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Hou W, Lin H, Wu Y, Li C, Chen J, Liu XY, Qin Y. Divergent and gram-scale syntheses of (-)-veratramine and (-)-cyclopamine. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5332. [PMID: 38909052 PMCID: PMC11193734 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Veratramine and cyclopamine, two of the most representative members of the isosteroidal alkaloids, are valuable molecules in agricultural and medicinal chemistry. While plant extraction of these compounds suffers from uncertain supply, efficient chemical synthesis approaches are in high demand. Here, we present concise, divergent, and scalable syntheses of veratramine and cyclopamine with 11% and 6.2% overall yield, respectively, from inexpensive dehydro-epi-androsterone. Our synthesis readily provides gram quantities of both target natural products by utilizing a biomimetic rearrangement to form the C-nor-D-homo steroid core and a stereoselective reductive coupling/(bis-)cyclization sequence to establish the (E)/F-ring moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanru Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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2
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Ma D, Duran P, Al-Ahmad R, Hestehave S, Joa M, Alsbiei O, Rodríguez-Palma EJ, Li Y, Wang S, Khanna R, Dai M. C-H Functionalization-Enabled 11-Step Semisynthesis of (-)-Veragranine A and Characterization of Synthetic Analogs in Osteoarthritis-related Pain Treatment. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16698-16705. [PMID: 38843262 PMCID: PMC11191690 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
We report an efficient semisynthesis of the cholestane steroidal alkaloid (-)-veragranine A with a 6/6/6/5/6/6 hexacyclic ring system, eight stereocenters, and a unique C12-C23 linkage. Our synthesis features a Schönecker-Baran C-H oxidation at C12, a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling to form the C12-C23 bond, and a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-initiated Minisci C-H cyclization to forge the C20-C22 bond with desired stereochemistry at C20. These enabling transformations significantly enhanced the overall synthetic efficiency and delivered (-)-veragranine A in 11 steps and over 200 mg from cheap and readily available dehydroepiandrosterone. In addition, this approach allowed flexible syntheses of novel synthetic analogs for biological evaluations in sensory neurons in vitro and in an in vivo model of arthritic pain, from which two novel lead compounds were identified for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Paz Duran
- Department
of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Reem Al-Ahmad
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Sara Hestehave
- Department
of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Margarita Joa
- Department
of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Omar Alsbiei
- Department
of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Erick J. Rodríguez-Palma
- Department
of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Yanrong Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Shilin Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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3
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Reese PB. Remote functionalization reactions in steroids: discovery and application. Steroids 2024; 204:109362. [PMID: 38278283 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Research published between 2001 and 2022 on the functionalization of remote positions of steroids, as well as the use of this technique in the generation of biologically active compounds has been reviewed. In the first section of the analysis established and novel methods for activation of sites deemed to be remote were reported. A series of manganese- (mainly), rhodium-, ruthenium- and osmium-centered porphyrins as catalysts in the presence of PIDA as oxidant have effected hydroxylation at C-1, -5, -6, -7, -11, -14, -15, -16, -17, -20, -24 and -25. Dioxiranes have been utilized in inserting hydroxyl groups at the 5, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 24 and 25 positions (tertiary centers for the most part). Alcohols at C-12 and -16 were oxidized further to ketones. The Schönecker oxidation, discovered and developed during the period, has revolutionized the selective functionalization at C-12 of steroids possessing a 17-keto group. In the presence of iron-centered PDP- and MCP-based catalysts, hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid, substrates tended to be hydroxylated at C-6 and -12, with further oxidation to ketones often accompanying this reaction. The hypohalite reaction, utilizing the more modern Suarez conditions (irradiation in the presence of iodine and PIDA), was reported to facilitate the insertion of a hydroxyl moiety five atoms away from an existing alcohol oxygen. Steroidal-3β-diazoacetates tend to decompose on heating with di-rhodium-centered catalysts while activating carbons four or five atoms away. Chromium- and iron-based acetates were observed to functionalize C-5 and -25. Other reactions involving ring cleavage and halogenation, ketone irradiation and α-hydroxylation of ethers were also covered. The syntheses of compounds with marked biological activity from readily available steroids is described in the second section of the study. Cyclopamine, cephalostatin-1, ritterazine B and three polyhydroxypregnanaes (pergularin, utendin and tomentogenin) were generated in sequences in which a key step required hydroxylation at C-12 using the Schönecker reaction. A crucial stage in the preparation of cortistatin A, the saundersioside core, eurysterol A, 5,6-dihydroglaucogenin C, as well as clinostatins A and B involved the functionalization of C-18 or -19 utilizing hypohalite chemistry. The synthetic route to xestobergsterol A, pavonin-4-aglycone and ouagabagenin included a transformation where ketone irradiation played a part in either producing a Δ14 or a C-19 activated steroid. The radical relay reaction, where a 17α-chloro-steroid was formed, was central in the generation of pythocholic acid. The lead tetraacetate reaction was pivotal in the functionalization of C-19 during the synthesis of cyclocitrinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Reese
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.
