc in groundwater at Bemidji, Minnesota. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 320:123-132. [PMID: 27526278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter samples extracted from ground water at the USGS Bemidji oil spill site in Minnesota were investigated by ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. Principle component analysis (PCA) of the elemental composition assignments of the samples showed that the score plots for the contaminated sites were well separated from those for the uncontaminated sites. Additionally, spectra obtained from the same sampling site 7 and 19 years after the spill were grouped together in the score plot, strongly suggesting a steady state of contamination within the 12year interval. The double bond equivalence (DBE) of Ox class compounds was broader for the samples from the contaminated sites, because of the complex nature of oil and the consequent formation of compounds with saturated and/or aromatic structures from the oxygenated products of oil. In addition, Ox class compounds with a relatively smaller number of x (x<8; x=number of oxygen) and OxS1 class compounds were more abundant in the samples from the contaminated sites, because of the lower oxygen and higher sulfur contents of the oil compared to humic substances. The molecular-level signatures presented here can be a fundamental basis for in-depth analysis of oil contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananna Islam
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Arif Ahmed
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Manhoi Hur
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kevin Thorn
- Water Mission Area, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO 80225, USA
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea; Green Nano Center, Department of Chemistry, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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Wang M, Zhao S, Liu X, Shi Q. Molecular Characterization of Thiols in Fossil Fuels by Michael Addition Reaction Derivatization and Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9837-9842. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
- Research
Institute
of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Suoqi Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Xuxia Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
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Tang W, Sheng H, Jin C, Riedeman JS, Kenttämaa HI. Characterization of aromatic organosulfur model compounds relevant to fossil fuels by using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization with CS2 and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:953-962. [PMID: 26969938 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The chemistry of desulfurization involved in processing crude oil is greatly dependent on the forms of sulfur in the oil. Sulfur exists in different chemical bonding environments in fossil fuels, including those in thiophenes and benzothiophenes, thiols, sulfides, and disulfides. In this study, the fragmentation behavior of the molecular ions of 17 aromatic organosulfur compounds with various functionalities was systematically investigated by using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. METHODS Multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometric experiments were carried out using a linear quadrupole ion trap (LQIT) equipped with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source. (+)APCI/CS2 was used to generate stable dominant molecular ions for all the compounds studied except for three sulfides that also showed abundant fragment ions. The LQIT coupled with an orbitrap mass spectrometer was used for elemental composition analysis, which facilitated the identification of the neutral molecules lost during fragmentation. RESULTS The characteristic fragment ions generated in MS(2) and MS(3) experiments provide clues for the chemical bonding environment of sulfur atoms in the examined compounds. Upon collision-induced dissociation (CID), the molecular ions can lose the sulfur atom in a variety of ways, including as S (32 Da), HS(•) (33 Da), H2 S (34 Da), CS (44 Da), (•) CHS (45 Da) and CH2 S (46 Da). These neutral fragments are not only indicative of the presence of sulfur, but also of the type of sulfur present in the compound. Generally, losses of HS(•) and H2 S were found to be associated with compounds containing saturated sulfur functionalities, while losses of S, CS and (•) CHS were more common for heteroaromatic sulfur compounds. CONCLUSIONS High-resolution tandem mass spectrometry with APCI/CS2 ionization is a viable approach to determining the types of organosulfur compounds. It can potentially be applied to analysis of complex mixtures, which is beneficial to improving the desulfurization process of fossil fuels. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijuan Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Huaming Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chunfen Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - James S Riedeman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Santos VG, Fasciotti M, Pudenzi MA, Klitzke CF, Nascimento HL, Pereira RCL, Bastos WL, Eberlin MN. Fullerenes in asphaltenes and other carbonaceous materials: natural constituents or laser artifacts. Analyst 2016; 141:2767-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02333e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive investigation of the formation of fullerenes from carbonaceous materials using laser-based mass spectrometry techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa G. Santos
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | - Maíra Fasciotti
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Pudenzi
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | - Clécio F. Klitzke
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | - Heliara L. Nascimento
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcos N. Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas
- Campinas
- Brazil
