1
|
Giarrana L, Zimmer M, Morgenstern B, Scheschkewitz D. Tetrylene-Functionalized Si 7-Siliconoids. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 38502920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The core expansion of metallic or metalloid clusters by the addition of further homo- or heteronuclear vertices is pivotal to the nucleation and growth of particles. The exohedral grafting of a low-valent functionality followed by endohedral incorporation have been identified as key steps. Following previous work on the Si6 series, we now report the synthesis and full characterization of the amidinatotetrylene-functionalized seven-vertex siliconoids Si7R5[E(NtBu)2CPh] (E = Si, Ge, Sn). In the case of the silylene derivative, the solid-state structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Giarrana
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Service Center X-ray Diffraction, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ya Lee V, Gapurenko OA. Heavy Tetrel Clusters Based on the Bicyclobutane Framework: Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes, [1.1.1]Propellanes, and Tricyclo[2.1.0.0 2,5 ]pentanes. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300903. [PMID: 38015001 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the current state of affairs in the novel field of the group 14 element clusters based on the bicyclo[1.1.0]butane framework, namely, bicyclo[1.1.0]butane, [1.1.1]propellane, and tricyclo[2.1.0.02,5 ]pentane derivatives, are overviewed. Structural similarities and differences between these three classes of highly strained polycyclic compounds are considered from the viewpoint of the critically important nature of their bridgehead bonds. Synthetic strategies towards bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes, [1.1.1]propellanes, and tricyclo[2.1.0.02,5 ]pentanes, as well as their peculiar structural and bonding features, and specific reactivity, are also presented and discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ya Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Olga A Gapurenko
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki avenue 194/2, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Helmer J, Hepp A, Berger RJF, Lips F. Synthesis and functionalization of the six-vertex anionic amido-substituted silicon cluster [Si 6{N(SiMe 3)Ph} 5] . Dalton Trans 2023; 52:14949-14955. [PMID: 37800884 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03952d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of the six-vertex amido-substituted silicon cluster Si6{N(SiMe3)Ph}6 1 with two equiv. of KC8 results in the abstraction of K{N(SiMe3)Ph} and leads to the contact ion pair 2 including an anionic silicon cluster with two unsubstituted pyramidal vertices. Facile functionalization of 2 was achieved with MeI, SiCl4 and SiBr4 and results in neutral two-fold functionalized silicon clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joschua Helmer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Raphael J F Berger
- Paris Lodron Universität Salzburg, Materialchemie, Jakob-Harringerstr. 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Felicitas Lips
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Heteroatom-centered diradical(oid)s have been in the focus of molecular main group chemistry for nearly 30 years. During this time, the diradical concept has evolved and the focus has shifted to the rational design of diradical(oid)s for specific applications. This review article begins with some important theoretical considerations of the diradical and tetraradical concept. Based on these theoretical considerations, the design of diradical(oid)s in terms of ligand choice, steric, symmetry, electronic situation, element choice, and reactivity is highlighted with examples. In particular, heteroatom-centered diradical reactions are discussed and compared with closed-shell reactions such as pericyclic additions. The comparison between closed-shell reactivity, which proceeds in a concerted manner, and open-shell reactivity, which proceeds in a stepwise fashion, along with considerations of diradical(oid) design, provides a rational understanding of this interesting and unusual class of compounds. The application of diradical(oid)s, for example in small molecule activation or as molecular switches, is also highlighted. The final part of this review begins with application-related details of the spectroscopy of diradical(oid)s, followed by an update of the heteroatom-centered diradical(oid)s and tetraradical(oid)s published in the last 10 years since 2013.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hinz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (AOC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonas Bresien
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (AOC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Imagawa T, Giarrana L, Andrada DM, Morgenstern B, Nakamoto M, Scheschkewitz D. Stable Silapyramidanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4757-4764. [PMID: 36787446 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Starting from tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutadiene and an amidinate-supported silylene of the Roesky-type, a sequence of addition and reduction cleanly gives the elusive silapyramidane via an isolable cyclobutene intermediate with an exocyclic Si═C bond. The silapyramidane features an unusually shielded 29Si NMR resonance at -448.3 ppm for the apex silicon atom. Treatment with Fe2(CO)9 results in the formation of the corresponding silapyramidane-iron complex. Silapyramidane also reacts with the cyclobutadiene starting material to cleanly afford a fluorescent spirobis(silole).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Imagawa
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 739-8526 Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Luisa Giarrana
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Service Center X-ray Diffraction, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 739-8526 Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dabringhaus P, Zedlitz S, Giarrana L, Scheschkewitz D, Krossing I. Low-Valent M x Al 3 Cluster Salts with Tetrahedral [SiAl 3 ] + and Trigonal-Bipyramidal [M 2 Al 3 ] 2+ Cores (M=Si/Ge). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215170. [PMID: 36479813 PMCID: PMC10108233 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schnöckel's [(AlCp*)4 ] and Jutzi's [SiCp*][B(C6 F5 )4 ] (Cp*=C5 Me5 ) are landmarks in modern main-group chemistry with diverse applications in synthesis and catalysis. Despite the isoelectronic relationship between the AlCp* and the [SiCp*]+ fragments, their mutual reactivity is hitherto unknown. Here, we report on their reaction giving the complex salts [Cp*Si(AlCp*)3 ][WCA] ([WCA]- =[Al(ORF )4 ]- and [F{Al(ORF )3 }2 ]- ; RF =C(CF3 )3 ). The tetrahedral [SiAl3 ]+ core not only represents a rare example of a low-valent silicon-doped aluminium-cluster, but also-due to its facile accessibility and high stability-provides a convenient preparative entry towards low-valent Si-Al clusters in general. For example, an elusive binuclear [Si2 (AlCp*)5 ]2+ with extremely short Al-Si bonds and a high negative partial charge at the Si atoms was structurally characterised and its bonding situation analysed by DFT. Crystals of the isostructural [Ge2 (AlCp*)5 ]2+ dication were also obtained and represent the first mixed Al-Ge cluster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Dabringhaus
