1
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Rondelli M, Pasán J, Fernández I, Martín T. Predisposition in Dynamic Covalent Chemistry: The Role of Non-Covalent Interactions in the Assembly of Tetrahedral Boronate Cages. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400896. [PMID: 38507133 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Directional bonding strategies guide the design of complex molecular architectures, yet challenges arise due to emergent behavior. Rigid structures face geometric constraints and sensitivity to mismatches, hindering the efficient assembly of molecular organic cages (MOCs). Harnessing intramolecular non-covalent interactions offers a promising solution, broadening geometrical possibilities and enhancing adaptability to boost assembly yields. However, identifying these interactions remains challenging, with their full potential sometimes latent until final assembly. This study explores these challenges by synthesizing boronic acid tripods with varied oxygen positions at the tripodal feet and investigating their role in assembling tetrahedral boronate MOCs. Our results reveal substantial differences in the assembly efficiency among tripods. While the building blocks with oxygen in the benzylic position relative to the central aromatic ring form the MOCs in high yields, those with the oxygen atom directly bound to the central aromatic ring, only yield traces. Through X-ray crystallography and DFT analyses, we elucidate how intramolecular interactions profoundly influence the geometry of the building blocks and cages in a relay-like fashion, highlighting the importance of considering intramolecular interactions in the rational design of (supra)molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rondelli
- Molecular Science Department, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientícas (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jorge Pasán
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL) Universidad de La Laguna, 38200, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Martín
- Molecular Science Department, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientícas (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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2
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Basford AR, Bennett SK, Xiao M, Turcani L, Allen J, Jelfs KE, Greenaway RL. Streamlining the automated discovery of porous organic cages. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6331-6348. [PMID: 38699265 PMCID: PMC11062116 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06133g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly through dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) can yield a range of multi-component organic assemblies. The reversibility and dynamic nature of DCC has made prediction of reaction outcome particularly difficult and thus slows the discovery rate of new organic materials. In addition, traditional experimental processes are time-consuming and often rely on serendipity. Here, we present a streamlined hybrid workflow that combines automated high-throughput experimentation, automated data analysis, and computational modelling, to accelerate the discovery process of one particular subclass of molecular organic materials, porous organic cages. We demonstrate how the design and implementation of this workflow aids in the identification of organic cages with desirable properties. The curation of a precursor library of 55 tri- and di-topic aldehyde and amine precursors enabled the experimental screening of 366 imine condensation reactions experimentally, and 1464 hypothetical organic cage outcomes to be computationally modelled. From the screen, 225 cages were identified experimentally using mass spectrometry, 54 of which were cleanly formed as a single topology as determined by both turbidity measurements and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Integration of these characterisation methods into a fully automated Python pipeline, named cagey, led to over a 350-fold decrease in the time required for data analysis. This work highlights the advantages of combining automated synthesis, characterisation, and analysis, for large-scale data curation towards an accessible data-driven materials discovery approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel R Basford
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane W12 0BZ UK
| | - Steven K Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane W12 0BZ UK
| | - Muye Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane W12 0BZ UK
| | - Lukas Turcani
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane W12 0BZ UK
| | - Jasmine Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane W12 0BZ UK
| | - Rebecca L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane W12 0BZ UK
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3
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Li Y, Jiang H, Zhang W, Zhao X, Sun M, Cui Y, Liu Y. Hetero- and Homointerlocked Metal-Organic Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3147-3159. [PMID: 38279915 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Interlocked molecular assemblies constitute a captivating ensemble of chemical topologies, comprising two or more separate components that exhibit remarkably intricate structures. The interlocked molecular assemblies are typically identical, and heterointerlocked systems that comprise structurally distinct assemblies remain unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that metal-templated synthesis can be exploited to afford not only a homointerlocked cage but also a heterointerlocked cage. Treatment of a carboxylated 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmp) or Cu(I) bis-dmp linker with a Ni4-p-tert-butylsulfonylcalix[4]arene cluster affords noninterlocked octahedron and quadruply interlocked double cages consisting of two identical tetragonal pyramids, respectively. In contrast, when a mixture of dmp and Cu(I) bis-dmp linkers is used, a quadruply heterointerlocked cage is produced, consisting of a tetragonal pyramid and an octahedron. With photoredox-active [Cu(dmp)2]+ in the structures, both interlocked cages exhibit remarkable performance as photocatalysts for atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) reactions of trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride with alkenes or oxo-azidations of vinyl arenes. These interlocked structures serve the dual purpose of stabilizing photocatalytically active components against deactivation and encapsulating substrates within the cavity, resulting in yields comparable to or even surpassing those of their molecular counterparts. This work thus provides a new strategy that combines metal templating and nontemplating approaches to design new types of interlocked assemblies with intriguing architectures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingguo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Meng Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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4
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Zhu H, Ronson TK, Wu K, Nitschke JR. Steric and Geometrical Frustration Generate Two Higher-Order Cu I12L 8 Assemblies from a Triaminotriptycene Subcomponent. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2370-2378. [PMID: 38251968 PMCID: PMC10835662 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The use of copper(I) in metal-organic assemblies leads readily to the formation of simple grids and helicates, whereas higher-order structures require complex ligand designs. Here, we report the clean and selective syntheses of two complex and structurally distinct CuI12L8 frameworks, 1 and 2, which assemble from the same simple triaminotriptycene subcomponent and a formylpyridine around the CuI templates. Both represent new structure types. In T-symmetric 1, the copper(I) centers describe a pair of octahedra with a common center but whose vertices are offset from each other, whereas in D3-symmetric 2, the metal ions form a distorted hexagonal prism. The syntheses of these architectures illustrate how more intricate CuI-based complexes can be prepared via subcomponent self-assembly than has been possible to date through consideration of the interplay between the subcomponent geometry and solvent and electronic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangtianzhi Zhu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Tanya K. Ronson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Kai Wu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Jonathan R. Nitschke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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5
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Wang Z, Zhang QP, Guo F, Ma H, Liang ZH, Yi CH, Zhang C, Chen CF. Self-similar chiral organic molecular cages. Nat Commun 2024; 15:670. [PMID: 38253630 PMCID: PMC10803742 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44922-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The endeavor to enhance utility of organic molecular cages involves the evolution of them into higher-level chiral superstructures with self-similar, presenting a meaningful yet challenging. In this work, 2D tri-bladed propeller-shaped triphenylbenzene serves as building blocks to synthesize a racemic 3D tri-bladed propeller-shaped helical molecular cage. This cage, in turn, acts as a building block for a pair of higher-level 3D tri-bladed chiral helical molecular cages, featuring multilayer sandwich structures and displaying elegant characteristics with self-similarity in discrete superstructures at different levels. The evolutionary procession of higher-level cages reveals intramolecular self-shielding effects and exclusive chiral narcissistic self-sorting behaviors. Enantiomers higher-level cages can be interconverted by introducing an excess of corresponding chiral cyclohexanediamine. In the solid state, higher-level cages self-assemble into supramolecular architectures of L-helical or D-helical nanofibers, achieving the scale transformation of chiral characteristics from chiral atoms to microscopic and then to mesoscopic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Yarn and Fabric Formation and Clean Production, Technology Institute, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430200, China.