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4
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Shao H, Liu W, Fang Z, He H, Gao S. Synthesis of the DEF-Ring Spirocyclic Core of Cyclopamine. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4215-4220. [PMID: 38391306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
A stereoselective synthesis of the DEF-ring spirocyclic core of cyclopamine was accomplished using commercially available materials. The key steps in the synthesis were (i) the enantioselective vinylogous Mannich reaction, followed by lactamization to generate the piperidine F ring, and (ii) intramolecular oxidative dearomative spiroetherification to construct the DEF-ring spirocyclic core of cyclopamine. We found that the stereochemistry of the spirocyclization was controlled by the configuration of the methyl group (C-20) in the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Wenheng Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Zhengqi Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Haibing He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Wuhu Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Wuhu Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
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5
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Jin Y, Hok S, Bacsa J, Dai M. Convergent and Efficient Total Synthesis of (+)-Heilonine Enabled by C-H Functionalizations. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1825-1831. [PMID: 38226869 PMCID: PMC10811669 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
We report a convergent and efficient total synthesis of the C-nor D-homo steroidal alkaloid (+)-heilonine with a hexacyclic ring system, nine stereocenters, and a trans-hydrindane moiety. Our synthesis features four selective C-H functionalizations to form key C-C bonds and stereocenters, a Stille carbonylative cross-coupling to connect the AB ring system with the DEF ring system, and a Nazarov cyclization to construct the five-membered C ring. These enabling transformations significantly reduced functional group manipulations and delivered (+)-heilonine in 11 or 13 longest linear sequence (LLS) steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jin
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Sovanneary Hok
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - John Bacsa
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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6
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Shao H, Liu W, Liu M, He H, Zhou QL, Zhu SF, Gao S. Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclopamine, a Hedgehog (Hh) Signaling Pathway Inhibitor. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25086-25092. [PMID: 37948601 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopamine is a teratogenic steroidal alkaloid, which inhibits the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway by targeting the Smoothened (Smo) receptor. Suppression of Hh signaling with synthetic small molecules has been pursued as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer. We report herein the asymmetric synthesis of cyclopamine based on a two-stage relay strategy. Stage-I: total synthesis of veratramine through a convergent approach, wherein a crucial photoinduced excited-state Nazarov reaction was applied to construct the basic [6-6-5-6] skeleton of C-nor-D-homo-steroid. Stage-II: conversion of veratramine to cyclopamine was achieved through a sequence of chemo-selective redox manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process engineering, SKLPMPE, Sinopec research institute of petroleum processing Co., LTD., Beijing 100083, China, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Muhan Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haibing He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process engineering, SKLPMPE, Sinopec research institute of petroleum processing Co., LTD., Beijing 100083, China, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shou-Fei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process engineering, SKLPMPE, Sinopec research institute of petroleum processing Co., LTD., Beijing 100083, China, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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7
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Sinha SK, Ghosh P, Jain S, Maiti S, Al-Thabati SA, Alshehri AA, Mokhtar M, Maiti D. Transition-metal catalyzed C-H activation as a means of synthesizing complex natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7461-7503. [PMID: 37811747 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00282a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the advent of C-H activation has led to a rethink among chemists about the synthetic strategies employed for multi-step transformations. Indeed, deploying innovative and masterful tricks against the numerous classical organic transformations has been the need of the hour. Despite this, the immense importance of C-H activation remains unfulfilled unless the methodology can be deployed for large-scale industrial processes and towards the concise, step-economic synthesis of prodigious natural products and pharmaceutical drugs. Lately, the growing potential of C-H activation methodology has indeed driven the pioneers of synthetic organic chemists into finding more efficient methods to accelerate the synthesis of such complex molecular scaffolds. This review aims to draw a general overview of the various C-H activation procedures that have been adopted for synthesizing these vast majority of structurally complicated natural products. Our objective lies in drawing a complete picture and taking the readers through the synthesis of a series of such complex organic compounds by simplified techniques, making it step-economic on a larger scale and thus instigating the readers to trigger the use of such methodology and uncover new, unique patterns for future synthesis of such natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Pintu Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Shubhanshu Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Siddhartha Maiti
- School of Biosciences, Engineering and Technology, VIT Bhopal University, Kothrikalan, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh - 466114, India
| | - Shaeel A Al-Thabati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen Ali Alshehri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Mokhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
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8
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Sofiadis M, Xu D, Rodriguez AJ, Nissl B, Clementson S, Petersen NN, Baran PS. Convergent Total Synthesis of (-)-Cyclopamine. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21760-21765. [PMID: 37782691 PMCID: PMC10696607 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
A concise and enantioselective total synthesis of the Veratrum alkaloid cyclopamine is disclosed. This highly convergent synthesis with a 16-step longest linear sequence (LLS) was enabled by a de novo synthesis of the trans-6,5-heterobicycle via a strain-inducing halocyclization process, a key Tsuji-Trost cyclization to construct the fully substituted, spirocyclic THF motif with exquisite diastereocontrol, and a late-stage ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction to forge the central tetrasubstituted olefin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis Sofiadis
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Dongmin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Anthony J. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Benedikt Nissl
