1
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Tipping W, Wilson LT, Tomkinson NCO, Faulds K, Graham D. Label-Free Screening of Drug-Induced Liver Injury Using Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy and Spectral Phasor Analysis. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10639-10647. [PMID: 38889191 PMCID: PMC11223099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic toxicity is a leading cause of the termination of clinical trials and the withdrawal of therapeutics following regulatory approval. The detection of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is therefore of importance to ensure patient safety and the effectiveness of novel small molecules and drugs. DILI encompasses drug-induced steatosis (DIS) and drug-induced phospholipidosis (DIPL) which involve the accumulation of excess intracellular lipids. Here, we develop hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy as a label-free methodology for discriminating DIS and DIPL in mammalian cell culture. We demonstrate that hyperspectral SRS imaging in tandem with spectral phasor analysis is capable of discriminating DIS and DIPL based on the nature and distribution of intracellular lipids resulting from each process. To demonstrate the practical application of this methodology, we develop a panel of alkyne-tagged propranolol analogues that display varying DILI effects. Using hyperspectral SRS imaging together with spectral phasor analysis, our label-free methodology corroborated the standard fluorescence-based assay for DILI. As a label-free screening method, it offers a convenient and expedient methodology for visualizing hepatotoxicity in cell cultures which could be integrated into the early stages of the drug development process for screening new chemical entities for DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- William
J. Tipping
- Centre
for Nanometrology, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology
and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K.
| | - Liam T. Wilson
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | | | - Karen Faulds
- Centre
for Nanometrology, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology
and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K.
| | - Duncan Graham
- Centre
for Nanometrology, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology
and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K.
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2
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Zhang M, Xiong J, Yang Z, Zhu B, Wu Y, Chen X, Wu X. NinaB and BCO Collaboratively Participate in the β-Carotene Catabolism in Crustaceans: A Case Study on Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5592. [PMID: 38891781 PMCID: PMC11171921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid cleavage oxygenases can cleave carotenoids into a range of biologically important products. Carotenoid isomerooxygenase (NinaB) and β, β-carotene 15, 15'-monooxygenase (BCO1) are two important oxygenases. In order to understand the roles that both oxygenases exert in crustaceans, we first investigated NinaB-like (EsNinaBl) and BCO1-like (EsBCO1l) within the genome of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Their functions were then deciphered through an analysis of their expression patterns, an in vitro β-carotene degradation assay, and RNA interference. The results showed that both EsNinaBl and EsBCO1l contain an RPE65 domain and exhibit high levels of expression in the hepatopancreas. During the molting stage, EsNinaBl exhibited significant upregulation in stage C, whereas EsBCO1l showed significantly higher expression levels at stage AB. Moreover, dietary supplementation with β-carotene resulted in a notable increase in the expression of EsNinaBl and EsBCO1l in the hepatopancreas. Further functional assays showed that the EsNinaBl expressed in E. coli underwent significant changes in its color, from orange to light; in addition, its β-carotene cleavage was higher than that of EsBCO1l. After the knockdown of EsNinaBl or EsBCO1l in juvenile E. sinensis, the expression levels of both genes were significantly decreased in the hepatopancreas, accompanied by a notable increase in the redness (a*) values. Furthermore, a significant increase in the β-carotene content was observed in the hepatopancreas when EsNinaBl-mRNA was suppressed, which suggests that EsNinaBl plays an important role in carotenoid cleavage, specifically β-carotene. In conclusion, our findings suggest that EsNinaBl and EsBCO1l may exhibit functional co-expression and play a crucial role in carotenoid cleavage in crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (M.Z.); (J.X.); (Z.Y.); (B.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jingyi Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (M.Z.); (J.X.); (Z.Y.); (B.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zonglin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (M.Z.); (J.X.); (Z.Y.); (B.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Boxiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (M.Z.); (J.X.); (Z.Y.); (B.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (M.Z.); (J.X.); (Z.Y.); (B.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xiaowu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (M.Z.); (J.X.); (Z.Y.); (B.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xugan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (M.Z.); (J.X.); (Z.Y.); (B.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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3
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Huang X, Xue Z, Zhang D, Lee HJ. Pinpointing Fat Molecules: Advances in Coherent Raman Scattering Microscopy for Lipid Metabolism. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7945-7958. [PMID: 38700460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjie Huang
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, and Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zexin Xue
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, and Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Delong Zhang
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, and School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hyeon Jeong Lee
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, and Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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4
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Rensonnet A, Tipping WJ, Malherbe C, Faulds K, Eppe G, Graham D. Spectral fingerprinting of cellular lipid droplets using stimulated Raman scattering microscopy and chemometric analysis. Analyst 2024; 149:553-562. [PMID: 38088863 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01684f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a powerful method for direct visualisation and compositional analysis of cellular lipid droplets. Here we report the application of spectral phasor analysis as a convenient method for the segmentation of lipid droplets using the hyperspectral SRS spectrum in the high wavenumber and fingerprint region of the spectrum. Spectral phasor analysis was shown to discriminate six fatty acids based on vibrational spectroscopic features in solution. The methodology was then applied to studying fatty acid metabolism and storage in a mammalian cancer cell model and during drug-induced steatosis in a hepatocellular carcinoma cell model. The accumulation of fatty acids into cellular lipid droplets was shown to vary as a function of the degree of unsaturation, whilst in a model of drug-induced steatosis, the detection of increased saturated fatty acid esters was observed. Taking advantage of the fingerprint and high wavenumber regions of the SRS spectrum has yielded a greater insight into lipid droplet composition in a cellular context. This approach will find application in the label-free profiling of intracellular lipids in complex disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Rensonnet
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - William J Tipping
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
| | - Cedric Malherbe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Karen Faulds
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Duncan Graham
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
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5
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Xu FX, Ioannou GN, Lee SP, Savard C, Horn CL, Fu D. Discrimination of lipid composition and cellular localization in human liver tissues by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:016008. [PMID: 38269081 PMCID: PMC10807871 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.1.016008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Significance The molecular mechanisms driving the progression from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to fibrosing steatohepatitis (NASH) are insufficiently understood. Techniques enabling the characterization of different lipid species with both chemical and spatial information can provide valuable insights into their contributions to the disease progression. Aim We extend the utility of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy to characterize and quantify lipid species in liver tissue sections from patients with NAFL and NASH. Approach We applied a dual-band hyperspectral SRS microscopy system for imaging tissue sections in both the C-H stretching and fingerprint regions. The same sections were imaged with polarization microscopy for detecting birefringent liquid crystals in the tissues. Results Our imaging and analysis pipeline provides accurate classification and quantification of free cholesterol, saturated cholesteryl esters (CEs), unsaturated CE, and triglycerides in liver tissue sections. The subcellular resolution enables investigations of the heterogeneous distribution of saturated CE, which has been under-examined in previous studies. We also discovered that the birefringent crystals, previously found to be associated with NASH development, are predominantly composed of saturated CE. Conclusions Our method allows for a detailed characterization of lipid composition in human liver tissues and enables further investigation into the potential mechanism of NASH progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Xi Xu
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - George N. Ioannou
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Research and Development, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Sum P. Lee
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Christopher Savard
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Research and Development, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Christian L. Horn
- San Antonio Military Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Dan Fu
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Seattle, Washington, United States
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6
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Borek-Dorosz A, Pieczara A, Orleanska J, Brzozowski K, Tipping W, Graham D, Bik E, Kubrak A, Baranska M, Majzner K. Raman microscopy reveals how cell inflammation activates glucose and lipid metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119575. [PMID: 37689141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of endothelial cells (ECs) depends on the availability of the energy substrates. Since the endothelium is the first line of defence against inflammation in the cardiovascular system and its dysfunction can lead to the development of cardiovascular diseases, it is important to understand how glucose metabolism changes during inflammation. In this work, glucose uptake was studied in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) in high glucose (HG), and additionally in an inflammatory state, using Raman imaging. HG state was induced by incubation of ECs with a deuterated glucose analogue, while the EC inflammation was caused by TNF-α pre-treatment. Spontaneous and stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy provided comprehensive information on biochemical changes, including lipids and the extent of unsaturation induced by excess glucose in ECs., induced by excess glucose in ECs. In this work, we indicated spectroscopic markers of metabolic changes in ECs as a strong increase in the ratio of the intensity of lipids / (proteins + lipids) bands and an increase in the level of lipid unsaturation and mitochondrial changes. Inflamed ECs treated with HG, revealed enhanced glucose uptake, and intensified lipid production i.a. of unsaturated lipids. Additionally, increased cytochrome c signal in the mitochondrial region indicated higher mitochondrial activity and biogenesis. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful method for determining the metabolic markers of ED which will better inform understanding of disease onset, development, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Borek-Dorosz
- Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, 2 Gronostajowa Str., Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Pieczara
- Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, 11 Lojasiewicza St., Krakow, Poland
| | - Jagoda Orleanska
- Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, 2 Gronostajowa Str., Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, 11 Lojasiewicza St., Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Brzozowski
- Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, 2 Gronostajowa Str., Krakow, Poland
| | - William Tipping
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Graham
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ewelina Bik
- Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., Krakow, Poland; Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Str., Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Kubrak
- Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, 2 Gronostajowa Str., Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, 2 Gronostajowa Str., Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Majzner
- Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, 2 Gronostajowa Str., Krakow, Poland.
