1
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Sire C, Meneyrol V, Saffon-Merceron N, Terreno E, Garello F, Tei L, Jestin E, Tripier R, Troadec T. A versatile fluorinated azamacrocyclic chelator enabling 18F PET or 19F MRI: a first step towards new multimodal and smart contrast agents. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13550-13557. [PMID: 39183922 PMCID: PMC11339802 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02871f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic chelators play a central role in medical imaging and nuclear medicine owing to their unparalleled metal cation coordination abilities. Their functionalization by fluorinated groups is an attractive design, to combine their properties with those of 18F for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or natural 19F for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and access potential theranostic or smart medical imaging probes. For the first time, a compact fluorinated macrocyclic architecture has been synthesized, based on a cyclen chelator bearing additional pyridine coordinating units and simple methyltrifluoroborate prosthetic groups. This ligand and its corresponding model Zn(ii) complex were investigated to evaluate the 18F-PET or 19F MRI abilities provided by this novel molecular structure. The chelator and the complex were obtained via a simple and high-yielding synthetic route, present excellent solvolytic stability of the trifluoroborate groups at various pH, and provide facile late-stage 18F-radiolabeling (up to 68% radiochemical yield with high activity) as well as a satisfying detection limit for 19F MRI imaging (low mM range).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Sire
- Univ. Brest, UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu 29200 Brest France
| | - Vincent Meneyrol
- Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien CYROI 2 rue Maxime Rivière 97490 Sainte-Clotilde France
| | | | - Enzo Terreno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin Piazza Nizza 44/bis 10126 Turin Italy
| | - Francesca Garello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin Piazza Nizza 44/bis 10126 Turin Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Dipartimento di Scienze ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro" Viale T. Michel 11 15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Emmanuelle Jestin
- Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien CYROI 2 rue Maxime Rivière 97490 Sainte-Clotilde France
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- Univ. Brest, UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu 29200 Brest France
| | - Thibault Troadec
- Univ. Brest, UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu 29200 Brest France
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2
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Maujean T, Ramanoudjame SM, Riché S, Le Guen C, Boisson F, Muller S, Bonnet D, Gulea M, Marchand P. Hetero-Diels-Alder and CuAAC Click Reactions for Fluorine-18 Labeling of Peptides: Automation and Comparative Study of the Two Methods. Molecules 2024; 29:3198. [PMID: 38999148 PMCID: PMC11243578 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiolabeled peptides are valuable tools for diagnosis or therapies; they are often radiofluorinated using an indirect approach based on an F-18 prosthetic group. Herein, we are reporting our results on the F-18 radiolabeling of three peptides using two different methods based on click reactions. The first one used the well-known CuAAC reaction, and the second one is based on our recently reported hetero-Diels-Alder (HDA) using a dithioesters (thia-Diels-Alder) reaction. Both methods have been automated, and the 18F-peptides were obtained in similar yields and synthesis time (37-39% decay corrected yields by both methods in 120-140 min). However, to obtain similar yields, the CuAAC needs a large amount of copper along with many additives, while the HDA is a catalyst and metal-free reaction necessitating only an appropriate ratio of water/ethanol. The HDA can therefore be considered as a minimalist method offering easy access to fluorine-18 labeled peptides and making it a valuable additional tool for the indirect and site-specific labeling of peptides or biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothé Maujean
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, LIT UMR 7200, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sridévi M. Ramanoudjame
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, LIT UMR 7200, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphanie Riché
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, LIT UMR 7200, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Clothilde Le Guen
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, LIT UMR 7200, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Inovarion, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Boisson
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylviane Muller
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire UMR 7242, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, LIT UMR 7200, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mihaela Gulea
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, LIT UMR 7200, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrice Marchand
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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3
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Mou Z, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Ma M, Li Z, Guo Y, Zheng J, Zhao Z, Zhang K, Chen X, Li Z. "AquaF" Building Blocks for Water-Compatible S N2 18F-Fluorination of Small-Molecule Radiotracers. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17517-17529. [PMID: 38869959 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of hydrophilic building blocks to incorporate 18F and improve tracer pharmacokinetics, achieving effective leaving group-mediated nucleophilic 18F-fluorination in water (excluding 18F/19F-exchange) remains a formidable challenge. Here, we present a water-compatible SN2 leaving group-mediated 18F-fluorination method employing preconjugated "AquaF" (phosphonamidic fluorides) building blocks. Among 19 compact tetracoordinated pentavalent P(V)-F candidates, the "AquaF" building blocks exhibit superior water solubility, sufficient capacity for 18F-fluorination in water, and excellent in vivo metabolic properties. Two nitropyridinol leaving groups, identified from a pool of leaving group candidates that further enhance the precursor water solubility, enable 18F-fluorination in water with a 10-2 M-1 s-1 level reaction rate constant (surpassing the 18F/19F-exchange) at room temperature. With the exergonic concerted SN2 18F-fluorination mechanism confirmed, this 18F-fluorination method achieves ∼90% radiochemical conversions and reaches a molar activity of 175 ± 40 GBq/μmol (using 12.2 GBq initial activity) in saline for 12 "AquaF"-modified proof-of-concept functional substrates and small-molecule 18F-tracers. [18F]AquaF-Flurpiridaz demonstrates significantly improved radiochemical yield and molar activity compared to 18F-Flurpiridaz, alongside enhanced cardiac uptake and heart/liver ratio in targeted myocardial perfusion imaging, providing a comprehensive illustration of "AquaF" building blocks-assisted water-compatible SN2 18F-fluorination of small-molecule radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobiao Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yiwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Tianjin Engineering Technology Center of Chemical Wastewater Source Reduction and Recycling, School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Mengting Ma
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhongjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yiming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jiamei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zixiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kaiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Zijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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4
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Deleuziere M, Benoist É, Quelven I, Gras E, Amiens C. [ 18F]-Radiolabelled Nanoplatforms: A Critical Review of Their Intrinsic Characteristics, Radiolabelling Methods, and Purification Techniques. Molecules 2024; 29:1537. [PMID: 38611815 PMCID: PMC11013168 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A wide range of nano-objects is found in many applications of our everyday life. Recognition of their peculiar properties and ease of functionalization has prompted their engineering into multifunctional platforms that are supposed to afford efficient tools for the development of biomedical applications. However, bridging the gap between bench to bedside cannot be expected without a good knowledge of their behaviour in vivo, which can be obtained through non-invasive imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET). Their radiolabelling with [18F]-fluorine, a technique already well established and widely used routinely for PET imaging, with [18F]-FDG for example, and in preclinical investigation using [18F]-radiolabelled biological macromolecules, has, therefore, been developed. In this context, this review highlights the various nano-objects studied so far, the reasons behind their radiolabelling, and main in vitro and/or in vivo results obtained thereof. Then, the methods developed to introduce the radioelement are presented. Detailed indications on the chemical steps involved are provided, and the stability of the radiolabelling is discussed. Emphasis is then made on the techniques used to purify and analyse the radiolabelled nano-objects, a point that is rarely discussed despite its technical relevance and importance for accurate imaging. The pros and cons of the different methods developed are finally discussed from which future work can develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Deleuziere
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (M.D.); (É.B.)
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM/UPS UMR 1214, University Hospital of Toulouse-Purpan, CEDEX 3, 31024 Toulouse, France;
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Éric Benoist
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (M.D.); (É.B.)