| | - Qing-Pu Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fei Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Yarn and Fabric Formation and Clean Production, Technology Institute, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430200, China
| | - Hui Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zi-Hui Liang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Yarn and Fabric Formation and Clean Production, Technology Institute, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430200, China
| | - Chang-Hai Yi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Yarn and Fabric Formation and Clean Production, Technology Institute, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430200, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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6
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Ferrando-Soria J, Fernandez A. Integrating Levels of Hierarchical Organization in Porous Organic Molecular Materials. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:88. [PMID: 38214764 PMCID: PMC10786801 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Porous organic molecular materials (POMMs) are an emergent class of molecular-based materials characterized by the formation of extended porous frameworks, mainly held by non-covalent interactions. POMMs represent a variety of chemical families, such as hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks, porous organic salts, porous organic cages, C - H⋅⋅⋅π microporous crystals, supramolecular organic frameworks, π-organic frameworks, halogen-bonded organic framework, and intrinsically porous molecular materials. In some porous materials such as zeolites and metal organic frameworks, the integration of multiscale has been adopted to build materials with multifunctionality and optimized properties. Therefore, considering the significant role of hierarchy in porous materials and the growing importance of POMMs in the realm of synthetic porous materials, we consider it appropriate to dedicate for the first time a critical review covering both topics. Herein, we will provide a summary of literature examples showcasing hierarchical POMMs, with a focus on their main synthetic approaches, applications, and the advantages brought forth by introducing hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Ferrando-Soria
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, 46980, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Antonio Fernandez
- School of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
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7
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Yu HM, Du MH, Shu J, Deng YH, Xu ZM, Huang ZW, Zhang Z, Chen B, Braunstein P, Lang JP. Self-Assembly of Cluster-Mediated 3D Catenanes with Size-Specific Recognition Behavior. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25103-25108. [PMID: 37938934 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Although interlocked three-dimensional molecules display unique properties associated with their spatial structures, their synthesis and study of their host-guest properties remain challenging. We report the formation of a novel [2]catenane, [Et4N]@[(Tp*WS3Cu3Cl)2(cis-bpype)3]2(OTf)5 ([Et4N][1](OTf)5), by self-assembly of the cluster node [Tp*WS3Cu3Cl]+ and the organic linker (Z)-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-bis(4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)ethene (cis-bpype). Single-crystal X-ray and NMR analyses established that [1]4+ is formed by the interpenetration of two cluster-organic cages. Unique cation-in-cation host-guest complexes were observed with this catenane. The crystalline, empty catenane was formed by taking advantage of the electrostatic repulsion-induced weak binding of the host. Encapsulation experiments also reveal that the empty catenane can adaptively encapsulate cations such as [Et4N]+ and [Pr4N]+ in the cross cavity but is unable to encapsulate [Bu4N]+ and [Me4N]+, although the size of the latter is compatible with that of the cavity. Theoretical calculations and volume analysis allow to unravel the ingenious role of catenane structures and the interplay between electrostatic repulsion and attractive noncovalent interactions for size-specific recognition behavior in host-guest systems involving species with similar electric charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming-Hao Du
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Shu
- Analysis and Testing Center, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun-Hu Deng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ze-Ming Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingbing Chen
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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8
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Rondelli M, Delgado-Hernández S, Daranas AH, Martín T. Conformational control enables boroxine-to-boronate cage metamorphosis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12953-12960. [PMID: 38023528 PMCID: PMC10664459 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02920d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of molecular organic cages (MOCs) is inhibited by the limited organic-chemical space of the building blocks designed to fulfill strict geometric requirements for efficient assembly. Using intramolecular attractive or repulsive non-covalent interactions to control the conformation of flexible systems can effectively augment the variety of building blocks, ultimately facilitating the exploration of new MOCs. In this study, we introduce a set of boronic acid tripods that were designed using rational design principles. Conformational control was induced by extending the tripod's arms by a 2,3-dimethylbenzene unit, leading to the efficient formation of a tetrapodal nanometer-sized boroxine cage. The new building block's versatility was demonstrated by performing cage metamorphosis upon adding an aromatic tetraol. This led to a quantitative boroxine-to-boronate transformation and a topological shift from tetrahedral to trigonal bipyramidal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rondelli
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 3 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
- Doctoral and Postgraduate School, University of La Laguna (ULL) 38200 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Samuel Delgado-Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 3 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Antonio H Daranas
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 3 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González", ULL Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 2 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Tomás Martín
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 3 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González", ULL Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 2 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
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9
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Ivanova S, Adamski P, Köster E, Schramm L, Fröhlich R, Beuerle F. Size Determination of Organic Cages by Diffusion NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023:e202303318. [PMID: 37966964 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Reliable structure elucidation of covalent organic cage compounds remains challenging as routine analysis might leave ambiguities. Diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) allows insight into the molecular size and mass of the species present in solution, but a systematic evaluation of the diffusion behavior for cage assemblies is rarely considered. Here we report the synthesis of four series of covalent organic cages based on tribenzotriquinacenes and diboronic acids with varying geometry and exohedral substituents. We provide a guideline for the consistent measurement of diffusion coefficients from 1 H-DOSY NMR spectroscopy, which was utilized to study the diffusion behavior for the whole set of cages and selected examples from the literature. For structurally similar cages, a linear correlation between the solvodynamic volume and the molecular mass allows precise size determination. For more complex systems, multiple parameters, such as window size or rigid exohedral functionalization. further modulate cage diffusion in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Ivanova
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul Adamski
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Köster
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Louis Schramm
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Fröhlich
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Institut für Organische Chemie, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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10
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Zhang G, Lin W, Huang F, Sessler J, Khashab NM. Industrial Separation Challenges: How Does Supramolecular Chemistry Help? J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19143-19163. [PMID: 37624708 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The chemical industry and the chemical processes underscoring it are under intense scrutiny as the demands for the transition to more sustainable and environmentally friendly practices are increasing. Traditional industrial separation systems, such as thermally driven distillation for hydrocarbon purification, are energy intensive. The development of more energy efficient separation technologies is thus emerging as a critical need, as is the creation of new materials that may permit a transition away from classic distillation-based separations. In this Perspective, we focus on porous organic cages and macrocycles that can adsorb guest molecules selectively through various host-guest interactions and permit molecular sieving behavior at the molecular level. Specifically, we summarize the recent advances where receptor-based adsorbent materials have been shown to be effective for industrially relevant hydrocarbon separations, highlighting the underlying host-guest interactions that impart selectivity and permit the observed separations. This approach to sustainable separations is currently in its infancy. Nevertheless, several receptor-based adsorbent materials with extrinsic/intrinsic voids or special functional groups have been reported in recent years that can selectively capture various targeted guest molecules. We believe that the understanding of the interactions that drive selectivity at a molecular level accruing from these initial systems will permit an ever-more-effective "bottom-up" design of tailored molecular sieves that, in due course, will allow adsorbent material-based approaches to separations to transition from the laboratory into an industrial setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengwu Zhang
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Chemistry Program, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Weibin Lin
