1
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Senapati S, Parida SK, Karandikar SS, Murarka S. Organophotoredox-Catalyzed Arylation and Aryl Sulfonylation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman Acetates with Diaryliodonium Reagents. Org Lett 2023; 25:7900-7905. [PMID: 37882475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
We report an organophotoredox-catalyzed stereoselective allylic arylation of MBH acetates with a palette of diaryliodonium triflates (DAIRs) to provide the corresponding trisubstituted alkenes in moderate to good yields. The method could be extended to three-component coupling involving 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(sulfur dioxide) adduct (DABSO) as a sulfur dioxide surrogate for the synthesis of biologically relevant allylic sulfones. Both of these reactions were carried out under mild conditions featuring broad scope, robustness, and appreciable functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Senapati
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sushanta Kumar Parida
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sayali Sunil Karandikar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India
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2
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Jiang Y, Wang B, Liu D, Xia D, Liu Z, Li L, Deng G, Yang X. Aryl acrylonitriles synthesis enabled by palladium-catalyzed α-alkenylation of arylacetonitriles with vinyl halides/triflates. Front Chem 2022; 10:1091566. [PMID: 36590282 PMCID: PMC9798101 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1091566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl acrylonitriles are an important subclass of acrylonitriles in the medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical industry. Herein, an efficient synthesis of aryl acrylonitrile derivatives using a Palladium/NIXANTPHOS-based catalyst system was developed. This approach furnishes a variety of substituted and functionalized aryl acrylonitriles (up to 95% yield). The scalability of the transformation and the synthetic versatility of aryl acrylonitrile were demonstrated.
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3
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Reisenbauer JC, Green O, Franchino A, Finkelstein P, Morandi B. Late-stage diversification of indole skeletons through nitrogen atom insertion. Science 2022; 377:1104-1109. [PMID: 36048958 DOI: 10.1126/science.add1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Compared with peripheral late-stage transformations mainly focusing on carbon-hydrogen functionalizations, reliable strategies to directly edit the core skeleton of pharmaceutical lead compounds still remain scarce despite the recent flurry of activity in this area. Herein, we report the skeletal editing of indoles through nitrogen atom insertion, accessing the corresponding quinazoline or quinoxaline bioisosteres by trapping of an electrophilic nitrene species generated from ammonium carbamate and hypervalent iodine. This reactivity relies on the strategic use of a silyl group as a labile protecting group that can facilitate subsequent product release. The utility of this highly functional group-compatible methodology in the context of late-stage skeletal editing of several commercial drugs is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ori Green
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Allegra Franchino
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Lin D, Jiang S, Zhang A, Wu T, Qian Y, Shao Q. Structural derivatization strategies of natural phenols by semi-synthesis and total-synthesis. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:8. [PMID: 35254538 PMCID: PMC8901917 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Structural derivatization of natural products has been a continuing and irreplaceable source of novel drug leads. Natural phenols are a broad category of natural products with wide pharmacological activity and have offered plenty of clinical drugs. However, the structural complexity and wide variety of natural phenols leads to the difficulty of structural derivatization. Skeleton analysis indicated most types of natural phenols can be structured by the combination and extension of three common fragments containing phenol, phenylpropanoid and benzoyl. Based on these fragments, the derivatization strategies of natural phenols were unified and comprehensively analyzed in this review. In addition to classical methods, advanced strategies with high selectivity, efficiency and practicality were emphasized. Total synthesis strategies of typical fragments such as stilbenes, chalcones and flavonoids were also covered and analyzed as the supplementary for supporting the diversity-oriented derivatization of natural phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Senze Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Ailian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yongchang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Qingsong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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5
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Adamovich V, Benavent L, Boudreault PLT, Esteruelas MA, López AM, Oñate E, Tsai JY. Pseudo-Tris(heteroleptic) Red Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing a Dianionic C, N, C', N'-Tetradentate Ligand. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11347-11363. [PMID: 34291933 PMCID: PMC9179949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
1-Phenyl-3-(1-phenyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)isoquinoline
(H2MeL) has been prepared by Pd(N-XantPhos)-catalyzed
“deprotonative cross-coupling processes”
to synthesize new phosphorescent red iridium(III) emitters (601–732
nm), including the carbonyl derivative Ir(κ4-cis-C,C′-cis-N,N′-MeL)Cl(CO)
and the acetylacetonate compound Ir(κ4-cis-C,C′-cis-N,N′-MeL)(acac). The tetradentate
6e-donor ligand (6tt′) of these complexes is formed by two
different bidentate units, namely, an orthometalated 2-phenylisoquinoline