| | - Isabelle Quelven
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM/UPS UMR 1214, University Hospital of Toulouse-Purpan, CEDEX 3, 31024 Toulouse, France;
| | - Emmanuel Gras
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, UMR 5069, CNRS—Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France;
| | - Catherine Amiens
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
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5
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Huang Y, Chen H, Zhang L, Xie Y, Li C, Yu Z, Jiang Z, Zheng W, Li Z, Ge X, Liang Y, Wu Z. Design of Novel 18F-Labeled Amino Acid Tracers Using Sulfur 18F-Fluoride Exchange Click Chemistry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:294-301. [PMID: 38352831 PMCID: PMC10860173 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
[18F]Gln-OSO2F, [18F]Arg-OSO2F, and [18F]FSY-OSO2F were designed by introducing sulfonyl 18F-fluoride onto glutamine, arginine, and tyrosine, respectively. [18F]FSY-OSO2F can be prepared directly by sulfur 18F-fluoride exchange, while [18F]Gln-OSO2F and [18F]Arg-OSO2F require a two-step labeling method. Those tracers retain their typical transport characteristics for unmodified amino acids. Both PET imaging and biodistribution confirmed that [18F]FSY-OSO2F visualized MCF-7 and 22Rv1 subcutaneous tumors with high contrast, and its tumor-to-muscle ratio was better than that of [18F]FET. However, [18F]Gln-OSO2F and [18F]Arg-OSO2F poorly image MCF-7 subcutaneous tumors, possibly due to differences in the types and amounts of transporters expressed in tumors. All three tracers can visualize the U87MG glioma. According to our biological evaluation, none of the tracers evaluated in this study exhibited obvious defluorination, and subtle structural changes led to different imaging characteristics, indicating that the application of sulfur 18F-fluoride exchange click chemistry in the design of radioactive sulfonyl fluoride amino acids is feasible and offers significant advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research
Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Hualong Chen
- Beijing
Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry
of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain
Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Beijing
Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry
of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain
Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Beijing
Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry
of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain
Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chengze Li
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research
Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Ziyue Yu
- Beijing
Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry
of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain
Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zeng Jiang
- Beijing
Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry
of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain
Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Beijing
Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry
of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain
Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhongjing Li
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research
Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Xuan Ge
- Beijing
Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry
of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain
Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research
Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Zehui Wu
- Beijing
Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry
of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain
Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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6
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Runacres D, Greenacre VK, Dyke JM, Grigg J, Herbert G, Levason W, McRobbie G, Reid G. Synthesis, Characterization, and Computational Studies on Gallium(III) and Iron(III) Complexes with a Pentadentate Macrocyclic bis-Phosphinate Chelator and Their Investigation As Molecular Scaffolds for 18F Binding. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20844-20857. [PMID: 38055373 PMCID: PMC10731642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of obtaining improved molecular scaffolds for 18F binding to use in PET imaging, gallium(III) and iron(III) complexes with a macrocyclic bis-phosphinate chelator have been synthesized and their properties, including their fluoride binding ability, investigated. Reaction of Bn-tacn (1-benzyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) with paraformaldehyde and PhP(OR)2 (R = Me or Et) in refluxing THF, followed by acid hydrolysis, yields the macrocyclic bis(phosphinic acid) derivative, H2(Bn-NODP) (1-benzyl-4,7-phenylphosphinic acid-1,4,7-triazacyclononane), which is isolated as its protonated form, H2(Bn-NODP)·2HCl·4H2O, at low pH (HClaq), its disodium salt, Na2(Bn-NODP)·5H2O at pH 12 (NaOHaq), or the neutral H2(Bn-NODP) under mildly basic conditions (Et3N). A crystal structure of H2(Bn-NODP)·2HCl·H2O confirmed the ligand's identity. The mononuclear [GaCl(Bn-NODP)] complex was prepared by treatment of either the HCl or sodium salt with Ga(NO3)3·9H2O or GaCl3, while treatment of H2(Bn-NODP)·2HCl·4H2O with FeCl3 in aqueous HCl gives [FeCl(Bn-NODP)]. The addition of 1 mol. equiv of aqueous KF to these chloro complexes readily forms the [MF(Bn-NODP)] analogues. Spectroscopic analysis on these complexes confirms pentadentate coordination of the doubly deprotonated (bis-phosphinate) macrocycle via its N3O2 donor set, with the halide ligand completing a distorted octahedral geometry; this is further confirmed through a crystal structure analysis on [GaF(Bn-NODP)]·4H2O. The complex adopts the geometric isomer in which the phosphinate arms are coordinated unsymmetrically (isomer 1) and with the stereochemistry of the three N atoms of the tacn ring in the RRS configuration, denoted (N)RRS, and the phosphinate groups in the RR stereochemistry, denoted (P)RR, (isomer 1/RR), together with its (N)SSR (P)SS enantiomer. The greater thermodynamic stability of isomer 1/RR over the other possible isomers is also indicated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Radiofluorination experiments on the [MCl(Bn-NODP)] complexes in partially aqueous MeCN/NaOAcaq (Ga) or EtOH (Ga or Fe; i.e. without buffer) with 18F- target water at 80 °C/10 min lead to high radiochemical incorporation (radiochemical yields 60-80% at 1 mg/mL, or ∼1.5 μM, concentration of the precursor). While the [Fe18F(n-NODP)] is unstable (loss of 18F-) in both H2O/EtOH and PBS/EtOH (PBS = phosphate buffered saline), the [Ga18F(Bn-NODP)] radioproduct shows excellent stability, RCP = 99% at t = 4 h (RCP = radiochemical purity) when formulated in 90%:10% H2O/EtOH and ca. 95% RCP over 4 h when formulated in 90%:10% PBS/EtOH. This indicates that the new "GaIII(Bn-NODP)" moiety is a considerably superior fluoride binding scaffold than the previously reported [Ga18F(Bn-NODA)] (Bn-NODA = 1-benzyl-4,7-dicarboxylate-1,4,7-triazacyclononane), which undergoes rapid and complete hydrolysis in PBS/EtOH (refer to Chem. Eur. J. 2015, 21, 4688-4694).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle
E. Runacres
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria K. Greenacre
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - John M. Dyke
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Grigg
- GE
HealthCare, Pollards Wood, Nightingales Lane, Chalfont
St. Giles, Buckinghamshire HP8 4SP, United Kingdom
| | - George Herbert
- GE
HealthCare, Pollards Wood, Nightingales Lane, Chalfont
St. Giles, Buckinghamshire HP8 4SP, United Kingdom
| | - William Levason
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme McRobbie
- GE
HealthCare, Pollards Wood, Nightingales Lane, Chalfont
St. Giles, Buckinghamshire HP8 4SP, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Reid
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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7
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Bauer D, Cornejo MA, Hoang TT, Lewis JS, Zeglis BM. Click Chemistry and Radiochemistry: An Update. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1925-1950. [PMID: 37737084 PMCID: PMC10655046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The term "click chemistry" describes a class of organic transformations that were developed to make chemical synthesis simpler and easier, in essence allowing chemists to combine molecular subunits as if they were puzzle pieces. Over the last 25 years, the click chemistry toolbox has swelled from the canonical copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition to encompass an array of ligations, including bioorthogonal variants, such as the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition and the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction. Without question, the rise of click chemistry has impacted all areas of chemical and biological science. Yet the unique traits of radiopharmaceutical chemistry have made it particularly fertile ground for this technology. In this update, we seek to provide a comprehensive guide to recent developments at the intersection of click chemistry and radiopharmaceutical chemistry and to illuminate several exciting trends in the field, including the use of emergent click transformations in radiosynthesis, the clinical translation of novel probes synthesized using click chemistry, and the advent of click-based in vivo pretargeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bauer
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Mike A. Cornejo
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University
of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of
the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Tran T. Hoang
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10021, New York United States
| | - Brian M. Zeglis
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University
of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of
the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10021, New York United States
- Ph.D.
Program
in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the
City University of New York, New
York, New York 10016, United States
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8
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Liu Y, Tang H, Song T, Xu M, Chen J, Cui XY, Han Y, Li Z, Liu Z. Organotrifluoroborate enhances tumor targeting of fibroblast activation protein inhibitors for targeted radionuclide therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:2636-2646. [PMID: 37103565 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a pan-cancer target and now the state-of-the-art to develop radiopharmaceuticals. FAP inhibitors have been of great success in developing imaging tracers. Yet, the overly rapid clearance cannot match with the long half-lives of regular therapeutic radionuclides. Though strategies that aim to elongate the circulation of FAPIs are being developed, here we describe an innovation that uses α-emitters of short half-lives (e.g., 213Bi) to pair the rapid pharmacokinetics of FAPIs. METHODS An organotrifluoroborate linker is engineered to FAPIs to give two advantages: (1) selectively increases tumor uptake and retention; (2) facile 18F-radiolabeling for positron emission tomography to guide radiotherapy with α-emitters, which can hardly be traced in general. RESULTS The organotrifluoroborate linker helps to improve the internalization in cancer cells, resulting in notably higher tumor uptake while the background is clean. In FAP-expressed tumor-bearing mice, this FAPI labeled with 213Bi, a short half-life α-emitter, exhibits almost complete suppression to tumor growth while the side effect is negligible. Additional data shows that this strategy is generally applicable to guide other α-emitters, such as 212Bi, 212Pb, and 149Tb. CONCLUSION The organotrifluoroborate linker may be of importance to optimize FAP-targeted radiopharmaceuticals, and the short half-lived α-emitters may be of choice for the rapid-cleared small molecule-based radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haocheng Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tianchi Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mengxin Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xi-Yang Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuxiang Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, 102206, China.