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | | | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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9
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Guo Y, Lu JT, Fang R, Jiao Y, Liu J, Luo T. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (-)-Zygadenine. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20202-20207. [PMID: 37683183 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The Veratrum alkaloids are highly complex steroidal alkaloids characterized by their intricate structural and stereochemical features and exhibit a diverse range of pharmacological activities. A new synthetic pathway has been developed to access this family of natural products, which enabled the first total synthesis of (-)-zygadenine. This synthetic route entails the construction of a hexacyclic carbon skeleton through a stereoselective intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction, followed by a radical cyclization. Subsequently, a meticulously designed sequence of redox manipulations was optimized to achieve the de novo synthesis of this highly oxidized Veratrum alkaloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinliang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jia-Tian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Runting Fang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tuoping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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10
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Alekseychuk M, Heretsch P. Biogenetic space-guided synthesis of rearranged terpenoids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37162324 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01009k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural product chemistry is constantly challenged by newly discovered, complex molecules. Elements of complexity arise from unprecedented frameworks, with a large amount of densely packed stereogenic centres and different functional groups along with a generally high oxidation state. As a prime example, rearranged triterpenoids possess all these elements. For their total synthesis, a limit of what is considered sensible in terms of steps and yield is frequently reached. As an alternative, semisynthetic approaches have gained a great amount of attention in recent years. In this featured article, we present our and others' contributions towards the development of efficient and economic syntheses of complex terpenoid natural products and elaborate on the underlying rationale of biogenetic space-guided synthetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhaylo Alekseychuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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11
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3α,7-Dihydroxy-14(13→12) abeo-5β,12α(H),13β(H)-cholan-24-oic Acids Display Neuroprotective Properties in Common Forms of Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010076. [PMID: 36671460 PMCID: PMC9855844 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder globally, with prevalence increasing. There is an urgent need for new therapeutics which are disease-modifying rather than symptomatic. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a well-documented mechanism in both sporadic and familial Parkinson's Disease. Furthermore, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been identified as a bile acid which leads to increased mitochondrial function in multiple in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's Disease. Here, we describe the synthesis of novel C-nor-D-homo bile acid derivatives and the 12-hydroxy-methylated derivative of lagocholic acid (7) and their biological evaluation in fibroblasts from patients with either sporadic or LRRK2 mutant Parkinson's Disease. These compounds boost mitochondrial function to a similar level or above that of UDCA in many assays; notable, however, is their ability to boost mitochondrial function to a higher level and at lower concentrations than UDCA specifically in the fibroblasts from LRRK2 patients. Our study indicates that novel bile acid chemistry could lead to the development of more efficacious bile acids which increase mitochondrial function and ultimately cellular health at lower concentrations proving attractive potential novel therapeutics for Parkinson's Disease.
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12
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Offei SD, Arman HD, Yoshimoto FK. Copper oxidation chemistry using a 19-iminopyridine-bearing steroidal ligand: (i) C5-C6 olefin difunctionalization and (ii) C1β-hydroxylation/C19-peroxidation. Steroids 2022; 186:109088. [PMID: 35835204 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Schönecker oxidation involves the 12beta-hydroxylation of 17-imino pyridine DHEA derivatives using copper and either molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. In this study, a 19-imino pyridine DHEA derivative was synthesized and was treated with copper nitrate and hydrogen peroxide. Our results showed the difunctionalization of an olefin for delta-5 steroid substrates to yield a 5beta-hydroxylated 6alpha-nitrate ester product. In contrast, for 19-imino pyridine precursors with a 5alpha-androstane steroid backbone: a 1beta-hydroxylation and 19-peroxidation occurred to yield a 1beta-hydroxylated 19-imidoperoxoic acid product. In conclusion, new Schönecker oxidation chemistry was discovered (C5-C6 olefin difunctionalization and C1beta-hydroxylation/C19-peroxidation) when a 19-imino pyridine DHEA derivative was used as the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Offei
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Hadi D Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Francis K Yoshimoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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13
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Veratrum parviflorum: An Underexplored Source for Bioactive Steroidal Alkaloids. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165349. [PMID: 36014585 PMCID: PMC9412450 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants of the Veratrum genus have been used throughout history for their emetic properties, rheumatism, and for the treatment of high blood pressure. However, inadvertent consumption of these plants, which resemble wild ramps, induces life-threatening side effects attributable to an abundance of steroidal alkaloids. Several of the steroidal alkaloids from Veratrum spp. have been investigated for their ability to antagonize the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, a key pathway for embryonic development and cell proliferation. Uncontrolled activation of this pathway is linked to the development of various cancers; most notably, basal cell carcinoma and acute myeloid leukemia. Additional investigation of Veratrum spp. may lead to the identification of novel alkaloids with the potential to serve as chemotherapeutics. V. parviflorum is a relatively uncommon species of Veratrum that resides in the southeastern regions of North America. The phytochemical profile of this plant remains largely unexplored; however, bioactive steroidal alkaloids, including cyclopamine, veratramine, veratridine, and verazine were identified in its extract. The structural elucidation and bioactivity assessment of steroidal alkaloids in lesser abundance within the extract of V. parviflorum may yield potent Hh pathway inhibitors. This review seeks to consolidate the botanical and phytochemical information regarding V. parviflorum.