and an orthometalated 2-benzylpyridine. The link between the bidentate
units reduces the number of possible stereoisomers of the structures
[6tt′ + 3b] (3b = bidentate 3e-donor ligand), with respect
to a [3b + 3b′ + 3b″] emitter containing three free
bidentate units, and it permits a noticeable stereocontrol. Thus,
the isomers fac-Ir(κ4-cis-C,C′-cis-N,N′-MeL){κ2-C,N-(C6H4-py)}, mer-Ir(κ4-cis-C,C′-cis-N,N′-MeL){κ2-C,N-(C6H3R-py)}, and mer-Ir(κ4-trans-C,C′-cis-N,N′-MeL){κ2-C,N-(C6HR-py)} (R =
H, Me) have also been selectively obtained. The new emitters display
short lifetimes (0.7–4.6 μs) and quantum yields in a
doped poly(methyl methacrylate) film at 5 wt % and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran
at room temperature between 0.08 and 0.58. The acetylacetonate complex
Ir(κ4-cis-C,C′-cis-N,N′-MeL)(acac) has been used as a dopant for a red
PhOLED device with an electroluminescence λmax of
672 nm and an external quantum efficiency of 3.4% at 10 mA/cm2. The proligand 1-phenyl-3-(1-phenyl-1-(pyridine-2-yl)ethyl)isoquinoline
is used to generate a new family of neutral phosphorescent red iridium(III)
emitters containing a tetradentate ligand, formed by two different
bidentate units, and a third bidentate ligand with a good stereocontrol
of the resulting [6tt′ + 3b] products. One of the new emitters
has been used in the fabrication of an OLED device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Adamovich
- Universal Display Corporation, Ewing, New Jersey 08618, United States
| | - Llorenç Benavent
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Miguel A Esteruelas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M López
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Enrique Oñate
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jui-Yi Tsai
- Universal Display Corporation, Ewing, New Jersey 08618, United States
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6
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Lu J, Xu R, Zeng H, Zhong G, Wang M, Ni Z, Zeng X. Synthesis of C5-Allylindoles through an Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution/Oxidation Reaction Sequence of N-Alkyl Indolines. Org Lett 2021; 23:3426-3431. [PMID: 33848171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Iridium/Brønsted acid cooperative catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions at the C5 position of indolines have been reported for the first time. The highly efficient protocol allows rapid access to various C5-allylated products in good to high yields (48-97%) and enantioselectivities (82% to >99% ee) with wide functional group tolerance. The transformations allow not only the formation of C5-allylindoline derivatives but also the synthesis of C5-allylindole analogues in good yields and excellent stereoselectivities via an allylation/oxidation reaction sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Lu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Ruigang Xu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Haixia Zeng
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Guofu Zhong
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Meifang Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhigang Ni
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaofei Zeng
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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7
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Lin T, Qian P, Wang YE, Ou M, Jiang L, Zhu C, Xu Y, Xiong D, Mao J. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Arylation of 2-Pyridylmethyl Silanes with Aryl Bromides. Org Lett 2021; 23:3000-3003. [PMID: 33779175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The first palladium-catalyzed direct arylation of 2-pyridylmethyl silanes with aryl bromides to generate a diverse array of aryl(2-pyridyl)-methyl silane derivatives has been developed. This protocol facilitates access to various kinds of heterocycle-containing silanes in good to excellent yields (40 examples, 66-97% yield) with good functional group tolerance. The scalability of this transformation is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingzhi Lin
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng Qian
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Yan-En Wang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
| | - Mingjie Ou
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Long Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China.,Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of NPU, Taicang, Jiangsu 215400, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Yuchuan Xu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xiong
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Jianyou Mao
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
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8
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Pal S, Cotard M, Gérardin B, Hoarau C, Schneider C. Cu-Catalyzed Oxidative Allylic C-H Arylation of Inexpensive Alkenes with (Hetero)Aryl Boronic Acids. Org Lett 2021; 23:3130-3135. [PMID: 33765389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a regioselective Cu-catalyzed oxidative allylic C(sp3)-H arylation by radical relay using a broad range of heteroaryl boronic acids with inexpensive and readily available unactivated terminal and internal olefins. This C(sp2)-C(sp3) allyl coupling has the advantage of using cheap, abundant, and nontoxic Cu2O without the need to use prefunctionalized alkenes, thus offering an alternative method to allylic arylation reactions that employ more traditional coupling partners with preinstalled leaving groups (LGs) at the allylic position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Pal
- Normandy University, University of Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Marine Cotard
- Normandy University, University of Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Baptiste Gérardin
- Normandy University, University of Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Hoarau