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9
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Lozada J, Kuo HT, Lin WX, Lin KS, Bénard F, Perrin DM. Imidazolium-methylene-trifluoroborate: A novel radioprosthetic group validated with preclinical 18 F-Positron Emission Tomography imaging of Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen in mice. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2023; 66:130-137. [PMID: 36813569 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Organotrifluoroborates have gained acceptance as radioprosthetic groups for radiofluorination. Of these, the zwitterionic prosthetic group "AMBF3 " with a quaternary dimethylammonium ion dominates the trifluoroborate space. Herein, we report on imidazolium-methylene trifluoroborate (ImMBF3 ) as an alternative radioprosthetic group and report on its properties in the context of a PSMA-targeting EUK ligand that was previously been conjugated to AMBF3 . The ImMBF3 is readily synthesized from imidazole and conjugated via CuAAC "click" chemistry to give a structure similar to PSMA-617. 18 F-labeling proceeded in one step per our previous reports and imaged in LNCaP-xenograft bearing mice. The [18 F]-PSMA-617-ImMBF3 tracer proved to be less polar (LogP7.4 = -2.95 ± 0.03) while showing a significantly lower solvolytic rate (t1/2 = 8100 min) and slightly higher molar activity (Am) at 174 ± 38 GBq/μmol. Tumor uptake was measured at 13.7 ± 4.8%ID/g and a tumor:muscle ratio of 74.2 ± 35.0, tumor:blood ratio of 21.4 ± 7.0, tumor:kidney ratio of 0.29 ± 0.14, and tumor:bone ratio of 23.5 ± 9.5. In comparison with previously reported PSMA-targeting EUK-AMBF3 conjugates, we have altered the LogP7.4 value, tuned the solvolytic half-life of the prosthetic, and increased radiochemical conversion while achieving similar tumor uptake, contrast ratios, and molar activities compared with AMBF3 bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Lozada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hsiou-Ting Kuo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wen Xuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Lozada J, Xuan Lin W, Cao-Shen RM, Astoria Tai R, Perrin DM. Salt Metathesis: Tetrafluoroborate Anion Rapidly Fluoridates Organoboronic Acids to give Organotrifluoroborates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215371. [PMID: 36720697 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tetrafluoroborate (BF4 - ) has long been used as a spectator counter anion. Herein, we report an unprecedented salt metathesis between a variety of BF4 - salts and a series of organoboronic acids yielding the corresponding organotrifluoroborates. We identified conditions for fast and efficient fluoridation (<1 h) with minimal workup. Fundamentally, this work discloses the proclivity of BF4 - to exchange fluoride atoms with organoboronates, highlighting the lability of BF4 - .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Lozada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Wen Xuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rosana M Cao-Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Ruyin Astoria Tai
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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11
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Cosialls R, Simó C, Borrós S, Gómez-Vallejo V, Schmidt C, Llop J, Cuenca AB, Casini A. PET Imaging of Self-Assembled 18 F-Labelled Pd 2 L 4 Metallacages for Anticancer Drug Delivery. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202604. [PMID: 36239701 PMCID: PMC10168593 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To advance the design of self-assembled metallosupramolecular architectures as new generation theranostic agents, the synthesis of 18 F-labelled [Pd2 L4 ]4+ metallacages is reported. Different spectroscopic and bio-analytical methods support the formation of the host-guest cage-cisplatin complex. The biodistribution profiles of one of the cages, alone or encapsulating cisplatin have been studied by PET/CT imaging in healthy mice in vivo, in combination to ICP-MS ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Cosialls
- BISi-Bonds group, Dept. of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, URL, Vía Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Cristina Simó
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014, San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.,Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Salvador Borrós
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (GEMAT), Institut Químic de Sarrià,URL, Vía Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Gómez-Vallejo
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014, San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Jordi Llop
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014, San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Ana B Cuenca
- BISi-Bonds group, Dept. of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, URL, Vía Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Spain
| | - Angela Casini
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching b. München, Germany.,Munich Data Science Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching b. München, Germany
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12
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Otaru S, Paulus A, Imlimthan S, Kuurne I, Virtanen H, Liljenbäck H, Tolvanen T, Auchynnikava T, Roivainen A, Helariutta K, Sarparanta M, Airaksinen AJ. Development of [ 18F]AmBF 3 Tetrazine for Radiolabeling of Peptides: Preclinical Evaluation and PET Imaging of [ 18F]AmBF 3-PEG 7-Tyr 3-Octreotide in an AR42J Pancreatic Carcinoma Model. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1393-1404. [PMID: 35709482 PMCID: PMC9305971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeled peptides have emerged as highly specific agents for targeting receptors expressed in tumors for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Peptides developed for positron emission tomography (PET) are typically radiolabeled using prosthetic groups or bifunctional chelators for fast "kit-like" incorporation of the radionuclide into the structure. A novel [18F]alkylammoniomethyltrifluoroborate ([18F]AmBF3) tetrazine (Tz), [18F]AmBF3-Tz, was developed for the [18F]fluorination of trans-cyclooctene (TCO)-modified biomolecules using Tyr3-octreotides (TOCs) as model peptides. [18F]AmBF3-Tz (Am = 15.4 ± 9.2 GBq/μmol, n = 14) was evaluated in healthy mice by ex vivo biodistribution and PET/computed tomography (CT), where the radiolabel in the prosthetic group was found stable in vivo, indicated by the low bone uptake in tibia (0.4 ± 0.1% ID/g, t = 270 min). TCO-TOCs tailored with polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers were radiolabeled with [18F]AmBF3-Tz, forming two new tracers, [18F]AmBF3-PEG4-TOC (Am = 2.8 ± 1.8 GBq/μmol, n = 3) and [18F]AmBF3-PEG7-TOC (Am of 6.0 ± 3.4 GBq/μmol, n = 13), which were evaluated by cell uptake studies and ex vivo biodistribution in subcutaneous AR42J rat pancreatic carcinoma tumor-bearing nude mice. The tracer demonstrating superior behavior ex vivo, the [18F]AmBF3-PEG7-TOC, was further evaluated with PET/CT, where the tracer provided clear tumor visualization (SUVbaseline = 1.01 ± 0.07, vs SUVblocked = 0.76 ± 0.04) at 25 min post injection. The novel AmBF3-Tz demonstrated that it offers potential as a prosthetic group for rapid radiolabeling of biomolecules in mild conditions using bioorthogonal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Otaru
- Radiochemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreas Paulus
- Radiochemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Surachet Imlimthan
- Radiochemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iida Kuurne
- Radiochemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Virtanen
- Turku
PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Liljenbäck
- Turku
PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku
Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula Tolvanen
- Turku
PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Department
of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Tatsiana Auchynnikava
- Turku
PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku
PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku
Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Kerttuli Helariutta
- Radiochemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirkka Sarparanta
- Radiochemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu J. Airaksinen
- Radiochemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Turku
PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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13
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Lu C, Wang X, Wang Q, Zhang L, Lin J, Qiu L. Development of a Promising 18F-Radiotracer for PET Imaging Legumain Activity In Vivo. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050543. [PMID: 35631369 PMCID: PMC9145320 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumain has been found overexpressed in several cancers, which serves as an important biomarker for cancer diagnosis. In this research, a novel fluorine-18 labeled radioactive tracer [18F]SF-AAN targeting legumain was designed and synthesized for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Nonradioactive probe [19F]SF-AAN was obtained through chemical and solid phase peptide synthesis. After a simple one-step 18F labeling, the radiotracer [18F]SF-AAN was obtained with a high radiochemical conversion rate (>85%) and radiochemical purity (99%) as well as high molar activity (12.77 ± 0.50 MBq/nmol). The targeting specificity of [18F]SF-AAN for detecting legumain activity was investigated systematically in vitro and in vivo. In vitro cellular uptake assay showed that the uptake of [18F]SF-AAN in legumain-positive MDA-MB-468 cells was twice as much as that in legumain-negative PC-3 cells at 4 h. In vivo PET imaging revealed that the tumor uptake of [18F]SF-AAN in MDA-MB-468 tumor-bearing mice was about 2.7 times of that in PC-3 tumor-bearing mice at 10 min post injection. The experimental results indicated that [18F]SF-AAN could serve as a promising PET tracer for detecting the legumain expression sensitively and specifically, which would be beneficial for the diagnosis of legumain-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Lu
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (Q.W.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China;
| | - Xiuting Wang
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (Q.W.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China;
| | - Qiqi Wang
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (Q.W.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China;
| | - Lixia Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China;
| | - Jianguo Lin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China;
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (L.Q.); Tel.: +86-0510-8551-4482-3505 (J.L.)
| | - Ling Qiu
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (Q.W.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China;
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (L.Q.); Tel.: +86-0510-8551-4482-3505 (J.L.)
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14
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China’s radiopharmaceuticals on expressway: 2014–2021. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2021-1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This review provides an essential overview on the progress of rapidly-developing China’s radiopharmaceuticals in recent years (2014–2021). Our discussion reflects on efforts to develop potential, preclinical, and in-clinical radiopharmaceuticals including the following areas: (1) brain imaging agents, (2) cardiovascular imaging agents, (3) infection and inflammation imaging agents, (4) tumor radiopharmaceuticals, and (5) boron delivery agents (a class of radiopharmaceutical prodrug) for neutron capture therapy. Especially, the progress in basic research, including new radiolabeling methodology, is highlighted from a standpoint of radiopharmaceutical chemistry. Meanwhile, we briefly reflect on the recent major events related to radiopharmaceuticals along with the distribution of major R&D forces (universities, institutions, facilities, and companies), clinical study status, and national regulatory supports. We conclude with a brief commentary on remaining limitations and emerging opportunities for China’s radiopharmaceuticals.
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15
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Hu K, Wu W, Xie L, Geng H, Zhang Y, Hanyu M, Zhang L, Liu Y, Nagatsu K, Suzuki H, Guo J, Wu Y, Li Z, Wang F, Zhang M. Whole-body PET tracking of a d-dodecapeptide and its radiotheranostic potential for PD-L1 overexpressing tumors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1363-1376. [PMID: 35530129 PMCID: PMC9069398 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides that are composed of dextrorotary (d)-amino acids have gained increasing attention as a potential therapeutic class. However, our understanding of the in vivo fate of d-peptides is limited. This highlights the need for whole-body, quantitative tracking of d-peptides to better understand how they interact with the living body. Here, we used mouse models to track the movement of a programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-targeting d-dodecapeptide antagonist (DPA) using positron emission tomography (PET). More specifically, we profiled the metabolic routes of [64Cu]DPA and investigated the tumor engagement of [64Cu/68Ga]DPA in mouse models. Our results revealed that intact [64Cu/68Ga]DPA was primarily eliminated by the kidneys and had a notable accumulation in tumors. Moreover, a single dose of [64Cu]DPA effectively delayed tumor growth and improved the survival of mice. Collectively, these results not only deepen our knowledge of the in vivo fate of d-peptides, but also underscore the utility of d-peptides as radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Hu
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Wenyu Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hao Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, the School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hanyu
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yinghuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, the School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kotaro Nagatsu
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hisashi Suzuki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Jialin Guo
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Yundong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, the School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518038, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +81 43 3823709 (Mingrong Zhang), +86 25 52271455 (Feng Wang), +86 755 26033616 (Zigang Li), +86 755 26611113 (Yundong Wu).
| | - Zigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, the School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +81 43 3823709 (Mingrong Zhang), +86 25 52271455 (Feng Wang), +86 755 26033616 (Zigang Li), +86 755 26611113 (Yundong Wu).
