1
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Traeger H, Kiebala D, Calvino C, Sagara Y, Schrettl S, Weder C, Clough JM. Microscopic strain mapping in polymers equipped with non-covalent mechanochromic motifs. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3467-3475. [PMID: 37350289 PMCID: PMC10463555 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00650f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical failure of polymers remains challenging to understand and predict, as it often involves highly localised phenomena that cannot be probed with bulk characterisation techniques. Here, we present a generalisable protocol based on optical microscopy, tensile testing, and image processing that permits the spatially resolved interrogation of mechanical deformation at the molecular level around defects in mechanophore-containing polymers. The approach can be applied to a broad range of polymeric materials, mechanophores, and deformation scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Traeger
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Derek Kiebala
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Céline Calvino
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Jess M Clough
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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2
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Ghéczy N, Tao S, Pour-Esmaeil S, Szymańska K, Jarzębski AB, Walde P. Performance of a Flow-Through Enzyme Reactor Prepared from a Silica Monolith and an α-Poly(D-Lysine)-Enzyme Conjugate. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200465. [PMID: 36598452 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is covalently bound in aqueous solution to polycationic α-poly(D-lysine) chains of ≈1000 repeating units length, PDL, via a bis-aryl hydrazone bond (BAH). Under the experimental conditions used, about 15 HRP molecules are bound along the PDL chain. The purified PDL-BAH-HRP conjugate is very stable when stored at micromolar HRP concentration in a pH 7.2 phosphate buffer solution at 4 °C. When a defined volume of such a conjugate solution of desired HRP concentration (i.e., HRP activity) is added to a macro- and mesoporous silica monolith with pore sizes of 20-30 µm as well as below 30 nm, quantitative and stable noncovalent conjugate immobilization is achieved. The HRP-containing monolith can be used as flow-through enzyme reactor for bioanalytical applications at neutral or slightly alkaline pH, as demonstrated for the determination of hydrogen peroxide in diluted honey. The conjugate can be detached from the monolith by simple enzyme reactor washing with an aqueous solution of pH 5.0, enabling reloading with fresh conjugate solution at pH 7.2. Compared to previously investigated polycationic dendronized polymer-enzyme conjugates with approximately the same average polymer chain length, the PDL-BAH-HRP conjugate appears to be equally suitable for HRP immobilization on silica surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ghéczy
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Siyuan Tao
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Sajad Pour-Esmaeil
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Szymańska
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
| | - Andrzej B Jarzębski
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
| | - Peter Walde
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
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3
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Muramatsu T, Shimizu S, Clough JM, Weder C, Sagara Y. Force-Induced Shuttling of Rotaxanes Controls Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer in Polymer Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8502-8509. [PMID: 36732315 PMCID: PMC9940108 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The molecular shuttling function of rotaxanes can be exploited to design mechanoresponsive reporter molecules. Here, we report a new approach to such rotaxane-based mechanophores, in which the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between a donor-acceptor pair is mechanically controlled. A cyclic molecule containing a green-light-emitting FRET donor connected to a red-light-emitting FRET acceptor was threaded onto an axle equipped with a quencher at its center and two stoppers in the peripheral positions. In the force-free state, the green emitter is located near the quencher so that charge transfer interactions or photo-induced electron transfer between the two moieties suppress green emission and prevent the FRET from the green to the red emitter. The mechanophore was covalently incorporated into a linear polyurethane-urea (PUU), and stretchable hydrogels were prepared by swelling this polymer with water. Upon deformation of the PUU hydrogels and under an excitation light that selectively excites the donor, the intensity of the red fluorescence increases, as a result of a force-induced separation of the green emitter from the quencher, which enables the FRET. The switching contrast is much more pronounced in the gels than in dry films, which is due to increased molecular mobility and hydrophobic effects in the hydrogel, which both promote the formation of inclusion complexes between the ring containing the green emitter and the quencher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Muramatsu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shohei Shimizu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Jessica M. Clough
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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4
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Thazhathethil S, Muramatsu T, Tamaoki N, Weder C, Sagara Y. Excited State Charge-Transfer Complexes Enable Fluorescence Color Changes in a Supramolecular Cyclophane Mechanophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209225. [PMID: 35950260 PMCID: PMC9804172 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochromic mechanophores are reporter molecules that indicate mechanical events through changes of their photophysical properties. Supramolecular mechanophores in which the activation is based on the rearrangement of luminophores and/or quenchers without any covalent bond scission, remain less well investigated. Here, we report a cyclophane-based supramolecular mechanophore that contains a 1,6-bis(phenylethynyl)pyrene luminophore and a pyromellitic diimide quencher. In solution, the blue monomer emission of the luminophore is largely quenched and a faint reddish-orange emission originating from a charge-transfer (CT) complex is observed. A polyurethane elastomer containing the mechanophore displays orange emission in the absence of force, which is dominated by the CT-emission. Mechanical deformation causes a decrease of the CT-emission and an increase of blue monomer emission, due to the spatial separation between the luminophore and quencher. The ratio of the two emission intensities correlates with the applied stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakkeeb Thazhathethil
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1 OokayamaMeguro-ku, Tokyo152-8552Japan,Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido UniversityN20, W10SapporoHokkaido001-0020Japan
| | - Tatsuya Muramatsu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1 OokayamaMeguro-ku, Tokyo152-8552Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido UniversityN20, W10SapporoHokkaido001-0020Japan
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 41700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1 OokayamaMeguro-ku, Tokyo152-8552Japan
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5