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7
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Zhu H, Chen B, Yakovlev VV, Zhang D. Time-resolved vibrational dynamics: Novel opportunities for sensing and imaging. Talanta 2024; 266:125046. [PMID: 37595525 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of time-resolved spectroscopies has resulted in significant advancements across numerous scientific disciplines, particularly those concerned with molecular electronic states. However, the intricacy of molecular vibrational spectroscopies, which provide comprehensive molecular-level information within complex structures, has presented considerable challenges due to the ultrashort dephasing time. Over recent decades, an increasing focus has been placed on exploring the temporal progression of bond vibrations, thereby facilitating an improved understanding of energy redistribution within and between molecules. This review article focuses on an array of time-resolved detection methodologies, each distinguished by unique technological attributes that offer exclusive capabilities for investigating the physical phenomena propelled by molecular vibrational dynamics. In summary, time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy emerges as a potent instrument for deciphering the dynamic behavior of molecules. Its potential for driving future progress across fields as diverse as biology and materials science is substantial, marking a promising future for this innovative tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, and Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310028, China.
| | - Bo Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, and Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310028, China.
| | - Vladislav V Yakovlev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Delong Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, and Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310028, China.
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8
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Tan Y, Lin H, Cheng JX. Profiling single cancer cell metabolism via high-content SRS imaging with chemical sparsity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg6061. [PMID: 37585522 PMCID: PMC10431717 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg6061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming in a subpopulation of cancer cells is a hallmark of tumor chemoresistance. However, single-cell metabolic profiling is difficult because of the lack of a method that can simultaneously detect multiple metabolites at the single-cell level. In this study, through hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (hSRS) imaging in the carbon-hydrogen (C-H) window and sparsity-driven hyperspectral image decomposition, we demonstrate a high-content hSRS (h2SRS) imaging approach that enables the simultaneous mapping of five major biomolecules, including proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, cholesterol, and nucleic acids at the single-cell level. h2SRS imaging of brain and pancreatic cancer cells under chemotherapy revealed acute and adapted chemotherapy-induced metabolic reprogramming and the unique metabolic features of chemoresistance. Our approach is expected to facilitate the discovery of therapeutic targets to combat chemoresistance. This study illustrates a high-content, label-free chemical imaging approach that measures metabolic profiles at the single-cell level and warrants further research on cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Tan
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Haonan Lin
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
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9
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Wang Y, Shi J, Liu K, Wang Y, Xu Y, Liu Y. Metabolomics and gene expression levels reveal the positive effects of teaseed oil on lifespan and aging process in Caenorhabditis elegans. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Poorna R, Chen WW, Qiu P, Cicerone MT. Toward Gene-Correlated Spatially Resolved Metabolomics with Fingerprint Coherent Raman Imaging. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:5576-5587. [PMID: 37311254 PMCID: PMC10316396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has long been known to provide sufficient information to discriminate distinct cell phenotypes. Underlying this discriminating capability is that Raman spectra provide an overall readout of the metabolic profiles that change with transcriptomic activity. Robustly associating Raman spectral changes with the regulation of specific signaling pathways may be possible, but the spectral signals of interest may be weak and vary somewhat among individuals. Establishing a Raman-to-transcriptome mapping will thus require tightly controlled and easily manipulated biological systems and high-throughput spectral acquisition. We attempt to meet these requirements using broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (BCARS) microscopy to spatio-spectrally map the C. elegans hermaphrodite gonad in vivo at subcellular resolution. The C. elegans hermaphrodite gonad is an ideal model system with a sequential, continuous process of highly regulated spatiotemporal cellular events. We demonstrate that the BCARS spatio-spectral signatures correlate with gene expression profiles in the gonad, evincing that BCARS has potential as a spatially resolved omics surrogate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajas Poorna
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Wei-Wen Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Peng Qiu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Marcus T. Cicerone
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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11
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Bresgen N, Kovacs M, Lahnsteiner A, Felder TK, Rinnerthaler M. The Janus-Faced Role of Lipid Droplets in Aging: Insights from the Cellular Perspective. Biomolecules 2023; 13:912. [PMID: 37371492 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that nine hallmarks-including mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic alterations, and loss of proteostasis-exist that describe the cellular aging process. Adding to this, a well-described cell organelle in the metabolic context, namely, lipid droplets, also accumulates with increasing age, which can be regarded as a further aging-associated process. Independently of their essential role as fat stores, lipid droplets are also able to control cell integrity by mitigating lipotoxic and proteotoxic insults. As we will show in this review, numerous longevity interventions (such as mTOR inhibition) also lead to strong accumulation of lipid droplets in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and mammalian cells, just to name a few examples. In mammals, due to the variety of different cell types and tissues, the role of lipid droplets during the aging process is much more complex. Using selected diseases associated with aging, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, we show that lipid droplets are "Janus"-faced. In an early phase of the disease, lipid droplets mitigate the toxicity of lipid peroxidation and protein aggregates, but in a later phase of the disease, a strong accumulation of lipid droplets can cause problems for cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Bresgen
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Melanie Kovacs
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Angelika Lahnsteiner
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Klaus Felder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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12
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Jia H, Yue S. Stimulated Raman Scattering Imaging Sheds New Light on Lipid Droplet Biology. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2381-2394. [PMID: 36897936 PMCID: PMC10042165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
A lipid droplet (LD) is a dynamic organelle closely associated with cellular functions and energy homeostasis. Dysregulated LD biology underlies an increasing number of human diseases, including metabolic disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorder. Commonly used lipid staining and analytical tools have difficulty providing the information regarding LD distribution and composition at the same time. To address this problem, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy uses the intrinsic chemical contrast of biomolecules to achieve both direct visualization of LD dynamics and quantitative analysis of LD composition with high molecular selectivity at the subcellular level. Recent developments of Raman tags have further enhanced sensitivity and specificity of SRS imaging without perturbing molecular activity. With these advantages, SRS microscopy has offered great promise for deciphering LD metabolism in single live cells. This article overviews and discusses the latest applications of SRS microscopy as an emerging platform to dissect LD biology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and
Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute
of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical
Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuhua Yue
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and
Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute
of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical
Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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13