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Wang X, Schrader W. Selective Analysis of Sulfur-Containing Species in a Heavy Crude Oil by Deuterium Labeling Reactions and Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:30133-43. [PMID: 26694374 PMCID: PMC4691148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A heavy crude oil has been treated with deuterated alkylating reagents (CD₃I and C₂D₅I) and directly analyzed without any prior fractionation and chromatographic separation by high-field Orbitrap Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry (FTMS) and Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) using electrospray ionization (ESI). The reaction of a polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) dibenzothiophene (DBT), in the presence of silver tetrafluoroborate (AgBF₄) with ethyl iodide (C₂H₅I) in anhydrous dichloroethane (DCE) was optimized as a sample reaction to study heavy crude oil mixtures, and the reaction yield was monitored and determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-NMR). The obtained conditions were then applied to a mixture of standard aromatic CH-, N-, O- and S-containing compounds and then a heavy crude oil, and only sulfur-containing compounds were selectively alkylated. The deuterium labeled alkylating reagents, iodomethane-d₃ (CD₃I) and iodoethane-d₅ (C₂D₅I), were employed to the alkylation of heavy crude oil to selectively differentiate the tagged sulfur species from the original crude oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxiao Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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Ahmed A, Choi CH, Kim S. Mechanistic study on lowering the sensitivity of positive atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometric analyses: size-dependent reactivity of solvent clusters. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:2095-2101. [PMID: 26443412 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Understanding the mechanism of atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) is important for studies employing APPI liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). In this study, the APPI mechanism for polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds dissolved in toluene and methanol or water mixture was investigated by use of MS analysis and quantum mechanical simulation. In particular, four different mechanisms that could contribute to the signal reduction were considered based on a combination of MS data and quantum mechanical calculations. METHODS The APPI mechanism is clarified by combining MS data and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. To obtain MS data, a positive-mode (+) APPI Q Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer was used to analyze each solution. DFT calculations were performed using the general atomic and molecular electronic structure system (GAMESS). RESULTS The experimental results indicated that methanol significantly reduced the signal in (+) APPI, but no significative signal reduction was observed when water was used as a co-solvent with toluene. The signal reduction is more significant especially for molecular ions than for protonated ions. Therefore, important information about the mechanism of methanol-induced signal reduction in (+) APPI-MS can be gained due its negative impact on APPI efficiency. CONCLUSIONS The size-dependent reactivity of methanol clusters ((CH3 OH)n , n = 1-8) is an important factor in determining the sensitivity of (+) APPI-MS analyses. Clusters can compete with toluene radical ions for electrons. The reactivity increases as the sizes of the methanol clusters increase and this effect can be caused by the size-dependent ionization energy of the solvent clusters. The resulting increase in cluster reactivity explains the flow rate and temperature-dependent signal reduction observed in the analytes. Based on the results presented here, minimizing the sizes of methanol clusters can improve the sensitivity of LC/(+)-APPI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ahmed
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Ho Choi
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
- Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
- Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Vetere A, Schrader W. 1- and 2-photon ionization for online FAIMS-FTMS coupling allows new insights into the constitution of crude oils. Anal Chem 2015. [PMID: 26221748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photoionization techniques (APPI and APLI) are important for the mass spectrometric analysis of crude oils, given the mainly unpolar character of the sample. Ultrahigh resolving Fourier Transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) allows to distinguish between most isobaric compounds as well as to unambiguously determine the elemental compositions of the detected ions. Nevertheless, the complexity of crude oil makes its thorough analysis a difficult task. Besides discriminating effects that can be avoided and depth of information that can be gained by simplification of the sample prior to the MS analysis the presence of numerous isomeric compounds limits the amount of information that can be gained by mass spectrometry alone. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been shown to be a valuable tool for isomer separation and has also been employed for the analysis of crude oils using IMS-TOF MS. The application of an online FAIMS-FTMS coupling after photoionization for the analysis of crude oils is shown. With this setup the complementarity of data obtained from both APPI and APLI ionization is demonstrated. Online separation and individual detection of different hydrocarbon isomers is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vetere
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim (Ruhr), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim (Ruhr), Germany
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Molnárné Guricza L, Schrader W. Electrospray ionization for determination of non-polar polyaromatic hydrocarbons and polyaromatic heterocycles in heavy crude oil asphaltenes. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:549-557. [PMID: 25800191 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is the most common ionization method in atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry because of its easy use and handling and because a diverse range of components can be effectively ionized from high to medium polarity. Usually, ESI is not employed for the analysis of non-polar hydrocarbons, but under some circumstances, they are effectively ionized. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic heterocycles can form radical ions and protonated molecules after ESI, which were detected by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The highly condensed aromatic structures are obtained from a heavy crude oil, and the results show class distribution from pure hydrocarbons up to more non-basic nitrogen-containing species. By using different solvent compositions [toluene/methanol (50/50 v/v), dichloromethane/methanol (50/50 v/v), dichloromethane/acetonitrile (50/50 v/v) and chloroform], the results show that the lack of proton donor agent helps to preserve the radical formation that was created at the metal/solution interface inside the electrospray capillary. The results demonstrate that with an appropriate selection of solvent and capillary voltage, the ratio between the detected radical ion and protonated molecule form can be manipulated. Therefore, ESI can be expanded for the investigation of asphaltene and other polyaromatic systems beyond the polar constituents as non-polar hydrocarbons can be efficiently analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Molnárné Guricza