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14
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Zhu LC, Yang DL, Shi Y. Synthesis of 5α,6-Dihydroveragranines A and B. Org Lett 2022; 24:5825-5828. [PMID: 35920688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 5α,6-dihydro congeners of veragranines A and B, two steroidal alkaloids with an unprecedented hexacyclic skeleton and potent analgesic effects, were synthesized from hecogenin acetate within six steps. This work enables quick access to the hexacyclic skeleton and is amendable to prepare other D-ring-modified congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chao Zhu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Dong-Li Yang
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yong Shi
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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15
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Ma S, Li Z, Yu P, Shi H, Yang H, Yi J, Zhang Z, Duan X, Xie X, She X. Construction of the Skeleton of Lucidumone. Org Lett 2022; 24:5541-5545. [PMID: 35894551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The skeleton of lucidumone was constructed through oxidative dearomatization/intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction, Cu-mediated remote C-H hydroxylation, allyl oxidation, acid-promoted dynamic kinetic resolution cyclization, and benzylic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hesi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jiuzhou Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xingang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xuegong She
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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16
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Alekseychuk M, Adrian S, Heinze RC, Heretsch P. Biogenesis-Inspired, Divergent Synthesis of Spirochensilide A, Spirochensilide B, and Abifarine B Employing a Radical-Polar Crossover Rearrangement Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11574-11579. [PMID: 35729679 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenoids and related abeo-steroids are of interest to the scientific community for their potent and varied biological activities as well as their unique structures. Within this large and diverse family of natural products, the fir metabolites (-)-spirochensilide A and B are particularly noteworthy for their controversial biogenesis. We herein report the chemical synthesis of the spirochensilides, which involves a concerted sequence of bioinspired rearrangements contributing to its resolution. Points of divergence after each rearrangement step also allow for an approach to the abifarine family of natural products with abifarine B as a synthetic target. Key to this strategy is a radical-polar crossover event to initiate the first rearrangement without the need for a sacrificial functionality to be introduced beforehand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhaylo Alekseychuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sinan Adrian
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert C Heinze
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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17
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Fu Q, Wang Y, Nan F. Construction of the hexacyclic core of dispirocochlearoids A−C via a Diels−Alder reaction. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy, Fudan University 826 Zhangheng Road Shanghai 201203 China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy, Fudan University 826 Zhangheng Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Fajun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
- Drug Discovery Shandong Laboratory, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery Yantai Shandong 264117 China
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18
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Abstract
Chemical transformations that rapidly and efficiently construct a high level of molecular complexity in a single step are perhaps the most valuable in total synthesis. Among such transformations is the transition metal catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloisomerization reaction, which forges three new C-C bonds and one or more rings in a single synthetic operation. We report here a strategy that leverages this transformation to open de novo access to the Veratrum family of alkaloids. The highly convergent approach described herein includes (i) the enantioselective synthesis of a diyne fragment containing the steroidal A/B rings, (ii) the asymmetric synthesis of a propargyl-substituted piperidinone (F ring) unit, (iii) the high-yielding union of the above fragments, and (iv) the intramolecular [2 + 2 + 2] cycloisomerization reaction of the resulting carbon framework to construct in a single step the remaining three rings (C/D/E) of the hexacyclic cevanine skeleton. Efficient late-stage maneuvers culminated in the first total synthesis of heilonine (1), achieved in 21 steps starting from ethyl vinyl ketone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Cassaidy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Viresh H Rawal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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19
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Wang Z, Hui C. Contemporary advancements in the semi-synthesis of bioactive terpenoids and steroids. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3791-3812. [PMID: 33949606 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00448d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many natural products have intriguing biological properties that arise from their fascinating chemical structures. However, the intrinsic complexity of the structural skeleton and the reactive functional groups on natural products pose tremendous challenges to chemical syntheses. Semi-synthesis uses chemical compounds isolated from natural sources as the starting materials to produce other novel compounds with distinct chemical and medicinal properties. In particular, advancements in various types of sp3 C-H bond functionalization reactions and skeletal rearrangement methods have contributed to the re-emergence of semi-synthesis as an efficient approach for the synthesis of structurally complex bioactive natural products. Here, we begin with a brief discussion of several bioactive natural products that were obtained via a semi-synthetic approach between 2008 and 2015 and we then discuss in-depth contemporary advancements in the semi-synthesis of bioactive terpenoids and steroids reported during 2016-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Southern University of Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunngai Hui
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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20
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Li X, Zhang Z, Fan H, Miao Y, Tian H, Gu Y, Gui J. Concise Synthesis of 9,11-Secosteroids Pinnigorgiols B and E. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4886-4890. [PMID: 33761241 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pinnigorgiols B and E are 9,11-secosteroids with a unique tricyclic γ-diketone framework. Herein, we report the first synthesis of these natural products from inexpensive, commercially available ergosterol. This synthesis features a semipinacol rearrangement and an acyl radical cyclization/hemiketalization cascade; the latter efficiently assembled the tricyclic γ-diketone skeleton, with two rings and three contiguous stereogenic centers being formed in a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zeliang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huafang Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yinlong Miao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hailong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yucheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Jinghan Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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21
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Schuppe AW, Liu Y, Newhouse TR. An invocation for computational evaluation of isomerization transforms: cationic skeletal reorganizations as a case study. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:510-527. [PMID: 32931541 PMCID: PMC7956923 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2010 to 2020This review article describes how cationic rearrangement reactions have been used in natural product total synthesis over the last decade as a case study for the many productive ways by which isomerization reactions are enabling for synthesis. This review argues that isomerization reactions in particular are well suited for computational evaluation, as relatively simple calculations can provide significant insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Schuppe
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511-8107, USA.