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Silja Zedlitz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Luisa Giarrana
- Chair in General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Chair in General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hunsicker M, Poitiers NE, Huch V, Morgenstern B, Zimmer M, Scheschkewitz D. Interlinkage of a siliconoid with a silsesquioxane: en route to a molecular model system for silicon monoxide. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David Scheschkewitz
- Universitat des Saarlandes General and Inorganic Chemistry Am Markt, Zeile 1Campus Dudweiler 66125 Saarbrücken GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Keuter J, Dimitrova M, Janka O, Hepp A, Berger RJF, Lips F. An Anionic Amido‐Substituted Seven‐Vertex Siliconoid Cluster. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201473. [PMID: 35652723 PMCID: PMC9543723 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Keuter
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Corrensstraße 28–30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Paris-Lodron Universität Salzburg Materialchemie Jakob-Harringerstr. 2a 5020 Salzburg Austria
| | - Oliver Janka
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Corrensstraße 28–30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Corrensstraße 28–30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Raphael J. F. Berger
- Paris-Lodron Universität Salzburg Materialchemie Jakob-Harringerstr. 2a 5020 Salzburg Austria
| | - Felicitas Lips
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Corrensstraße 28–30 48149 Münster Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Poitiers NE, Huch V, Morgenstern B, Zimmer M, Scheschkewitz D. Siliconoid Expansion by a Single Germanium Atom through Isolated Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205399. [PMID: 35502469 PMCID: PMC9401078 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The growth of (semi-)metal clusters is pivotal for nucleation processes in gaseous and condensed phases. We now report the isolation of intermediates during the expansion of a stable unsaturated silicon cluster (siliconoid) by a single germanium atom through a sequence of substitution, rearrangement and reduction. The reaction of ligato-lithiated hexasilabenzpolarene LiSi6 Tip5 (1Li⋅(thf)2 , Tip=2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl) with GeCl2 ⋅NHC (NHC=1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene) initially yields the product with exohedral germanium(II) functionality, which then inserts into an Si-Si bond of the Si6 scaffold. The concomitant transfer of the chloro functionality from germanium to an adjacent silicon preserves the electron-precise nature of the formed endohedral germylene. Full incorporation of the germanium heteroatom to the Si6 Ge cluster core is finally achieved either by reduction under loss of the coordinating NHC or directly by reaction of 1Li⋅(thf)2 with GeCl2 ⋅1,4-dioxane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine E. Poitiers
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic ChemistrySaarland UniversityGermany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic ChemistrySaarland UniversityGermany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic ChemistrySaarland UniversityGermany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic ChemistrySaarland UniversityGermany
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Poitiers NE, Huch V, Morgenstern B, Zimmer M, Scheschkewitz D. Gerüsterweiterung eines Silicoids um ein einzelnes Germaniumatom über isolierte Zwischenprodukte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine E. Poitiers
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic Chemistry Saarland University Deutschland
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic Chemistry Saarland University Deutschland
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic Chemistry Saarland University Deutschland
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic Chemistry Saarland University Deutschland
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp Chair in General and Inorganic Chemistry Saarland University Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Du S, Jia H, Rong H, Song H, Cui C, Mo Z. Synthesis and Reactivity of N-Heterocyclic Silylene Stabilized Disilicon(0) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115570. [PMID: 35132739 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis and reactivity of disilicon(0) complexes are of fundamental and application importance. Herein, we report the development of an N-heterocyclic imino-substituted silylene (1), which has strong σ-donating ability and is significantly sterically hindered. The one-pot reaction of this silylene with [IPr→SiCl2 ] (IPr=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene) and KC8 (2 equiv) in THF at -30 °C leads to a silylene-ligated disilicon(0) complex (2), isolated as red crystals in 60 % yield. Characterization data and DFT calculations show that the trans-bent Si4 skeleton in 2 features a Si0 =Si0 double bond with significant π-π bonding and one lone pair of electrons on each of these two Si0 atoms. Complex 2 reacts readily with phenylacetylene, producing a structurally intriguing silatricyclic complex 6,8-diaza-1,2,5-trisilatricyclo-[3.2.1.02,7 ]-oct-3-ene (3), and revealing new aspects of low-valent silicon chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhi Du
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hongwei Jia
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hua Rong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haibin Song
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Varandas AJC. From six to eight Π-electron bare rings of group-XIV elements and beyond: can planarity be deciphered from the "quasi-molecules" they embed? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8488-8507. [PMID: 35343978 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04130d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular orbital theory is used to study the structures of six and eight π-electron bare rings of group-XIV elements, and even larger [n]annulenes up to C18H18, including some of their mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-anions. While some of the above rings are planar, others are nonplanar. A much spotlighted case is cyclo-octatetraene (C8H8), which is predicted to be nonplanar together with its heavier group-XIV analogues Si8H8 and Ge8H8, with the solely planar members of its family having the stoichiometric formulas C4Si4H8 and C4Ge4H8. A similar situation arises with the six π-electron bare rings, where benzene and substituted ones up to C3Si3H6 or so are planar, while others are not. However, the explanations encountered in the literature find support in ab initio calculations for such species, often rationalized from distinct calculated features. Using second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory and, when affordable (particularly tetratomics, which may allow even higher levels), the coupled-cluster method including single, double, and perturbative triple excitations, a common rationale is suggested based on a novel concept of quasi-molecules or the (3+4)-atom partition scheme. Any criticism of tautology is therefore avoided. The same analysis has also been successfully applied to even larger [n]annulenes, to their mixed family members involving silicon and germanium atoms, and to the C18 carbon ring. Furthermore, it has been extended to annulene anions to check the criteria of the popular Hückel rule for planarity and aromaticity. Exploratory work on cycloarenes is also reported. Besides a partial study of the involved potential energy surfaces, equilibrium geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies have been calculated anew, for both the parent and the actual prototypes of the quasi-molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J C Varandas