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +81 43 3823709 (Mingrong Zhang), +86 25 52271455 (Feng Wang), +86 755 26033616 (Zigang Li), +86 755 26611113 (Yundong Wu).
| | - Mingrong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +81 43 3823709 (Mingrong Zhang), +86 25 52271455 (Feng Wang), +86 755 26033616 (Zigang Li), +86 755 26611113 (Yundong Wu).
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16
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Chen J, Xu M, Liu Y, Duan D, Han Y, Liu Z. Isolation of 212Pb from natural thorium for targeted alpha-therapy. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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18
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Abstract
18F-fluorination is an important and growing field in organic synthesis that has attracted many chemists in the recent past. Here we present our own, biased perspective with a focus on our own chemistry that evaluates recent advances in the field and provides our opinion on the challenges for the development of new chemistry, so that it may have an impact on imaging. We hope that the manuscript will provide a useful guide to chemists to develop reliable and robust reaction chemistry suitable for radiofluorination to have a real impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Halder
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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19
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Lan X, Fan K, Cai W. First-in-human study of an 18F-labeled boramino acid: a new class of PET tracers. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:3037-3040. [PMID: 33547555 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China.
| | - Kevin Fan
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Fluorescent dyes attached to kinase inhibitors (KIs) can be used to probe kinases in vitro, in cells, and in vivo. Ideal characteristics of the dyes vary with their intended applications. Fluorophores used in vitro may inform on kinase active site environments, hence the dyes used should be small and have minimal impact on modes of binding. These probes may have short wavelength emissions since blue fluorophores are perfectly adequate in this context. Thus, for instance, KI fragments that mimic nucleobases may be modified to be fluorescent with minimal perturbation to the kinase inhibitor structure. However, progressively larger dyes, that emit at longer wavelengths, are required for cellular and in vivo work. In cells, it is necessary to have emissions above autofluorescence of biomolecules, and near infrared dyes are needed to enable excitation and observation through tissue in vivo. This review is organized to describe probes intended for applications in vitro, in cells, then in vivo. The readers will observe that the probes featured tend to become larger and responsive to the near infared end of the spectrum as the review progresses. Readers may also be surprised to realize that relatively few dyes have been used for fluorophore-kinase inhibitor conjugates, and the area is open for innovations in the types of fluorophores used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Muhammad Usama
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842, USA.
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21
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Wang S, Gao D, Li K, Ye S, Liu Q, Peng Y, Lv G, Qiu L, Lin J. Radiopharmacological evaluation of a caspase-3 responsive probe with optimized pharmacokinetics for PET imaging of tumor apoptosis. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:3512-3521. [PMID: 32334424 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00690d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early evaluation of the therapy efficiency can promote the development of anti-tumor drugs and optimization of the treatment method. Caspase-3 is a key biomarker for early apoptosis. Detection of caspase-3 activity is essential for quick assessment of the curative effect. We have reported a PET probe that could image drug-induced tumor apoptosis in vivo. However, high liver uptake limits its application. In order to optimize the pharmacokinetics of the previous probe, we introduced a hydrophilic peptide sequence to minimize liver uptake. The structure of the new probe was confirmed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. This probe was able to cross the cell membrane freely and could be converted into a dimer through the condensation reaction of 2-cyano-6-aminobenzothiazole (CBT) and cysteine in response to intracellular activated caspase-3 and glutathione (GSH). The hydrophobic dimers further self-assembled into nanoparticles, which could enhance the probe aggregation in apoptotic tumor tissues. In vivo experiments showed that the tumor uptake of the new probe was higher than that of the previous probe, while the liver uptake of the new probe was significantly reduced. The new probe might be promising in imaging apoptotic tumors with suitable pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wang
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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22
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Fu Y, Helbert H, Simeth NA, Crespi S, Spoelstra GB, van Dijl JM, van Oosten M, Nazario LR, van der Born D, Luurtsema G, Szymanski W, Elsinga PH, Feringa BL. Ultrafast Photoclick Reaction for Selective 18F-Positron Emission Tomography Tracer Synthesis in Flow. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10041-10047. [PMID: 34181410 PMCID: PMC8283755 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The development of
very fast, clean, and selective methods for
indirect labeling in PET tracer synthesis is an ongoing challenge.
Here we present the development of an ultrafast photoclick method
for the synthesis of short-lived 18F-PET tracers based
on the photocycloaddition reaction of 9,10-phenanthrenequinones
with electron-rich alkenes. The respective precursors are synthetically
easily accessible and can be functionalized with various target groups.
Using a flow photo-microreactor, the photoclick reaction can be performed
in 60 s, and clinically relevant tracers for prostate cancer and bacterial
infection imaging were prepared to demonstrate practicality of the
method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxin Fu
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Helbert
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerbren B Spoelstra
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen van Oosten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luiza Reali Nazario
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dion van der Born
- FutureChemistry, Agro Business Park 10, 6708 PW Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Wang C, Zhang L, Mou Z, Feng W, Li Z, Yang H, Chen X, Lv S, Li Z. Direct 18F-Labeling of Biomolecules via Spontaneous Site-Specific Nucleophilic Substitution by F - on Phosphonate Prostheses. Org Lett 2021; 23:4261-4266. [PMID: 33942615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe a high radiochemical yield late-stage direct 18F-labeling of bare biomolecules containing common active groups. Spontaneity and site-selectivity are attributed to the remarkably higher rates of nucleophilic substitution reactions on phosphonates than on other electrophiles by F- at various hydrogen bond forms. Rapid access to many medicinally significant 18F-labeled biomolecules is achieved at 21-68% radiochemical yields and 35.9-55.1 GBq μmol-1 molar activities both manually or automatically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Tianjin Engineering Technology Centre of Chemical Wastewater Source Reduction and Recycling, School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Zhaobiao Mou
- Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Wanru Feng
- Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Zhongjing Li
- Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhang Yang
- Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Xueyuan Chen
- Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Shengji Lv
- Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Zijing Li
- Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
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24
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Zheng Q, Xu H, Wang H, Du WGH, Wang N, Xiong H, Gu Y, Noodleman L, Sharpless KB, Yang G, Wu P. Sulfur [ 18F]Fluoride Exchange Click Chemistry Enabled Ultrafast Late-Stage Radiosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3753-3763. [PMID: 33630577 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The lack of efficient [18F]fluorination processes and target-specific organofluorine chemotypes remains the major challenge of fluorine-18 positron emission tomography (PET). We report here an ultrafast isotopic exchange method for the radiosynthesis of novel PET agent aryl [18F]fluorosulfate enabled by the emerging sulfur fluoride exchange (SuFEx) click chemistry. The method has been applied to the fully automated 18F-radiolabeling of 25 structurally and functionally diverse aryl fluorosulfates with excellent radiochemical yield (83-100%, median 98%) and high molar activity (280 GBq μmol-1) at room temperature in 30 s. The purification of radiotracers requires no time-consuming HPLC but rather a simple cartridge filtration. We further demonstrate the imaging application of a rationally designed poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1)-targeting aryl [18F]fluorosulfate by probing subcutaneous tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinheng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 94037, United States
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 94037, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Wen-Ge Han Du
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nan Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Huan Xiong
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yuang Gu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Louis Noodleman
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 94037, United States
| | - Guang Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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25
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Li Z, Kong Z, Chen J, Li J, Li N, Yang Z, Wang Y, Liu Z. 18F-Boramino acid PET/CT in healthy volunteers and glioma patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:3113-3121. [PMID: 33590273 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this work, the safety, biodistribution, and radiation dosimetry of large neutral amino acid transporter type-1 (LAT-1) targeting PET tracer 18F-trifluorobborate-derived tyrosine (denoted as 18F-FBY) has been investigated. It is designed as a first-in-human study in healthy volunteers and to assay LAT-1 expression level in glioma patients. METHODS Six healthy volunteers (3 M, 3 F) underwent whole-body PET acquisitions at multiple time points after bolus injection of 18F-FBY. Regions of interest (ROIs) were mapped manually on major organs, and then the time-activity curves (TACs) were obtained. Dosimetry was calculated with the OLINDA/EXM software. Thirteen patients who were suspected of glioma were scanned with PET/CT at 30 min after 18F-FBY injection. Within 7 days after PET/CT, the tumor was removed surgically, and LAT-1 immunohistochemical staining for LAT-1 was performed on tumor samples and correlated with 18F-FBY PET imaging. RESULTS 18F-FBY was well tolerated by all healthy volunteers, and no adverse symptoms were observed or reported. 18F-FBY is rapidly cleared from the blood circulation and excreted mainly through the kidneys and urinary tract. The effective dose (ED) was 0.0039 ± 0.0006 mSv/MBq. In 14 surgical confirmed gliomas (one of the patiens had two gliomas), 18F-FBY uptake increased consistently with tumor grade, with maximum standard uptake values (SUVmax) of 0.28 ± 0.14 and 2.84 ± 0.46 and tumor-to-normal contralateral activity (T/N) ratio of 2.30 ± 1.26 and 24.56 ± 6.32 in low- and high-grade tumors, respectively. In addition to the significant difference in the uptakes between low- and high-grade gliomas (P < 0.001), the immunohistochemical staining confirmed the positive correlations between the SUVmax, LAT-1 expression (r2 = 0.80, P < 0.001), and Ki-67 labeling index (r2 = 0.79, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION 18F-FBY is a PET tracer with favorable dosimetry profile and pharmacokinetics. It has the potential to assay LAT-1 expression in glioma patients and may provide imaging guidance for further boron neutron capture therapy of gliomas. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03980431).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Li
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of nuclear medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ziren Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiyuan Li
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of nuclear medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of nuclear medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Peking University-Tsinghua University Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China.