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Jia H, Liu J, Fang T, Zhou Z, Li R, Yin W, Qian Y, Wang Q, Zhou W, Liu C, Sun D, Chen X, Ouyang Z, Dong J, Wang Y, Yue S. The role of altered lipid composition and distribution in liver fibrosis revealed by multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq2937. [PMID: 36638165 PMCID: PMC9839333 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular lipid accumulation is commonly seen in fibrotic livers, but its exact role in liver fibrosis remains elusive. Here, we established a multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy to quantitatively map distribution of biomolecules in fibrotic livers. Our data revealed that unsaturated triglycerides were predominantly accumulated in central vein area during liver fibrosis but not in portal vein area. Moreover, the lipid homeostasis was remarkably dysregulated in the late-stage compared to the early-stage fibrosis, including increased unsaturated triglycerides with decreased lipid unsaturation degree and decreased membrane fluidity. Such alterations were likely due to up-regulated lipogenesis, desaturation, and peroxidation, which consequently led to endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death. Inspiringly, injured hepatocyte could be rescued by remodeling lipid homeostasis via either supply of unsaturated fatty acids or enhancement of membrane fluidity. Collectively, our study improves current understanding of the role of lipid homeostasis in fibrosis and open opportunities for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
- Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Tinghe Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ruihong Li
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
- Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Wenzhen Yin
- Clinical Translational Science Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Yao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
- Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Wanhui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dingcheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiahong Dong
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
- Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
- Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102218, China
- Clinical Translational Science Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Shuhua Yue
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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14
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Application of Caenorhabditis elegans in Lipid Metabolism Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021173. [PMID: 36674689 PMCID: PMC9860639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the development and prevalence of obesity have posed a serious public health risk, which has prompted studies on the regulation of adiposity. With the ease of genetic manipulation, the diversity of the methods for characterizing body fat levels, and the observability of feeding behavior, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is considered an excellent model for exploring energy homeostasis and the regulation of the cellular fat storage. In addition, the homology with mammals in the genes related to the lipid metabolism allows many aspects of lipid modulation by the regulators of the central nervous system to be conserved in this ideal model organism. In recent years, as the complex network of genes that maintain an energy balance has been gradually expanded and refined, the regulatory mechanisms of lipid storage have become clearer. Furthermore, the development of methods and devices to assess the lipid levels has become a powerful tool for studies in lipid droplet biology and the regulation of the nematode lipid metabolism. Herein, based on the rapid progress of C. elegans lipid metabolism-related studies, this review outlined the lipid metabolic processes, the major signaling pathways of fat storage regulation, and the primary experimental methods to assess the lipid content in nematodes. Therefore, this model system holds great promise for facilitating the understanding, management, and therapies of human obesity and other metabolism-related diseases.
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15
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Chen WW, Tang W, Hamerton EK, Kuo PX, Lemieux GA, Ashrafi K, Cicerone MT. Identifying lipid particle sub-types in live Caenorhabditis elegans with two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging. Front Chem 2023; 11:1161775. [PMID: 37123874 PMCID: PMC10137682 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1161775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat metabolism is an important modifier of aging and longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Given the anatomy and hermaphroditic nature of C. elegans, a major challenge is to distinguish fats that serve the energetic needs of the parent from those that are allocated to the progeny. Broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (BCARS) microscopy has revealed that the composition and dynamics of lipid particles are heterogeneous both within and between different tissues of this organism. Using BCARS, we have previously succeeded in distinguishing lipid-rich particles that serve as energetic reservoirs of the parent from those that are destined for the progeny. While BCARS microscopy produces high-resolution images with very high information content, it is not yet a widely available platform. Here we report a new approach combining the lipophilic vital dye Nile Red and two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (2p-FLIM) for the in vivo discrimination of lipid particle sub-types. While it is widely accepted that Nile Red staining yields unreliable results for detecting lipid structures in live C. elegans due to strong interference of autofluorescence and non-specific staining signals, our results show that simple FLIM phasor analysis can effectively separate those signals and is capable of differentiating the non-polar lipid-dominant (lipid-storage), polar lipid-dominant (yolk lipoprotein) particles, and the intermediates that have been observed using BCARS microscopy. An advantage of this approach is that images can be acquired using common, commercially available 2p-FLIM systems within about 10% of the time required to generate a BCARS image. Our work provides a novel, broadly accessible approach for analyzing lipid-containing structures in a complex, live whole organism context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wen Chen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wei-Wen Chen, ; Marcus T. Cicerone,
| | - Wenyu Tang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Emily K. Hamerton
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Penelope X. Kuo
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - George A. Lemieux
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kaveh Ashrafi
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marcus T. Cicerone
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wei-Wen Chen, ; Marcus T. Cicerone,
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16
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Pan W, Zhou YL, Wang J, Dai HE, Wang X, Liu L. Structural and Functional Analysis of Nonheme Iron Enzymes BCMO-1 and BCMO-2 from Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:844453. [PMID: 35223999 PMCID: PMC8866865 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.844453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid metabolism is critical for diverse physiological processes. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has two genes that are annotated as β-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase (BCMO) and are 17 centimorgan apart on chromosome II, but the function of BCMO-1 and BCMO-2 remains uncharacterized. Sequence homology indicates that the two enzymes belong to the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase family that share a seven-bladed β-propeller fold with a nonheme iron center. Here we determined crystal structures of BCMO-1 and BCMO-2 at resolutions of 1.8 and 1.9 Å, respectively. Structural analysis reveals that BCMO-1 and BCMO-2 are strikingly similar to each other. We also characterized their β-carotene cleavage activity, but the results suggest that they may not act as β-carotene 15,15′-oxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | | | - Jian Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Huai-En Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Liu,
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17
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Fueser H, Pilger C, Kong C, Huser T, Traunspurger W. Polystyrene microbeads influence lipid storage distribution in C. elegans as revealed by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118662. [PMID: 34896225 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of Caenorhabditis elegans to polystyrene (PS) beads of a wide range of sizes impedes feeding, by reducing food consumption, and has been linked to inhibitory effects on the reproductive capacity of this nematode, as determined in standardized toxicity tests. Lipid storage provides energy for longevity, growth, and reproduction and may influence the organismal response to stress, including the food deprivation resulting from microplastics exposure. However, the effects of microplastics on energy storage have not been investigated in detail. In this study, C. elegans was exposed to ingestible sizes of PS beads in a standardized toxicity test (96 h) and in a multigeneration test (∼21 days), after which lipid storage was quantitatively analyzed in individual adults using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. The results showed that lipid storage distribution in C. elegans was altered when worms were exposed to microplastics in form of PS beads. For example, when exposed to 0.1-μm PS beads, the lipid droplet count was 93% higher, the droplets were up to 56% larger, and the area of the nematode body covered by lipids was up to 79% higher than in unexposed nematodes. The measured values tended to increase as PS bead sizes decreased. Cultivating the nematodes for 96 h under restricted food conditions in the absence of beads reproduced the altered lipid storage and suggested that it was triggered by food deprivation, including that induced by the dilutional effects of PS bead exposure. Our study demonstrates the utility of CARS microscopy to comprehensively image the smaller microplastics (<10 μm) ingested by nematodes and possibly other biota in investigations of the effects at the level of the individual organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Fueser