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, 273165 Qufu, China.,Department of Physics, Universidade Federal do Esp rito Santo, 29075-910 Vitória, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, and Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Helmer J, Hepp A, Lips F. A strongly twisted SiSi bond with resemblance to a buckled dimer in an unexpected isomer of hexasilabenzene. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3254-3262. [PMID: 35133371 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00259k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reductive debromination of {N(SiMe3)Ph}SiBr31 with Rieke magnesium yields the six-vertex amido-substituted silicon cluster 2 with zwitterionic character that represents an unprecedented isomer of hexasilabenzene. The topology of Si1 and Si2 in 2 has bonding features of a highly twisted disilene and resembles that of a buckled dimer of Si(100)2 × 1 reconstructed surfaces. Cluster 2 forms the adducts 3 and 4 with NHCMe4 and DMAP, respectively. The NHC adduct 4 additionally coordinates to BH3 which affords the saturated cluster BH3NHCMe4Si6{N(SiMe3)Ph}6 (5). Furthermore, 2 undergoes addition with MeI and iodine to form the halogenated silicon clusters 6 and 7, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joschua Helmer
- Westfälische-Willhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Westfälische-Willhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Felicitas Lips
- Westfälische-Willhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Du S, Jia H, Rong H, Song H, Cui C, Mo Z. Synthesis and Reactivity of N‐Heterocyclic Silylene Stabilized Disilicon(0) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhi Du
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Hongwei Jia
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Hua Rong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Haibin Song
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kushvaha SK, Gorantla SMNVT, Mondal KC. Stabilization of Interstellar CSi 2 Species by Donor Base Ligands: L-CSi 2-L; L = cAAC Me, NHC Me, and PMe 3. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:845-858. [PMID: 35119854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c09746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The donor ligand bonded singlet (L)2Si2C containing a bent Si2C unit in the middle has been studied by theoretical quantum mechanical calculations (NBO, QTAIM, EDA-NOCV analyses) [L = cAAC, NHC, Me3P]. EDA-NOCV analysis suggests that this Si2C is possible to stabilize by a pair of donor base ligands. The bond dissociation energy of the Si2C fragment is endothermic (85-45 kcal/mol) with a sufficiently high intrinsic interaction energy (ΔEint = -89 to -48 kcal/mol). Fifty percent of the total stabilization energy arises from electrostatic interactions, and nearly 45% is contributed by covalent orbital interaction between Si2C and (L)2 fragments in their singlet states. 75-80% of the orbital interaction energy is contributed by two sets of σ-donation L → SiCSi ← L. The π-back-donation is only 15-10%. The dispersion energy is not negligible (3-5%). The interaction energy is highest for 1 (L = cAAC) among three compounds. Additionally, (cAAC)2Si2C-Ni(CO)3 (4) has been studied. The interaction energy between 1 and Ni(CO)3 is nearly 61 kcal/mol with the major contribution coming from donation of electron cloud from electron rich Si2C backbone to empty hybrid orbital of Ni(CO)3 fragment. A sufficiently strong π-back-donation from (OC)3Ni to Si2C has also been identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Kushvaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | | | - Kartik Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Keuter J, Hepp A, Massolle A, Neugebauer J, Mück‐Lichtenfeld C, Lips F. Synthese und Reaktivität eines Neutralen Homozyklischen Silylens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Keuter
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Corrensstraße 28–30 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Corrensstraße 28–30 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Anja Massolle
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut und Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut und Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Christian Mück‐Lichtenfeld
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut und Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Felicitas Lips
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Corrensstraße 28–30 48149 Münster Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Baranac-Stojanović M, Stojanović M, Aleksić J. Revival of Hückel Aromatic (Poly)benzenoid Subunits in Triplet State Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Silicon Substitution. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101261. [PMID: 34964285 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
By employing density functional theory (DFT) calculations we show that mono- and disilicon substitution in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, having two to four benzene units, quenches their triplet state antiaromaticity by creating Hückel aromatic (poly)benzenoid subunit(s) and weakly antiaromatic, or almost nonaromatic silacycle. Therefore, such systems are predicted to be globally aromatic in both the ground state and the first excited triplet state. Putting the silicon atom(s) into various positions of a hydrocarbon provides an opportunity to tune the singlet-triplet energy gaps. They depend on the global aromaticity degree which, in turn, depends on the type of aromatic carbocyclic subunit(s) and the extent of their aromaticity. On the basis of the set of studied compounds, some preliminary rules on how to regulate the extent of global, semiglobal and local aromaticity are proposed. The results of this work extend the importance of Hückel aromaticity concept to excited triplet states which are usually characterized by the Baird type of (anti)aromaticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Baranac-Stojanović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Organic Chemistry, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, SERBIA
| | - Milovan Stojanović
- Institute of Chemistry Technology and Metallurgy: Institut za hemiju tehnologiju i metalurgiju, Center for Chemistry, SERBIA
| | - Jovana Aleksić
- Institute of Chemistry Technology and Metallurgy: Institut za hemiju tehnologiju i metalurgiju, Center for Chemistry, SERBIA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Keuter J, Hepp A, Massolle A, Neugebauer J, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Lips F. Synthesis and Reactivity of a Neutral Homocyclic Silylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114485. [PMID: 34797603 PMCID: PMC9299817 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of the neutral homocyclic silylene 2 is possible via amine ligand abstraction with potassium graphite (KC8) and subsequent reaction with SiMe3Cl from a bicyclic silicon(I) amide J. This reaction proceeds via an anionic homoaromatic silicon ring compound 1 as an intermediate. The twofold‐coordinated silicon atom in the homocyclic silylene 2 is stabilized by an allyl‐type π‐electron delocalization. 2 reacts in an oxidative addition with two equivalents of MeOH and in cycloadditions with ethene, phenylacetylene, diphenylacetylene and with 2,3‐dimethyl‐1,3‐butadiene to afford novel functionalized ring compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Keuter