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26
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Mukai H, Watanabe Y. Review: PET imaging with macro- and middle-sized molecular probes. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 92:156-170. [PMID: 32660789 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in radiolabeling of macro- and middle-sized molecular probes has been extending possibilities to use PET molecular imaging for dynamic application to drug development and therapeutic evaluation. Theranostics concept also accelerated the use of macro- and middle-sized molecular probes for sharpening the contrast of proper target recognition even the cellular types/subtypes and proper selection of the patients who should be treated by the same molecules recognition. Here, brief summary of the present status of immuno-PET, and then further development of advanced technologies related to immuno-PET, peptidic PET probes, and nucleic acids PET probes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Mukai
- Laboratory for Molecular Delivery and Imaging Technology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.
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27
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Munch M, Rotstein BH, Ulrich G. Fluorine-18-Labeled Fluorescent Dyes for Dual-Mode Molecular Imaging. Molecules 2020; 25:E6042. [PMID: 33371284 PMCID: PMC7766373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25246042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress realized in the development of optical imaging (OPI) probes and devices has made this technique more and more affordable for imaging studies and fluorescence-guided surgery procedures. However, this imaging modality still suffers from a low depth of penetration, thus limiting its use to shallow tissues or endoscopy-based procedures. In contrast, positron emission tomography (PET) presents a high depth of penetration and the resulting signal is less attenuated, allowing for imaging in-depth tissues. Thus, association of these imaging techniques has the potential to push back the limits of each single modality. Recently, several research groups have been involved in the development of radiolabeled fluorophores with the aim of affording dual-mode PET/OPI probes used in preclinical imaging studies of diverse pathological conditions such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, or cardiovascular diseases. Among all the available PET-active radionuclides, 18F stands out as the most widely used for clinical imaging thanks to its advantageous characteristics (t1/2 = 109.77 min; 97% β+ emitter). This review focuses on the recent efforts in the synthesis and radiofluorination of fluorescent scaffolds such as 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-diazaindacenes (BODIPYs), cyanines, and xanthene derivatives and their use in preclinical imaging studies using both PET and OPI technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Munch
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Benjamin H. Rotstein
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Gilles Ulrich
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Énergie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR CNRS 7515, École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, CEDEX 02, 67087 Strasbourg, France;
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28
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Zhuang H, Guo Z, Zhuang R, Zhang X. Synthesis of 18 F-radiolabeled organophosphine fluorides for thiol-chemoselective peptide conjugation. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:597-607. [PMID: 32949414 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two 18 F-radiolabeled organofluorophosphine fluorides ([18 F]4 and [18 F]7) for chemoselective thiol-conjugation were designed and synthesized via 18 F-19 F isotopic exchange reaction. This simple and rapid radiofluorination produced both 18 F-radiolabeled fluorides in excellent radiochemical yields (>94%) and radiochemical purity. The optimal reaction conditions are 0.05-mg substrate, 0.69 mg of potassium carbonate, and dried [18 F]F- were mixed in 100-μl anhydrous acetonitrile at room temperature for 5 min. Both of [18 F]4 and [18 F]7 showed specificity for thiol-conjugation with cysteine and have been used in the radiosynthesis of c (RGDfC). The [18 F]7 with an adamantanyl-hindered substituent displayed superior in vitro and in vivo stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanglan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhide Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rongqiang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xianzhong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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29
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Kwon D, Lozada J, Zhang Z, Zeisler J, Poon R, Zhang C, Roxin Á, Lin KS, Perrin D, Benard F. High-Contrast CXCR4-Targeted 18F-PET Imaging Using a Potent and Selective Antagonist. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:187-197. [PMID: 33253591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is highly expressed in cancers, contributing to proliferation, metastasis, and a poor prognosis. The noninvasive imaging of CXCR4 can enable the detection and characterization of aggressive cancers with poor outcomes. Currently, no 18F-labeled CXCR4 positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer has demonstrated imaging contrast comparable to [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor, a CXCR4-targeting radioligand. We, therefore, aimed to develop a high-contrast CXCR4-targeting radiotracer by incorporating a hydrophilic linker and trifluoroborate radioprosthesis to LY2510924, a known CXCR4 antagonist. A carboxy-ammoniomethyl-trifluoroborate (PepBF3) moiety was conjugated to the LY2510924-derived peptide possessing a triglutamate linker via amide bond formation to obtain BL08, whereas an alkyne ammoniomethyl-trifluoroborate (AMBF3) moiety was conjugated using the copper-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition click reaction to obtain BL09. BL08 and BL09 were radiolabeled with [18F]fluoride ion using 18F-19F isotope exchange. Pentixafor was radiolabeled with [68Ga]GaCl3. Side-by-side PET imaging and biodistribution studies were performed on immunocompromised mice bearing Daudi Burkitt lymphoma xenografts. The biodistribution of [18F]BL08 and [18F]BL09 showed tumor uptake at 2 h postinjection (p.i.) (5.67 ± 1.25%ID/g and 5.83 ± 0.92%ID/g, respectively), which were concordant with the results of PET imaging. [18F]BL08 had low background activity, providing tumor-to-blood, -muscle, and -liver ratios of 72 ± 20, 339 ± 81, and 14 ± 3 (2 h p.i.), respectively. [18F]BL09 behaved similarly, with ratios of 64 ± 20, 239 ± 72, and 17 ± 3 (2 h p.i.), respectively. This resulted in high-contrast visualization of tumors on PET imaging for both radiotracers. [18F]BL08 exhibited lower kidney uptake (2.2 ± 0.5%ID/g) compared to [18F]BL09 (7.6 ± 1.0%ID/g) at 2 h p.i. [18F]BL08 and [18F]BL09 demonstrated higher tumor-to-blood, -muscle, and -liver ratios compared to [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor (18.9 ± 2.7, 95.4 ± 36.7, and 5.9 ± 0.7 at 2 h p.i., respectively). In conclusion, [18F]BL08 and [18F]BL09 enable high-contrast visualization of CXCR4 expression in Daudi xenografts. Based on high tumor-to-organ ratios, [18F]BL08 may prove a valuable new tool for CXCR4-targeted PET imaging with potential for translation. The use of a PepBF3 moiety is a new approach for the orthogonal conjugation of organotrifluoroborates for 18F-labeling of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kwon
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jerome Lozada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jutta Zeisler
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Richel Poon
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Áron Roxin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - David Perrin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Francois Benard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 1M9, Canada
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30
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An F, Nurili F, Sayman H, Ozer Z, Cakiroglu H, Aras O, Ting R. One-Step, Rapid, 18F- 19F Isotopic Exchange Radiolabeling of Difluoro-dioxaborinins: Substituent Effect on Stability and In Vivo Applications. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12693-12706. [PMID: 32787084 PMCID: PMC8399557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The β-diketone moiety is commonly present in many anticancer drugs, antibiotics, and natural products. We describe a general method for radiolabeling β-diketone-bearing molecules with fluoride-18. Radiolabeling was carried out via 18F-19F isotopic exchange on nonradioactive difluoro-dioxaborinins, which were generated by minimally modifying the β-diketone as a difluoroborate. Radiochemistry was one-step, rapid (<10 min), and high-yielding (>80%) and proceeded at room temperature to accommodate the half-life of F-18 (t1/2 = 110 min). High molar activities (7.4 Ci/μmol) were achieved with relatively low starting activities (16.4 mCi). It was found that substituents affected both the solvolytic stability and fluorescence properties of difluoro-dioxaborinins. An F-18 radiolabeled difluoro-dioxaborinin probe that was simultaneously fluorescent showed sufficient stability for in vivo positron emission tomography (PET)/fluorescence imaging in mice, rabbits, and patients. These findings will guide the design of probes with specific PET/fluorescence properties; the development of new PET/fluorescence dual-modality reporters; and accurate in vivo tracking of β-diketone molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei An
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061, P. R. China
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413E, 69th St, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fuad Nurili
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Haluk Sayman
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Fatih, Istanbul, 34303, Turkey
| | - Zahide Ozer
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413E, 69th St, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Huseyin Cakiroglu
- Medical and Experimental Research Center, Sakarya University Medical Faculty, Adapazari/Sakarya, 54290, Turkey
| | - Omer Aras
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Richard Ting
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413E, 69th St, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Miao Y, Lv G, Chen Y, Qiu L, Xie M, Lin J. One-step radiosynthesis and initial evaluation of a small molecule PET tracer for PD-L1 imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127572. [PMID: 32979488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a crucial biomarker in immunotherapy and its expression level plays a key role in the guidance of anti-PD-L1 therapy. It had been reported that PD-L1 was quantified by noninvasive imaging with more developed radiotracers. In our study, a novel [18F]fluoride labeled small molecule inhibitor, [18F]LN was designed for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in both PD-L1 transfected (A375-hPD-L1) and non-transfected (A375) melanoma-bearing mice. LN showed the specificity (IC50 = 50.39 ± 2.65 nM) to PD-L1 confirmed by competitive combination and cell flow cytometry (FACS) analysis. The radiotracer [18F]LN was obtained via 18F-19F isotope exchange from precursor LN. After radiosynthesis, [18F]LN was achieved with a high radiochemical purity (RCP) above 95% and got a favorable molar activity of 36.34 ± 5.73 GBq/μmol. [18F]LN displayed the moderate affinity (Kd = 65.27 ± 3.47 nM) to PD-L1 by specific binding assay. And it showed 1.3-fold higher uptake in A375-hPD-L1 cells than that in A375 cells. PET imaging revealed that [18F]LN could enter into PD-L1 expressing tumor site and visualize the outline of tumor. And tumor uptake (1.96 ± 0.27 %ID/g) reached the maximum at 15 min in the positive group, showed 2.2-fold higher than the negative (0.89 ± 0.31 %ID/g) or the blocked (1.07 ± 0.26 %ID/g) groups. Meanwhile, biodistribution could slightly distinguish the positive from the negative. The results indicated [18F]LN would become an efficient tool for evaluating PD-L1 expression with further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxing Miao
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Gaochao Lv
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Yinfei Chen
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Minhao Xie
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China.
| | - Jianguo Lin
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China.