- Bielefeld University, Animal Ecology, Konsequenz 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Christian Pilger
- Bielefeld University, Biomolecular Photonics, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Cihang Kong
- Bielefeld University, Biomolecular Photonics, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Huser
- Bielefeld University, Biomolecular Photonics, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Walter Traunspurger
- Bielefeld University, Animal Ecology, Konsequenz 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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18
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Cui L, Li R, Mu T, Wang J, Zhang W, Sun M. In situ Plasmon-Enhanced CARS and TPEF for Gram staining identification of non-fluorescent bacteria. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 264:120283. [PMID: 34428635 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report in situ nonlinear microscopic images on plasmon-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and plasmon-Induced two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF)of non-fluorescent microorganism. Our unique synthesized Au@Ag nanorods provide with two distinct surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) at 400 and 800 nm, respectively, which can efficiently induce linear fluorescence signals of E. coli but also enhance the nonlinear optical spectroscopy signals of TPEF, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging of E. coli and S. aureus. Furthermore, calculations with complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) reveals the hot electrons of SPs can efficiently induce the biological fluorescence of non-fluorescent flavin nucleotides on the surface of E. coli. This novel mechanism is expected to guide the development and application of new microbial detection reagents. Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria can be well distinguished by nonlinear microscopic imaging of the CARS signal at 1589 cm-1. Benefit by the strong penetrability of non-linear optical signals, it is expected to realize in situ real-time detection and classification of pathogenic microbial infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cui
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingjie Mu
- People's Hospital of Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Linxia City 731100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangcai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengtao Sun
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Lin H, Lee HJ, Tague N, Lugagne JB, Zong C, Deng F, Shin J, Tian L, Wong W, Dunlop MJ, Cheng JX. Microsecond fingerprint stimulated Raman spectroscopic imaging by ultrafast tuning and spatial-spectral learning. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3052. [PMID: 34031374 PMCID: PMC8144602 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Label-free vibrational imaging by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) provides unprecedented insight into real-time chemical distributions. Specifically, SRS in the fingerprint region (400-1800 cm-1) can resolve multiple chemicals in a complex bio-environment. However, due to the intrinsic weak Raman cross-sections and the lack of ultrafast spectral acquisition schemes with high spectral fidelity, SRS in the fingerprint region is not viable for studying living cells or large-scale tissue samples. Here, we report a fingerprint spectroscopic SRS platform that acquires a distortion-free SRS spectrum at 10 cm-1 spectral resolution within 20 µs using a polygon scanner. Meanwhile, we significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio by employing a spatial-spectral residual learning network, reaching a level comparable to that with 100 times integration. Collectively, our system enables high-speed vibrational spectroscopic imaging of multiple biomolecules in samples ranging from a single live microbe to a tissue slice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyeon Jeong Lee
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Nathan Tague
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Cheng Zong
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fengyuan Deng
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonghyeon Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wilson Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary J Dunlop
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Non-linear optical imaging of atherosclerotic plaques in the context of SIV and HIV infection prominently detects crystalline cholesterol esters. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251599. [PMID: 33984028 PMCID: PMC8118308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV infection may exacerbate atherosclerotic vascular disease, which at advanced stages presents as necrotic plaques rich in crystalline cholesterol. Such lesions can catastrophically rupture precipitating myocardial infarct and stroke, now important causes of mortality in those living with HIV. However, in this population little is known about plaque structure relative to crystalline content and its chemical composition. Here, we first interrogated plaque crystal structure and composition in atherosclerotic SIV-infected macaques using non-linear optical microscopy. By stimulated Raman scattering and second harmonic generation approaches both amorphous and crystalline plaque lipid was detected and the crystal spectral profile indicated a cholesterol ester (CE) dominated composition. Versus controls, SIV+ samples had a greater number of cholesterol crystals (CCs), with the difference, in part, accounted for by crystals of a smaller length. Given the ester finding, we profiled HIV+ plaques and also observed a CE crystalline spectral signature. We further profiled plaques from Ldlr-/- mice fed a high fat diet, and likewise, found CE-dominate crystals. Finally, macrophage exposure to CCs or AcLDL induced auto-fluorescent puncta that co-stained with the LC3B autophagy sensor. In aggregate, we show that atheromatous plaques from mice, macaques and humans, display necrotic cores dominated by esterified CCs, and that plaque macrophages may induce autophagic vesicle formation upon encountering CCs. These findings help inform our knowledge of plaque core lipid evolution and how the process may incite systemic inflammation.
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21
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Zhang C, Boppart SA. Tracking the formation and degradation of fatty-acid-accumulated mitochondria using label-free chemical imaging. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6671. [PMID: 33758233 PMCID: PMC7988176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85795-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion is one of the key organelles for maintaining cellular homeostasis. External environmental stimuli and internal regulatory processes may alter the metabolism and functions of mitochondria. To understand these activities of mitochondria, it is critical to probe the key metabolic molecules inside these organelles. In this study, we used label-free chemical imaging modalities including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and multiphoton-excited fluorescence to investigate the mitochondrial activities in living cancer cells. We found that hypothermia exposure tends to induce fatty-acid (FA) accumulation in some mitochondria of MIAPaCa-2 cells. Autofluorescence images show that the FA-accumulated mitochondria also have abnormal metabolism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen, likely induced by the dysfunction of the electron transport chain. We also found that when the cells were re-warmed to physiological temperature after a period of hypothermia, the FA-accumulated mitochondria changed their structural features. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that FA accumulation in mitochondria was observed in live cells. Our research also demonstrates that multimodal label-free chemical imaging is an attractive tool to discover abnormal functions of mitochondria at the single-organelle level and can be used to quantify the dynamic changes of these organelles under perturbative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA.
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA.
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA.
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22
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Recent Development of Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Methods through Metabolic Profiling of Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030311. [PMID: 33803002 PMCID: PMC8002737 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the inappropriate use and overuse of antibiotics, the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasing and have become a major threat to human health. A key factor in the treatment of bacterial infections and slowing down the emergence of antibiotic resistance is to perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of infecting bacteria rapidly to prescribe appropriate drugs and reduce the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Current phenotypic AST methods based on the detection of bacterial growth are generally reliable but are too slow. There is an urgent need for new methods that can perform AST rapidly. Bacterial metabolism is a fast process, as bacterial cells double about every 20 to 30 min for fast-growing species. Moreover, bacterial metabolism has shown to be related to drug resistance, so a comparison of differences in microbial metabolic processes in the presence or absence of antimicrobials provides an alternative approach to traditional culture for faster AST. In this review, we summarize recent developments in rapid AST methods through metabolic profiling of bacteria under antibiotic treatment.