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Thazhathethil S, Muramatsu T, Tamaoki N, Weder C, Sagara Y. Excited State Charge‐Transfer Complexes Enable Fluorescence Color Changes in a Supramolecular Cyclophane Mechanophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shakkeeb Thazhathethil
- Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science: Hokkaido Daigaku Daigakuin Seimei Kagakuin Division of Life Science JAPAN
| | - Tatsuya Muramatsu
- Tokyo Institute of Technology: Tokyo Kogyo Daigaku Department of Materials Science and Engineering JAPAN
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science: Hokkaido Daigaku Daigakuin Seimei Kagakuin Division of Life Science JAPAN
| | - Christoph Weder
- University of Fribourg: Universite de Fribourg Adolphe Merkle Institute JAPAN
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Tokyo Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Science and Engineering 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku 152-8552 Tokyo JAPAN
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6
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Pokhrel P, Sasaki S, Hu C, Karna D, Pandey S, Ma Y, Nagasawa K, Mao H. Single-molecule displacement assay reveals strong binding of polyvalent dendrimer ligands to telomeric G-quadruplex. Anal Biochem 2022; 649:114693. [PMID: 35500657 PMCID: PMC9133229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Binding between a ligand and a receptor is a fundamental step in many natural or synthetic processes. In biosensing, a tight binding with a small dissociation constant (Kd) between the probe and analyte can lead to superior specificity and sensitivity. Owing to their capability of evaluating competitors, displacement assays have been used to estimate Kd at the ensemble average level. At the more sensitive single-molecule level, displacement assays are yet to be established. Here, we developed a single-molecule displacement assay (smDA) in an optical tweezers instrument and used this innovation to evaluate the binding of the L2H2-6OTD ligands to human telomeric DNA G-quadruplexes. After measuring Kd of linear and dendrimer L2H2-6OTD ligands, we found that dendrimer ligands have enhanced binding affinity to the G-quadruplexes due to their polyvalent geometry. This increased binding affinity enhanced inhibition of telomerase elongation on a telomere template in a Telomerase Repeated Amplification Protocol (TRAP). Our experiments demonstrate that the smDA approach can efficiently evaluate binding processes in chemical and biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Pokhrel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Shogo Sasaki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 2-14-16 Naka-cho, Koganeishi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Changpeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA; Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Deepak Karna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Shankar Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Yue Ma
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 2-14-16 Naka-cho, Koganeishi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 2-14-16 Naka-cho, Koganeishi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Hanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
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7
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Valdez S, Robertson M, Qiang Z. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Measurements in Polymer Science: A Review. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200421. [PMID: 35689335 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a non-invasive characterization method for studying molecular structures and dynamics, providing high spatial resolution at nanometer scale. Over the past decades, FRET-based measurements are developed and widely implemented in synthetic polymer systems for understanding and detecting a variety of nanoscale phenomena, enabling significant advances in polymer science. In this review, the basic principles of fluorescence and FRET are briefly discussed. Several representative research areas are highlighted, where FRET spectroscopy and imaging can be employed to reveal polymer morphology and kinetics. These examples include understanding polymer micelle formation and stability, detecting guest molecule release from polymer host, characterizing supramolecular assembly, imaging composite interfaces, and determining polymer chain conformations and their diffusion kinetics. Finally, a perspective on the opportunities of FRET-based measurements is provided for further allowing their greater contributions in this exciting area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Valdez
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Mark Robertson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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8
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Magrini T, Kiebala D, Grimm D, Nelson A, Schrettl S, Bouville F, Weder C, Studart AR. Tough Bioinspired Composites That Self-Report Damage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27481-27490. [PMID: 34076408 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of lightweight composite materials in structural applications requires the development of new damage monitoring technologies to ensure their safe use and prevent accidents. Although several molecular strategies have been proposed to report damage in polymers through mechanochromic responses, these approaches have not yet been translated into lightweight bioinspired composites for load-bearing applications. Here, we report on the development of bioinspired laminates of alternating polymer and nacre-like layers that combine optical translucency, high fracture toughness, and damage-reporting capabilities. The composites signal damage via a fluorescence color change that arises from the force activation of mechanophore molecules embedded in the material's polymer phase. A quantitative correlation between the applied strain and the fluorescence intensity was successfully established. We demonstrate that optical imaging of mechanically loaded composites allows for the localized detection of damage prior to fracture. This fluorescence-based self-reporting mechanism offers a promising approach for the early detection of damage in lightweight structural composites and can serve as a useful tool for the analysis of fracture processes in bulk transparent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Magrini
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Derek Kiebala
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Grimm
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Anna Nelson
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Florian Bouville
- Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics, Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - André R Studart
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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9
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Chaperonins: Nanocarriers with Biotechnological Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020503. [PMID: 33671209 PMCID: PMC7922521 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chaperonins are molecular chaperones found in all kingdoms of life, and as such they assist in the folding of other proteins. Structurally, chaperonins are cylinders composed of two back-to-back rings, each of which is an oligomer of ~60-kDa proteins. Chaperonins are found in two main conformations, one in which the cavity is open and ready to recognise and trap unfolded client proteins, and a "closed" form in which folding takes place. The conspicuous properties of this structure (a cylinder containing a cavity that allows confinement) and the potential to control its closure and aperture have inspired a number of nanotechnological applications that will be described in this review.