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Chemistry Program, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Feihe Huang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Niveen M Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Chemistry Program, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) are a relatively new class of low-density crystalline materials that have emerged as a versatile platform for investigating molecular recognition, gas storage and separation, and proton conduction, with potential applications in the fields of porous liquids, highly permeable membranes, heterogeneous catalysis, and microreactors. In common with highly extended porous structures, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and porous organic polymers (POPs), POCs possess all of the advantages of highly specific surface areas, porosities, open pore channels, and tunable structures. In addition, they have discrete molecular structures and exhibit good to excellent solubilities in common solvents, enabling their solution dispersibility and processability─properties that are not readily available in the case of the well-established, insoluble, extended porous frameworks. Here, we present a critical review summarizing in detail recent progress and breakthroughs─especially during the past five years─of all the POCs while taking a close look at their strategic design, precise synthesis, including both irreversible bond-forming chemistry and dynamic covalent chemistry, advanced characterization, and diverse applications. We highlight representative POC examples in an attempt to gain some understanding of their structure-function relationships. We also discuss future challenges and opportunities in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of POCs. We anticipate that this review will be useful to researchers working in this field when it comes to designing and developing new POCs with desired functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zakir Ullah
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Cafer T Yavuz
- Oxide & Organic Nanomaterials for Energy & Environment Laboratory, Physical Science & Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Halliwell C, Soria JF, Fernandez A. Beyond Microporosity in Porous Organic Molecular Materials (POMMs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217729. [PMID: 36637113 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Porous organic molecular materials (POMMs) are a novel class of porous materials that cover a wide range of organic-based molecular building blocks connected through weak supramolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, π-π stacking, van der Waals and electrostatic interactions. Despite of their diverse chemical and structural nature, common features to POMMs include solution processability, crystallinity and microporosity. Herein, we focus, for the first time, on the advance of the field of POMMs beyond the archetypical microporosity. In particular, we highlight relevant examples of meso- and macroporous POMMs, as well as hierchachical ones (micro-/meso-, micro-/macro- and meso-/macroporous). We also remark some of their unique properties, and how they can be key in many applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Halliwell
- Chemistry Department, School of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Jesus Ferrando Soria
- Departament de Química Inorgànica, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980, Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernandez
- Chemistry Department, School of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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13
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Wagner P, Rominger F, Gross JH, Mastalerz M. Solvent-Controlled Quadruple Catenation of Giant Chiral [8+12] Salicylimine Cubes Driven by Weak Hydrogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217251. [PMID: 36695113 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked structures are fascinating synthetic targets and the topological complexity achieved through catenation offers numerous possibilities for the construction of new molecules with exciting properties. In the structural space of catenated organic cage molecules, only few examples have been realized so far, and control over the catenation process in solution is still barely achieved. Herein, we describe the formation of a quadruply interlocked catenane of giant chiral [8+12] salicylimine cubes. The formation could be controlled by the choice of solvent used in the reaction. The interlocked structure was unambiguously characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and weak hydrogen bonding was identified as a central driving force for the catenation. Furthermore, scrambling experiments using partially deuterated cages were performed, revealing that the catenane formation occurs through mechanical interlocking of preformed single cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Wagner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen H Gross
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Benke BP, Kirschbaum T, Graf J, Gross JH, Mastalerz M. Dimeric and trimeric catenation of giant chiral [8 + 12] imine cubes driven by weak supramolecular interactions. Nat Chem 2023; 15:413-423. [PMID: 36456691 PMCID: PMC9986109 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01094-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked structures, such as catenanes and rotaxanes, are fascinating synthetic targets and some are used for molecular switches and machines. Today, the vast majority of catenated structures are built upon macrocycles and only a very few examples of three-dimensional shape-persistent organic cages forming such structures have been reported. However, the catenation in all these cases was based on a thermodynamically favoured π-π-stacking under certain reaction conditions. Here, we show that catenane formation can be induced by adding methoxy or thiomethyl groups to one of the precursors during the synthesis of chiral [8 + 12] imine cubes, giving dimeric and trimeric catenated organic cages. To elucidate the underlying driving forces, we reacted 11 differently 1,4-disubstituted terephthaldehydes with a chiral triamino tribenzotriquinacene under various conditions to study whether monomeric cages or catenated cage dimers are the preferred products. We find that catenation is mainly directed by weak interactions derived from the substituents rather than by π-stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahiru Punja Benke
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kirschbaum
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Graf
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen H Gross
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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15
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Rondelli M, Daranas AH, Martín T. Importance of Precursor Adaptability in the Assembly of Molecular Organic Cages. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2113-2121. [PMID: 36730713 PMCID: PMC9942191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For molecular architectures based on dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC), strict preorganization is a paradigmatic concept and the generally accepted strategy for their rational design. This results in the creation of highly rigid building blocks which are expected to fulfill the ideal geometry of the assembly, coming at a price that small geometric mismatches result in unpredicted and/or unproductive reaction outcomes. In this study, we show that feet of a tripodal platform have a great influence on the assembly of tetrahedral organic cages based on boronate ester formation. The aryl benzyl ether-functionalized building blocks perform significantly better than their alkyl-functionalized equivalents. Experimentally and using density functional theory geometry optimization of the cage structures, we prove that unexpectedly, this is not due to solubility but because of the enhanced capability of the aryl benzyl ether-functionalized building blocks to fit the ideal geometry of the assembly. This introduces the concept of building block adaptability to overcome geometrical mismatches in DCvC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rondelli
- Instituto
de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC), Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez,
3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain,Doctoral
and Postgraduate School, University of La
Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico
Francisco Sánchez, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Antonio H. Daranas
- Instituto
de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC), Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez,
3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain,Instituto
Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez,
2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain,
| | - Tomás Martín
- Instituto
de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC), Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez,
3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain,Instituto
Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez,
2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain,
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16
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Tao R, Zhao X, Zhao T, Zhao M, Li R, Yang T, Tang L, Jin Y, Zhang W, Qiu L. Cage-Confinement Induced Emission Enhancement. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6604-6611. [PMID: 35833794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a proof-of-concept study, Imi-cage and Phos-cage organic molecular cages (OMCs) containing the triphenylphosphine (TPP) moiety, a nonclassic AIE luminogen (AIEgen), have been designed to demonstrate the cage-confinement induced emission enhancement (CCIEE). Thanks to the confinement effect of OMCs, the rigid Imi-cage exhibits much higher photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (ΦPL) than the open-shell Semicage and small molecule TPP in both solution and amorphous solid states. The emission of Phos-cage could be further enhanced in crystalline solid state with a remarkably high ΦPL of 97.6% (vs 3.47% of crystalline TPP) benefiting from AIE enabled by the highly ordered molecular packing. The novel strategy of CCIEE via confining an AIEgen into an OMC to achieve a significant emission enhancement will shed light on the development of solid-state highly fluorescent materials. The fluorescent nature of Imi-cage was further exploited for the ultrahighly sensitive detection of the explosive picric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Tao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Tianshu Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ruiyang Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Tianfu Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Lizhi Tang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Li Qiu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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17
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Abstract
SignificanceDuring the past decades, the development of efficient methodologies for the creation of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), such as catenanes and rotaxanes, has not only laid the foundation for the design and syntheses of artificial molecular machines (AMMs) but also opened up new research opportunities in multiple disciplines, ranging from contemporary chemistry to materials science. In this study, we describe a suitane-based strategy for the construction of three-dimensional (3D) catenanes, a subset of MIMs that are far from easy to make. Together with synthetic methodologies based on the metal coordination and dynamic covalent chemistry, this approach brings us one step closer to realizing routine syntheses of 3D catenanes.