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23
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Li Y, Shen B, Li S, Zhao Y, Qu J, Liu L. Review of Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy Techniques and Applications in the Biosciences. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2020; 5:e2000184. [PMID: 33724734 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a nonlinear optical imaging method for visualizing chemical content based on molecular vibrational bonds. Featuring high speed, high resolution, high sensitivity, high accuracy, and 3D sectioning, SRS microscopy has made tremendous progress toward biochemical information acquisition, cellular function investigation, and label-free medical diagnosis in the biosciences. In this review, the principle of SRS, system design, and data analysis are introduced, and the current innovations of the SRS system are reviewed. In particular, combined with various bio-orthogonal Raman tags, the applications of SRS microscopy in cell metabolism, tumor diagnosis, neuroscience, drug tracking, and microbial detection are briefly examined. The future prospects for SRS microscopy are also shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Binglin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yihua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Liwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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24
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Zhao YT, Yan S, Huang B, Yang L, Ding HM, Wang P, Miao AJ. Unbound Natural Organic Matter Competes with Nanoparticles for Internalization Receptors During Cell Uptake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15215-15224. [PMID: 33169997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) that forms coronas on the surface of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) affects their stability, bio-uptake, and toxicity. After corona formation, a large amount of unbound NOM remains in the environment and their effects on organismal uptake of NPs remain unknown. Here, the effects of unbound NOM on the uptake of polyacrylate-coated hematite NPs (HemNPs) by the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila were examined. HemNPs were well-dispersed without any detectable NOM adsorption. Kinetics experiments showed that unbound NOM decreased the uptake of HemNPs with greater inhibition at lower concentrations of the particles in the presence of NOM of higher molecular weight. The unbound NOM suppressed clathrin-mediated endocytosis but not the phagocytosis of HemNPs. Confirmation of these events was obtained using label-free hyperspectral stimulated Raman spectroscopy imaging and dissipative particle dynamics simulation. Overall, the present study demonstrates that unbound NOM can compete with HemNPs for internalization receptors on the surface of T. thermophila and inhibit particle uptake, highlighting the need to consider the direct effects of unbound NOM in bioapplication studies and in safety evaluations of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Tong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210046, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Yan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430074, P. R. China
| | - Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210046, P. R. China
| | - Liuyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210046, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ming Ding
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215006, P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Jun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210046, P. R. China
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25
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Fung AA, Shi L. Mammalian cell and tissue imaging using Raman and coherent Raman microscopy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1501. [PMID: 32686297 PMCID: PMC7554227 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Direct imaging of metabolism in cells or multicellular organisms is important for understanding many biological processes. Raman scattering (RS) microscopy, particularly, coherent Raman scattering (CRS) such as coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), has emerged as a powerful platform for cellular imaging due to its high chemical selectivity, sensitivity, and imaging speed. RS microscopy has been extensively used for the identification of subcellular structures, metabolic observation, and phenotypic characterization. Conjugating RS modalities with other techniques such as fluorescence or infrared (IR) spectroscopy, flow cytometry, and RNA-sequencing can further extend the applications of RS imaging in microbiology, system biology, neurology, tumor biology and more. Here we overview RS modalities and techniques for mammalian cell and tissue imaging, with a focus on the advances and applications of CARS and SRS microscopy, for a better understanding of the metabolism and dynamics of lipids, protein, glucose, and nucleic acids in mammalian cells and tissues. This article is categorized under: Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Imaging Biological Mechanisms > Metabolism Analytical and Computational Methods > Analytical Methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Fung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lingyan Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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26
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Bai J, Farias-Pereira R, Zhang Y, Jang M, Park Y, Kim KH. C. elegans ACAT regulates lipolysis and its related lifespan in fasting through modulation of the genes in lipolysis and insulin/IGF-1 signaling. Biofactors 2020; 46:754-765. [PMID: 32639091 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Overly active acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferases (ACATs) are known to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, cancer cell proliferation and de novo lipogenesis. However, the role of ACAT in systemic lipid metabolism and its consequence of aging is unknown. Using avasimibe, a clinically proven ACAT inhibitor, and mboa-1 mutant strain, a homologous to mammalian ACAT, herein, we found that Ava treatment and mboa-1 mutant exhibited a decreased fat accumulation during feeding and increased lipolysis with extended lifespan of C. elegans during fasting. Our study highlights the essential role of ACAT inhibitor and mboa-1 in fat mobilization and the survival of C. elegans in fasting through the modulation of the genes involved in lipolysis and insulin/IGF-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miran Jang
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kee-Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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27
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Kedarisetti P, Haven NJM, Restall BS, Martell MT, Zemp RJ. Label-free lipid contrast imaging using non-contact near-infrared photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4559-4562. [PMID: 32797009 DOI: 10.1364/ol.397614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Histopathology of lipid-rich tissues is often a difficult endeavor, owing to the limited tissue processing workflows that can appropriately preserve tissue while keeping fatty deposits intact. Here, we present the first usage of near-infrared (NIR) photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS) to achieve imaging contrast from lipids without the need for exogenous stains or labels. In our system, the facile production of 1225 nm excitation pulses is achieved by the stimulated Raman scattering of a 1064 nm source propagating through an optical fiber. PARS-based detection is achieved by monitoring the change in the scattering profile of a co-aligned 1550 nm continuous-wave interrogation beam in response to absorption of the 1225 nm light by lipids. Our non-contact, reflection-mode approach can achieve a FWHM resolution of up to 0.96 µm and signal-to-noise ratios as high as 45 dB from carbon fibers and 9.7 dB from a lipid phantom. NIR-PARS offers a promising approach to image lipid-rich samples with a simplified workflow.
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28
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Spectroscopic coherent Raman imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans reveals lipid particle diversity. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:1087-1095. [PMID: 32572275 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans serves as a model for understanding adiposity and its connections to aging. Current methodologies do not distinguish between fats serving the energy needs of the parent, akin to mammalian adiposity, from those that are distributed to the progeny, making it difficult to accurately interpret the physiological implications of fat content changes induced by external perturbations. Using spectroscopic coherent Raman imaging, we determine the protein content, chemical profiles and dynamics of lipid particles in live animals. We find fat particles in the adult intestine to be diverse, with most destined for the developing progeny. In contrast, the skin-like epidermis contains fats that are the least heterogeneous, the least dynamic and have high triglyceride content. These attributes are most consistent with stored somatic energy reservoirs. These results challenge the prevailing practice of assessing C. elegans adiposity by measurements that are dominated by the intestinal fat content.