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Destro G, Horkka K, Loreau O, Buisson D, Kingston L, Del Vecchio A, Schou M, Elmore CS, Taran F, Cantat T, Audisio D. Transition‐Metal‐Free Carbon Isotope Exchange of Phenyl Acetic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Destro
- Université Paris-Saclay CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et de Marquage 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
- Université Paris-Saclay CEA, CNRS NIMBE 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | | | - Olivier Loreau
- Université Paris-Saclay CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et de Marquage 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - David‐Alexandre Buisson
- Université Paris-Saclay CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et de Marquage 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Lee Kingston
- Early Chemical Development Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Antonio Del Vecchio
- Université Paris-Saclay CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et de Marquage 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Magnus Schou
- Karolinska Institutet 17176 Stockholm Sweden
- PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine, Oncology R&D AstraZeneca Karolinska Institutet 17176 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Charles S. Elmore
- Early Chemical Development Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Université Paris-Saclay CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et de Marquage 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Thibault Cantat
- Université Paris-Saclay CEA, CNRS NIMBE 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Davide Audisio
- Université Paris-Saclay CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et de Marquage 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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Destro G, Horkka K, Loreau O, Buisson D, Kingston L, Del Vecchio A, Schou M, Elmore CS, Taran F, Cantat T, Audisio D. Transition-Metal-Free Carbon Isotope Exchange of Phenyl Acetic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13490-13495. [PMID: 32348625 PMCID: PMC7496475 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A transition-metal-free carbon isotope exchange procedure on phenyl acetic acids is described. Utilizing the universal precursor CO2 , this protocol allows the carbon isotope to be inserted into the carboxylic acid position, with no need of precursor synthesis. This procedure enabled the labeling of 15 pharmaceuticals and was compatible with carbon isotopes [14 C] and [13 C]. A proof of concept with [11 C] was also obtained with low molar activity valuable for distribution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Destro
- Université Paris-SaclayCEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et de Marquage91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
- Université Paris-SaclayCEA, CNRSNIMBE91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | | | - Olivier Loreau
- Université Paris-SaclayCEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et de Marquage91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - David‐Alexandre Buisson
- Université Paris-SaclayCEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et de Marquage91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Lee Kingston
- Early Chemical DevelopmentPharmaceutical Sciences, R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Antonio Del Vecchio
- Université Paris-SaclayCEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et de Marquage91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Magnus Schou
- Karolinska Institutet17176StockholmSweden
- PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine, Oncology R&DAstraZenecaKarolinska Institutet17176StockholmSweden
| | - Charles S. Elmore
- Early Chemical DevelopmentPharmaceutical Sciences, R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Université Paris-SaclayCEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et de Marquage91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Thibault Cantat
- Université Paris-SaclayCEA, CNRSNIMBE91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Davide Audisio
- Université Paris-SaclayCEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et de Marquage91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
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Lindner S, Simmet M, Gildehaus FJ, Jurkschat K, Wängler C, Wängler B, Bartenstein P, Schirrmacher R, Ilhan H. Automated production of [ 18F]SiTATE on a Scintomics GRP™ platform for PET/CT imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 88-89:86-95. [PMID: 32828007 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION [18F]SiTATE (formerly known as [18F]SiFAlin-TATE) was recently introduced as a highly promising imaging agent for the diagnosis of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NET) using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). A high tumor uptake and excellent image quality, the straightforward labeling approach, as well as the economic and logistic advantages of 18F- over 68Ga-labeled compounds predestinate [18F]SiTATE to become a potential new clinical reference standard. A novel state-of-the-art methodology of automated radiopharmaceutical production is required to establish [18F]SiTATE in clinical routine. This work illustrates the development of a novel synthesis procedure of [18F]SiTATE on an automated synthesis unit (ASU) and the clinical applicability of the tracer in human NET imaging. METHODS A new synthesis protocol was generated for the production of [18F]SiTATE on the Scintomics GRP™ platform for clinical NET imaging. The synthesis was carried out according to common Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines including all quality control measurements. To confirm utility, clinical batches (n = 3) were produced and applied to six patients diagnosed with NET. RESULTS [18F]SiTATE was obtained in 54 ± 4% (n = 3) non-decay corrected radiochemical yield (RCY), with a radiochemical purity of 96.3 ± 0.1% and a molar activity (Am) of 472 ± 45 GBq/μmol (n = 3). Quality control measurements always met the local release criteria. All specifications were taken or adapted from the Ph.Eur. regulations. PET/CT imaging with [18F]SiTATE produced on the GRP™ module confirmed the expected high image quality. The in vivo distribution pattern and excellent tumor to non-tumor contrast observed, matched the quality of the manually prepared [18F]SiTATE batches. CONCLUSIONS The automated manufacture of [18F]SiTATE was developed using the Scintomics GRP™ platform. The high quality of the radiotracer matched stringent quality control requirements adhering to common GMP guidelines, and its clinical applicability was confirmed by human PET/CT investigations. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE The automated process for the manufacture of [18F]SiTATE described herein represents an important contribution to make [18F]SiTATE routinely accessible for its use in clinical NET diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Marcel Simmet
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Jurkschat
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carmen Wängler
- Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Björn Wängler
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Schirrmacher
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Harun Ilhan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Xu D, Peng C, Gao F, Guo Z, Zhuang R, Su X, Zhang X. Radioiodinated estradiol dimer for estrogen receptor targeted breast cancer imaging. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 96:1332-1340. [PMID: 32603003 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a 1-(2-(2-(2-(1,2,3-triazol)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)-5-[125/131 I]iodo-1,2,3-triazole-diestradiol ([125/131 I]ITE2), for estrogen receptor (ER)-expressing breast cancer imaging with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). [125/131 I]ITE2 was prepared in good radiochemical yield (94.4 ± 0.4%) with high radiochemical purity (>99%). [125/131 I]ITE2 had good stability in vitro and moderate molar activity (0.3 ± 0.2 GBq/µmol). Higher uptake in ER-positive MCF-7 cells than that of ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cells was observed at all time points. Rats biodistribution showed that [131 I]ITE2 had high uptake in ER-abundant uterine and ovarian (5.7 ± 0.4 and 10.1 ± 1.4%ID/g at 1 hr postinjection) and could be blocked by co-injection of estradiol (2.7 ± 0.1 and 5.5 ± 0.4%ID/g) obviously. In the SPECT/CT imaging study, [125 I]ITE2 showed significant higher uptake in MCF-7 tumor (3.1 ± 0.4%ID/g) than that of MDA-MB-231 (0.9 ± 0.1%ID/g). Furthermore, the specific uptake of [125 I]ITE2 in ER-positive MCF-7 tumor could be blocked effectively by preadministration of fulvestrant (1.2 ± 0.4%ID/g). A novel radioiodinated dimeric estrogen was designed and synthesized with promising ER targeting ability and specificity. It is worthy of further investigation to validate the advantages of the dimer in ER-positive breast cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular, Diahgnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chenyu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular, Diahgnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular, Diahgnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhide Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular, Diahgnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rongqiang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular, Diahgnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinhui Su
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xianzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular, Diahgnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Wong AAWL, Lozada J, Lepage ML, Zhang C, Merkens H, Zeisler J, Lin KS, Bénard F, Perrin DM. Synthesis and 18F-radiolabeling of thymidine AMBF 3 conjugates. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:569-576. [PMID: 33479658 PMCID: PMC7578706 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00054j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In pursuit of 18F-labeled nucleosides for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, we report on the chemical and radiochemical synthesis of two thymidine (dT) analogs, dT-C5-AMBF3 and dT-N3-AMBF3, that are radiofluorinated by isotope exchange (IEX) and studied as PET imaging agents in mice with tumor xenografts. dT-C5-AMBF3 shows preferential, and tumor-specific, uptake over dT-N3-AMBF3. This work provides a new synthetic method in order to access new nucleoside tracers for PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio A W L Wong
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia (UBC) , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , BC , V6T 1Z1 Canada .
| | - Jerome Lozada
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia (UBC) , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , BC , V6T 1Z1 Canada .
| | - Mathieu L Lepage
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia (UBC) , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , BC , V6T 1Z1 Canada .
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology , B.C. Cancer Research Centre (BCCRC) , 675 West 10th Avenue , Vancouver , BC , V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Helen Merkens
- Department of Molecular Oncology , B.C. Cancer Research Centre (BCCRC) , 675 West 10th Avenue , Vancouver , BC , V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Jutta Zeisler
- Department of Molecular Oncology , B.C. Cancer Research Centre (BCCRC) , 675 West 10th Avenue , Vancouver , BC , V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular Oncology , B.C. Cancer Research Centre (BCCRC) , 675 West 10th Avenue , Vancouver , BC , V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - François Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology , B.C. Cancer Research Centre (BCCRC) , 675 West 10th Avenue , Vancouver , BC , V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia (UBC) , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , BC , V6T 1Z1 Canada .