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10
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Kelber JB, Bensalah-Ledoux A, Zahouani S, Baguenard B, Schaaf P, Chaumont A, Guy S, Jierry L. Reversible Soft Mechanochemical Control of Biaryl Conformations through Crosslinking in a 3D Macromolecular Network. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23283-23290. [PMID: 32857901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuning the dihedral angle (DA) of axially chiral compounds can impact biological activity, catalyst efficiency, molecular motor performance, or chiroptical properties. Herein, we report gradual, controlled, and reversible changes in molecular conformation of a covalently linked binaphthyl moiety within a 3D polymeric network by application of a macroscopic stretching force. We managed direct observation of DA changes by measuring the circular dichroism signal of an optically pure BINOL-crosslinked elastomer network. Stretching the elastomer resulted in a widening of the DA between naphthyl rings when the BINOL was doubly grafted to the elastomer network; no effect was observed when a single naphthyl ring of the BINOL was grafted to the elastomer network. We have determined that ca. 170 % extension of the elastomers led to the transfer of a mechanical force to the BINOL moiety of 2.5 kcal mol-1 Å-1 (ca. 175 pN) in magnitude and results in the opening of the DA of BINOL up to 130°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien B Kelber
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron (UPR22), 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Amina Bensalah-Ledoux
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière (UMR5306), 69622, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Zahouani
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron (UPR22), 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Bruno Baguenard
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière (UMR5306), 69622, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Schaaf
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron (UPR22), 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France.,Université de Strasbourg Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Chaumont
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chimie, UMR7140, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67008, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Stephan Guy
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière (UMR5306), 69622, Lyon, France
| | - Loïc Jierry
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron (UPR22), 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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11
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Kelber JB, Bensalah‐Ledoux A, Zahouani S, Baguenard B, Schaaf P, Chaumont A, Guy S, Jierry L. Reversible Soft Mechanochemical Control of Biaryl Conformations through Crosslinking in a 3D Macromolecular Network. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien B. Kelber
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Amina Bensalah‐Ledoux
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Université de Lyon CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière (UMR5306) 69622 Lyon France
| | - Sarah Zahouani
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Bruno Baguenard
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Université de Lyon CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière (UMR5306) 69622 Lyon France
| | - Pierre Schaaf
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM Unité 1121 11 rue Humann 67085 Strasbourg Cedex France
- Université de Strasbourg Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Alain Chaumont
- Université de Strasbourg Faculté de Chimie UMR7140 1 rue Blaise Pascal 67008 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Stephan Guy
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Université de Lyon CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière (UMR5306) 69622 Lyon France
| | - Loïc Jierry
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
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12
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Traeger H, Kiebala DJ, Weder C, Schrettl S. From Molecules to Polymers-Harnessing Inter- and Intramolecular Interactions to Create Mechanochromic Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000573. [PMID: 33191595 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of mechanophores as building blocks that serve as predefined weak linkages has enabled the creation of mechanoresponsive and mechanochromic polymer materials, which are interesting for a range of applications including the study of biological specimens or advanced security features. In typical mechanophores, covalent bonds are broken when polymers that contain these chemical motifs are exposed to mechanical forces, and changes of the optical properties upon bond scission can be harnessed as a signal that enables the detection of applied mechanical stresses and strains. Similar chromic effects upon mechanical deformation of polymers can also be achieved without relying on the scission of covalent bonds. The dissociation of motifs that feature directional noncovalent interactions, the disruption of aggregated molecules, and conformational changes in molecules or polymers constitute an attractive element for the design of mechanoresponsive and mechanochromic materials. In this article, it is reviewed how such alterations of molecules and polymers can be exploited for the development of mechanochromic materials that signal deformation without breaking covalent bonds. Recent illustrative examples are highlighted that showcase how the use of such mechanoresponsive motifs enables the visual mapping of stresses and damage in a reversible and highly sensitive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Traeger
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Derek J Kiebala
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
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13
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Deneke N, Rencheck ML, Davis CS. An engineer's introduction to mechanophores. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6230-6252. [PMID: 32567642 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00465k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanophores (MPs) are a class of stimuli-responsive materials that are of increasing interest to engineers due to their potential applications as stress sensors. These mechanically responsive molecules change color or become fluorescent upon application of a mechanical stimulus as they undergo a chemical reaction when a load is applied. By incorporating MPs such as spirolactam, spiropyran, or dianthracene into a material system, the real-time stress distribution of the matrix can be directly observed through a visual response, ideal for damage and failure sensing applications. A wide array of applications that require continuous structural health monitoring could benefit from MPs including flexible electronics, protective coatings, and polymer matrix composites. However, there are significant technical challenges preventing MP implementation in industry. Effective strategies to quantitatively calibrate the photo response of the MP with applied stress magnitudes must be developed. Additionally, environmental conditions, including temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet light exposure can potentially impact the performance of MPs. By addressing these limitations, engineers can work to move MPs from the synthetic chemistry bench to the field. This review aims to highlight recent progress in MP research, discuss barriers to implementation, and provide an outlook on the future of MPs, specifically focused on polymeric material systems. Although the focus is on engineering MPs for bulk materials, a brief overview of mechanochemistry will be discussed followed by methods for activation and quantification of MP photo response (concentrating specifically on fluorescently active species). Finally, current challenges and future directions in MP research will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Deneke
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
| | - Mitchell L Rencheck
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
| | - Chelsea S Davis
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
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14
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Wang G, Zhou L, Zhang P, Zhao E, Zhou L, Chen D, Sun J, Gu X, Yang W, Tang BZ. Fluorescence Self-Reporting Precipitation Polymerization Based on Aggregation-Induced Emission for Constructing Optical Nanoagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10122-10128. [PMID: 31828915 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Precipitation polymerization is becoming increasingly popular in energy, environment and biomedicine. However, its proficient utilization highly relies on the mechanistic understanding of polymerization process. Now, a fluorescence self-reporting method based on aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is used to shed light on the mechanism of precipitation polymerization. The nucleation and growth processes during the copolymerization of a vinyl-modified AIEgen, styrene, and maleic anhydride can be sensitively monitored in real time. The phase-separation and dynamic hardening processes can be clearly discerned by tracking fluorescence changes. Moreover, polymeric fluorescent particles (PFPs) with uniform and tunable sizes can be obtained in a self-stabilized manner. These PFPs exhibit biolabeling and photosensitizing abilities and are used as superior optical nanoagents for photo-controllable immunotherapy, indicative of their great potential in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Liangyu Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Shenzhen, Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Engui Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, 1st University Road, Songshan Lake District, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Shenzhen, Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Dong Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiangman Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xinggui Gu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wantai Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Wang G, Zhou L, Zhang P, Zhao E, Zhou L, Chen D, Sun J, Gu X, Yang W, Tang BZ. Fluorescence Self‐Reporting Precipitation Polymerization Based on Aggregation‐Induced Emission for Constructing Optical Nanoagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