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Anja Massolle
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Felicitas Lips
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tsurusaki A, Sato H, Kyushin S. Clusterization Effect on the 29Si NMR Signal of a Spiro Silicon Atom. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tsurusaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Application Laboratories, Rigaku Corporation, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kyushin
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The continuously decreasing size of device features in microelectronics draws growing attention to the structuring of silicon at the molecular level with powerful tools provided by synthetic chemistry. Silicon clusters are of particular importance in this regard not only as potential precursors for silicon deposition but also as well-defined model systems for bulk and surfaces of silicon at the nanoscale as well as possible starting points for future construction of molecularly precise device structures. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview about the state of the art in the synthesis of molecular silicon clusters, which are grouped into (1) electron-precise saturated clusters, (2) soluble polyhedral Zintl anions, and (3) unsaturated silicon clusters, the so-called siliconoids. Particular attention is paid to functionalization as it is generally considered a necessary prerequisite for the design and construction of more extended systems. The interrelations between the three different classes of molecular silicon clusters, e.g., arising from the introduction of negatively charged functional groups, are highlighted on grounds of NMR properties and computed electronic structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Heider
- Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ota K, Kinjo R. Heavier element-containing aromatics of [4 n+2]-electron systems. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10594-10673. [PMID: 34369490 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01354d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While the implication of the aromaticity concept has been dramatically expanded to date since its emergence in 1865, the classical [4n+2]/4n-electron counting protocol still plays an essential role in evaluating the aromatic nature of compounds. Over the last few decades, a variety of heavier heterocycles featuring the formal [4n+2] π-electron arrangements have been developed, which allows for assessing their aromatic nature. In this review, we present recent developments of the [4n+2]-electron systems of heavier heterocycles involving group 13-15 elements. The synthesis, spectroscopic data, structural parameters, computational data, and reactivity are introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ota
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Iwamoto T, Yin D, Kobayashi A, Tamura M, Motomatsu D, Akasaka N, Yokouchi Y, Ishida S, Kira M. Lithiated 1,3-Disilabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes Synthesized via Selective Cleavage of Exocyclic Si–Si Bonds on Bridgehead Silicon Atoms. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Dongzhu Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Akifumi Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Makoto Tamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Daiki Motomatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Naohiko Akasaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shintaro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kira
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Reactions of isolable disilynes and digermynes with alkynes can result in the formation of the corresponding disila- (DSBs) and digermabenzenes (DGBs), wherein two carbon atoms of the benzene ring are replaced by silicon or germanium atoms. Detailed structural and spectroscopic analyses of these DSBs and DGBs have revealed that they exhibit considerable aromaticity, comparable to that of benzene. However, in contrast to the all-carbon system benzene, these DSBs and DGBs are highly reactive toward small molecules such as oxygen, hydrogen, 1,3-dienes, and water. During the investigation of their reactivity, we discovered that a 1,2-DGB works as a catalyst for the cyclotrimerization of arylalkynes, which provides access to the corresponding 1,2,4-triarylbenzenes. In this perspective article, our recent progress in the area of DSB and DGB chemistry is summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sasamori
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gorantla SMNVT, Pan S, Mondal KC, Frenking G. Revisiting the Bonding Scenario of Two Donor Ligand Stabilized C 2 Species. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:291-301. [PMID: 33369414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations using density functional methods were performed for complexes of type L2C2 with L = NHCMe (1), SNHCMe (2) (S = saturated), cAACMe (3), and diamidocarbene (DACMe) (4). The equilibrium structures of 1-4 possess almost linear C4 cores. A high thermochemical stability of the complexes with respect to dissociation, L2C2 → C2 + 2L, is indicated by the large bond dissociation energy following the order 3 > 4 > 2 > 1. The results show that the use of SNHCMe and DACMe as ligands is preferable over NHCMe. The bonding analysis using charge and energy decomposition methods reveals that (cAACMe)2C2 and (DACMe)2C2 possess genuine cumulene C4 moieties, which results from the electron-sharing bonding between quintet L2 and quintet C2 fragments. In contrast, the bonding in (NHCMe)2C2 and (SNHCMe)2C2 comes from a combination of dative and electron-sharing interactions between doublet L2+ and doublet C2- fragments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Manoj N V T Gorantla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.,Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kartik Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Poitiers NE, Huch V, Zimmer M, Scheschkewitz D. Chalcogen-Expanded Unsaturated Silicon Clusters: Thia-, Selena-, and Tellurasiliconoids. Chemistry 2020; 26:16599-16602. [PMID: 32700779 PMCID: PMC7756652 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of silylenes with heavier chalcogens (E) typically result in Si=E double bonds or their π-addition products. In contrast, the oxidation of a silylene-functionalized unsaturated silicon cluster (siliconoid) with Group 16 elements selectively yields cluster expanded siliconoids Si7 E (E=S, Se, Te) fully preserving the unsaturated nature of the cluster scaffold as evident from the NMR signatures of the products. Mechanistic considerations by DFT calculations suggest the intermediacy of a Si6 siliconoid with exohedral Si=E functionality. The reaction thus may serve as model system for the oxidation of surface-bonded silylenes at Si(100) by chalcogens and their diffusion into the silicon bulk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine E. Poitiers