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Wurzer A, Di Carlo D, Schmidt A, Beck R, Eiber M, Schwaiger M, Wester HJ. Radiohybrid Ligands: A Novel Tracer Concept Exemplified by 18F- or 68Ga-Labeled rhPSMA Inhibitors. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:735-742. [PMID: 31862804 PMCID: PMC7198388 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.234922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When we critically assess the reason for the current dominance of 68Ga-labeled peptides and peptide-like ligands in radiopharmacy and nuclear medicine, we have to conclude that the major advantage of such radiopharmaceuticals is the apparent lack of suitable 18F-labeling technologies with proven clinical relevance. To prepare and to subsequently perform a clinical proof-of-concept study on the general suitability of silicon-fluoride-acceptor (SiFA)-conjugated radiopharmaceuticals, we developed inhibitors of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) that are labeled by isotopic exchange (IE). To compensate for the pronounced lipophilicity of the SiFA unit, we used metal chelates, conjugated in close proximity to SiFA. Six different radiohybrid PSMA ligands (rhPSMA ligands) were evaluated and compared with the commonly used 18F-PSMA inhibitors 18F-DCFPyL and 18F-PSMA-1007. Methods: All inhibitors were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Human serum albumin binding was measured by affinity high-performance liquid chromatography, whereas the lipophilicity of each tracer was determined by the n-octanol/buffer method. In vitro studies (IC50, internalization) were performed on LNCaP cells. Biodistribution studies were conducted on LNCaP tumor-bearing male CB-17 SCID mice. Results: On the laboratory scale (starting activities, 0.2-9.0 GBq), labeling of 18F-rhPSMA-5 to -10 by IE was completed in < 20 min (radiochemical yields, 58% ± 9%; radiochemical purity, >97%) with molar activities of 12-60 GBq/μmol. All rhPSMAs showed low nanomolar affinity and high internalization by PSMA-expressing cells when compared with the reference radiopharmaceuticals, medium-to-low lipophilicity, and high human serum albumin binding. Biodistribution studies in LNCaP tumor-bearing mice revealed high tumor uptake, sufficiently fast clearance kinetics from blood, low hepatobiliary excretion, fast renal excretion, and very low uptake of 18F activity in bone. Conclusion: The novel 18F-rhPSMA radiopharmaceuticals developed under the radiohybrid concept show equal or better targeting characteristics than the established 18F-PSMA tracers 18F-DCFPyL and 18F-PSMA-1007. The unparalleled simplicity of production, the possibility to produce the identical 68Ga-labeled 19F-68Ga-rhPSMA tracers, and the possibility to extend this concept to true theranostic radiohybrid radiopharmaceuticals, such as F-Lu-rhPSMA, are unique features of these radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wurzer
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
| | - Daniel Di Carlo
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
| | - Roswitha Beck
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
| | - Matthias Eiber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
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Synthesis and Evaluation of [ 18F]FEtLos and [ 18F]AMBF 3Los as Novel 18F-Labelled Losartan Derivatives for Molecular Imaging of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081872. [PMID: 32325695 PMCID: PMC7221519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Losartan is widely used in clinics to treat cardiovascular related diseases by selectively blocking the angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1Rs), which regulate the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Therefore, monitoring the physiological and pathological biodistribution of AT1R using positron emission tomography (PET) might be a valuable tool to assess the functionality of RAS. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of two novel losartan derivatives PET tracers, [18F]fluoroethyl-losartan ([18F]FEtLos) and [18F]ammoniomethyltrifluoroborate-losartan ([18F]AMBF3Los). [18F]FEtLos was radiolabeled by 18F-fluoroalkylation of losartan potassium using the prosthetic group 2-[18F]fluoroethyl tosylate; whereas [18F]AMBF3Los was prepared following an one-step 18F-19F isotopic exchange reaction, in an overall yield of 2.7 ± 0.9% and 11 ± 4%, respectively, with high radiochemical purity (>95%). Binding competition assays in AT1R-expressing membranes showed that AMBF3Los presented an almost equivalent binding affinity (Ki 7.9 nM) as the cold reference Losartan (Ki 1.5 nM), unlike FEtLos (Ki 2000 nM). In vitro and in vivo assays showed that [18F]AMBF3Los displayed a good binding affinity for AT1R-overexpressing CHO cells and was able to specifically bind to renal AT1R. Hence, our data demonstrate [18F]AMBF3Los as a new tool for PET imaging of AT1R with possible applications for the diagnosis of cardiovascular, inflammatory and cancer diseases.
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Guo H, Kommidi H, Lekaye CC, Koutcher J, Judenhofer MS, Cherry SR, Wu AP, Akin O, Souweidane MM, Aras O, Zhu Z, Ting R. A near-infrared probe for non-invasively monitoring cerebrospinal fluid flow by 18F-positron emitting tomography and fluorescence. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:37. [PMID: 32301036 PMCID: PMC7163004 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-0609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Knowing the precise flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is important in the management of multiple neurological diseases. Technology for non-invasively quantifying CSF flow would allow for precise localization of injury and assist in evaluating the viability of certain devices placed in the central nervous system (CNS). METHODS We describe a near-infrared fluorescent dye for accurately monitoring CSF flow by positron emission tomography (PET) and fluorescence. IR-783, a commercially available near-infrared dye, was chemically modified and radiolabeled with fluorine-18 to give [18F]-IR783-AMBF3. [18F]-IR783-AMBF3 was intrathecally injected into the rat models with normal and aberrant CSF flow and evaluated by the fluorescence and PET/MRI or PET/CT imaging modes. RESULTS IR783-AMBF3 was clearly distributed in CSF-containing volumes by PET and fluorescence. We compared IR783-AMBF3 (fluorescent at 778/793 nm, ex/em) to a shorter-wavelength, fluorescein equivalent (fluorescent at 495/511 nm, ex/em). IR783-AMBF3 was superior for its ability to image through blood (hemorrhage) and for imaging CSF-flow, through-skin, in subdural-run lumboperitoneal shunts. IR783-AMBF3 was safe under the tested dosage both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION The superior imaging properties of IR783-AMBF3 could lead to enhanced accuracy in the treatment of patients and would assist surgeons in non-invasively diagnosing diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Harikrishna Kommidi
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Carl C Lekaye
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jason Koutcher
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Martin S Judenhofer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Simon R Cherry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Amy P Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Northwell Health, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10075, USA
| | - Oguz Akin
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mark M Souweidane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Omer Aras
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zhaohui Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Richard Ting
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Allott L, Dubash S, Aboagye EO. [ 18F]FET-βAG-TOCA: The Design, Evaluation and Clinical Translation of a Fluorinated Octreotide. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040865. [PMID: 32252406 PMCID: PMC7226534 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of Lutathera™ ([177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE) in the NETTER-1 clinical trial as a peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) for somatostatin receptor expressing (SSTR) neuroendocrine tumours (NET) is likely to increase the demand for patient stratification by positron emission tomography (PET). The current gold standard of gallium-68 radiolabelled somatostatin analogues (e.g., [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE) works effectively, but access is constrained by the limited availability and scalability of gallium-68 radiopharmaceutical production. The aim of this review is three-fold: firstly, we discuss the peptide library design, biological evaluation and clinical translation of [18F]fluoroethyltriazole-βAG-TOCA ([18F]FET-βAG-TOCA), our fluorine-18 radiolabelled octreotide; secondly, to exemplify the potential of the 2-[18F]fluoroethylazide prosthetic group and copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) chemistry in accessing good manufacturing practice (GMP) compatible radiopharmaceuticals; thirdly, we aim to illustrate a framework for the translation of similarly radiolabelled peptides, in which in vivo pharmacokinetics drives candidate selection, supported by robust radiochemistry methodology and a route to GMP production. It is hoped that this review will continue to inspire the development and translation of fluorine-18 radiolabelled peptides into clinical studies for the benefit of patients.
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41
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Richard M, Specklin S, Roche M, Hinnen F, Kuhnast B. Original synthesis of radiolabeling precursors for batch and on resin one-step/late-stage radiofluorination of peptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2507-2510. [PMID: 32003763 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09434b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeling of peptides with fluorine-18 is hurdled by their chemical sensitivity and complicated processes. Original triflyl-pyridine intermediates afforded ammonium precursors that were radiolabeled at low temperature. From that study, a generic tag has been designed to allow a simple one-step/late-stage radiolabelling of peptides. The strategy has been transposed to an automated "on-resin" radiolabelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Richard
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INSERM, CNRS, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Bertrand KUHNAST, 4 place du général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France.