| | - Liangyu Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, ShenzhenEngineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and NanoformulationsCAS Key Lab for Health InformaticsShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences 1068 Xueyuan Avenue Shenzhen University Town Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Engui Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy TechnologyDongguan University of Technology 1st University Road, Songshan Lake District Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, ShenzhenEngineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and NanoformulationsCAS Key Lab for Health InformaticsShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences 1068 Xueyuan Avenue Shenzhen University Town Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Dong Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jiangman Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xinggui Gu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wantai Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of ChemistryHong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionInstitute for Advanced StudyThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong China
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16
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Lu Y, Aoki D, Sawada J, Kosuge T, Sogawa H, Otsuka H, Takata T. Visualization of the slide-ring effect: a study on movable cross-linking points using mechanochromism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3361-3364. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09452k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the ‘slide-ring’ effect in a rotaxane cross-linked network, we incorporated mechanochromophores into static and rotaxane cross-linking points and compared the mechanochromisms exhibited by the obtained polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Jun Sawada
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Takahiro Kosuge
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Sogawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo
- Japan
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17
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Taki M, Yamashita T, Yatabe K, Vogel V. Mechano-chromic protein-polymer hybrid hydrogel to visualize mechanical strain. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:9388-9393. [PMID: 31609367 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00380k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In a proof-of-concept study, a mechano-chromic hydrogel was synthesized here, via chemoenzymatic click conjugation of fluorophore-labeled fibronectin into a synthetic hydrogel co-polymers (i.e., poly-N-isopropylacrylamide/polyethylene glycol). The optical FRET response could be tuned by macroscopic stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Taki
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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18
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Qiu W, Gurr PA, Qiao GG. Color-Switchable Polar Polymeric Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:29268-29275. [PMID: 31333022 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spiropyran is an important mechanophore, which has rarely been incorporated as a cross-linker in polar polymer matrices, limiting its applications in innovative mechanochromic devices. Here, three spiropyrans with two- or three-attachment positions were synthesized and covalently bonded in polar poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA), to achieve color-switchable materials, triggered by light and when swollen in water. The negative photochromism in the dark and mechanical activation by swelling in water were investigated. Measurements of negative photochromism were conducted in solution and cross-linked PHEA bulk polymers, with both showing color reversibility when stored in the dark or on exposure to visible light. The force of swelling in water was sufficient to induce the ring-opening reaction of spiropyran. It was found that tri-substituted spiropyran (SP3) was less influenced by the polar matrix but showed the fastest color activation during swelling. SP3 also showed accelerated ring opening to the colored state during the swelling process. Bleaching rates and color switchability were investigated under swollen and dehydrated conditions. The effect of cross-link density on the swelling activation was explored to better understand the interaction between the mechanophore and the polar environment. The results demonstrated that influences from both the polar environment and the mechanochromic nature of spiropyran had an impact on the absorption intensity, rate of change, and the decoloration rate of the materials. This study provides the opportunity to manipulate the properties of spiropyrans to afford materials with a range of color-switching properties under different stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Paul A Gurr
- Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
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19
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Control and optical mapping of mechanical transitions in polymer networks and DNA-based soft materials. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Controlled Assembly of the Filamentous Chaperone Gamma-Prefoldin into Defined Nanostructures. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1798:293-306. [PMID: 29868968 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7893-9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling protein templates have enormous potential for the fabrication of multifunctional nanostructures that require precise positioning of individual molecules, such as enzymes and inorganic moieties, in regular patterns. A recently described approach uses ultrastable filaments composed of the gamma-prefoldin (γPFD) protein and engineered connector proteins to construct novel architectures useful for basic research and practical applications in nanobiotechnology. Here we describe the production of the γPFD and connector proteins from E. coli, and the assembly of γPFD with connector proteins into macromolecular structures with defined shapes.
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21
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Modular Design of Programmable Mechanofluorescent DNA Hydrogels. Nat Commun 2019; 10:528. [PMID: 30705271 PMCID: PMC6355893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensing systems are ubiquitous in nature and control many functions from cell spreading to wound healing. Biologic systems typically rely on supramolecular transformations and secondary reporter systems to sense weak forces. By contrast, synthetic mechanosensitive materials often use covalent transformations of chromophores, serving both as force sensor and reporter, which hinders orthogonal engineering of their sensitivity, response and modularity. Here, we introduce FRET-based, rationally tunable DNA tension probes into macroscopic 3D all-DNA hydrogels to prepare mechanofluorescent materials with programmable sacrificial bonds and stress relaxation. This design addresses current limitations of mechanochromic system by offering spatiotemporal resolution, as well as quantitative and modular force sensing in soft hydrogels. The programmable force probe design further grants temporal control over the recovery of the mechanofluorescence during stress relaxation, enabling reversible and irreversible strain sensing. We show proof-of-concept applications to study strain fields in composites and to visualize freezing-induced strain patterns in homogeneous hydrogels.
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22
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Kato S, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Introducing static cross-linking points into dynamic covalent polymer gels that display freezing-induced mechanofluorescence: enhanced force transmission efficiency and stability. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Freezing polymer gels that are cross-linked by tetraarylsuccinonitrile (TASN) moieties, which can generate pink and fluorescent yellow radicals in response to mechanical stress, induces mechanofluorescence from the dynamic dissociation of the TASN groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Kato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro-ku
- Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro-ku
- Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro-ku
- Japan
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23
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Qiu W, Gurr PA, da Silva G, Qiao GG. Insights into the mechanochromism of spiropyran elastomers. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00017h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Colourless polymeric samples comprising mechanochromic spiropyrans (SPs) rapidly appear coloured under external pressure, due to their transition from ring closed SP to ring-opened merocyanine (MC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Paul A. Gurr
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Gabriel da Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Greg G. Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
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24
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Lu X, Li W, Sottos NR, Moore JS. Autonomous Damage Detection in Multilayered Coatings via Integrated Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogens. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:40361-40365. [PMID: 30430834 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Detection and assessment of small-scale damage at early stages are essential for polymeric materials to extend lifetime, avoid catastrophic structural failure, and improve cost-efficiency. Previous self-reporting coatings provide visual indication of surface damage but have been limited to a single layer without information on the depth of crack penetration. Here, we present a novel strategy for autonomous indication of damage in multilayered polymeric materials using aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens). Three different AIEgens are encapsulated and layered into polymeric coatings. When scratches of varying depths penetrate the coating layers, different combinations of AIEgens are activated to visually detect the depth of damage based on the corresponding fluorescent colors. The AIEgen-based detection mechanism makes this system a powerful tool for damage indication in a variety of polymeric coatings.