- Normandy University, University of Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Cédric Schneider
- Normandy University, University of Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint Aignan Cedex, France
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9
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Shigeno M, Kajima A, Nakaji K, Nozawa-Kumada K, Kondo Y. Catalytic amide base system generated in situ for 1,3-diene formation from allylbenzenes and carbonyls. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:983-987. [PMID: 33146220 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The amide base generated in situ from tetramethylammonium fluoride and N(TMS)3 catalyzes the synthesis of 1,3-diene from an allylbenzene and carbonyl compound. The system is applicable to the transformations of a variety of allylbenzenes with functional groups (halogen, methyl, phenyl, methoxy, dimethylamino, ester, and amide moieties). Acyclic and cyclic diaryl ketones, pivalophenone, pivalaldehyde, and isobutyrophenone are used as coupling partners. The role of transβ-methyl stilbenes in product formation is also elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Shigeno
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
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10
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Zhang R, Li Q, Zhang M, Chai S, Duan Y, Su J, Zhao Q, Zhang C. Copper and palladium co-catalyzed highly regio-selective 1,2-hydroarylation of terminal 1,3-dienes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13551-13554. [PMID: 33048065 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06007k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A practical copper and palladium co-catalyzed highly regio-selective hydroarylation of terminal 1,3-dienes has been developed. This chemistry afforded the terminal alkenyl group containing products, which are a kind of versatile precursor for organic synthesis, from 1,3-dienes by a practical one-step reaction. With good functional group tolerance, this protocol could be used to make a series of bio-active compounds using readily accessible starting materials. The mechanism of this reaction was explored by control experiments and kinetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumeng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Weijin Rd. 92, Tianjin 300072, China.
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11
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Spencer ARA, Grainger R, Panigrahi A, Lepper TJ, Bentkowska K, Larrosa I. Transition metal-free cross-dehydrogenative arylation of unactivated benzylic C–H bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14479-14482. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06212j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cross-dehydrogenative arylation of benzylic C–H bonds with arenes provides straightforward access to synthetically useful 1,1-diarylmethanes, from readily available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. A. Spencer
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Rachel Grainger
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Adyasha Panigrahi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Thomas J. Lepper
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Katarzyna Bentkowska
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Igor Larrosa
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
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12
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Ranjith J, Krishna PR. Copper-Catalyzed Oxidative C-H Bond Functionalization of N-Allylbenzamide for Regioselective C-N and C-O Bond Formation. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1448-1451. [PMID: 30859739 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed oxidative couplings of N-allylbenzamides for C-N and C-O bond formations have been developed through C-H bond functionalization. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, it was applied to the synthesis of β-aminoimides and imides. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first examples in which different classes of N-containing compounds have been directly prepared from the readily available N-allylbenzamides using an inexpensive catalyst/oxidant/base (CuSO4 /TBHP/Cs2 CO3 ) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jala Ranjith
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Palakodety Radha Krishna
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
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13
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Azzena U, Carraro M, Pisano L, Monticelli S, Bartolotta R, Pace V. Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether: An Elective Ecofriendly Ethereal Solvent in Classical and Modern Organic Chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:40-70. [PMID: 30246930 PMCID: PMC6391966 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Solvents represent one of the major contributions to the environmental impact of fine-chemical synthesis. As a result, the use of environmentally friendly solvents in widely employed reactions is a challenge of vast real interest in contemporary organic chemistry. Within this Review, a great variety of examples showing how cyclopentyl methyl ether has been established as particularly useful for this purpose are reported. Indeed, its low toxicity, high boiling point, low melting point, hydrophobicity, chemical stability towards a wide range of conditions, exceptional stability towards the abstraction of hydrogen atoms, relatively low latent heat of vaporization, and the ease with which it can be recovered and recycled enable its successful employment as a solvent in a wide range of synthetic applications, including organometallic chemistry, catalysis, biphasic reactions, oxidations, and radical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Azzena
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Sassarivia Vienna 2, I07100SassariItaly
| | - Massimo Carraro
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Sassarivia Vienna 2, I07100SassariItaly