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42
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A bioorthogonal system reveals antitumour immune function of pyroptosis. Nature 2020; 579:421-426. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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43
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One-step 18F-fluorination of smart positron emission tomography tracer for sensing furin activity in tumors. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 82-83:72-79. [PMID: 32109829 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peptide analogues have attracted considerable attention in the field of developing novel positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents due to their unique properties. Nevertheless, the complicated radiolabeling process and fast metabolism usually pose challenges to the clinical applications of peptide-based molecular probes. Herein a novel PET tracer containing a specific peptide sequence Arg-Val-Arg-Arg (RVRR), Acetyl-Arg-Val-Arg-Arg-Cys(StBu)-Gly(AMB[18F]F3)-CBT ([18F]1), was designed and radiosynthesized using a simple and convenient one-step 18F-fluorination procedure. The smart tracer can be activated by the protease furin and then undergoes an intermolecular cyclization reaction in tumor cells, leading to improved PET imaging efficiency of tumor. METHODS The radiosynthesis of the target tracer [18F]1 and the control tracer [18F]1-ctrl was performed under facile conditions in pyridazine-HCl buffer (pH~2.5) at 80 °C within 30 min. The enzyme-controlled condensation was studied for non-radioactive compound 1 in the human breast cancer cell lysates (MDA-MB-468). The cellular uptake of [18F]1 and [18F]1-ctrl was studied and compared by measuring the activity in MDA-MB-468 cells using a γ-counter after incubation with 37 kBq of [18F]1 or [18F]1-ctrl, respectively. In vivo behavior of [18F]1 was examined through PET imaging of MDA-MB-468 tumor-bearing mice and compared with that of [18F]1-ctrl as well as that of [18F]1 co-injected with non-radioactive compound 1. RESULTS The tracer [18F]1 was obtained with a high radiochemical yield (RCY) of 42.5 ± 1.47% and an excellent radiochemical purity (RCP > 99%). Under the activation of furin and GSH, the tracer suffered a condensation reaction to form dimers and then self-assembled into nanoparticles to produce enduring signal. The cellular uptake of [18F]1 and [18F]1-ctrl was determined to be 10.2 ± 0.37 and 1.19 ± 0.25%ID at 120 min, respectively. For in vivo PET imaging, [18F]1 exhibited the optimum tumor uptake of 2.39 ± 0.31%ID/g and the tumor-to-muscle uptake ratio of 2.93 ± 0.92 at 10 min post injection. Co-injection of [18F]1 and non-radioactive compound 1 produced a high tumor uptake ranging from 2.83 ± 0.23%ID/g to 3.40 ± 0.18%ID/g at 10 min and 60 min post injection, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The one-step labeling method of tracer [18F]1 showed advantage in simplifying the radiolabeling process with high RCY, which could enable a real kit process for the synthesis of 18F-radiopharmaceuticals and was significant for the large-scale production of tracers for clinical applications. PET imaging results suggested that the tracer [18F]1 had good tumor uptake and the co-injection strategy of [18F]1 with 1 could enhance the imaging signal in tumor.
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44
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Goud NS, Joshi RK, Bharath RD, Kumar P. Fluorine-18: A radionuclide with diverse range of radiochemistry and synthesis strategies for target based PET diagnosis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 187:111979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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45
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Wang Y, Weng J, Lin J, Ye D, Zhang Y. NIR Scaffold Bearing Three Handles for Biocompatible Sequential Click Installation of Multiple Functional Arms. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2787-2794. [PMID: 31944682 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) probes are ideal for fluorescence labeling and imaging of biological targets in living animals. However, the instability of common NIR dyes hampers the construction of NIR probes bearing multiple functional components such as biomolecules for specific targeting and imaging reagents for multimodality imaging. To overcome these limitations, we designed a novel NIR scaffold bearing two terminal alkynes as clickable handles and a chloride on the heptamethine backbone that allows nucleophilic substitution with an azide to generate the third clickable handle. This unique scaffold allows for facile installation of multiple functional arms for the construction of multifunctional NIR probes. Various biomacromolecules or imaging reagents can be introduced to the NIR scaffold by sequential one-pot click reactions under biocompatible conditions. The preclickable handle chloride on the NIR backbone does not interfere with the initial click reactions, and it can be easily transformed into an azide for a following click reaction. On the basis of this unique NIR scaffold, we developed a highly efficient method to construct diverse NIR probes containing multiple functional biomolecules including peptides, antibodies, nucleic acids, and NIR/PET (positron emission tomography) dual-modality imaging probes bearing tumor-targeting groups. NIR imaging or multimodality imaging using these probes was performed on live cells or tumor models on living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC) , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Jianhui Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC) , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Jianguo Lin
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine of Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine , Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063 , China
| | - Deju Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC) , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC) , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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46
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Cai P, Su D, Yang W, He Z, Zhang C, Liu H, Liu Z, Zhang X, Gao L, Liu Y, Jiang H, Gao F, Gao X. Inherently PET/CT Dual Modality Imaging Lipid Nanocapsules for Early Detection of Orthotopic Lung Tumors. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:611-621. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Su
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Chunyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | | | - Liang Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | | | - Huaidong Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | | | - Xueyun Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
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47
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Ye S, Wang S, Gao D, Li K, Liu Q, Feng B, Qiu L, Lin J. A New γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase-Based Intracellular Self-Assembly of Fluorine-18 Labeled Probe for Enhancing PET Imaging in Tumors. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:174-181. [PMID: 31913602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) is a cell -membrane-associated enzyme which has been recognized as a promising biomarker for the diagnosis of many malignant tumors. Herein, we rationally designed a fluorine-18 labeled small-molecule probe, [18F]γ-Glu-Cys(StBu)-PPG(CBT)-AmBF3 (18F-1G), by applying a biocompatible CBT-Cys condensation reaction and ingeniously decorating it with a GGT-recognizable substrate, γ-glutamate (γ-Glu), for enhancing PET imaging to detect GGT level of tumors in living nude mice. The probe had exceptional stability at physiological conditions, but could be efficiently cleaved by GGT, followed by a reduction-triggered self-assembly and formation of nanoparticles (NPs) progressively that could be directly observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In in vitro cell experiments, 18F-1G showed GGT-targeted uptake contrast of 2.7-fold to that of 18F-1 for the detection of intracellular GGT level. Moreover, the higher uptake in GGT overexpressed HCT116 tumor cells (∼4-fold) compared to GGT-deficient L929 normal cells demonstrated that 18F-1G was also capable of distinguishing some tumor cells from normal cells. In vivo PET imaging revealed enhanced and durable radioactive signal in tumor regions after 18F-1G coinjecting with 1G, thus allowing real-time detection of endogenous GGT level with high sensitivity and noninvasive effect. We anticipated that our probe could serve as a new tool to investigate GGT-related diseases in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine , Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063 , China
| | - Shijie Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine , Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063 , China.,School of Chemical and Material Engineering , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Dingyao Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine , Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063 , China.,School of Chemical and Material Engineering , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Ke Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine , Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063 , China
| | - Qingzhu Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine , Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063 , China
| | - Bainian Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Ling Qiu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine , Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063 , China.,School of Chemical and Material Engineering , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Jianguo Lin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine , Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063 , China
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48
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Narayanam MK, Toutov AA, Murphy JM. Rapid One-Step 18F-Labeling of Peptides via Heteroaromatic Silicon-Fluoride Acceptors. Org Lett 2020; 22:804-808. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maruthi Kumar Narayanam
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anton A. Toutov
- Fuzionaire Diagnostics, Inc., 177 East Colorado Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91105, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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49
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Chiotellis A, Ahmed H, Betzel T, Tanriver M, White CJ, Song H, Da Ros S, Schibli R, Bode JW, Ametamey SM. Chemoselective 18F-incorporation into pyridyl acyltrifluoroborates for rapid radiolabelling of peptides and proteins at room temperature. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:723-726. [PMID: 31840690 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08645e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new prosthetic group is reported for quantitative 18F-labelling of peptides and proteins based on the chemoselective ligation of potassium acyltrifluoroborates (KATs) and hydroxylamines without any detectable 18F/19F isotope exchange at the KAT moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis Chiotellis
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Hazem Ahmed
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Thomas Betzel
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Matthias Tanriver
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Christopher J. White
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Haewon Song
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Sara Da Ros
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Simon M. Ametamey
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
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50
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Chen J, Li C, Hong H, Liu H, Wang C, Xu M, Han Y, Liu Z. Side Chain Optimization Remarkably Enhances the in Vivo Stability of 18F-Labeled Glutamine for Tumor Imaging. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:5035-5041. [PMID: 31670970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Similar to glycolysis, glutaminolysis acts as a vital energy source in tumor cells, providing building blocks for the metabolic needs of tumor cells. To capture glutaminolysis in tumors, 18F-(2S,4R)4-fluoroglutamine ([18F]FGln) and 18F-fluoroboronoglutamine ([18F]FBQ) have been successfully developed for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, but these two molecules lack stability, resulting in undesired yet significant bone uptake. In this study, we found that [18F]FBQ-C2 is a stable Gln PET tracer by adding two more methylene groups to the side chain of [18F]FBQ. [18F]FBQ-C2 was synthesized with a good radiochemical yield of 35% and over 98% radiochemical purity. [18F]FBQ-C2 showed extreme stability in vitro, and no defluorination was observed after 2 h in phosphate buffered saline at 37 °C. The competitive inhibition assay results indicated that [18F]FBQ-C2 enters cells via the system ASC and N, similar to natural glutamine, and can be transported by tumor-overexpressed ASCT2. PET imaging and biodistribution results indicated that [18F]FBQ-C2 is stable in vivo with low bone uptake (0.81 ± 0.20% ID/g) and can be cleared rapidly from most tissues. Dynamic scan and pharmacokinetic studies using BGC823-xenograft-bearing mice revealed that [18F]FBQ-C2 accumulates specifically in tumors, with a longer half-life (101.18 ± 6.50 min) in tumor tissues than in other tissues (52.70 ± 12.44 min in muscle). Biodistribution exhibits a high tumor-to-normal tissue ratio (4.8 ± 1.7 for the muscle, 2.5 ± 1.0 for the stomach, 2.2 ± 0.9 for the liver, and 17.8 ± 8.4 for the brain). In conclusion, [18F]FBQ-C2 can be used to perform high-contrast Gln imaging of tumors and can serve as a PET tracer for clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Chen
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cong Li
- Peking University-Tsinghua University Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hanyu Hong
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chunhong Wang
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengxin Xu
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuxiang Han
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking University-Tsinghua University Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
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