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25
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Kato S, Ishizuki K, Aoki D, Goseki R, Otsuka H. Freezing-Induced Mechanoluminescence of Polymer Gels. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1087-1091. [PMID: 35632940 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochromism can be triggered by different mechanical stimuli, such as tension, compression, shearing, and sonication. Freezing a polymer gel also induces mechanical stress on the polymer network. Herein, freezing-induced mechanoluminescence is demonstrated for the first time by introduction of a tetraarylsuccinonitrile moiety as a light-emitting mechanochromophore at the cross-linking points of a polymer network, in which the mechanical stress induces not only a color change but also light emission. The detailed mechanism and characteristics of this freezing-induced mechanoluminescence were quantitatively evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Kato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Ishizuki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Raita Goseki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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26
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Design of Novel Pyrene-Bodipy Dyads: Synthesis, Characterization, Optical Properties, and FRET Studies. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092289. [PMID: 30205469 PMCID: PMC6225113 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of dendronized bodipys containing pyrene units was synthesized and characterized. Their optical and photophysical properties were determined by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. This series includes three different compounds. The first one has an anisole group linked to the bodipy unit, which was used as the reference compound. In the second, the bodipy core is linked to a zero generation dendron with one pyrene unit. The third compound contains a first generation Fréchet-type dendron bearing two pyrene units. In this work, the combination pyrene-bodipy was selected as the donor-acceptor pair for this fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) study. Doubtless, these two chromophores exhibit high quantum yields, high extinction coefficients, and both their excitation and emission wavelengths are located in the visible region. This report presents a FRET study of a novel series of pyrene-bodipy dendritic molecules bearing flexible spacers. We demonstrated via spectroscopic studies that FRET phenomena occur in these dyads.
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27
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Wang L, Zhou W, Tang Q, Yang H, Zhou Q, Zhang X. Rhodamine-Functionalized Mechanochromic and Mechanofluorescent Hydrogels with Enhanced Mechanoresponsive Sensitivity. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E994. [PMID: 30960921 PMCID: PMC6403975 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart materials responsible to external stimuli such as temperature, pH, solvents, light, redox agents, and mechanical or electric/magnetic field, have drawn considerable attention recently. Herein, we described a novel rhodamine (Rh) mechanophore-based mechanoresponsive micellar hydrogel with excellent mechanochromic and mechanofluorescent properties. We found with astonishment that, due to the favorable activation of rhodamine spirolactam in the presence of water, together with the stress concentration effect, the mechanoresponsive sensitivity of this hydrogel was enhanced significantly. As a result, the stress needed to trigger the mechanochromic property of Rh in the hydrogel was much lower than in its native polymer matrix reported before. The hydrogel based on Rh, therefore, exhibited excellent mechanochromic property even at lower stress. Moreover, due to the reversibility of color on/off, the hydrogel based on Rh could be used as a reusable and erasable material for color printing/writing. Of peculiar importance is that the hydrogel could emit highly bright fluorescence under sufficient stress or strain. This suggested that the stress/strain of hydrogel could be detected quantificationally and effectively by the fluorescence data. We also found that the hydrogel could respond to acid/alkali and exhibited outstanding properties of acidichromism and acidifluorochromism. Up to now, hydrogels with such excellent mechanochromic and mechanofluorescent properties have rarely been reported. Our efforts may be essentially beneficial to the design of the mechanochromic and mechanofluorescent hydrogels with enhanced mechanoresponsive sensitivity, fostering their potential applications in a number of fields such as damage or stress/strain detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Wanfu Zhou
- Oil Production Technology Institute, Daqing Oilfield Company Ltd., Daqing 163453, China.
| | - Quan Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Haiyang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Qiang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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28
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Calvino C, Guha A, Weder C, Schrettl S. Self-Calibrating Mechanochromic Fluorescent Polymers Based on Encapsulated Excimer-Forming Dyes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704603. [PMID: 29345378 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
While mechanochemical transduction principles are omnipresent in nature, mimicking these in artificial materials is challenging. The ability to reliably detect the exposure of man-made objects to mechanical forces is, however, of great interest for many applications, including structural health monitoring and tamper-proof packaging. A useful concept to achieve mechanochromic responses in polymers is the integration of microcapsules, which rupture upon deformation and release a payload causing a visually detectable response. Herein, it is reported that this approach can be used to create mechanochromic fluorescent materials that show a direct and ratiometric response to mechanical deformation. This can be achieved by filling poly(urea-formaldehyde) microcapsules with a solution of a photoluminescent aggregachromic cyano-substituted oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) and embedding these particles in poly(dimethylsiloxane). The application of mechanical force by way of impact, incision, or tensile deformation opens the microcapsules and releases the fluorophore in the damaged area. Due to excimer formation, the subsequent aggregation of the dye furnishes a detectable fluorescence color change. With the emission from unopened microcapsules as built-in reference, the approach affords materials that are self-calibrating. This new concept appears to be readily applicable to a range of polymer matrices and allows for the straightforward assessment of their structural integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Calvino
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anirvan Guha
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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29
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Rifaie-Graham O, Apebende EA, Bast LK, Bruns N. Self-Reporting Fiber-Reinforced Composites That Mimic the Ability of Biological Materials to Sense and Report Damage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705483. [PMID: 29573286 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of damage, deformation, and mechanical forces is of vital importance in many applications of fiber-reinforced polymer composites, as it allows the structural health and integrity of composite components to be monitored and microdamage to be detected before it leads to catastrophic material failure. Bioinspired and biomimetic approaches to self-sensing and self-reporting materials are reviewed. Examples include bruising coatings and bleeding composites based on dye-filled microcapsules, hollow fibers, and vascular networks. Force-induced changes in color, fluorescence, or luminescence are achieved by mechanochromic epoxy resins, or by mechanophores and force-responsive proteins located at the interface of glass/carbon fibers and polymers. Composites can also feel strain, stress, and damage through embedded optical and electrical sensors, such as fiber Bragg grating sensors, or by resistance measurements of dispersed carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes. Bioinspired composites with the ability to show autonomously if and where they have been damaged lead to a multitude of opportunities for aerospace, automotive, civil engineering, and wind-turbine applications. They range from safety features for the detection of barely visible impact damage, to the real-time monitoring of deformation of load-bearing components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Rifaie-Graham
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Edward A Apebende
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Livia K Bast
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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30