| | - Luisa Pisano
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Sassarivia Vienna 2, I07100SassariItaly
| | - Serena Monticelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 141090ViennaAustria
| | - Roberta Bartolotta
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 141090ViennaAustria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 141090ViennaAustria
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14
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Fernandes RA, Nallasivam JL. Catalytic allylic functionalization via π-allyl palladium chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8647-8672. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01725a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the palladium-catalyzed allylic C–H functionalizations via π-allyl palladium reported from early 2014 to present date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A. Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
| | - Jothi L. Nallasivam
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
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15
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Sha SC, Tcyrulnikov S, Li M, Hu B, Fu Y, Kozlowski MC, Walsh PJ. Cation-π Interactions in the Benzylic Arylation of Toluenes with Bimetallic Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12415-12423. [PMID: 30185030 PMCID: PMC6200331 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A method to directly arylate toluene derivatives with aryl bromides to generate diarylmethanes, which are important building blocks in drug discovery, is described. In this method, KN(SiMe3)2 in combination with a (NIXANTPHOS)Pd catalyst accomplished the deprotonative activation of toluene derivatives to permit cross-coupling with aryl bromides. Good to excellent yields are obtained with a range of electron-rich to neutral aryl bromides. Both electron-rich and electron-poor toluene derivatives are well tolerated, and even 2-chlorotoluene performs well, providing a platform for introduction of additional functionalization. This discovery hinges on the use of a main group metal to activate toluene for deprotonation by means of a cation-π interaction, which is secured by a bimetallic K(NIXANTPHOS)Pd assembly. Mechanistic and computational studies support acidification of toluene derivatives by the K+-cation- π interaction, which may prove pertinent in the development of other, new reaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chun Sha
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Sergei Tcyrulnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Minyan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Bowen Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Marisa C Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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16
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Wang Z, Zheng Z, Xu X, Mao J, Walsh PJ. One-pot aminobenzylation of aldehydes with toluenes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3365. [PMID: 30135427 PMCID: PMC6105668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amines are fundamental motifs in bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals. Using simple toluene derivatives, a one-pot aminobenzylation of aldehydes is introduced that provides rapid access to amines. Simply combining benzaldehydes, toluenes, NaN(SiMe3)2, and additive Cs(O2CCF3) (0.35 equiv.) generates a diverse array of 1,2-diarylethylamine derivatives (36 examples, 56-98% yield). Furthermore, suitably functionalized 1,2-diarylethylamines were transformed into 2-aryl-substituted indoline derivatives via Buchwald-Hartwig amination. It is proposed that the successful deprotonation of toluene by MN(SiMe3)2 is facilitated by cation-π interactions between the arene and the group(I) cation that acidify the benzylic C-Hs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiting Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, 211816, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhipeng Zheng
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xinyu Xu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, 211816, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianyou Mao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, 211816, Nanjing, China.
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, 211816, Nanjing, China.
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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17
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Zhang S, Hu B, Zheng Z, Walsh PJ. Palladium-Catalyzed Triarylation of sp 3 C-H Bonds in Heteroarylmethanes: Synthesis of Triaryl(heteroaryl)methanes. Adv Synth Catal 2018; 360:1493-1498. [PMID: 30093851 PMCID: PMC6078434 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward method for the palladium-catalyzed triarylation of heteroarylmethanes at the methyl group has been developed. The reaction works with a variety of aryl halides, enabling the rapid synthesis of triaryl(heteroaryl)methanes in moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People’s Republic of China
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Bowen Hu
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Zhipeng Zheng
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People’s Republic of China
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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18
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Ablajan K, Panetti GB, Yang X, Kim BS, Walsh PJ. Synthesis of Diarylated 4-Pyridylmethyl Ethers via Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2017; 359:1927-1932. [PMID: 29230153 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The direct arylation of weakly acidic sp3-hybridized C-H bonds via deprotonated cross-coupling processes (DCCP) is a challenge. Herein, a Pd(NIXANTPHOS)-based catalyst for the mono arylation of 4-pyridylmethyl 2-aryl ethers to generate diarylated 4-pyridyl methyl ethers is introduced. Furthermore, under similar conditions, the diarylation of 4-pyridylmethyl ethers with aryl bromides has been developed. These methods enable the synthesis of new pyridine derivatives, which are common in medicinally active compounds and in application in materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyume Ablajan