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Cho Y, Ahmed A, Islam A, Kim S. Developments in FT-ICR MS instrumentation, ionization techniques, and data interpretation methods for petroleomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:248-263. [PMID: 24942384 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Because of the increasing importance of heavy and unconventional crude oil as an energy source, there is a growing need for petroleomics: the pursuit of more complete and detailed knowledge of the chemical compositions of crude oil. Crude oil has an extremely complex nature; hence, techniques with ultra-high resolving capabilities, such as Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), are necessary. FT-ICR MS has been successfully applied to the study of heavy and unconventional crude oils such as bitumen and shale oil. However, the analysis of crude oil with FT-ICR MS is not trivial, and it has pushed analysis to the limits of instrumental and methodological capabilities. For example, high-resolution mass spectra of crude oils may contain over 100,000 peaks that require interpretation. To visualize large data sets more effectively, data processing methods such as Kendrick mass defect analysis and statistical analyses have been developed. The successful application of FT-ICR MS to the study of crude oil has been critically dependent on key developments in FT-ICR MS instrumentation and data processing methods. This review offers an introduction to the basic principles, FT-ICR MS instrumentation development, ionization techniques, and data interpretation methods for petroleomics and is intended for readers having no prior experience in this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunju Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
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Otto S, Streibel T, Erdmann S, Sklorz M, Schulz-Bull D, Zimmermann R. Application of pyrolysis-mass spectrometry and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with electron-ionization or resonance-enhanced-multi-photon ionization for characterization of crude oils. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 855:60-9. [PMID: 25542090 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel analytical system for gas-chromatographic investigation of complex samples has been developed, that combines the advantages of several analytical principles to enhance the analytical information. Decomposition of high molecular weight structures is achieved by pyrolysis and a high separation capacity due to the chromatographic step provides both an universal as well as a selective and sensitive substance detection. The latter is achieved by simultaneously applying electron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry (EI-QMS) for structural elucidation and [1+1]-resonance-enhanced-multi-photon ionization (REMPI) combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ToFMS). The system has been evaluated and tested with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) standards. It was applied to crude oil samples for the first time. In such highly complex samples several thousands of compounds are present and the identification especially of low concentrated chemical species such as PAH or their polycyclic aromatic sulfur containing heterocyclic (PASH) derivatives is often difficult. Detection of unalkylated and alkylated PAH together with PASH is considerably enhanced by REMPI-ToFMS, at times revealing aromatic structures which are not observable by EI-QMS due to their low abundance. On the other hand, the databased structure proposals of the EI-QMS analysis are needed to confirm structural information and isomers distinction. The technique allows a complex structure analysis as well as selective assessment of aromatic substances in one measurement. Information about the content of sulfur containing compounds plays a significant role for the increase of efficiency in the processing of petroleum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Otto
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center of Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Erdmann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center of Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Detlef Schulz-Bull
- Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center of Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Rüger CP, Sklorz M, Schwemer T, Zimmermann R. Characterisation of ship diesel primary particulate matter at the molecular level by means of ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled to laser desorption ionisation—comparison of feed fuel, filter extracts and direct particle measurements. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5923-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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49
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Wang M, Zhao S, Chung KH, Xu C, Shi Q. Approach for Selective Separation of Thiophenic and Sulfidic Sulfur Compounds from Petroleum by Methylation/Demethylation. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1083-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503670k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Suoqi Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Keng H Chung
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
- Liaoning HuajinTongda Chemicals Co. Ltd., Panjin, Liaoning 124021, China
| | - Chunming Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
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Gole A, Andersson JT. Group-Type Separation of Nitrogen Containing Aromatic Compounds in Coal Tar Pitch on a Hafnium Modified Silica HPLC Phase. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.895948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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