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Nussbaumer MG, Bisig C, Bruns N. Using the dendritic polymer PAMAM to form gold nanoparticles in the protein cage thermosome. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:10537-9. [PMID: 27491621 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04739d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The chaperonin thermosome (THS) is a protein cage that lacks binding sites for metal ions and inorganic nanoparticles. However, when poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) is encapsulated into THS, gold nanoparticles (AuNP) can be prepared in the THS. The polymer binds HAuCl4. Subsequent reduction yields nanoparticles with narrow size distribution in the protein-polymer conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Nussbaumer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Christoph Bisig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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31
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Reorganizable and stimuli-responsive polymers based on dynamic carbon–carbon linkages in diarylbibenzofuranones. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Burroughs MJ, Christie D, Gray LAG, Chowdhury M, Priestley RD. 21st Century Advances in Fluorescence Techniques to Characterize Glass‐Forming Polymers at the Nanoscale. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Burroughs
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Dane Christie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Laura A. G. Gray
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Mithun Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Rodney D. Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
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33
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Sumi T, Goseki R, Otsuka H. Tetraarylsuccinonitriles as mechanochromophores to generate highly stable luminescent carbon-centered radicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:11885-11888. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06913h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This communication reports on the design and synthesis of mechanochromophores with a dynamic covalent system composed of a tetraarylsuccinonitrile skeleton that generate a metastable organic luminescent carbon radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Sumi
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
| | - Raita Goseki
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
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34
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Renggli K, Sauter N, Rother M, Nussbaumer MG, Urbani R, Pfohl T, Bruns N. Biocatalytic atom transfer radical polymerization in a protein cage nanoreactor. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py02155g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ATRP-catalyzing enzyme horseradish peroxidase was encapsulated into the protein cage thermosome resulting in an all-protein nanoreactor system for controlled radical polymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Renggli
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering
| | - Nora Sauter
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Martin Rother
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Martin G. Nussbaumer
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering
| | - Raphael Urbani
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pfohl
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
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35
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Mutlu H, Schmitt CW, Wedler-Jasinski N, Woehlk H, Fairfull-Smith KE, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Spin fluorescence silencing enables an efficient thermally driven self-reporting polymer release system. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01437f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A self-reporting profluorescent release system driven by the thermo-reversible dynamic covalent ligation of chromophores to polymer chain, whose fluorescence is silenced by unpaired spins of nitroxides prior to release is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Mutlu
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 3)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Christian W. Schmitt
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Nils Wedler-Jasinski
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Hendrik Woehlk
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Kathryn E. Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 3)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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36
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Imato K, Natterodt JC, Sapkota J, Goseki R, Weder C, Takahara A, Otsuka H. Dynamic covalent diarylbibenzofuranone-modified nanocellulose: mechanochromic behaviour and application in self-healing polymer composites. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00074j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface mechanochemistry of nanocelluloses modified with a dynamic covalent mechanophore is investigated, and self-healing composites with the celluloses are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Imato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
| | - J. C. Natterodt
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - J. Sapkota
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - R. Goseki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
| | - C. Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - A. Takahara
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - H. Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
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37
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Calvino C, Neumann L, Weder C, Schrettl S. Approaches to polymeric mechanochromic materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Calvino
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4; Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Laura Neumann
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4; Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4; Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4; Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
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38
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Oka H, Imato K, Sato T, Ohishi T, Goseki R, Otsuka H. Enhancing Mechanochemical Activation in the Bulk State by Designing Polymer Architectures. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:1124-1127. [PMID: 35658193 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mechanoresponsive polymers can have attractive functions; however, the relationship between polymer architecture and mechanoresponsiveness in the bulk state is still poorly understood. Here, we designed well-defined linear and star polymers with a mechanophore at the center of each architecture, and investigated the effect of molecular weight and branched structures on mechanoresponsiveness in the solid state. Diarylbibenzofuranone, which can undergo homolytic cleavage of the central C-C bond by mechanical force to form blue-colored radicals, was used as a mechanophore because the cleaved radicals could be evaluated quantitatively using electron paramagnetic resonance measurements. We confirmed that longer polymer chains induce mechanochemical activation more effectively and found that, in the bulk state, the star polymers have higher sensitivity to mechanical stress compared with a linear polymer having similar molecular weight arm segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Oka
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Keiichi Imato
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sato
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohishi
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Raita Goseki
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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39
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Araujo JV, Rifaie-Graham O, Apebende EA, Bruns N. Self-reporting Polymeric Materials with Mechanochromic Properties. BIO-INSPIRED POLYMERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782626664-00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical transduction of force onto molecules is an essential feature of many biological processes that results in the senses of touch and hearing, gives important cues for cellular interactions and can lead to optically detectable signals, such as a change in colour, fluorescence or chemoluminescence. Polymeric materials that are able to visually indicate deformation, stress, strain or the occurrence of microdamage draw inspiration from these biological events. The field of self-reporting (or self-assessing) materials is reviewed. First, mechanochromic events in nature are discussed, such as the formation of bruises on skin, the bleeding of a wound, or marine glow caused by dinoflagellates. Then, materials based on force-responsive mechanophores, such as spiropyrans, cyclobutanes, cyclooctanes, Diels–Alder adducts, diarylbibenzofuranone and bis(adamantyl)-1,2-dioxetane are reviewed, followed by mechanochromic blends, chromophores stabilised by hydrogen bonds, and pressure sensors based on ionic interactions between fluorescent dyes and polyelectrolyte brushes. Mechanobiochemistry is introduced as an important tool to create self-reporting hybrid materials that combine polymers with the force-responsive properties of fluorescent proteins, protein FRET pairs, and other biomacromolecules. Finally, dye-filled microcapsules, microvascular networks, and hollow fibres are demonstrated to be important technologies to create damage-indicating coatings, self-reporting fibre-reinforced composites and self-healing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V. Araujo