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29
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Ferrara MA, Filograna A, Ranjan R, Corda D, Valente C, Sirleto L. Three-dimensional label-free imaging throughout adipocyte differentiation by stimulated Raman microscopy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216811. [PMID: 31112567 PMCID: PMC6528968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets are lipid-storage organelles with a key role in lipid accumulation pathologies such as diabetes, obesity and atherosclerosis. Despite their important functions many aspects of lipid droplets biology are still unknown. This is partially due to the current use of exogenous labels to monitor their formation and remodelling by invasive imaging methods. Here, we apply stimulated Raman scattering microscopy to acquire images with high spatial resolution along with resolving capabilities of lipids and proteins and three-dimensional sectioning. Our images and data analysis demonstrate an increase in the number of large (>15μm2) lipid droplets in human adipocyte cells during differentiation process. In addition, spatially-resolved maps of lipids and proteins inside cells and three dimensional reconstructions of lipids at the initial and final steps of adipocyte differentiation are reported, too.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Filograna
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Naples, Italy
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Corda
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Valente
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (LS); (CV)
| | - Luigi Sirleto
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (LS); (CV)
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30
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Ntziachristos V, Pleitez MA, Aime S, Brindle KM. Emerging Technologies to Image Tissue Metabolism. Cell Metab 2019; 29:518-538. [PMID: 30269982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to the implication of altered metabolism in a large spectrum of tissue function and disease, assessment of metabolic processes becomes essential in managing health. In this regard, imaging can play a critical role in allowing observation of biochemical and physiological processes. Nuclear imaging methods, in particular positron emission tomography, have been widely employed for imaging metabolism but are mainly limited by the use of ionizing radiation and the sensing of only one parameter at each scanning session. Observations in healthy individuals or longitudinal studies of disease could markedly benefit from non-ionizing, multi-parameter imaging methods. We therefore focus this review on progress with the non-ionizing radiation methods of MRI, hyperpolarized magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chemical exchange saturation transfer, and emerging optoacoustic (photoacoustic) imaging. We also briefly discuss the role of nuclear and optical imaging methods for research and clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Chair of Biological Imaging, TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Miguel A Pleitez
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Chair of Biological Imaging, TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Silvio Aime
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Old Addenbrooke's Site, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
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31
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Li X, Li Y, Jiang M, Wu W, He S, Chen C, Qin Z, Tang BZ, Mak HY, Qu JY. Quantitative Imaging of Lipid Synthesis and Lipolysis Dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans by Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2279-2287. [PMID: 30589537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative methods to precisely measure cellular states in vivo have become increasingly important and desirable in modern biology. Recently, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has emerged as a powerful tool to visualize small biological molecules tagged with alkyne (C≡C) or carbon-deuterium (C-D) bonds in the cell-silent region. In this study, we developed a technique based on SRS microscopy of vibrational tags for quantitative imaging of lipid synthesis and lipolysis in live animals. The technique aims to overcome the major limitations of conventional fluorescent staining and lipid extraction methods that do not provide the capability of in vivo quantitative analysis. Specifically, we used three bioorthogonal lipid molecules (the alkyne-tagged fatty acid 17-ODYA, deuterium-labeled saturated fatty acid PA-D31, and unsaturated fatty acid OA-D34) to investigate the metabolic dynamics of lipid droplets (LDs) in live Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans). Using a hyperspectral SRS (hsSRS) microscope and subtraction method, the interfering non-Raman background was eliminated to improve the accuracy of lipid quantification. A linear relationship between SRS signals and fatty acid molar concentrations was accurately established. With this quantitative analysis tool, we imaged and determined the changes in concentration of the three fatty acids in LDs of fed or starved adult C. elegans. Using the hsSRS imaging mode, we also observed the desaturation of fatty acids in adult C. elegans via spectral analysis on the SRS signals from LDs. The results demonstrated the unique capability of hsSRS microscopy in quantitative analysis of lipid metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Li
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Life Science , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Meijuan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Wanjie Wu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Sicong He
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Congping Chen
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Zhongya Qin
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Ho Yi Mak
- Division of Life Science , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Jianan Y Qu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
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32
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Fueser H, Majdi N, Haegerbaeumer A, Pilger C, Hachmeister H, Greife P, Huser T, Traunspurger W. Analyzing life-history traits and lipid storage using CARS microscopy for assessing effects of copper on the fitness of Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 156:255-262. [PMID: 29554610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid storage provides energy for cell survival, growth, and reproduction and is closely related to the organismal response to stress imposed by toxic chemicals. However, the effects of toxicants on energy storage as it impacts certain life-history traits have rarely been investigated. Here, we used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a test species for a chronic exposure to copper (Cu) at EC20 (0.50 mg Cu/l). Effects on the fatty acid distribution in C. elegans body were determined using coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) to link population fitness responses with individual ecophysiological responses. Cu inhibited nematode reproductive capacity and offspring growth in addition to shortening the lifespan of exposed individuals. In adult nematodes, Cu exposure led to significant reduction of lipid storage compared to the Cu-free control: Under Cu, lipids filled only 0.5% of the nematode body volume vs. 7.5% in control nematodes, lipid droplets were on average 74% smaller and the number of tiny lipids (0-10 µm2) was increased. These results suggest that (1) Cu has an important effect on the life-history traits of nematodes; (2) the quantification of lipid storage can provide important information on the response of organisms to toxic stress; and (3) CARS microscopy is a promising tool for non-invasive quantitative and qualitative analyses of lipids as a measure of nematode fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Fueser
- Bielefeld University, Animal Ecology, Konsequenz 45, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Nabil Majdi
- Bielefeld University, Animal Ecology, Konsequenz 45, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Arne Haegerbaeumer
- Bielefeld University, Animal Ecology, Konsequenz 45, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Pilger
- Bielefeld University, Biomolecular Photonics, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Henning Hachmeister
- Bielefeld University, Biomolecular Photonics, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Paul Greife
- Bielefeld University, Biomolecular Photonics, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Huser
- Bielefeld University, Biomolecular Photonics, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Walter Traunspurger
- Bielefeld University, Animal Ecology, Konsequenz 45, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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33
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Abalymov AA, Verkhovskii RA, Novoselova MV, Parakhonskiy BV, Gorin DA, Yashchenok AM, Sukhorukov GB. Live-Cell Imaging by Confocal Raman and Fluorescence Microscopy Recognizes the Crystal Structure of Calcium Carbonate Particles in HeLa Cells. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1800071. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anatolii A. Abalymov
- Education and Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems; Saratov National Research State University; Saratov 410012 Russia
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology; Ghent University; Gent B-9000 Belgium
| | - Roman A. Verkhovskii
- Education and Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems; Saratov National Research State University; Saratov 410012 Russia
| | - Marina V. Novoselova
- Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology; Moscow 121205 Russia
| | | | - Dmitry A. Gorin
- Education and Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems; Saratov National Research State University; Saratov 410012 Russia
- Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology; Moscow 121205 Russia
| | - Alexey M. Yashchenok
- Education and Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems; Saratov National Research State University; Saratov 410012 Russia
- Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology; Moscow 121205 Russia
| | - Gleb B. Sukhorukov
- School of Engineering and Materials Science; Queen Mary University of London; London E1 4NS UK
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34
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Huang B, Yan S, Xiao L, Ji R, Yang L, Miao AJ, Wang P. Label-Free Imaging of Nanoparticle Uptake Competition in Single Cells by Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1703246. [PMID: 29283225 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Imaging and quantification of nanoparticles in single cells in their most natural condition are expected to facilitate the biotechnological applications of nanoparticles and allow for better assessment of their biosafety risks. However, current imaging modalities either require tedious sample preparation or only apply to nanoparticles with specific physicochemical characteristics. Here, the emerging hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, as a label-free and nondestructive imaging method, is used for the first time to investigate the subcellular distribution of nanoparticles in the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. The two frequently studied nanoparticles, polyacrylate-coated α-Fe2 O3 and TiO2 , are found to have different subcellular distribution pattern as a result of their dissimilar uptake routes. Significant uptake competition between these two types of nanoparticles is further discovered, which should be paid attention to in future bioapplications of nanoparticles. Overall, this study illustrates the great promise of hyperspectral SRS as an analytical imaging tool in nanobiotechnology and nanotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuai Yan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liuyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ai-Jun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
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35