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22
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Zeng ZY, Liao JX, Hu ZN, Liu DY, Zhang QJ, Sun JS. Chemical synthesis of quillaic acid, the aglycone of QS-21. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01356k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
With the easily available protoescigenin as a starting material, a protocol to chemically synthesize quillaic acid was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Zeng
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- China
| | - Jin-Xi Liao
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- China
| | - Zhen-Ni Hu
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- China
| | - De-Yong Liu
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- China
| | - Qing-Ju Zhang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- China
| | - Jian-Song Sun
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- China
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23
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Nallagonda R, Karimov RR. Copper-Catalyzed Regio- and Diastereoselective Additions of Boron-Stabilized Carbanions to Heteroarenium Salts: Synthesis of Azaheterocycles Containing Contiguous Stereocenters. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajender Nallagonda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, 378 Chemistry Building, Auburn, Alabama 36849 United States
| | - Rashad R. Karimov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, 378 Chemistry Building, Auburn, Alabama 36849 United States
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24
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Zheng Z, Cheng W, Wang L, Zhu J, Sun X, Tang Y. Asymmetric Catalytic [3+2] Annulation of
Donor‐Acceptor
Cyclopropane with Cyclic Ketones: Facile Access to Enantioenriched
1‐Oxaspiro
[4.5]decanes
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong‐Bo Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wen‐Fu Cheng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Lijia Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Jun Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xiu‐Li Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yong Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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25
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Chen X, Zhang D, Xu D, Zhou H, Xu G. Remote C-H Activation Strategy Enables Total Syntheses of Nortriterpenoids (±)-Walsucochin B and (±)-Walsucochinoids M and N. Org Lett 2020; 22:6993-6997. [PMID: 32822191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Total syntheses of (±)-walsucochin B and (±)-walsucochinoids M and N have been achieved from farnesyl bromide. The key steps of the synthetic sequence are the titanocene-mediated radical cyclization and base-induced cycloaromatization for the rapid construction of the 6/6/5/6-fused tetracyclic skeleton. Importantly, a Cu-mediated remote C-H hydroxylation reaction has been developed to site-selectively install the oxygen function at the C-7 position of the target molecules, thus solving the biggest challenge for the synthesis of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danyang Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Xu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gong Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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26
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Horwitz MA, Robins JG, Johnson JS. De Novo Synthesis of the DEF-Ring Stereotriad Core of the Veratrum Alkaloids. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6808-6814. [PMID: 32352768 PMCID: PMC7246867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the stereotriad core in the eastern portion of the Veratrum alkaloids jervine (1), cyclopamine (2), and veratramine (3) is reported. Starting from a known β-methyltyrosine derivative (8), the route utilizes a diastereoselective substrate-controlled 1,2-reduction to establish the stereochemistry of the vicinal amino alcohol motif embedded within the targets. Oxidative dearomatization is demonstrated to be a viable approach for the synthesis of the spirocyclic DE ring junction found in jervine and cyclopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Horwitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jacob G Robins
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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27
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Abstract
Progress toward a convergent approach for the enantioselective synthesis of the Veratrum alkaloid jervine is presented. The two requisite fragments were stereoselectively and efficiently fashioned from economical and readily available reagents. Key reactions include (a) a highly diastereoselective Ireland-Claisen rearrangement to establish the necessary cis-relationship between the amine and methyl group on the tetrahydrofuran E-ring; (b) a diastereoselective selenoetherification reaction that enabled the assembly of the D/E oxaspiro[4.5]decene in the needed configuration; and (c) an enzymatic desymmetrization of an abundant achiral diol en route to a key four-carbon building block as a practical alternative to a protected Roche ester reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blane P Zavesky
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Pedro De Jesús Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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28
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Taspinar Ö, Wilczek T, Erver J, Breugst M, Neudörfl JM, Schmalz HG. Synthesis of the 8,19-Epoxysteroid Eurysterol A. Chemistry 2020; 26:4256-4260. [PMID: 32031278 PMCID: PMC7187428 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the first chemical synthesis of eurysterol A, a cytotoxic and antifungal marine steroidal sulfate with a unique C8−C19 oxy‐bridged cholestane skeleton. After C19 hydroxylation of cholesteryl acetate, used as an inexpensive commercial starting material, the challenging oxidative functionalization of ring B was achieved by two different routes to set up a 5α‐hydroxy‐7‐en‐6‐one moiety. As a key step, an intramolecular oxa‐Michael addition was exploited to close the oxy‐bridge (8β,19‐epoxy unit). DFT calculations show this reversible transformation being exergonic by about −30 kJ mol−1. Along the optimized (scalable) synthetic sequence, the target natural product was obtained in only 11 steps in 5 % overall yield. In addition, an access to (isomeric) 7β,19‐epoxy steroids with a previously unknown pentacyclic ring system was discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Taspinar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Tobias Wilczek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Julian Erver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Martin Breugst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Jörg-Martin Neudörfl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Hans-Günther Schmalz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Köln, Germany
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29
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Liu W, Zhou P, Lang J, Dong S, Liu X, Feng X. A nickel(ii)-catalyzed asymmetric intramolecular Alder-ene reaction of 1,7-dienes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4479-4482. [PMID: 30916688 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01521c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A highly diastereo- and enantioselective intramolecular Alder-ene reaction with an alkene as the enophile has been developed by using a chiral N,N'-dioxide/nickel(ii) complex as the catalyst. This protocol provides a facile route towards the synthesis of diverse 3,4-disubstituted chroman, tetrahydroquinoline, piperidine and thiochroman derivatives in high yields with good to excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
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30