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Omar Rifaie-Graham
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Edward A. Apebende
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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40
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Nussbaumer MG, Duskey JT, Rother M, Renggli K, Chami M, Bruns N. Chaperonin-Dendrimer Conjugates for siRNA Delivery. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1600046. [PMID: 27840795 PMCID: PMC5096033 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The group II chaperonin thermosome (THS) is a hollow protein nanoparticle that can encapsulate macromolecular guests. Two large pores grant access to the interior of the protein cage. Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) is conjugated into THS to act as an anchor for small interfering RNA (siRNA), allowing to load the THS with therapeutic payload. THS-PAMAM protects siRNA from degradation by RNase A and traffics KIF11 and GAPDH siRNA into U87 cancer cells. By modification of the protein cage with the cell-penetrating peptide TAT, RNA interference is also induced in PC-3 cells. THS-PAMAM protein-polymer conjugates are therefore promising siRNA transfection reagents and greatly expand the scope of protein cages in drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G. Nussbaumer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselKlingelbergstrasse 804056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Jason T. Duskey
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselKlingelbergstrasse 804056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Martin Rother
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselKlingelbergstrasse 804056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Kasper Renggli
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselKlingelbergstrasse 804056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Mohamed Chami
- C‐CINACenter for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics BiozentrumUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 264058BaselSwitzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselKlingelbergstrasse 804056BaselSwitzerland
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 41700FribourgSwitzerland
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41
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Robb M, Li W, Gergely RCR, Matthews CC, White S, Sottos NR, Moore JS. A Robust Damage-Reporting Strategy for Polymeric Materials Enabled by Aggregation-Induced Emission. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:598-603. [PMID: 27725956 PMCID: PMC5043436 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic damage inevitably leads to failure in polymers and composite materials, but it is difficult to detect without the aid of specialized equipment. The ability to enhance the detection of small-scale damage prior to catastrophic material failure is important for improving the safety and reliability of critical engineering components, while simultaneously reducing life cycle costs associated with regular maintenance and inspection. Here, we demonstrate a simple, robust, and sensitive fluorescence-based approach for autonomous detection of damage in polymeric materials and composites enabled by aggregation-induced emission (AIE). This simple, yet powerful system relies on a single active component, and the general mechanism delivers outstanding performance in a wide variety of materials with diverse chemical and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell
J. Robb
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science
and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, and Department of Aerospace
Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Wenle Li
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science
and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, and Department of Aerospace
Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ryan C. R. Gergely
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science
and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, and Department of Aerospace
Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christopher C. Matthews
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science
and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, and Department of Aerospace
Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott
R. White
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science
and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, and Department of Aerospace
Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science
and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, and Department of Aerospace
Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science
and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, and Department of Aerospace
Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- E-mail:
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42
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Fernández-Fernández MR, Sot B, Valpuesta JM. Molecular chaperones: functional mechanisms and nanotechnological applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:324004. [PMID: 27363314 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/32/324004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are a group of proteins that assist in protein homeostasis. They not only prevent protein misfolding and aggregation, but also target misfolded proteins for degradation. Despite differences in structure, all types of chaperones share a common general feature, a surface that recognizes and interacts with the misfolded protein. This and other, more specialized properties can be adapted for various nanotechnological purposes, by modification of the original biomolecules or by de novo design based on artificial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rosario Fernández-Fernández
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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43
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Li W, Matthews CC, Yang K, Odarczenko MT, White SR, Sottos NR. Autonomous Indication of Mechanical Damage in Polymeric Coatings. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:2189-94. [PMID: 26754020 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution in situ autonomous visual indication of mechanical damage is achieved through a microcapsule-based polymeric material system. Upon mechanical damage, ruptured microcapsules release a liquid indicator molecule. A sharp color change from light yellow to bright red is triggered when the liberated indicator 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein reacts with the polymeric coating matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenle Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Christopher C Matthews
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Michael T Odarczenko
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Scott R White
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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44
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Rother M, Nussbaumer MG, Renggli K, Bruns N. Protein cages and synthetic polymers: a fruitful symbiosis for drug delivery applications, bionanotechnology and materials science. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:6213-6249. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00177g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein cages have become essential tools in bionanotechnology due to their well-defined, monodisperse, capsule-like structure. Combining them with synthetic polymers greatly expands their application, giving rise to novel nanomaterials fore.g.drug-delivery, sensing, electronic devices and for uses as nanoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rother
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Martin G. Nussbaumer
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Kasper Renggli
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering
- ETH Zürich
- 4058 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
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45
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Guo YK, Chen L, Xu DG, Zhong JR, Yue GZ, Astruc D, Shuai MB, Zhao PX. A dual functional epoxy material with autonomous damage indication and self-healing. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13519f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomous indication of mechanical damage and self-healing epoxy materials was conducted using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. K. Guo
- Institute of Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Jiangyou City
- P. R. China
| | - L. Chen
- Institute of Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Jiangyou City
- P. R. China
| | - D. G. Xu
- Institute of Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Jiangyou City
- P. R. China
| | - J. R. Zhong
- Institute of Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Jiangyou City