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Hong W, Karanja CW, Abutaleb NS, Younis W, Zhang X, Seleem MN, Cheng JX. Antibiotic Susceptibility Determination within One Cell Cycle at Single-Bacterium Level by Stimulated Raman Metabolic Imaging. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3737-3743. [PMID: 29461044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics has significantly increased the number of resistant bacteria, which has also increased the urgency of rapid bacterial detection and profiling their antibiotic response. Current clinical methods for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) rely on culture and require at least 16 to 24 h to conduct. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a rapid method that can test the susceptibility of bacteria in a culture-free manner. Here we demonstrate a rapid AST method by monitoring the glucose metabolic activity of live bacteria at the single-cell level with hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging. Using vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant enterococci E. faecalis as models, we demonstrate that the metabolic uptake of deuterated glucose in a single living bacterium can be quantitatively monitored via hyperspectral SRS imaging. Remarkably, the metabolic activity of susceptible bacteria responds differently to antibiotics from the resistant strain within only 0.5 h from the addition of antibiotics. Therefore, bacterial susceptibility and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics can be determined within one cell cycle. Our metabolic imaging method is applicable to other bacteria species including E. coli, K. Pneumoniae, and S. aureus as well as different antibiotics, regardless of their mechanisms of inhibiting or killing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Electrical and Chemical Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
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36
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Chen AJ, Yuan X, Li J, Dong P, Hamza I, Cheng JX. Label-Free Imaging of Heme Dynamics in Living Organisms by Transient Absorption Microscopy. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3395-3401. [PMID: 29401392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Heme, a hydrophobic and cytotoxic macrocycle, is an essential cofactor in a large number of proteins and is important for cell signaling. This must mean that heme is mobilized from its place of synthesis or entry into the cell to other parts of the cell where hemoproteins reside. However, the cellular dynamics of heme movement is not well understood, in large part due to the inability to image heme noninvasively in live biological systems. Here, using high-resolution transient absorption microscopy, we showed that heme storage and distribution is dynamic in Caenorhabditis elegans. Intracellular heme exists in concentrated granular puncta which localizes to lysosomal-related organelles. These granules are dynamic, and their breaking down into smaller granules provides a mechanism by which heme stores can be mobilized. Collectively, these direct and noninvasive dynamic imaging techniques provide new insights into heme storage and transport and open a new avenue for label-free investigation of heme function and regulation in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Jing Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Xiaojing Yuan
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Puting Dong
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States.,Photonics Center , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
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Huang BC, Guan YF, Chen W, Yu HQ. Membrane fouling characteristics and mitigation in a coagulation-assisted microfiltration process for municipal wastewater pretreatment. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 123:216-223. [PMID: 28672206 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Maximizing the energy-profitable treatment of municipal wastewater (MW) is of significance to achieve energy-neutral operation for wastewater treatment plant. Direct membrane filtration technology has been considered as an effective way to separate organic carbon from MW for subsequent anaerobic energy-recovering process, but its application is restrained by severe membrane fouling issues. Thus, it is essential to identify the substances in MW that are responsible for membrane fouling and find out efficient anti-fouling methods. In this work, an integrated approach through combining multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares analysis with infrared attenuated total reflection mapping was adopted to explore the membrane fouling process, and three coagulants, i.e., polyacrylamide, Al2(SO4)3 and FeCl3, were individually used to mitigate membrane fouling. Results show that the 1-8 μm biopolymer clusters, i.e., humic-like and protein-like substances, were the predominant foulants in MW. In addition, membrane fouling caused by proteins was found to be more severe than that by humic substances. Coagulation pretreatment was demonstrated to be effective in mitigating membrane fouling. Al2(SO4)3 or FeCl3 had superior anti-fouling performance comparing to that of polyacrylamide. The dosage of polyacrylamide needs to be optimized according to the actual MW characteristics as its overdose would cause a substantial decline of membrane flux. These results provide a deep understanding of the membrane fouling mechanisms for organic carbon separation from MW and are beneficial for developing efficient and cost-effective membrane fouling mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Cheng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yan-Fang Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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Chen W, Qian C, Hong WL, Cheng JX, Yu HQ. Evolution of Membrane Fouling Revealed by Label-Free Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9580-9587. [PMID: 28795807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fouling is the bottleneck that restricts the sustainability of membrane technology for environmental applications. Therefore, the development of novel analytical tools for characterizing membrane fouling processes is essential. In this work, we demonstrate a capability of probing the chemical structure of foulants and detecting their 3-dimentional spatial distribution on membranes based on stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy as a vibrational spectroscopic imaging approach. The adsorption process of foulants onto membrane surfaces and their aggregation process within membrane pores during the microfiltration of protein and polysaccharide solutions were clearly monitored. Pore constriction and cake layer formation were found to be the coupled membrane fouling mechanisms. This work establishes an ultrafast, highly sensitive, nondestructive and label-free imaging platform for the characterization of membrane fouling evolution. Furthermore, this work provides new insights into membrane fouling and offers a powerful tool for membrane-based process exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chen Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wei-Li Hong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
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39
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Coherent Raman Imaging of Live Muscle Sarcomeres Assisted by SFG Microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9211. [PMID: 28835694 PMCID: PMC5569110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09571-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used spectrally focused coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (spCARS) microscopy assisted by sum-frequency generation (SFG) to monitor the variations in the structural morphology and molecular vibrations of a live muscle of Caenorhabditis elegans. The subunits of the muscle sarcomeres, such as the M-line, myosin, dense body, and α-actinin, were alternatively observed using spCARS microscopy for different sample orientations, with the guidance of a myosin positional marker captured by SFG microscopy. Interestingly enough, the beam polarization dependence of the spCARS contrasts for two parallel subunits (dense body and myosin) showed a ~90° phase difference. The chemically sensitive spCARS spectra induced by the time-varying overlap of two pulses allowed (after a robust subtraction of the non-resonant background using a modified Kramers–Krönig transformation method) high-fidelity detection of various genetically modified muscle sarcomeres tuned to the C-H vibration (2800–3100 cm−1). Conversely, SFG image mapping assisted by phase-retrieved spCARS spectra also facilitated label-free monitoring of the changes in the muscle content of C. elegans that are associated with aging, based on the hypothesis that the C-H vibrational modes could serve as qualitative chemical markers sensitive to the amount and/or structural modulation of the muscle.
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40
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Nie Y, Littleton B, Kavanagh T, Abbate V, Bansal SS, Richards D, Hylands P, Stürzenbaum SR. Proanthocyanidin trimer gallate modulates lipid deposition and fatty acid desaturation in
Caenorhabditis elegans. FASEB J 2017; 31:4891-4902. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700438r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nie
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences DivisionFaculty of Life Sciences and Medicine
| | - Brad Littleton
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Natural and Mathematical SciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas Kavanagh
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Natural and Mathematical SciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceFaculty of Life Sciences and Medicine
| | | | - David Richards
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Natural and Mathematical SciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter Hylands
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceFaculty of Life Sciences and Medicine
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41
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Lee HJ, Cheng JX. Imaging chemistry inside living cells by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Methods 2017; 128:119-128. [PMID: 28746829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a vibrational imaging platform developed to visualize chemical content of a biological sample based on molecular vibrational fingerprints. With high-speed, high-sensitivity, and three-dimensional sectioning capability, SRS microscopy has been used to study chemical distribution, molecular transport, and metabolic conversion in living cells in a label-free manner. Moreover, aided with bio-orthogonal small-volume Raman probes, SRS microscopy allows direct imaging of metabolic activities of small molecules in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jeong Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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42
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Spectral insights into the transformation and distribution of CdSe quantum dots in microorganisms during food-chain transport. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4370. [PMID: 28663551 PMCID: PMC5491517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04694-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discharge of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) into environment is raising widespread concern not only due to their direction bio-toxicity but also their bio-concentration and bio-magnification through food web. However, the transformation and distribution of ENMs during food-chain transport are poorly understood, due to lack of accurate, reliable analytical methods. In this study, by using a suite of advanced spectrum techniques, we successfully tracked the distribution and biotransformation dynamics of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) during their transport from Shewanella onedensis to Caenorchabditis elegans in predation. Fluorescence microscopy and Raman mapping showed that the ingested QDs by C. elegans were located at the gut lumen and subcutaneous tissue, and were partially excreted from the nematode body over time. Micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) spectroscopy and Se K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) results further revealed the changed distribution of Se element over time, and a shift in the major Se species from CdSe to Se0 and Na2SeO3IV. This work demonstrates the utility of advanced spectral techniques for characterizing QDs in vivo, and may facilitate a better understanding on the environmental transformation and fates of ENMs.
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43
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Tipping WJ, Lee M, Serrels A, Brunton VG, Hulme AN. Imaging drug uptake by bioorthogonal stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5606-5615. [PMID: 30155229 PMCID: PMC6103005 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01837a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy in tandem with bioorthogonal Raman labelling enables intracellular drug concentrations, distribution and therapeutic response to be measured in living cells.