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China
| | - Grace B Panetti
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China
| | - Byeong-Seon Kim
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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19
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Bao W, Kossen H, Schneider U. Formal Allylic C(sp3)–H Bond Activation of Alkenes Triggered by a Sodium Amide. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4362-4365. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bao
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, David
Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Hanno Kossen
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, David
Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Uwe Schneider
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, David
Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
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20
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Chong H, Fron E, Liu Z, Boodts S, Thomas J, Harvey JN, Hofkens J, Dehaen W, Van der Auweraer M, Smet M. Acid-Sensitive BODIPY Dyes: Synthesis through Pd-Catalyzed Direct C(sp 3 )-H Arylation and Photophysics. Chemistry 2017; 23:4687-4699. [PMID: 28134471 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel palladium-catalyzed direct C(sp3 )-H arylation of the methyl group at the 8-position of BODIPY by bromoarenes was established. A deprotonative cross-coupling process was supposed to be involved in the reaction. This approach allowed us to attach electron-donating/withdrawing, halogen substituted aryls and a heteroaryl with a yield running from 55 to 99 %. Novel pH sensors, which in the absence of acid showed the occurrence of photoinduced electron transfer, were synthesized by attaching dimethylaniline to the methyl at the C8-position of BODIPY. The reference compounds with dimethylaniline directly attached to the C8-position were also synthesized and besides photoinduced electron transfer also showed a charge-transfer emission. Their photophysical properties were investigated by steady-state fluorescence, time-correlated single-photon counting and femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion. Time-dependent density functional (TD-DFT) electronic-structure calculations on the properties of the excited states corresponding to local excitation of the BODIPY core and to charge transfer were conducted. Upon addition of trifluoroacetic acid in toluene and ethanol, the partial fluorescence intensity recovery was at least an order of magnitude more efficient with the newly synthesized sensors compared to the traditional reference sensors. The improved sensitivity of these novel BODIPY-based pH sensors was attributed to less efficient proton-coupled electron transfer of the protonated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chong
- Division of Polymer Chemistry and Materials, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eduard Fron
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhen Liu
- Division of Quantum Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Boodts
- Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joice Thomas
- Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeremy N Harvey
- Division of Quantum Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Van der Auweraer
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mario Smet
- Division of Polymer Chemistry and Materials, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Zhang S, Kim BS, Wu C, Mao J, Walsh PJ. Palladium-catalysed synthesis of triaryl(heteroaryl)methanes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14641. [PMID: 28290445 PMCID: PMC5355892 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraarylmethane derivatives are desirable for a variety of applications, but difficult to access with modern C-C bond-forming reactions. Here we report a straightforward method for palladium-catalysed arylation of aryl(heteroaryl)methanes and diaryl(heteroaryl)methanes with aryl chlorides. This reaction enables introduction of various aryl groups to construct triaryl(heteroaryl)methanes via a C-H functionalization in good to excellent yield, and represents the first step towards a general transition metal catalysed synthesis of tetraarylmethanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Zhang
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Byeong-Seon Kim
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Chen Wu
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Jianyou Mao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
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22
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Dey A, Pimparkar S, Deb A, Guin S, Maiti D. Chelation-Assisted Palladium-Catalyzed γ-Arylation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201601121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Dey
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai; Mumbai - 400 076 India
| | - Sandeep Pimparkar
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai; Mumbai - 400 076 India
| | - Arghya Deb
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai; Mumbai - 400 076 India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai; Mumbai - 400 076 India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai; Mumbai - 400 076 India
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23