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Wang Y, Ju W, Tian H, Sun S, Li X, Tian W, Gui J. Facile Access to Bridged Ring Systems via Point-to-Planar Chirality Transfer: Unified Synthesis of Ten Cyclocitrinols. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5021-5033. [PMID: 30827095 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bridged ring systems are found in a wide variety of biologically active molecules including pharmaceuticals and natural products. However, the development of practical methods to access such systems with precise control of the planar chirality presents considerable challenges to synthetic chemists. In the context of our work on the synthesis of cyclocitrinols, a family of steroidal natural products, we herein report the development of a point-to-planar chirality transfer strategy for preparing bridged ring systems from readily accessible fused ring systems. Inspired by the proposed pathway for biosynthesis of cyclocitrinols from ergosterol, our strategy involves a bioinspired cascade rearrangement, which enabled the gram-scale synthesis of a common intermediate in nine steps and subsequent unified synthesis of 10 cyclocitrinols in an additional one to three steps. Our work provides experimental support for the proposed biosynthetic pathway and for the possible interrelationships between members of the cyclocitrinol family. In addition to being a convenient route to 5(10→19) abeo-steroids, our strategy also offers a generalized approach to bridged ring systems via point-to-planar chirality transfer. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the key cascade rearrangement involves a regioselective ring scission of a cyclopropylcarbinyl cation rather than a direct Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Wei Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Hailong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Suyun Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Xinghui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Weisheng Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jinghan Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
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31
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Hung K, Condakes ML, Novaes LFT, Harwood SJ, Morikawa T, Yang Z, Maimone TJ. Development of a Terpene Feedstock-Based Oxidative Synthetic Approach to the Illicium Sesquiterpenes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3083-3099. [PMID: 30698435 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Illicium sesquiterpenes are a family of natural products containing over 100 highly oxidized and structurally complex members, many of which display interesting biological activities. This comprehensive account chronicles the evolution of a semisynthetic strategy toward these molecules from (+)-cedrol, seeking to emulate key aspects of their presumed biosynthesis. An initial route generated lower oxidation state analogs but failed in delivering a crucial hydroxy group in the final step. Insight gathered during these studies, however, ultimately led to a synthesis of the pseudoanisatinoids along with the allo-cedrane natural product 11- O-debenzoyltashironin. A second-generation strategy was then developed to access the more highly oxidized majucinoid compounds including jiadifenolide and majucin itself. Overall, one dozen natural products can be accessed from an abundant and inexpensive terpene feedstock. A multitude of general observations regarding site-selective C(sp3)-H bond functionalization reactions in complex polycyclic architectures are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hung
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , 826 Latimer Hall , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Matthew L Condakes
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , 826 Latimer Hall , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Luiz F T Novaes
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , 826 Latimer Hall , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Stephen J Harwood
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , 826 Latimer Hall , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Takahiro Morikawa
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , 826 Latimer Hall , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , 826 Latimer Hall , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Thomas J Maimone
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , 826 Latimer Hall , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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32
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Heinze RC, Heretsch P. Translation of a Polar Biogenesis Proposal into a Radical Synthetic Approach: Synthesis of Pleurocin A/Matsutakone and Pleurocin B. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1222-1226. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Heinze
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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33
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Roumana A, Yektaoğlu A, Pliatsika D, Bantzi M, Nikolaropoulos SS, Giannis A, Fousteris MA. New Spiro-Lactam C- nor
- D
- homo
Steroids. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aggeliki Roumana
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Pharmacy; University of Patras; -26500 Patras GR Greece
| | - Aybike Yektaoğlu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy; University of Leipzig; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Dimanthi Pliatsika
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Pharmacy; University of Patras; -26500 Patras GR Greece
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy; University of Leipzig; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Marina Bantzi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy; University of Leipzig; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Sotiris S. Nikolaropoulos
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Pharmacy; University of Patras; -26500 Patras GR Greece
| | - Athanassios Giannis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy; University of Leipzig; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Manolis A. Fousteris
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Pharmacy; University of Patras; -26500 Patras GR Greece
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34
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Lu Z, Zhang X, Guo Z, Chen Y, Mu T, Li A. Total Synthesis of Aplysiasecosterol A. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9211-9218. [PMID: 29939021 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aplysiasecosterol A (1) is a structurally unusual 9,11-secosteroid isolated from the sea hare Aplysia kurodai. We have accomplished the first and asymmetric total synthesis of 1 in a convergent fashion. The left-hand segment bearing three adjacent stereocenters was constructed through desymmetrizing reduction, ketalization, and radical cyclization. A strategy of asymmetric 2-bromoallylation followed by spontaneous desymmetrizing lactolization enabled a more expeditious access to this segment. The right-hand segment was prepared through two different approaches: one featuring Myers alkylation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and the other relying upon Aggarwal lithiation-borylation and Zweifel-Evans olefination. The two fragments were coupled by a Reformatsky type reaction. The three consecutive stereocenters embedded in the central domain of 1 were generated by an iron-mediated, hydrogen atom transfer based radical cyclization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Zhicong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Tong Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
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35
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Zhou S, Guo R, Yang P, Li A. Total Synthesis of Septedine and 7-Deoxyseptedine. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9025-9029. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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36
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Shan C, Zhong K, Qi X, Xu D, Qu LB, Bai R, Lan Y. Long distance unconjugated agostic-assisted 1,5-H shift in a Ru-mediated Alder-ene type reaction: mechanism and stereoselectivity. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00699g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A long distance unconjugated novel 1,5-H shift mechanism for a Ru-catalyzed Alder-ene type alkene–alkyne coupling reaction was examined by DFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Shan
- Postdoctoral Station of Biomedical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
| | - Kangbao Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
| | - Dongdong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
| | - Ling-Bo Qu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Ruopeng Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
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37