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18
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Bhandari P, Mondal B, Howlader P, Mukherjee PS. Face‐Directed Tetrahedral Organic Cage Anchored Palladium Nanoparticles for Selective Homocoupling Reactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Bhandari
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Bijnaneswar Mondal
- Department of Chemistry Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur Chhattisgarh 495009 India
| | - Prodip Howlader
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
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19
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Wang D, Zhang L, Zhao Y. Template-Free Synthesis of an Interlocked Covalent Organic Molecular Cage. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2767-2772. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danbo Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266000 Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266000 Qingdao, China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266000 Qingdao, China
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20
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Li P, Sun Z, Chen J, Zuo Y, Yu C, Liu X, Yang Z, Chen L, Fu E, Wang W, Zhang J, Liu Z, Hu J, Zhang S. Spontaneous Resolution of Racemic Cage-Catenanes via Diastereomeric Enrichment at the Molecular Level and Subsequent Narcissistic Self-Sorting at the Supramolecular Level. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1342-1350. [PMID: 35029983 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous resolution of racemates, from natural compounds to artificial structures, has long been pursued to shed light on the origin of homochirality in life. Even though diverse synthetic systems have been elegantly devised to elaborate the underlying principles of spontaneous symmetry breaking, their complexity is still unparalleled to the natural masterpieces including DNA helix and proteins, which convey remarkable coalescence at both molecular and supramolecular levels. Here, we report on the spontaneous resolution of a pair of homochiral entities from a racemic mixture of a triply interlocked cage-catenane comprising 720 possible stereoisomers. This cage-catenane comprises six methyldithiane ring-containing linkers (denoted rac-2). As each methyldithiane ring has two chiral centers, it exhibits four possible diastereomers. These otherwise equimolar diastereomers are preferentially differentiated with the equatorial conformers over their axial analogues, leading to the dominant formation of (S, R)-2 and (R, S)-2, i.e., diastereomeric enrichment at the molecular level. This diastereomeric enrichment is unbiasedly transferred from precursor rac-2 to cage-catenane rac-4, from which a pair of homochirals (S, R)6-4 and (R, S)6-4 is narcissistically self-sorted upon crystallization. This powerful symmetry breaking is attributed to a supramolecular synergy of directional π-π stacking with the multivalency of erstwhile weak S···S contacts (with an unusual distance of 3.09 Å) that are cooperatively arranged in a helical fashion. This work highlights the attainability of complex homochiral entities by resorting to coalesced covalent and noncovalent contributions and therefore provides additional clues to the symmetry breaking of sophisticated yet well-defined architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhongwei Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiaolong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunyang Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Enguang Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shaodong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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21
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Liu C, Jin Y, Qi D, Ding X, Ren H, Wang H, Jiang J. Enantioselective assembly and recognition of heterochiral porous organic cages deduced from binary chiral components. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7014-7020. [PMID: 35774155 PMCID: PMC9200113 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01876d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral recognition and discrimination is not only of significance in biological processes but also a powerful method to fabricate functional supramolecular materials. Herein, a pair of heterochiral porous organic cages (HPOC-1), out of four possible enantiomeric products, with mirror stereoisomeric crystal structures were cleanly prepared by condensation occurring in the exclusive combination of cyclohexanediamine and binaphthol-based tetraaldehyde enantiomers. Nuclear magnetic resonance and luminescence spectroscopy have been employed to monitor the assembly process of HPOC-1, revealing the clean formation of heterochiral organic cages due to the enantioselective recognition of (S,S)-binaphthol towards (R,R)-cyclohexanediamine derivatives and vice versa. Interestingly, HPOC-1 exhibits circularly polarized luminescence and enantioselective recognition of chiral substrates according to the circular dichroism spectral change. Theoretical simulations have been carried out, rationalizing both the enantioselective assembly and recognition of HPOC-1. Heterochiral organic cages based on enantioselective self-assembly of binary chiral components have been prepared, exhibiting circularly polarized luminescence property and enantioselective recognition ability towards chiral substrates according to the circular dichroism spectral change.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yucheng Jin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dongdong Qi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xu Ding
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huimin Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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22
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Woźny M, Mames A, Ratajczyk T. Triptycene Derivatives: From Their Synthesis to Their Unique Properties. Molecules 2021; 27:250. [PMID: 35011478 PMCID: PMC8746337 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first preparation of triptycene, great progress has been made with respect to its synthesis and the understanding of its properties. Interest in triptycene-based systems is intense; in recent years, advances in the synthetic methodology and properties of new triptycenes have been reported by researchers from various fields of science. Here, an account of these new developments is given and placed in reference to earlier pivotal works that underpin the field. First, we discuss new approaches to the synthesis of new triptycenes. Progress in the regioselective synthesis of sterically demanding systems is discussed. The application of triptycenes in catalysis is also presented. Next, progress in the understanding of the relations between triptycene structures and their properties is discussed. The unique properties of triptycenes in the liquid and solid states are elaborated. Unique interactions, which involve triptycene molecular scaffolds, are presented. Molecular interactions within a triptycene unit, as well as between triptycenes or triptycenes and other molecules, are also evaluated. In particular, the summary of the synthesis and useful features will be helpful to researchers who are using triptycenes as building blocks in the chemical and materials sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Woźny
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Mames
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ratajczyk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Gu MJ, Wang YF, Han Y, Chen CF. Recent advances on triptycene derivatives in supramolecular and materials chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10047-10067. [PMID: 34751696 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01818c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Triptycene derivatives, a type of specific aromatic compound, have been attracting much attention in many research areas. Over the past several years, triptycene and its derivatives have been described to be useful and efficient building blocks for the design and synthesis of novel supramolecular acceptors, porous materials and luminescent materials with specific structures and properties. In this review, recent researches on triptycene derivatives in supramolecular and materials chemistry are summarized. Especially, the construction of a new type of macrocyclic arenes and organic cages with triptycene and its derivatives as building blocks are focused on, and their applications in molecular recognition, self-assembly and gas selective sorption are highlighted. Moreover, the applications of triptycene and its derivatives in porous organic materials and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jie Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yin-Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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24