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Agarwal A, Bose SK. Bonding Relationship between Silicon and Germanium with Group 13 and Heavier Elements of Groups 14-16. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3784-3806. [PMID: 33006219 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The topic of heavier main group compounds possessing multiple bonds is the subject of momentous interest in modern organometallic chemistry. Importantly, there is an excitement involving the discovery of unprecedented compounds with unique bonding modes. The research in this area is still expanding, particularly the reactivity aspects of these compounds. This article aims to describe the overall developments reported on the stable derivatives of silicon and germanium involved in multiple bond formation with other group 13, and heavier groups 14, 15, and 16 elements. The synthetic strategies, structural features, and their reactivity towards different nucleophiles, unsaturated organic substrates, and in small molecule activation are discussed. Further, their physical and chemical properties are described based on their spectroscopic and theoretical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Agarwal
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences (CNMS), JAIN (Deemed-to-be University) Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Shubhankar Kumar Bose
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences (CNMS), JAIN (Deemed-to-be University) Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, 562112, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gorantla SMNVT, Pan S, Mondal KC, Frenking G. Stabilization of Linear C 3 by Two Donor Ligands: A Theoretical Study of L-C 3 -L (L=PPh 3 , NHC Me , cAAC Me )*. Chemistry 2020; 26:14211-14220. [PMID: 32743817 PMCID: PMC7702110 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical studies using density functional theory and ab initio methods have been carried out for the molecules L-C3 -L with L=PPh3 (1), NHCMe (2, NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene), and cAACMe (3, cAAC=cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene). The calculations predict that 1 and 2 have equilibrium geometries where the ligands are bonded with rather acute bonding angles at the linear C3 moiety. The phosphine adduct 1 has a synclinal (gauche) conformation whereas 2 exhibits a trans conformation of the ligands. In contrast, the compound 3 possesses a nearly linear arrangement of the carbene ligands at the C3 fragment. The bond dissociation energies of the ligands have the order 1<2<3. The bonding analysis using charge and energy decomposition methods suggests that 3 is best described as a cumulene with electron-sharing double bonds between neutral fragments (cAACMe )2 and C3 in the respective electronic quintet state yielding (cAACMe )=C3 =(cAACMe ). In contrast, 1 and 2 possess electron-sharing and dative bonds between positively charged ligands [(PPh3 )2 ]+ or [(NHCMe )2 ]+ and negatively charged [C3 ]- fragments in the respective doublet state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35032MarburgGermany
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816P. R. China
| | | | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35032MarburgGermany
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Poitiers NE, Huch V, Zimmer M, Scheschkewitz D. Nickel-assisted complete cleavage of CO by a silylene/siliconoid hybrid under formation of an Si[double bond, length as m-dash]C enol ether bridge. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10898-10901. [PMID: 32940284 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04922k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of a silylene-functionalized Si6 siliconoid with CO in the presence of catalytic quantities of a nickel(0) complex results in the complete cleavage of the CO triple bond, but preserves the Si6 scaffold with an exohedrally incorporated Si[double bond, length as m-dash]C enol ether bridge. The uncompromised cluster core emphasizes the role of the so-called benzpolarene motif as the energetic silicon pendants of benzene in carbon chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine E Poitiers
- Krupp Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Helmer J, Hepp A, Lips F. An unsaturated amido-substituted six-vertex germanium cluster and its reactions with alkenes and alkynes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:11843-11850. [PMID: 32869780 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01984d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The unsaturated metalloid germanium cluster Ge6{N(SiMe3)Dipp}42 with two ligand-free germanium atoms and only four amine substituents was obtained starting from the base-coordinated germylene {N(SiMe3)Dipp}GeCl·DMAP 1 in 50% yield (DMAP = 4-(dimethylamino)-pyridine). This cluster reacts as a masked digermyne in cycloadditions with ethylene, diphenylacetylene and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene in toluene at 100 °C to yield 3-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joschua Helmer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nakamura T, Mesuda A, Kudo T. Theoretical Study of the Si/C Mixed Benzenes and Their Major Valence Isomers. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Nakamura
- Division of Pure and Applied Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
| | - Atsumi Mesuda
- Division of Pure and Applied Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
| | - Takako Kudo
- Division of Pure and Applied Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yildiz CB, Leszczyńska KI, González‐Gallardo S, Zimmer M, Azizoglu A, Biskup T, Kay CWM, Huch V, Rzepa HS, Scheschkewitz D. Equilibrium Formation of Stable All-Silicon Versions of 1,3-Cyclobutanediyl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15087-15092. [PMID: 32407571 PMCID: PMC7496386 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Main group analogues of cyclobutane-1,3-diyls are fascinating due to their unique reactivity and electronic properties. So far only heteronuclear examples have been isolated. Here we report the isolation and characterization of all-silicon 1,3-cyclobutanediyls as stable closed-shell singlet species from the reversible reactions of cyclotrisilene c-Si3 Tip4 (Tip=2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl) with the N-heterocyclic silylenes c-[(CR2 CH2 )(NtBu)2 ]Si: (R=H or methyl) with saturated backbones. At elevated temperatures, tetrasilacyclobutenes are obtained from these equilibrium mixtures. The corresponding reaction with the unsaturated N-heterocyclic silylene c-(CH)2 (NtBu)2 Si: proceeds directly to the corresponding tetrasilacyclobutene without detection of the assumed 1,3-cyclobutanediyl intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cem B. Yildiz
- Department of Aromatic and Medicinal PlantsAksaray University68100AksarayTurkey
| | - Kinga I. Leszczyńska
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland University66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | | | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland University66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Akin Azizoglu
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Science and LettersUniversity of Balıkesir10145BalıkesirTurkey
| | - Till Biskup
- Chair of Physical Chemistry and Chemical EducationSaarland University66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Christopher W. M. Kay