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy in tandem with bioorthogonal Raman labelling strategies is set to revolutionise the direct visualisation of intracellular drug uptake. Rational evaluation of a series of Raman-active labels has allowed the identification of highly active labels which have minimal perturbation on the biological efficacy of the parent drug. Drug uptake has been correlated with markers of cellular composition and cell cycle status, and mapped across intracellular structures using dual-colour and multi-modal imaging. The minimal phototoxicity and low photobleaching associated with SRS microscopy has enabled real-time imaging in live cells. These studies demonstrate the potential for SRS microscopy in the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Tipping
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , The University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3FJ , UK . .,Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre , Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine , The University of Edinburgh , Crewe Road South , Edinburgh , EH4 2XR , UK .
| | - Martin Lee
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre , Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine , The University of Edinburgh , Crewe Road South , Edinburgh , EH4 2XR , UK .
| | - Alan Serrels
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre , Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine , The University of Edinburgh , Crewe Road South , Edinburgh , EH4 2XR , UK .
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre , Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine , The University of Edinburgh , Crewe Road South , Edinburgh , EH4 2XR , UK .
| | - Alison N Hulme
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , The University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3FJ , UK .
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44
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Lee HJ, Zhang D, Jiang Y, Wu X, Shih PY, Liao CS, Bungart B, Xu XM, Drenan R, Bartlett E, Cheng JX. Label-Free Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging of Neuronal Membrane Potential. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1932-1936. [PMID: 28407470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Detecting membrane potentials is critical for understanding how neuronal networks process information. We report a vibrational spectroscopic signature of neuronal membrane potentials identified through hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging of patched primary neurons. High-speed SRS imaging allowed direct visualization of puff-induced depolarization of multiple neurons in mouse brain slices, confirmed by simultaneous calcium imaging. The observed signature, partially dependent on sodium ion influx, is interpreted as ion interactions on the CH3 Fermi resonance peak in proteins. By implementing a dual-SRS balanced detection scheme, we detected single action potentials in electrically stimulated neurons. These results collectively demonstrate the potential of sensing neuronal activities at multiple sites with a label-free vibrational microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jeong Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2032, United States
- Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Delong Zhang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2032, United States
| | - Ying Jiang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2032, United States
- Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiangbing Wu
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-2266, United States
| | - Pei-Yu Shih
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chien-Sheng Liao
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2032, United States
| | - Brittani Bungart
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2032, United States
- MD PhD Program, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5120, United States
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-2266, United States
| | - Ryan Drenan
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Edward Bartlett
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2032, United States
- Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2032, United States
- Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
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45
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Krafft C, Schmitt M, Schie IW, Cialla-May D, Matthäus C, Bocklitz T, Popp J. Markerfreie molekulare Bildgebung biologischer Zellen und Gewebe durch lineare und nichtlineare Raman-spektroskopische Ansätze. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Krafft
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Iwan W. Schie
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Dana Cialla-May
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
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46
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Krafft C, Schmitt M, Schie IW, Cialla-May D, Matthäus C, Bocklitz T, Popp J. Label-Free Molecular Imaging of Biological Cells and Tissues by Linear and Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopic Approaches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4392-4430. [PMID: 27862751 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is an emerging technique in bioanalysis and imaging of biomaterials owing to its unique capability of generating spectroscopic fingerprints. Imaging cells and tissues by Raman microspectroscopy represents a nondestructive and label-free approach. All components of cells or tissues contribute to the Raman signals, giving rise to complex spectral signatures. Resonance Raman scattering and surface-enhanced Raman scattering can be used to enhance the signals and reduce the spectral complexity. Raman-active labels can be introduced to increase specificity and multimodality. In addition, nonlinear coherent Raman scattering methods offer higher sensitivities, which enable the rapid imaging of larger sampling areas. Finally, fiber-based imaging techniques pave the way towards in vivo applications of Raman spectroscopy. This Review summarizes the basic principles behind medical Raman imaging and its progress since 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Krafft
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Iwan W Schie
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dana Cialla-May
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
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47
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Hare DJ, Jones MWM, Wimmer VC, Jenkins NL, de Jonge MD, Bush AI, McColl G. High-resolution complementary chemical imaging of bio-elements in Caenorhabditis elegans. Metallomics 2016; 8:156-60. [PMID: 26567696 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00288e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a sub-μm multimodal approach to image essential elements in Caenorhabditis elegans. A combination of chemical imaging technologies reveals total metal concentration, chemical state and the protein to which an element is associated. This application of distinct yet complementary chemical imaging techniques provided unique insight into essential and trace elements at the subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Hare
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Michael W M Jones
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Australia
| | - Verena C Wimmer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Nicole L Jenkins
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | | | - Ashley I Bush
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Gawain McColl
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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48
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Zhang Y, Liao CS, Hong W, Huang KC, Yang H, Jin G, Cheng JX. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging under ambient light. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3880-3. [PMID: 27519113 PMCID: PMC5346021 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an ambient light coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscope that allows CARS imaging to be operated under environmental light for field use. The CARS signal is modulated at megahertz frequency and detected by a photodiode equipped with a lab-built resonant amplifier, then extracted through a lock-in amplifier. The filters in both the spectral domain and the frequency domain effectively blocked the room light contamination of the CARS image. In situ hyperspectral CARS imaging of tumor tissue under ambient light is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Opto-electronics Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Chien-Sheng Liao
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Weili Hong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Kai-Chih Huang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Huaidong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guofan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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49
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A Genetic Screen for Mutants with Supersized Lipid Droplets in Caenorhabditis elegans. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:2407-19. [PMID: 27261001 PMCID: PMC4978895 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To identify genes that regulate the dynamics of lipid droplet (LD) size, we have used the genetically tractable model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, whose wild-type LD population displays a steady state of size with an upper limit of 3 μm in diameter. From a saturated forward genetic screen of 6.7 × 105 mutagenized haploid genomes, we isolated 118 mutants with supersized intestinal LDs often reaching 10 μm. These mutants define nine novel complementation groups, in addition to four known genes (maoc-1, dhs-28, daf-22, and prx-10). The nine groups are named drop (lipid droplet abnormal) and categorized into four classes. Class I mutants drop-5 and drop-9, similar to prx-10, are up-regulated in ACS-22-DGAT-2-dependent LD growth, resistant to LD hydrolysis, and defective in peroxisome import. Class II mutants drop-2, drop-3, drop-6, and drop-7 are up-regulated in LD growth, are resistant to LD hydrolysis, but are not defective in peroxisome import. Class III mutants drop-1 and drop-8 are neither up-regulated in LD growth nor resistant to LD hydrolysis, but seemingly up-regulated in LD fusion. Class IV mutant drop-4 is cloned as sams-1 and, different to the other three classes, is ACS-22-independent and hydrolysis-resistant. These four classes of supersized LD mutants should be valuable for mechanistic studies of LD cellular processes including growth, hydrolysis, and fusion.
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50
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Liao CS, Cheng JX. In Situ and In Vivo Molecular Analysis by Coherent Raman Scattering Microscopy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:69-93. [PMID: 27306307 PMCID: PMC5367927 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy is a high-speed vibrational imaging platform with the ability to visualize the chemical content of a living specimen by using molecular vibrational fingerprints. We review technical advances and biological applications of CRS microscopy. The basic theory of CRS and the state-of-the-art instrumentation of a CRS microscope are presented. We further summarize and compare the algorithms that are used to separate the Raman signal from the nonresonant background, to denoise a CRS image, and to decompose a hyperspectral CRS image into concentration maps of principal components. Important applications of single-frequency and hyperspectral CRS microscopy are highlighted. Potential directions of CRS microscopy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Sheng Liao
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907;
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907;
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