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Yang M, Qiu F, M El-Sayed ES, Wang W, Du S, Su K, Yuan D. Water-stable hydrazone-linked porous organic cages. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13307-13315. [PMID: 34777749 PMCID: PMC8528071 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04531h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although porous organic cages (POCs), particularly imine-linked (C[double bond, length as m-dash]N) ones, have advanced significantly over the last few decades, the reversible nature of imine linkages makes them prone to hydrolysis and structural collapse, severely limiting their applications under moist or water conditions. Herein, seven water-stable hydrazone-linked (C[double bond, length as m-dash]N-N) POCs are prepared through a simple coupling of the same supramolecular tetraformylresorcin[4]arene cavitand with different dihydrazide linkers. Their structures are all determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, demonstrating rich structural diversity from the [2 + 4] lantern, [3 + 6] triangular prism, and unprecedented [4 + 8] square prism to the extra-large [6 + 12] octahedron. In addition, they respectively exhibit tunable window diameters and cavity volumes ranging from about 5.4 to 11.1 nm and 580 to 6800 Å3. Moreover, their application in the water environment for pollutant removal was explored, indicating that they can effectively eliminate various types of contaminants from water, including radionuclide waste, toxic heavy metal ions, and organic micropollutants. This work demonstrates a convenient method for rationally constructing versatile robust POCs and presents their great application potentialities in water medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China .,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - Fenglei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China .,College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - El-Sayed M El-Sayed
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China.,Chemical Refining Laboratory, Refining Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Nasr City 11727 Egypt
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shunfu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China .,College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Kongzhao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Daqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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25
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Iwasawa N, Ono K. 3D-Boronic Ester Architectures: Synthesis, Host-Guest Chemistry, Dynamic Behavior, and Supramolecular Catalysis. CHEM REC 2021; 22:e202100214. [PMID: 34596949 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Boronic esters are known to be formed simply by mixing boronic acids and alcohols under neutral conditions, and the equilibrium is in favor of the boronic esters when 1,2- or 1,3-diols are employed as alcohols. By utilizing the dynamic nature of the boronic ester formation, our group successfully constructed unique boron-containing 3D structures, such as ring-shaped macrocycles, cages, and tubes, based on the boronic ester formation of various aromatic di-, tri-, or hexaboronic acids with an originally designed tetrol 1 containing two sets of fixed 1,2-diol units oriented on the same face of an indacene framework. Various functions of the obtained boronates were further pursued to disclose the characteristic features of this system. This personal account describes our self-assembled boronate system using tetrol 1 including synthesis, host-guest chemistry, kinetic connection, characteristic dynamic behaviors, and supramolecular catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuharu Iwasawa
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ono
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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26
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Santos T, Rivero DS, Pérez‐Pérez Y, Martín‐Encinas E, Pasán J, Daranas AH, Carrillo R. Dynamic Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Tetrazines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18783-18791. [PMID: 34085747 PMCID: PMC8457238 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic nucleophilic aromatic substitution of tetrazines (SN Tz) is presented herein. It combines all the advantages of dynamic covalent chemistry with the versatility of the tetrazine moiety. Indeed, libraries of compounds or sophisticated molecular structures can be easily obtained, which are susceptible to post-functionalization by inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction, which also locks the exchange. Additionally, the structures obtained can be disassembled upon the application of the right stimulus, either UV irradiation or a suitable chemical reagent. Moreover, SN Tz is compatible with the imine chemistry of anilines. The high potential of this methodology has been proved by building two responsive supramolecular systems: A macrocycle that displays a light-induced release of acetylcholine; and a truncated [4+6] tetrahedral shape-persistent fluorescent cage, which is disassembled by thiols unless it is post-stabilized by IEDDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanausú Santos
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
| | - David S. Rivero
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
| | - Yaiza Pérez‐Pérez
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
| | - Endika Martín‐Encinas
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
| | - Jorge Pasán
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químicos (MAT4LL)Departamento de FísicaUniversidad de La Laguna (ULL)38206La LagunaTenerifeSpain
| | - Antonio Hernández Daranas
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
| | - Romen Carrillo
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
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27
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Ivanova S, Köster E, Holstein JJ, Keller N, Clever GH, Bein T, Beuerle F. Isoreticular Crystallization of Highly Porous Cubic Covalent Organic Cage Compounds*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17455-17463. [PMID: 33905140 PMCID: PMC8362030 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Modular frameworks featuring well-defined pore structures in microscale domains establish tailor-made porous materials. For open molecular solids however, maintaining long-range order after desolvation is inherently challenging, since packing is usually governed by only a few supramolecular interactions. Here we report on two series of nanocubes obtained by co-condensation of two different hexahydroxy tribenzotriquinacenes (TBTQs) and benzene-1,4-diboronic acids (BDBAs) with varying linear alkyl chains in 2,5-position. n-Butyl groups at the apical position of the TBTQ vertices yielded soluble model compounds, which were analyzed by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. In contrast, methyl-substituted cages spontaneously crystallized as isostructural and highly porous solids with BET surface areas and pore volumes of up to 3426 m2 g-1 and 1.84 cm3 g-1 . Single crystal X-ray diffraction and sorption measurements revealed an intricate cubic arrangement of alternating micro- and mesopores in the range of 0.97-2.2 nm that are fine-tuned by the alkyl substituents at the BDBA linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Ivanova
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Organische ChemieAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgCenter for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Theodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Eva Köster
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Organische ChemieAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgCenter for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Theodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Niklas Keller
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience (CeNS)Butenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience (CeNS)Butenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Organische ChemieAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgCenter for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Theodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
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28
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Ivanova S, Köster E, Holstein JJ, Keller N, Clever GH, Bein T, Beuerle F. Isoretikuläre Kristallisation von hochporösen kubischen kovalentorganischen Käfigverbindungen**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Ivanova
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Eva Köster
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Technische Universität Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Niklas Keller
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience (CeNS) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Technische Universität Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Thomas Bein
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience (CeNS) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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29
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Santos T, Rivero DS, Pérez‐Pérez Y, Martín‐Encinas E, Pasán J, Daranas AH, Carrillo R. Dynamic Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Tetrazines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanausú Santos
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - David S. Rivero
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - Yaiza Pérez‐Pérez
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - Endika Martín‐Encinas
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - Jorge Pasán
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químicos (MAT4LL) Departamento de Física Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Antonio Hernández Daranas
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - Romen Carrillo
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