- Chair of Physical Chemistry and Chemical EducationSaarland University66123SaarbrückenGermany
- London Centre for NanotechnologyUniversity College London17–19 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AHUK
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland University66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Henry S. Rzepa
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMSRH, White City Campus, 80 Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland University66123SaarbrückenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kyushin S, Kurosaki Y, Otsuka K, Imai H, Ishida S, Kyomen T, Hanaya M, Matsumoto H. Silicon-silicon π single bond. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4009. [PMID: 32782244 PMCID: PMC7419521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A carbon–carbon double bond consists of a σ bond and a π bond. Recently, the concept of a π single bond, where a π bond is not accompanied by a σ bond, has been proposed in diradicals containing carbon and heteroatom radical centers. Here we report a closed-shell compound having a silicon–silicon π single bond. 1,2,2,3,4,4-Hexa-tert-butylbicyclo[1.1.0]tetrasilane has a silicon−silicon π single bond between the bridgehead silicon atoms. The X-ray crystallographic analysis shows that the silicon−silicon π single bond (2.853(1) Å) is far longer than the longest silicon−silicon bond so far reported. In spite of this unusually long bond length, the electrons of the 3p orbitals are paired, which is confirmed by measurement of electron paramagnetic resonance, and magnetic susceptibility and natural bond orbital analysis. The properties of the silicon−silicon π single bond are studied by UV/Vis and 29Si NMR spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. Examples of π single bonds in diradicals are rare, as they are typically unstable. Here, the authors describe a room temperature-stable closed-shell bicyclic tetrasilane that features a Si-Si π single bond between two of the non-adjacent Si centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Kyushin
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan.
| | - Yoshikuni Kurosaki
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Kyohei Otsuka
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Haruna Imai
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Shintaro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Toru Kyomen
- Division of Pure and Applied Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-0044, Japan
| | - Minoru Hanaya
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ota K, Kinjo R. Inorganic Benzene Valence Isomers. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2558-2574. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ota
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Keuter J, Schwermann C, Hepp A, Bergander K, Droste J, Hansen MR, Doltsinis NL, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Lips F. A highly unsaturated six-vertex amido-substituted silicon cluster. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5895-5901. [PMID: 32874511 PMCID: PMC7448375 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01427c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal treatment of the bicyclo[1.1.0]tetrasilatetraamide [Si4{N(SiMe3)Dipp}4] 1 resulted in the formation of a highly unsaturated six-vertex silicon cluster [Si6{N(SiMe3)Dipp}4] 2 with only four amine-substituents and two ligand-free silicon atoms.
Thermal treatment of the bicyclo[1.1.0]tetrasilatetraamide [Si4{N(SiMe3)Dipp}4] 1 resulted in the formation of a highly unsaturated six-vertex silicon cluster [Si6{N(SiMe3)Dipp}4] 2 with only four amine-substituents and two ligand-free silicon atoms. In solution, a major and a minor conformer of this cluster are in equilibrium according to multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, lineshape analysis, DFT calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. The bonding situation in the highly unsaturated cluster features lone pair type character at the ligand-free silicon atoms and partial single and double bond character in the upper butterfly-shaped ring of 2. This allows to consider 2 as the silicon analogue of a butalene isomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Keuter
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Corrensstraße 28-30 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Christian Schwermann
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Institut für Festkörpertheorie , Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Corrensstraße 28-30 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Klaus Bergander
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Jörn Droste
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Institut für Physikalische Chemie , Corrensstraße 30 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Institut für Physikalische Chemie , Corrensstraße 30 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Institut für Festkörpertheorie , Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Felicitas Lips
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Corrensstraße 28-30 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yildiz CB, Leszczyńska KI, González‐Gallardo S, Zimmer M, Azizoglu A, Biskup T, Kay CWM, Huch V, Rzepa HS, Scheschkewitz D. Bildung Stabiler All‐Silicium Varianten von 1,3‐Cyclobutandiyl im Gleichgewicht. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cem B. Yildiz
- Department of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Aksaray University 68100 Aksaray Türkei
| | - Kinga I. Leszczyńska
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Universität des Saarlandes 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Sandra González‐Gallardo
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Universität des Saarlandes 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Universität des Saarlandes 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Akin Azizoglu
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Letters University of Balıkesir 10145 Balıkesir Türkei
| | - Till Biskup
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie und Didaktik der Chemie Universität des Saarlandes 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Christopher W. M. Kay
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie und Didaktik der Chemie Universität des Saarlandes 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
- London Centre for Nanotechnology University College London 17–19 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AH Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Universität des Saarlandes 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Henry S. Rzepa
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London MSRH, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Universität des Saarlandes 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Poitiers NE, Giarrana L, Leszczyńska KI, Huch V, Zimmer M, Scheschkewitz D. Indirekte und direkte Anknüpfung von Übergangsmetallen an Silicoide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine E. Poitiers
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Luisa Giarrana
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Kinga I. Leszczyńska