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Jiménez J, Kim BS, Walsh PJ. Tandem C(sp 3)-H Arylation/Oxidation and Arylation/Allylic Substitution of Isoindolinones. Adv Synth Catal 2016; 358:2829-2837. [PMID: 28652858 PMCID: PMC5482541 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Isoindolinones comprise an important class of medicinally active compounds. Herein we report a straightforward functionalization of the isoindolinones with aryl bromides (22 examples) using a Pd(OAc)2/NIXANTPHOS-based catalyst system. Additionally 3-aryl 3-hydroxy isoindolinone derivatives, which exhibit anti-tumor activity, can be accessed via a tandem reaction. Thus, when the arylation product is exposed to air under basic conditions, in situ oxidation takes place to install the 3-hydroxyl group. Furthermore, a tandem arylation/allylic substitution reaction is advanced in which both the arylation and allylic substitution are catalyzed by the same palladium catalyst. Finally, a tandem arylation/alkylation procedure is presented. These tandem reactions enable the synthesis of a variety of structurally diverse isoindolinone derivatives from common starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Jiménez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S, 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323 (USA)
| | - Byeong-Seon Kim
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S, 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323 (USA)
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S, 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323 (USA)
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24
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Rivero AR, Kim BS, Walsh PJ. Palladium-Catalyzed Benzylic Arylation of Pyridylmethyl Silyl Ethers: One-Pot Synthesis of Aryl(pyridyl)methanols. Org Lett 2016; 18:1590-3. [PMID: 27004592 PMCID: PMC4887141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An efficient palladium-catalyzed direct arylation of pyridylmethyl silyl ethers with aryl bromides is described. A Pd(OAc)2/NIXANTPHOS-based catalyst provides aryl(pyridyl)methyl alcohol derivatives in good to excellent yields (33 examples, 57-100% yield). This protocol is compatible with different silyl ether protecting groups, affording either the protected or the free alcohols in an effective one-pot process. The scalability of the reaction is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R. Rivero
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Byeong-Seon Kim
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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25
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Zhang J, Sha SC, Bellomo A, Trongsiriwat N, Gao F, Tomson NC, Walsh PJ. Positional Selectivity in C-H Functionalizations of 2-Benzylfurans with Bimetallic Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4260-6. [PMID: 26937718 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions are a mainstay in the synthesis of pharmaceutical agents. A long-standing problem plaguing the field of transition metal catalyzed C-H functionalization chemistry is control of selectivity among inequivalent C-H bonds in organic reactants. Herein we advance an approach to direct site selectivity in the arylation of 2-benzylfurans founded on the idea that modulation of cooperativity in bimetallic catalysts can enable navigation of selectivity. The bimetallic catalysts introduced herein exert a high degree of control, leading to divergent site-selective arylation reactions of both sp(2) and sp(3) C-H bonds of 2-benzylfurans. It is proposed that the selectivity is governed by cation-π interactions, which can be modulated by choice of base and accompanying additives [MN(SiMe3)2, M = K or Li·12-crown-4].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Zhang
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Sheng-Chun Sha
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Ana Bellomo
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Nisalak Trongsiriwat
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Neil C Tomson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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26
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Li M, González-Esguevillas M, Berritt S, Yang X, Bellomo A, Walsh PJ. Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Arylation of α,β-Unsaturated Imines: Catalyst-Controlled Synthesis of Enamine and Allylic Amine Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2825-9. [PMID: 26846375 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A unique chemo- and regioselective α- and γ-arylation of palladium azapentadienyl intermediates is presented. Two distinct catalysts and sets of conditions successfully controlled the regioselectivity of the arylation. These methods provide the first umpolung C-H functionalization of azapentadienyl palladium intermediates and enable the divergent synthesis of allylic amine and enamine derivatives, which are of significant interest in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyan Li
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - María González-Esguevillas
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simon Berritt
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China
| | - Ana Bellomo
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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27
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Li M, González‐Esguevillas M, Berritt S, Yang X, Bellomo A, Walsh PJ. Palladium‐Catalyzed C−H Arylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Imines: Catalyst‐Controlled Synthesis of Enamine and Allylic Amine Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minyan Li
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - María González‐Esguevillas
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Simon Berritt
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource School of Chemical Science and Technology Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P.R. China
| | - Ana Bellomo
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
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28