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30
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Wang H, Jin Y, Sun N, Zhang W, Jiang J. Post-synthetic modification of porous organic cages. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8874-8886. [PMID: 34180920 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01142h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) represent an emerging class of organic materials with intrinsic porosity. They have found various applications in supramolecular chemistry, materials science, and many other related disciplines, which stem from their molecular host-guest interactions, intrinsic and inter-cage porosity in solid state as well as the diversity of functionalities. Post-synthetic modification (PSM) has emerged as a highly viable strategy for broadening the functions and applications of POCs. Intricate structures, enhanced stability, tunable porosity and guest binding selectivity and sensitivity have been realized through PSM of POCs, which cannot be directly achieved via the predesign and bottom-up assembly from small molecule building blocks. For example, an unstable imine-linked POC can be transformed into a more stable amine-linked cage, whose cavity size can be further tuned by selective binding of some amine groups, offering unusual gas adsorption selectivity for noble gases (e.g., preferred uptake of Xe over Kr). Such improvement of the chemical stability and gas separation properties through the consolidation of linkage and adjustment of porosity is challenging to achieve otherwise. In this tutorial review, we highlight the importance and impact of PSM in engineering the properties of POC molecules, their frameworks, and composites going beyond the direct predesign synthetic strategy. The primary PSM strategies for exploring new compositions, functions and applications as well as their structure-property relationship have been summarized, including cage-to-cage transformation at the molecular level, covalent or noncovalent assembly of POCs into frameworks, and formation of composites with guest species or other additives encapsulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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31
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Holsten M, Feierabend S, Elbert SM, Rominger F, Oeser T, Mastalerz M. Soluble Congeners of Prior Insoluble Shape-Persistent Imine Cages. Chemistry 2021; 27:9383-9390. [PMID: 33848032 PMCID: PMC8362185 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the most applied reaction types to synthesize shape‐persistent organic cage compounds is the imine condensation reaction and it is assumed that the formed cages are thermodynamically controlled products due to the reversibility of the imine condensation. However, most of the synthesized imine cages reported are formed as precipitate from the reaction mixture and therefore rather may be kinetically controlled products. There are even examples in literature, where resulting cages are not soluble at all in common organic solvents to characterize or study their formation by NMR spectroscopy in solution. Here, a triptycene triamine containing three solubilizing n‐hexyloxy chains has been used to synthesize soluble congeners of prior insoluble cages. This allowed us to study the formation as well as the reversibility of cage formation in solution by investigating exchange of building blocks between the cages and deuterated derivatives thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattes Holsten
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Feierabend
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven M Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Oeser
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Efficient ethylene purification by a robust ethane-trapping porous organic cage. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3703. [PMID: 34140501 PMCID: PMC8211788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The removal of ethane (C2H6) from its analogous ethylene (C2H4) is of paramount importance in the petrochemical industry, but highly challenging due to their similar physicochemical properties. The use of emerging porous organic cage (POC) materials for C2H6/C2H4 separation is still in its infancy. Here, we report the benchmark example of a truncated octahedral calix[4]resorcinarene-based POC adsorbent (CPOC-301), preferring to adsorb C2H6 than C2H4, and thus can be used as a robust absorbent to directly separate high-purity C2H4 from the C2H6/C2H4 mixture. Molecular modelling studies suggest the exceptional C2H6 selectivity is due to the suitable resorcin[4]arene cavities in CPOC-301, which form more multiple C–H···π hydrogen bonds with C2H6 than with C2H4 guests. This work provides a fresh avenue to utilize POC materials for highly selective separation of industrially important hydrocarbons. The removal of ethane from ethylene is of importance in the petrochemical industry, but similar physicochemical properties of these molecules makes separation a challenging task. Here, the authors demonstrate that a robust octahedral calix[4]resorcinarene-based porous organic cage can separate high-purity ethylene from ethane/ethylene mixtures.
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33
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Wang W, Su K, El-Sayed ESM, Yang M, Yuan D. Solvatomorphism Influence of Porous Organic Cage on C 2H 2/CO 2 Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:24042-24050. [PMID: 33979139 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Porous organic molecular (POM) materials can exhibit solvatomorphs via altering their crystallographic packing in the solid state, but investigating real gas mixture separation by porous materials with such a behavior is still very rare. Herein, we report that a lantern-shaped calix[4]resorcinarene-based porous organic cage (POC, namely, CPOC-101) can exhibit eight distinct solid-state solvatomorphs via crystallization in different solvents. This POC solvatomorphism has a significant influence on their gas sorption capacities as well as separation abilities. Specifically, the apparent Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area determined by nitrogen gas sorption at 77 K for CPOC-101α crystallized from toluene/chloroform is up to 406 m2 g-1, which is much higher than the rest of CPOC-101 solvatomorphs with BET values less than 40 m2 g-1. More interestingly, C2H2 and CO2 adsorbed capacities, in addition to the C2H2/CO2 separation ability at room temperature for CPOC-101α, are superior to those of CPOC-101β crystalized from nitrobenzene, the representative of POC solvatomorphs with low BET surface areas. These results indicate the possibility of adjusting gas sorption and separation properties of POC materials by controlling their solvatomorphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Kongzhao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - El-Sayed M El-Sayed
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Chemical Refining Laboratory, Refining Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City 11727, Egypt
| | - Miao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Daqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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34
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Huang S, Lei Z, Jin Y, Zhang W. By-design molecular architectures via alkyne metathesis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9591-9606. [PMID: 34349932 PMCID: PMC8293811 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01881g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Shape-persistent purely organic molecular architectures have attracted tremendous research interest in the past few decades. Dynamic Covalent Chemistry (DCvC), which deals with reversible covalent bond formation reactions, has emerged as an efficient synthetic approach for constructing these well-defined molecular architectures. Among various dynamic linkages, the formation of ethynylene linkages through dynamic alkyne metathesis is of particular interest due to their high chemical stability, linearity, and rigidity. In this review, we focus on the synthetic strategies of discrete molecular architectures (e.g., macrocycles, molecular cages) containing ethynylene linkages using alkyne metathesis as the key step, and their applications. We will introduce the history and challenges in the synthesis of those architectures via alkyne metathesis, the development of alkyne metathesis catalysts, the reported novel macrocycle structures, molecular cage structures, and their applications. In the end, we offer an outlook of this field and remaining challenges. The recent synthesis of novel shape-persistent 2D and 3D molecular architectures via alkyne metathesis is reviewed and the critical role of catalysts is also highlighted.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder 80309 USA
| | - Zepeng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder 80309 USA
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder 80309 USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder 80309 USA
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35