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Poitiers NE, Giarrana L, Leszczyńska KI, Huch V, Zimmer M, Scheschkewitz D. Indirect and Direct Grafting of Transition Metals to Siliconoids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8532-8536. [PMID: 32092221 PMCID: PMC7317502 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Unsaturated charge‐neutral silicon clusters (siliconoids) are important as gas‐phase intermediates between molecules and the elemental bulk. With stable zirconocene‐ and hafnocene‐substituted derivatives, we here report the first examples containing directly bonded transition‐metal fragments that are readily accessible from the ligato‐lithiated Si6 siliconoid (1Li) and Cp2MCl2 (M=Zr, Hf). Charge‐neutral siliconoid ligands with pending tetrylene functionality were prepared by the reaction of amidinato chloro tetrylenes [PhC(NtBu)2]ECl (E=Si, Ge, Sn) with 1Li, thus confirming the principal compatibility of such low‐valent functionalities with the unsaturated Si6 cluster scaffold. The pronounced donor properties of the tetrylene/siliconoid hybrids allow for their coordination to the Fe(CO)4 fragment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine E Poitiers
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Luisa Giarrana
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Kinga I Leszczyńska
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Heider Y, Willmes P, Huch V, Zimmer M, Scheschkewitz D. Boron and Phosphorus Containing Heterosiliconoids: Stable p- and n-Doped Unsaturated Silicon Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19498-19504. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Heider
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Philipp Willmes
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Schiegerl LJ, Karttunen AJ, Klein W, Fässler TF. Silicon clusters with six and seven unsubstituted vertices via a two-step reaction from elemental silicon. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9130-9139. [PMID: 31827755 PMCID: PMC6889835 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03324f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsaturated silicon clusters with only partial substitution, and thus, "naked" Si atoms are well studied species as they are proposed intermediates in gas-phase deposition processes. Although a remarkable number of stable molecular clusters has been reported, they are typically still obtained by multi-step syntheses. Herein we introduce a newly developed synthetic approach which led to the formation of the anionic species {Si(TMS)3}3Si9 - (1a) and {Si(TMS)3}2Si9 2- (1b), and an extension of this synthetic protocol resulted in the first covalent attachment of ligands through metal atoms to these clusters, (SnCy3)3Si9 - (2a) and (SnCy3)2Si9 2- (2b). The influence of the substituents on the electron localization in the central Si9 unit is analyzed by means of intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) analysis and partial atomic charge distribution. The IBO analyses reveal a new type of delocalization including 5-center-6-electron besides 3-center-2-electron bonds. The Raman spectra of 1b and 2b allow an assignment of the Si-Si intra-cluster vibrations by comparison to calculated (DFT-PBE0) spectra. The anions are formed in a one-step synthesis from binary K12Si17 which can easily be obtained by fusing the elements K and Si. The anions are characterized by ESI mass spectrometry and comprehensive NMR studies (1H, 13C, 29Si, 119Sn). Attempts to crystallize 1a and 2a as their (K-222crypt)+ salts yielded after the loss of one of the substituents single crystals containing 1b and 2b. The single crystal X-ray structure analyses reveal the presence of anionic siliconoids with surfaces of seven unsubstituted silicon atoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz J Schiegerl
- Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany .
- WACKER Institute of Silicon Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Antti J Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science , Aalto University , 00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany .
| | - Thomas F Fässler
- Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany .
- WACKER Institute of Silicon Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Schwedtmann K, Hepp A, Schwedtmann K, Weigand JJ, Lips F. Amido Silicon Chalcogenide Compounds with Unprecedented Cluster Cores and Low Oxidation State Silicon Atoms. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schwedtmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28‐30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28‐30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Kai Schwedtmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie Anorganische Molekülchemie TU Dresden Mommsenstraße 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Jan J. Weigand
- Fakultät für Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie Anorganische Molekülchemie TU Dresden Mommsenstraße 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Felicitas Lips
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28‐30 48149 Münster Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Barquera‐Lozada JE. Vorticity: Simplifying the analysis of the current density. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:2602-2610. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José E. Barquera‐Lozada
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán Ciudad de México 04510 Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Heider Y, Poitiers NE, Willmes P, Leszczyńska KI, Huch V, Scheschkewitz D. Site-selective functionalization of Si 6R 6 siliconoids. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4523-4530. [PMID: 31057782 PMCID: PMC6482874 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05591b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent progress in the synthesis of partially substituted neutral silicon clusters (siliconoids) revealed unique structures and electronic anisotropies that are reminiscent of bulk and nano surfaces of silicon. Here, we report the selective 2-lithiation of the global minimum Si6R6 siliconoid at a different vertex than in the previously reported isomeric 4-lithiated derivative (R = 2,4,6- i Pr3C6H2). In order to enable an intuitive distinction of the vertices of the global minimum Si6R6 scaffold (which can be considered the silicon analogue of benzene in terms of thermodynamic stability), we introduce a novel nomenclature in analogy to the ortho-meta-para nomenclature of disubstituted benzenes. By treatment of the 2-lithiated Si6 cluster with Me3SiCl, SiCl4 H3B·SMe2, (Me2N)2PCl as well as with carboxylic acid chlorides RCOCl (R = t Bu, Ph) various 2-functionalized Si6 clusters were obtained and characterized in solution and - in most cases - the solid state. The structural and spectroscopic effect of the position of the newly introduced functional group is discussed by comparison to the corresponding 4-functionalized derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Heider
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - Nadine E Poitiers
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - Philipp Willmes
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - Kinga I Leszczyńska