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Trammell R, See YY, Herrmann AT, Xie N, Díaz DE, Siegler MA, Baran PS, Garcia-Bosch I. Decoding the Mechanism of Intramolecular Cu-Directed Hydroxylation of sp 3 C-H Bonds. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7887-7904. [PMID: 28654755 PMCID: PMC5792191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of copper in directed C-H oxidation has been relatively underexplored. In a seminal example, Schönecker showed that copper and O2 promoted the hydroxylation of steroid-containing ligands. Recently, Baran (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 13776) improved the reaction conditions to oxidize similar substrates with excellent yields. In both reports, the involvement of Cu2O2 intermediates was suggested. In this collaborative article, we studied the hydroxylation mechanism in great detail, resulting in the overhaul of the previously accepted mechanism and the development of improved reaction conditions. Extensive experimental evidence (spectroscopic characterization, kinetic analysis, intermolecular reactivity, and radical trap experiments) is provided to support each of the elementary steps proposed and the hypothesis that a key mononuclear LCuII(OOR) intermediate undergoes homolytic O-O cleavage to generate reactive RO• species, which are responsible for key C-H hydroxylation within the solvent cage. These key findings allowed the oxidation protocol to be reformulated, leading to improvements of the reaction cost, practicability, and isolated yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Trammell
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Yi Yang See
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Aaron T. Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nan Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Daniel E. Díaz
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Isaac Garcia-Bosch
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
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38
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Johnson TC, Siegel D. Directing Stem Cell Fate: The Synthetic Natural Product Connection. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12052-12086. [PMID: 28771328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells possess remarkable potential for the treatment of a broad array of diseases including many that lack therapeutic options. However, the use of cell-based products derived from stem cells as therapeutics has limitations including rejection, sufficient availability, and lack of appropriate engraftment. Chemical control of stem cells provides potential solutions for overcoming many of the current limitations in cell-based therapeutics. The development of exogenous molecules to control stem cell self-renewal or differentiation has arrived at natural product-based agents as an important class of modulators. The ex vivo production of cryopreserved cellular products for use in tissue repair is a relatively new area of medicine in which the conventional hurdles to implementing chemicals to effect human health are changed. Translational challenges centered on chemistry, such as pharmacokinetics, are reduced. Importantly, in many cases the desired human tissues can be evaluated against new chemicals, and approaches to cellular regulation can be validated in the clinically applicable system. As a result linking new and existing laboratory syntheses of natural products with findings of the compounds' unique abilities to regulate stem cell fate provides opportunities for developing improved methods for tissue manufacture, accessing probe compounds, and generating new leads that yield manufactured cells with improved properties. This review provides a summary of natural products that have shown promise in controlling stem cell fate and which have also been fully synthesized thereby providing chemistry platforms for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor C Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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39
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Zweig JE, Kim DE, Newhouse TR. Methods Utilizing First-Row Transition Metals in Natural Product Total Synthesis. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11680-11752. [PMID: 28525261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
First-row transition-metal-mediated reactions constitute an important and growing area of research due to the low cost, low toxicity, and exceptional synthetic versatility of these metals. Currently, there is considerable effort to replace existing precious-metal-catalyzed reactions with first-row analogs. More importantly, there are a plethora of unique transformations mediated by first-row metals, which have no classical second- or third-row counterpart. Herein, the application of first-row metal-mediated methods to the total synthesis of natural products is discussed. This Review is intended to highlight strategic uses of these metals to realize efficient syntheses and highlight the future potential of these reagents and catalysts in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Zweig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 275 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Daria E Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 275 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Timothy R Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 275 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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40
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Roscales S, Plumet J. Ring Rearrangement Metathesis in 7-Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptene (7-Oxanorbornene) Derivatives. Some Applications in Natural Product Chemistry. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metathesis reactions is firmly established as a valuable synthetic tool in organic chemistry, clearly comparable with the venerable Diels-Alder and Wittig reactions and, more recently, with the metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Metathesis reactions can be considered as a fascinating synthetic methodology, allowing different variants regarding substrate (alkene and alkyne metathesis) and type of metathetical reactions. On the other hand, tandem metathesis reactions such Ring Rearrangement Metathesis (RRM) and the coupling of metathesis reaction with other reactions of alkenes such as Diels-Alder or Heck reactions, makes metathesis one of the most powerful and reliable synthetic procedure.In particular, Ring-Rearrangement Metathesis (RRM) refers to the combination of several metathesis transformations into a domino process such as ring-opening metathesis (ROM)/ring-closing metathesis (RCM) and ROM-cross metathesis (CM) in a one-pot operation. RRM delivers complex frameworks that are difficult to assemble by conventional methods constitutingan atom economic process. RRM is applicable to mono- and polycyclic systems of varying ring sizes such as cyclopropene, cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, pyran systems, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene derivatives, bicyclo[2.2.2]octene derivatives, bicyclo[3.2.1]octene derivatives and bicyclo[3.2.1]octene derivatives.In this review our attention has focused on the RRM reactions in 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptene derivatives and on their application in the synthesis of natural products or significant subunits of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Roscales
- Technological Institute Pet, 10 Manuel Bartolomé Cossio St, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Plumet
- Complutense University, Faculty of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Department, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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41
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Zhang Z, Wang J, Li J, Yang F, Liu G, Tang W, He W, Fu JJ, Shen YH, Li A, Zhang WD. Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Assignment of Delavatine A: Rh-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Indene-Type Tetrasubstituted Olefins and Kinetic Resolution through Pd-Catalyzed Triflamide-Directed C–H Olefination. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5558-5567. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyin Zhang
- School
of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Department
of Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling
Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- Department
of Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling
Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling
Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School
of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guodu Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling
Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenjun Tang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling
Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weiwei He
- School
of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian-Jun Fu
- School
of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun-Heng Shen
- Department
of Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ang Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling
Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- School