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Gao F, Kim BS, Walsh PJ. Chemoselective Palladium-Catalyzed Deprotonative Arylation/[1,2]-Wittig Rearrangement of Pyridylmethyl Ethers. Chem Sci 2016; 7:976-983. [PMID: 27014434 PMCID: PMC4800319 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02739j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of chemoselectivity is one of the most challenging problems facing chemists and is particularly important in the synthesis of bioactive compounds and medications. Herein, the first highly chemoselective tandem C(sp3)-H arylation/[1,2]-Wittig rearrangement of pyridylmethyl ethers is presented. The efficient and operationally simple protocols enable generation of either arylation products or tandem arylation/[1,2]-Wittig rearrangement products with remarkable selectivity and good to excellent yields (60-99%). Choice of base, solvent, and reaction temperature play a pivotal role in tuning the reactivity of intermediates and controlling the relative rates of competing processes. The novel arylation step is catalyzed by a Pd(OAc)2/NIXANTPHOS-based system via a deprotonative cross-coupling process. The method provides rapid access to skeletally diverse aryl(pyridyl)methanol core structures, which are central components of several medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Medicinal Plants , Agronomy College , Sichuan Agricultural University , 211, Huimin Rd, Wenjiang Region , Chengdu 611130 , PR China
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation , Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 S, 34th St. , Philadelphia , PA 19104-6323 , USA . ; https://sites.google.com/site/titaniumupenn/ ; Fax: +1-215-573-6743
| | - Byeong-Seon Kim
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation , Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 S, 34th St. , Philadelphia , PA 19104-6323 , USA . ; https://sites.google.com/site/titaniumupenn/ ; Fax: +1-215-573-6743
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories , Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation , Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 S, 34th St. , Philadelphia , PA 19104-6323 , USA . ; https://sites.google.com/site/titaniumupenn/ ; Fax: +1-215-573-6743
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Kim BS, Jiménez J, Gao F, Walsh PJ. Palladium-Catalyzed Benzylic C-H Arylation of Azaarylmethylamines. Org Lett 2015; 17:5788-5791. [PMID: 26576005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A direct C-H functionalization approach to produce aryl(azaaryl)methylamines from azaarylmethylamines without directing groups is described. Under conditions where the azaarylmethylamines' C-H is reversibly deprotonated, a Pd(OAc)(2)/NIXANTPHOS-based catalyst couples the resulting carbanions with various aryl halides to provide aryl(azaaryl)methylamines. This umpolung strategy directly provides tertiary amines without protecting or activating groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Seon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Jacqueline Jiménez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States.,Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States.,Department of Medicinal Plants, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Roadd, Wenjiang Region, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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30
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Fernández-Salas JA, Marelli E, Nolan SP. Synthesis of (diarylmethyl)amines using Ni-catalyzed arylation of C(sp 3)-H bonds. Chem Sci 2015; 6:4973-4977. [PMID: 27019690 PMCID: PMC4786957 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01589h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The first nickel catalyzed deprotonative cross coupling between C(sp3)-H bonds and aryl chlorides is reported, allowing the challenging arylation of benzylimines in the absence of directing group or stoichiometric metal activation. This methodology represents a convenient access to the (diarylmethyl)amine moiety, which is widespread in pharmaceutically relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Marelli
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Steven P Nolan
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK . ; Chemistry Department , College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
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31
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Xing X, O'Connor NR, Stoltz BM. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Allylic CH Oxidation of Hindered Substrates Featuring Tunable Selectivity Over Extent of Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11186-90. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Xing X, O'Connor NR, Stoltz BM. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Allylic CH Oxidation of Hindered Substrates Featuring Tunable Selectivity Over Extent of Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Hussain N, Kim BS, Walsh PJ. Palladium-catalyzed C(sp(3))-H Arylation of N-Boc benzylalkylamines via a deprotonative cross-coupling process. Chemistry 2015; 21:11010-3. [PMID: 26129922 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diarylmethylamines are key intermediates and products in the pharmaceutical industry. Herein we disclose a novel method toward the synthesis of these important compounds via CH functionalization. Presented is a reversible deprotonation of N-Boc benzylalkylamines at the benzylic CH with in situ arylation by a NiXantPhos-based palladium catalyst (50-93 % yield, 29 examples). The method is also successful with N-Boc-tetrahydroisoquinolines. The advantages of this method are it avoids strong bases, low temperatures, and the need to transmetallate to main group metals for the coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrah Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S, 34th St. Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA) http://titanium.chem.upenn.edu/walsh/index.html
| | - Byeong-Seon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S, 34th St. Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA) http://titanium.chem.upenn.edu/walsh/index.html
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S, 34th St. Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA) http://titanium.chem.upenn.edu/walsh/index.html.