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Leszczyńska KI, Huch V, Präsang C, Schwabedissen J, Berger RJF, Scheschkewitz D. Atomically Precise Expansion of Unsaturated Silicon Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5124-5128. [PMID: 30633856 PMCID: PMC6563707 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small- to medium-sized clusters occur in various areas of chemistry, for example, as active species of heterogeneous catalysis or as transient intermediates during chemical vapor deposition. The manipulation of stable representatives is mostly limited to the stabilizing ligand periphery, virtually excluding the systematic variation of the property-determining cluster scaffold. We now report the deliberate expansion of a stable unsaturated silicon cluster from six to seven and finally eight vertices. The consecutive application of lithium/naphthalene as the reducing agent and decamethylsilicocene as the electrophilic source of silicon results in the expansion of the core by precisely one atom with the potential of infinite repetition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga I. Leszczyńska
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken C4166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken C4166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Carsten Präsang
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken C4166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Division of Materials ChemistryUniversity of Salzburg5020SalzburgAustria
| | | | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken C4166123SaarbrückenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Iwamoto T, Abe T, Sugimoto K, Hashizume D, Matsui H, Kishi R, Nakano M, Ishida S. A Tetrasilicon Analogue of Bicyclo[1.1.0]but‐1(3)‐ene Containing a Si=Si Double Bond with an Inverted Geometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Kunihisa Sugimoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) Sayo-gun Hyogo 679-5148 Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsui
- Department of Materials Engineering ScienceGraduate School of Engineering ScienceOsaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering ScienceGraduate School of Engineering ScienceOsaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering ScienceGraduate School of Engineering ScienceOsaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Shintaro Ishida
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Iwamoto T, Abe T, Sugimoto K, Hashizume D, Matsui H, Kishi R, Nakano M, Ishida S. A Tetrasilicon Analogue of Bicyclo[1.1.0]but‐1(3)‐ene Containing a Si=Si Double Bond with an Inverted Geometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4371-4375. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Kunihisa Sugimoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) Sayo-gun Hyogo 679-5148 Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsui
- Department of Materials Engineering ScienceGraduate School of Engineering ScienceOsaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering ScienceGraduate School of Engineering ScienceOsaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering ScienceGraduate School of Engineering ScienceOsaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Shintaro Ishida
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Leszczyńska KI, Huch V, Präsang C, Schwabedissen J, Berger RJF, Scheschkewitz D. Erweiterung ungesättigter Siliciumcluster mit atomarer Genauigkeit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga I. Leszczyńska
- Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des Saarlandes Campus Saarbrücken C41 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des Saarlandes Campus Saarbrücken C41 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Carsten Präsang
- Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des Saarlandes Campus Saarbrücken C41 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Division of Materials ChemistryUniversität Salzburg 5020 Salzburg Österreich
| | | | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des Saarlandes Campus Saarbrücken C41 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Heider Y, Willmes P, Mühlhausen D, Klemmer L, Zimmer M, Huch V, Scheschkewitz D. A Three-Membered Cyclic Phosphasilene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1939-1944. [PMID: 30548984 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Small unsaturated phosphacycles are versatile reagents owing to their strain and the added functionality of the double bond and the phosphorus lone pair. Herein we report the synthesis and isolation of the smallest possible cyclic phosphasilene as a stable adduct with an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC). First reactivity studies show a) that the PSi2 ring is a competent ligand to the Fe(CO)4 fragment via the phosphorus lone pair and b) that the abstraction of the NHC by BPh3 results in the rapid head-to-head or head-to-tail dimerization of the PSi2 unit. The relatively facile NHC cleavage indicates that the P=Si double bond is available for further manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Heider
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Philipp Willmes
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Daniel Mühlhausen
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lukas Klemmer
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li J, Zhong M, Keil H, Zhu H, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D, De S, Koley D, Roesky HW. (PhC(NtBu)2Al)2(SiH2)4 six-membered heterocycle: comparable in structure to cyclohexane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2360-2363. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc10124h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A (PhC(NtBu)2Al)2(SiH2)4 centrosymmetric six-membered heterocycle (LAl)2(SiH2)4 (L = PhC(NtBu)2) with chair conformation is prepared by reacting disilylene LSi–SiL with alane AlH3·NEtMe2. It is comparable in structure to cyclohexane containing four Si and two Al atoms as a core.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface
- National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- China
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen
| | - Mingdong Zhong
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Helena Keil
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Hongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface
- National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- China
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Sriman De
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741 246
- India
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741 246
- India
| | - Herbert W. Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Klemmer L, Huch V, Jana A, Scheschkewitz D. An anionic heterosiliconoid with two germanium vertices. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10100-10103. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04576g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of dismutational 1,4-digermatetrasilabenzene isomer gives lithium digermatetrasila-benzpolarenide (R = Tip = 2,4,6-iPr3C6H2). The positions of its Ge vertices yield mechanistic insights; its reaction with SiCl4 proves its nucleophilicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Klemmer
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad
- Hyderabad-500107
- India
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sugahara T, Sasamori T, Tokitoh N. The formation of a 1,4-disilabenzene and its isomerization into a disilabenzvalene derivative. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9053-9056. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01322a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A stable 1,4-disilabenzene was generated from the reaction of a stable disilyne with 3-hexyne.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences
- Nagoya City University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences
| |
Collapse
|