of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Department
of Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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42
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Krieger J, Smeilus T, Schackow O, Giannis A. Lewis Acid Mediated Nazarov Cyclization as a Convergent and Enantioselective Entry to C
-nor-D
-homo-Steroids. Chemistry 2017; 23:5000-5004. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Krieger
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie; Universität Leipzig; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Toni Smeilus
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie; Universität Leipzig; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Oliver Schackow
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie; Universität Leipzig; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Athanassios Giannis
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie; Universität Leipzig; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
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43
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Gupta P, Diefenbach M, Holthausen MC, Förster M. Copper-Mediated Selective Hydroxylation of a Non-activated C−H Bond in Steroids: A DFT Study of Schönecker's Reaction. Chemistry 2016; 23:1427-1435. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Gupta
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Present address: Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Martin Diefenbach
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Moritz Förster
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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44
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Font D, Canta M, Milan M, Cussó O, Ribas X, Klein Gebbink RJM, Costas M. Readily Accessible Bulky Iron Catalysts exhibiting Site Selectivity in the Oxidation of Steroidal Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5776-9. [PMID: 27059402 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bulky iron complexes are described that catalyze the site-selective oxidation of alkyl C-H bonds with hydrogen peroxide under mild conditions. Steric bulk at the iron center is introduced by appending trialkylsilyl groups at the meta-position of the pyridines in tetradentate aminopyridine ligands, and this effect translates into high product yields, an enhanced preferential oxidation of secondary over tertiary C-H bonds, and the ability to perform site-selective oxidation of methylenic sites in terpenoid and steroidal substrates. Unprecedented site selective oxidation at C6 and C12 methylenic sites in steroidal substrates is shown to be governed by the chirality of the catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Font
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercè Canta
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michela Milan
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olaf Cussó
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Robertus J M Klein Gebbink
- Organic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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45
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Font D, Canta M, Milan M, Cussó O, Ribas X, Klein Gebbink RJM, Costas M. Readily Accessible Bulky Iron Catalysts exhibiting Site Selectivity in the Oxidation of Steroidal Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Font
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercè Canta
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michela Milan
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olaf Cussó
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Robertus J. M. Klein Gebbink
- Organic Chemistry & Catalysis; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
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46
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Qiu Y, Gao S. Trends in applying C-H oxidation to the total synthesis of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:562-81. [PMID: 26847167 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00122f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2006 to 2015C-H functionalization remains one of the frontier challenges in organic chemistry and drives quite an active area of research. It has recently been applied in various novel strategies for the synthesis of natural products. It can dramatically increase synthetic efficiency when incorporated into retrosynthetic analyses of complex natural products, making it an essential part of current trends in organic synthesis. In this Review, we focus on selected case studies of recent applications of C-H oxidation methodologies in which the C-H bond has been exploited effectively to construct C-O and C-N bonds in natural product syntheses. Examples of syntheses representing different types of C-H oxidation are discussed to illustrate the potential of this approach and inspire future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyou Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
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Rao WH, Shi BF. Recent advances in copper-mediated chelation-assisted functionalization of unactivated C–H bonds. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00156d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in copper-mediated (both stoichiometric and catalytic) chelation-assisted functionalization of unactivated C–H bonds are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Rao
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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See YY, Herrmann AT, Aihara Y, Baran PS. Scalable C-H Oxidation with Copper: Synthesis of Polyoxypregnanes. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13776-9. [PMID: 26466196 PMCID: PMC5287264 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Steroids bearing C12 oxidations are widespread in nature, yet only one preparative chemical method addresses this challenge in a low-yielding and not fully understood fashion: Schönecker's Cu-mediated oxidation. This work shines new light onto this powerful C-H oxidation method through mechanistic investigation, optimization, and wider application. Culminating in a scalable, rapid, high-yielding, and operationally simple protocol, this procedure is applied to the first synthesis of several parent polyoxypregnane natural products, representing a gateway to over 100 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang See
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Aaron T. Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Yoshinori Aihara
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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49
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Wu JJ, Gao R, Shi Y, Tian WS. Direct amination of EF spiroketal in steroidal sapogenins: an efficient synthetic strategy and method for related alkaloids. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Jiang QW, Chen MW, Cheng KJ, Yu PZ, Wei X, Shi Z. Therapeutic Potential of Steroidal Alkaloids in Cancer and Other Diseases. Med Res Rev 2015; 36:119-43. [PMID: 25820039 DOI: 10.1002/med.21346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal alkaloids are a class of secondary metabolites isolated from plants, amphibians, and marine invertebrates. Evidence accumulated in the recent two decades demonstrates that steroidal alkaloids have a wide range of bioactivities including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, etc., suggesting their great potential for application. It is therefore necessary to comprehensively summarize the bioactivities, especially anticancer activities and mechanisms of steroidal alkaloids. Here we systematically highlight the anticancer profiles both in vitro and in vivo of steroidal alkaloids such as dendrogenin, solanidine, solasodine, tomatidine, cyclopamine, and their derivatives. Furthermore, other bioactivities of steroidal alkaloids are also discussed. The integrated molecular mechanisms in this review can increase our understanding on the utilization of steroidal alkaloids and contribute to the development of new drug candidates. Although the therapeutic potentials of steroidal alkaloids look promising in the preclinical and clinical studies, further pharmacokinetic and clinical studies are mandated to define their efficacy and safety in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Wei Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei-Wan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 519000, China
| | - Ke-Jun Cheng
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pei-Zhong Yu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Shi
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
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