- P. R. China
| | - G. Z. Yue
- Institute of Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Jiangyou City
- P. R. China
| | - D. Astruc
- ISM
- University Bordeaux
- Talence Cedex 33405
- France
| | - M. B. Shuai
- Institute of Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Jiangyou City
- P. R. China
| | - P. X. Zhao
- Institute of Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Jiangyou City
- P. R. China
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46
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Hong ZY, Lv C, Liu AA, Liu SL, Sun EZ, Zhang ZL, Lei AW, Pang DW. Clicking Hydrazine and Aldehyde: The Way to Labeling of Viruses with Quantum Dots. ACS NANO 2015; 9:11750-60. [PMID: 26549044 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Real-time tracking of fluorophore-tagged viruses in living cells can help uncover virus infection mechanisms. Certainly, the indispensable prerequisite for virus-tracking is to label viruses with some bright and photostable beacons such as quantum dots (QDs) via an appropriate labeling strategy. Herein, we devise a convenient hydrazine-aldehyde based strategy to label viruses with QDs through the conjugation of 4-formylbenzoate (4FB) modified QDs to 6-hydrazinonicotinate acetone hydrazone (HyNic) modified viruses under mild conditions. On the basis of this strategy, viruses can be successfully labeled with QDs with high selectivity, stable conjugation, good reproducibility, high labeling efficiency of 92-93% and maximum retention of both fluorescence properties of QDs and infectivity of viruses, which is very meaningful to tracking and statistical analysis of virus infection processes. By further comparing with the most widely used labeling strategy based on the Biotin-SA system, this new strategy has advantages of both high labeling efficiency and good retention of virus infectivity, thus offering a promising alternative for virus-labeling. Moreover, due to the ubiquitous presence of exposed amino groups on the surface of various viruses, this selective, efficient, reproducible and biofriendly strategy should have good universality for labeling both enveloped and nonenveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yuan Hong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - An-An Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - En-Ze Sun
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Wen Lei
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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47
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Imato K, Kanehara T, Ohishi T, Nishihara M, Yajima H, Ito M, Takahara A, Otsuka H. Mechanochromic Dynamic Covalent Elastomers: Quantitative Stress Evaluation and Autonomous Recovery. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:1307-1311. [PMID: 35614834 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stress evaluation in polymeric materials is important in order to not only spot danger in them before serious failure, but also precisely interpret the destructive mechanism, which can improve the lifetime and durability of polymeric materials. Here, we are able to visualize stress by color changes, as well as quantitatively estimate the stress in situ, in segmented polyurethane elastomers with diarylbibenzofuranone-based dynamic covalent mechanophores. We prepared films of the segmented polyurethanes, in which the mechanophores were incorporated in the soft segments, and efficiently activated them by mechanical force. Cleavage of the mechanophores during uniaxial elongation and their recovery after the removal of the stress were quantitatively evaluated by in situ electron paramagnetic resonance measurements, accompanied by drastic color changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Imato
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- ‡Graduate School of Engineering and §Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanehara
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- ‡Graduate School of Engineering and §Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohishi
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- ‡Graduate School of Engineering and §Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Masamichi Nishihara
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- ‡Graduate School of Engineering and §Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yajima
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- ‡Graduate School of Engineering and §Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ito
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- ‡Graduate School of Engineering and §Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- ‡Graduate School of Engineering and §Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- ‡Graduate School of Engineering and §Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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48
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Liu J, Postupalenko V, Duskey JT, Palivan CG, Meier W. pH-Triggered Reversible Multiple Protein-Polymer Conjugation Based on Molecular Recognition. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12066-73. [PMID: 26291123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymer conjugation for protein-based therapeutics has been developed extensively, but it still suffers from conjugation leading to decrease in protein activity and generates complexes with limited diversity due to general classical systems only incorporating one protein per each complex. Here we introduce a site-specific noncovalent protein-polymer conjugation, which can reduce the heterogeneity of the conjugates without disrupting protein function, while allowing for the modulation of binding affinity and stability, affecting the pH dependent binding of the number of proteins per polymer. We compared classical one protein-polymer conjugates with multiple protein-polymer conjugates using His-tagged enhanced yellow fluorescence protein (His6-eYFP) and metal-coordinated tris-nitrilotriacetic acid (trisNTA-Me(n+)) in a site-specific way. trisNTA-Me(n+)-His6 acts as a reversible linker with pH-triggered release of functional protein from the trisNTA-functionalized copolymers. The nature of the selected Me(n+) and number of available trisNTA-Me(n+) on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-tris-nitrilotriacetic acid acrylamide) (PNTn) copolymers enables predictable modulation of the conjugates binding affinity (0.09-1.35 μM), stability, cell toxicity, and pH responsiveness. This represents a promising platform that allows direct control over the properties of multiple protein-polymer conjugates compared to the classical single protein-polymer conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Viktoriia Postupalenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Jason T Duskey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel 4056, Switzerland
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49
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Imato K, Irie A, Kosuge T, Ohishi T, Nishihara M, Takahara A, Otsuka H. Mechanophores with a Reversible Radical System and Freezing-Induced Mechanochemistry in Polymer Solutions and Gels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201412413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Imato K, Irie A, Kosuge T, Ohishi T, Nishihara M, Takahara A, Otsuka H. Mechanophores with a reversible radical system and freezing-induced mechanochemistry in polymer solutions and gels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6168-72. [PMID: 25823899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201412413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Visualization and quantitative evaluation of covalent bond scission in polymeric materials are highly important for understanding failure, fatigue, and deterioration mechanisms and improving the lifetime, durability, toughness, and reliability of the materials. The diarylbibenzofuranone-based mechanophore radical system enabled, through electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, in situ quantitative evaluation of scission of the mechanophores and estimation of mechanical energy induced along polymer chains by external forces. The coagulation of polymer solutions by freezing probably generated force but did not cleave the mechanophores. On the other hand, cross-linking led to efficient propagation of the force of more than 80 kJ mol(-1) to some mechanophores, resulting their cleavage and generation of colored stable radicals. This mechanoprobe concept has the potential to elucidate other debated issues in the polymer field as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Imato
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 (Japan).,Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 (Japan)
| | - Atsushi Irie
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 (Japan)
| | - Takahiro Kosuge
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 (Japan)
| | - Tomoyuki Ohishi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 (Japan)
| | - Masamichi Nishihara
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 (Japan)
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 (Japan). .,Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 (Japan).
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 (Japan).
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