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34
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Yucel B, Walsh PJ. Reversed-Polarity Synthesis of Diaryl Ketones through Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Arylation of 2-Aryl-1,3-dithianes. Adv Synth Catal 2014; 356:3659-3667. [PMID: 26185491 PMCID: PMC4500739 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An umpolung approach to the synthesis of diaryl ketones has been developed based on in situ generation of acyl anion equivalents and their catalytic arylation. This method entails the base promoted palladium catalyzed direct C-H arylation of 2 The resulting 2,2-diaryl-1,3-dithianes with aryl bromides. Use of MN(SiMe3)2 (M=Li, Na) base results in reversible deprotonation of the weakly acidic dithiane. In the presence of a Pd(NiXantphos)-based catalyst and aryl bromide, cross-coupling of the metallated 2-aryl-1,3-dithiane takes place under mild conditions (2 h at rt) with yields as high as 96%. The resulting 2,2-diaryl-1,3-dithianes were converted into diaryl ketones by either molecular iodine, N-bromo succinimide (NBS) or Selectfluor in the presence of water. The dithiane arylation/hydrolysis can be performed in a one-pot procedure to yield a good to excellent yields. This method is suitable for rapid and large-scale synthesis of diaryl ketones. A one-pot preparation of anti-cholesterol drug fenofibrate (TriCor®) has been achieved on 10.0 mmol scale in 86% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Yucel
- Istanbul Technical University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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35
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Nishikata T, Nakamura K, Itonaga K, Ishikawa S. General and facile method for exo-methlyene synthesis via regioselective C-C double-bond formation using a copper-amine catalyst system. Org Lett 2014; 16:5816-9. [PMID: 25315319 DOI: 10.1021/ol502953w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, for distal-selective β-hydride elimination to produce exomethylene compounds with a newly formed Csp(3)-Csp(3) bond between tertiary alkyl halides and α-alkylated styrenes, a combination of a Cu(I) salt and a pyridine-based amine ligand (TPMA) is found to be a very efficient catalyst system. The yields and regioselectivities were high, and the regioselectivity was found to be dependent on the structure of the alkyl halide, with bulky alkyl halides showing the highest distal selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nishikata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University , Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
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36
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Smith KB, Logan KM, You W, Brown MK. Alkene Carboboration Enabled by Synergistic Catalysis. Chemistry 2014; 20:12032-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Gao F, Kim BS, Walsh PJ. Room-temperature palladium-catalyzed direct 2-arylation of benzoxazoles with aryl and heteroaryl bromides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:10661-4. [PMID: 25078988 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05307a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An efficient room-temperature palladium-catalyzed direct 2-arylation of benzoxazoles with aryl bromides is presented. The Pd(OAc)2/NiXantphos-based catalyst enables the introduction of various aryl and heteroaryl groups, via a deprotonative cross-coupling process (DCCP) in good to excellent yields (60-99%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Medicinal Plants, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang Region, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
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38
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Nasir Baig RB, Varma RS. Magnetic Silica-Supported Palladium Catalyst: Synthesis of Allyl Aryl Ethers in Water. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie501081q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. B. Nasir Baig
- Sustainable Technology Division,
National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, MS 443, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Sustainable Technology Division,
National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, MS 443, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
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39
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Zhang J, Bellomo A, Trongsiriwat N, Jia T, Carroll PJ, Dreher SD, Tudge MT, Yin H, Robinson JR, Schelter EJ, Walsh PJ. NiXantphos: a deprotonatable ligand for room-temperature palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings of aryl chlorides. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6276-87. [PMID: 24745758 PMCID: PMC4017615 DOI: 10.1021/ja411855d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
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Although
the past 15 years have witnessed the development of sterically bulky
and electron-rich alkylphosphine ligands for palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings
with aryl chlorides, examples of palladium catalysts based on either triarylphosphine or bidentate phosphine ligands for efficient room temperature cross-coupling
reactions with unactivated aryl chlorides are rare. Herein we report
a palladium catalyst based on NiXantphos, a deprotonatable
chelating aryldiphosphine ligand, to oxidatively add unactivated
aryl chlorides at room temperature. Surprisingly, comparison of an
extensive array of ligands revealed that under the basic reaction
conditions the resultant heterobimetallic Pd–NiXantphos catalyst
system outperformed all the other mono- and bidentate ligands in a
deprotonative cross-coupling process (DCCP) with aryl chlorides. The
DCCP with aryl chlorides affords a variety of triarylmethane products,
a class of compounds with various applications and interesting biological
activity. Additionally, the DCCP exhibits remarkable chemoselectivity
in the presence of aryl chloride substrates bearing heteroaryl groups
and sensitive functional groups that are known to undergo 1,2-addition,
aldol reaction, and O-, N-, enolate-α-,
and C(sp2)–H arylations. The advantages and importance
of the Pd–NiXantphos catalyst system outlined herein make it
a valuable contribution for applications in Pd-catalyzed arylation
reactions with aryl chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Zhang
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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