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Wagner P, Rominger F, Zhang W, Gross JH, Elbert SM, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. Chiral Self-sorting of Giant Cubic [8+12] Salicylimine Cage Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8896-8904. [PMID: 33476442 PMCID: PMC8048989 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chiral self-sorting is intricately connected to the complicated chiral processes observed in nature and no artificial systems of comparably complexity have been generated by chemists. However, only a few examples of purely organic molecules have been reported so far, where the self-sorting process could be controlled. Herein, we describe the chiral self-sorting of large cubic [8+12] salicylimine cage compounds based on a chiral TBTQ precursor. Out of 23 possible cage isomers only the enantiopure and a meso cage were observed to be formed, which have been unambiguously characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, by careful choice of solvent the formation of meso cage could be controlled. With internal diameters of din =3.3-3.5 nm these cages are among the largest organic cage compounds characterized and show very high specific surface areas up to approx. 1500 m2 g-1 after desolvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Wagner
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Wen‐Shan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jürgen H. Gross
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Sven M. Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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36
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Schäfer N, Bühler M, Heyer L, Röhr MIS, Beuerle F. Endohedral Hydrogen Bonding Templates the Formation of a Highly Strained Covalent Organic Cage Compound*. Chemistry 2021; 27:6077-6085. [PMID: 33528845 PMCID: PMC8048910 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly strained covalent organic cage compound was synthesized from hexahydroxy tribenzotriquinacene (TBTQ) and a meta-terphenyl-based diboronic acid with an additional benzoic acid substituent in 2'-position. Usually, a 120° bite angle in the unsubstituted ditopic linker favors the formation of a [4+6] cage assembly. Here, the introduction of the benzoic acid group is shown to lead to a perfectly preorganized circular hydrogen-bonding array in the cavity of a trigonal-bipyramidal [2+3] cage, which energetically overcompensates the additional strain energy caused by the larger mismatch in bite angles for the smaller assembly. The strained cage compound was analyzed by mass spectrometry and 1 H, 13 C and DOSY NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations revealed the energetic contribution of the hydrogen-bonding template to the cage stability. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations on early intermediates indicate an additional kinetic effect, as hydrogen bonding also preorganizes and rigidifies small oligomers to facilitate the exclusive formation of smaller and more strained macrocycles and cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Schäfer
- Institut für Organische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Michael Bühler
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Lisa Heyer
- Institut für Organische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Merle I. S. Röhr
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Institut für Organische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
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37
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Wagner P, Rominger F, Zhang W, Gross JH, Elbert SM, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. Chiral Self‐sorting of Giant Cubic [8+12] Salicylimine Cage Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Wagner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Wen‐Shan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jürgen H. Gross
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sven M. Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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38
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Deegan MM, Dworzak MR, Gosselin AJ, Korman KJ, Bloch ED. Gas Storage in Porous Molecular Materials. Chemistry 2021; 27:4531-4547. [PMID: 33112484 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecules with permanent porosity in the solid state have been studied for decades. Porosity in these systems is governed by intrinsic pore space, as in cages or macrocycles, and extrinsic void space, created through loose, intermolecular solid-state packing. The development of permanently porous molecular materials, especially cages with organic or metal-organic composition, has seen increased interest over the past decade, and as such, incredibly high surface areas have been reported for these solids. Despite this, examples of these materials being explored for gas storage applications are relatively limited. This minireview outlines existing molecular systems that have been investigated for gas storage and highlights strategies that have been used to understand adsorption mechanisms in porous molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan M Deegan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Michael R Dworzak
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Aeri J Gosselin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Kyle J Korman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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39
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Hähsler M, Mastalerz M. A Giant [8+12] Boronic Ester Cage with 48 Terminal Alkene Units in the Periphery for Postsynthetic Alkene Metathesis. Chemistry 2021; 27:233-237. [PMID: 32840913 PMCID: PMC7839526 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) is a powerful synthetic tool to construct large defined molecules in one step from rather simple precursors. The advantage of the intrinsic dynamics of the applied reversible reaction steps is a self‐correction under the chosen conditions, to achieve high yields of the target compound. To date, only a few examples are known, in which DCC was used to build up a molecular defined but larger product that was chemically transferred to a more stable congener in a second (irreversible) step. Here, we present a nanometer‐sized [8+12] boronic ester cage containing 48 peripheral terminal alkene units which allows to put a hydrocarbon exoskeleton around the cage via alkene metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hähsler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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40
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Yang X, Huang S, Ortiz M, Wang X, Cao Y, Kareem O, Jin Y, Huang F, Wang X, Zhang W. Truxene-based covalent organic polyhedrons constructed through alkyne metathesis. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00685a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic alkyne metathesis has successfully been employed toward the synthesis of a truxene-based shape-persistent covalent organic polyhedron (COP) with high binding affinity for fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiye Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Michael Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Xubo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Yunhao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Oula Kareem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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41
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Argent SP, da Silva I, Greenaway A, Savage M, Humby J, Davies AJ, Nowell H, Lewis W, Manuel P, Tang CC, Blake AJ, George MW, Markevich AV, Besley E, Yang S, Champness NR, Schröder M. Porous Metal-Organic Polyhedra: Morphology, Porosity, and Guest Binding. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15646-15658. [PMID: 33044820 PMCID: PMC7610226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Designing
porous materials which can selectively adsorb CO2 or CH4 is an important environmental and industrial
goal which requires an understanding of the host–guest interactions
involved at the atomic scale. Metal–organic polyhedra (MOPs)
showing permanent porosity upon desolvation are rarely observed. We
report a family of MOPs (Cu-1a, Cu-1b, Cu-2), which derive their permanent porosity from cavities
between packed cages rather than from within the polyhedra. Thus,
for Cu-1a, the void fraction outside the cages totals
56% with only 2% within. The relative stabilities of these MOP structures
are rationalized by considering their weak nondirectional packing
interactions using Hirshfeld surface analyses. The exceptional stability
of Cu-1a enables a detailed structural investigation
into the adsorption of CO2 and CH4 using in situ X-ray and neutron diffraction, coupled with DFT
calculations. The primary binding sites for adsorbed CO2 and CH4 in Cu-1a are found to be the open
metal sites and pockets defined by the faces of phenyl rings. More
importantly, the structural analysis of a hydrated sample of Cu-1a reveals a strong hydrogen bond between the adsorbed
CO2 molecule and the Cu(II)-bound water molecule, shedding
light on previous empirical and theoretical observations that partial
hydration of metal−organic framework (MOF) materials containing
open metal sites increases their uptake of CO2. The results
of the crystallographic study on MOP–gas binding have been
rationalized using DFT calculations, yielding individual binding energies
for the various pore environments of Cu-1a. We report a family of metal−organic polyhedra (MOP),
which derive their permanent porosity from cavities between packed
cages rather than from within the polyhedra. The relative stabilities
of these MOP structures are rationalized by considering their weak
nondirectional packing interactions using Hirshfeld surface analysis.
A detailed structural investigation into the adsorption of CO2 and CH4 is reported using in situ X-ray and neutron diffraction, coupled with DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Argent
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Ivan da Silva
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Alex Greenaway
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,R92 Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Mathew Savage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jack Humby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Andrew J Davies
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Harriott Nowell
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Pascal Manuel
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Chiu C Tang
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Alexander J Blake
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael W George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Alexander V Markevich
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Elena Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Sihai Yang
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Neil R Champness
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Martin Schröder
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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42
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Alexandre P, Zhang W, Rominger F, Elbert SM, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. A Robust Porous Quinoline Cage: Transformation of a [4+6] Salicylimine Cage by Povarov Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19675-19679. [PMID: 32521080 PMCID: PMC7689861 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porous shape-persistent organic cages have become the object of interest in recent years because they are soluble and thus processable from solution. A variety of cages can be achieved by applying dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC), but they are less chemically stable. Here the transformation of a salicylimine cage into a quinoline cage by a twelve-fold Povarov reaction as the key step is described. Besides the chemical stability of the cage over a broad pH regime, it shows a unique absorption and emission depending on acid concentration. Furthermore, thin films for the vapor detection of acids were investigated, showing color switches from pale-yellow to red, and characteristic emission profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre‐Emmanuel Alexandre
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Wen‐Shan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Sven M. Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
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43
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Su K, Wang W, Du S, Ji C, Zhou M, Yuan D. Reticular Chemistry in the Construction of Porous Organic Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18060-18072. [PMID: 32938188 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reticular chemistry offers the possibility of systematic design of porous materials with different pores by varying the building blocks, while the emerging porous organic cage (POC) system remains generally unexplored. A series of new POCs with dimeric cages with odd-even behaviors, unprecedented trimeric triangular prisms, and the largest recorded hexameric octahedra have been prepared. These POCs are all constructed from the same tetratopic tetraformylresorcin[4]arene cavitand by simply varying the diamine ligands through Schiff-base reactions and are fully characterized by X-ray crystallography, gas sorption measurements, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The odd-even effects in the POC conformation changes of the [2 + 4] dimeric cages have been confirmed by density functional theory calculations, which are the first examples of odd-even effects reported in the cavitand-based cage system. Moreover, the "V" shape phenylenediamine linkers are responsible for the novel [3 + 6] triangular prisms. The window size and environment can be easily functionalized by different groups, providing a promising platform for the construction of multivariate POCs. Use of linear phenylenediamines led to record-breakingly large [6 + 12] truncated octahedral cages, the maximum inner cavity diameters and volumes of which could be readily modulated by increasing the spacer length of the phenylenediamine linkers. This work can lead to an understanding of the self-assembly behaviors of POCs and also sheds light on the rational design of POC materials for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongzhao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Shunfu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Chunqing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Daqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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44
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Greenaway RL, Jelfs KE. High-Throughput Approaches for the Discovery of Supramolecular Organic Cages. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1813-1823. [PMID: 32833311 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of complex molecules, such as organic cages, can be achieved through supramolecular and dynamic covalent strategies. Their use in a range of applications has been demonstrated, including gas uptake, molecular separations, and in catalysis. However, the targeted design and synthesis of new species for particular applications is challenging, particularly as the systems become more complex. High-throughput computation-only and experiment-only approaches have been developed to streamline the discovery process, although are still not widely implemented. Additionally, combined hybrid workflows can dramatically accelerate the discovery process and lead to the serendipitous discovery and rationalisation of new supramolecular assemblies that would not have been designed based on intuition alone. This Minireview focuses on the advances in high-throughput approaches that have been developed and applied in the discovery of supramolecular organic cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
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45
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Alexandre P, Zhang W, Rominger F, Elbert SM, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. A Robust Porous Quinoline Cage: Transformation of a [4+6] Salicylimine Cage by Povarov Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre‐Emmanuel Alexandre
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Wen‐Shan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sven M. Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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46
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Cui P, Svensson Grape E, Spackman PR, Wu Y, Clowes R, Day GM, Inge AK, Little MA, Cooper AI. An Expandable Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Characterized by Three-Dimensional Electron Diffraction. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12743-12750. [PMID: 32597187 PMCID: PMC7467715 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A molecular crystal of a 2-D hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) undergoes an unusual structural transformation after solvent removal from the crystal pores during activation. The conformationally flexible host molecule, ABTPA, adapts its molecular conformation during activation to initiate a framework expansion. The microcrystalline activated phase was characterized by three-dimensional electron diffraction (3D ED), which revealed that ABTPA uses out-of-plane anthracene units as adaptive structural anchors. These units change orientation to generate an expanded, lower density framework material in the activated structure. The porous HOF, ABTPA-2, has robust dynamic porosity (SABET = 1183 m2 g-1) and exhibits negative area thermal expansion. We use crystal structure prediction (CSP) to understand the underlying energetics behind the structural transformation and discuss the challenges facing CSP for such flexible molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Erik Svensson Grape
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Peter R Spackman
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Graeme M Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - A Ken Inge
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
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47
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Zhang YW, Bai S, Wang YY, Han YF. A Strategy for the Construction of Triply Interlocked Organometallic Cages by Rational Design of Poly-NHC Precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13614-13621. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Sha Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yao-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
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48
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Hossain MM, Atkinson JL, Hartley CS. Dissipative Assembly of Macrocycles Comprising Multiple Transient Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13807-13813. [PMID: 32384209 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dissipative assembly has great potential for the creation of new adaptive chemical systems. However, while molecular assembly at equilibrium is routinely used to prepare complex architectures from polyfunctional monomers, species formed out of equilibrium have, to this point, been structurally very simple. In most examples the fuel simply effects the formation of a single short-lived covalent bond. Herein, we show that chemical fuels can assemble bifunctional components into macrocycles containing multiple transient bonds. Specifically, dicarboxylic acids give aqueous dianhydride macrocycles on treatment with a carbodiimide. The macrocycles are assembled efficiently as a consequence of both fuel-dependent and fuel-independent mechanisms; they undergo slower decomposition, building up as the fuel recycles the components, and are a favored product of the dynamic exchange of the anhydride bonds. These results create new possibilities for generating structurally sophisticated out-of-equilibrium species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua L Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - C Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
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49
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Hossain MM, Atkinson JL, Hartley CS. Dissipative Assembly of Macrocycles Comprising Multiple Transient Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua L. Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Miami University Oxford OH 45056 USA
| | - C. Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Miami University Oxford OH 45056 USA
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50
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Ronson TK, Wang Y, Baldridge K, Siegel JS, Nitschke JR. An S10-Symmetric 5-Fold Interlocked [2]Catenane. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10267-10272. [PMID: 32453562 PMCID: PMC7291353 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of sym-pentakis(4-aminothiophenyl)corannulene with 2-formyl-6-methylpyridine and CuI or 2-formyl-1,10-phenanthroline and MII (M = Co, Zn) yields an S10-symmetric 5-fold interlocked [2]catenane of two interpenetrating [CuI5L2]5+ cages or D5-symmetric [MII5L2]10+ cages, respectively. The new structures were characterized by X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Density functional theory computations point to dispersive energies on par with traditional covalent bond energies. Subcomponent exchange reactions favored formation of the [CoII5L2]10+ cage over the [CuI10L4]10+ catenane. The single cage and catenane each cocrystallized with a corannulene guest to form a bowl-in-bowl substructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya K Ronson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Yujia Wang
- Health Sciences Platform, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kim Baldridge
- Health Sciences Platform, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jay S Siegel
- Health Sciences Platform, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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