1
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Thakur SK, Roig N, Monreal-Corona R, Langer J, Alonso M, Harder S. Similarities and Differences in Benzene Reduction with Ca, Sr, Yb and Sm: Strong Evidence for Tetra-Anionic Benzene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405229. [PMID: 38613386 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Inverse sandwich complexes of Yb and Sm stabilized by a bulky β-diketiminate (BDI) ligand have been prepared: (BDI)Ln(η6,η6-C6H6)Ln(BDI); Ln=lanthanide. Coordinated benzene ligands can be neutral, di-anionic or, often controversially discussed, even tetra-anionic. The formal charge on benzene is correlated to assignment of the metal oxidation state which generally poses a problem. Herein, we take advantage of the structural similarities found when comparing CaII with YbII, and SrII with SmII complexes. In this work, we found an excellent overlap of the Ca/Yb inverse sandwich structures but a striking difference for the Sr/Sm pair. The much shorter Sm-N and Sm-C6H6 distances are strong evidence for a SmIII-benzene-4-SmIII assignment. This was further supported by NMR spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, reactivity and comprehensive computational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Thakur
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nil Roig
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Roger Monreal-Corona
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jens Langer
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Landaeta VR, Horsley Downie TM, Wolf R. Low-Valent Transition Metalate Anions in Synthesis, Small Molecule Activation, and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1323-1463. [PMID: 38354371 PMCID: PMC10906008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This review surveys the synthesis and reactivity of low-oxidation state metalate anions of the d-block elements, with an emphasis on contributions reported between 2006 and 2022. Although the field has a long and rich history, the chemistry of transition metalate anions has been greatly enhanced in the last 15 years by the application of advanced concepts in complex synthesis and ligand design. In recent years, the potential of highly reactive metalate complexes in the fields of small molecule activation and homogeneous catalysis has become increasingly evident. Consequently, exciting applications in small molecule activation have been developed, including in catalytic transformations. This article intends to guide the reader through the fascinating world of low-valent transition metalates. The first part of the review describes the synthesis and reactivity of d-block metalates stabilized by an assortment of ligand frameworks, including carbonyls, isocyanides, alkenes and polyarenes, phosphines and phosphorus heterocycles, amides, and redox-active nitrogen-based ligands. Thereby, the reader will be familiarized with the impact of different ligand types on the physical and chemical properties of metalates. In addition, ion-pairing interactions and metal-metal bonding may have a dramatic influence on metalate structures and reactivities. The complex ramifications of these effects are examined in a separate section. The second part of the review is devoted to the reactivity of the metalates toward small inorganic molecules such as H2, N2, CO, CO2, P4 and related species. It is shown that the use of highly electron-rich and reactive metalates in small molecule activation translates into impressive catalytic properties in the hydrogenation of organic molecules and the reduction of N2, CO, and CO2. The results discussed in this review illustrate that the potential of transition metalate anions is increasingly being tapped for challenging catalytic processes with relevance to organic synthesis and energy conversion. Therefore, it is hoped that this review will serve as a useful resource to inspire further developments in this dynamic research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Xu Y, Chen J, Aydt AP, Zhang L, Sergeyev I, Keeler EG, Choi B, He S, Reichman DR, Friesner RA, Nuckolls C, Steigerwald ML, Roy X, McDermott AE. Electron and Spin Delocalization in [Co 6 Se 8 (PEt 3 ) 6 ] 0/+1 Superatoms. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300064. [PMID: 38057144 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular clusters can function as nanoscale atoms/superatoms, assembling into superatomic solids, a new class of solid-state materials with designable properties through modifications on superatoms. To explore possibilities on diversifying building blocks, here we thoroughly studied one representative superatom, Co6 Se8 (PEt3 )6 . We probed its structural, electronic, and magnetic properties and revealed its detailed electronic structure as valence electrons delocalize over inorganic [Co6 Se8 ] core while ligands function as an insulated shell. 59 Co SSNMR measurements on the core and 31 P, 13 C on the ligands show that the neutral Co6 Se8 (PEt3 )6 is diamagnetic and symmetric, with all ligands magnetically equivalent. Quantum computations cross-validate NMR results and reveal degenerate delocalized HOMO orbitals, indicating aromaticity. Ligand substitution keeps the inorganic core nearly intact. After losing one electron, the unpaired electron in [Co6 Se8 (PEt3 )6 ]+1 is delocalized, causing paramagnetism and a delocalized electron spin. Notably, this feature of electron/spin delocalization over a large cluster is attractive for special single-electron devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Alexander P Aydt
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Lichirui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Ivan Sergeyev
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Eric G Keeler
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Bonnie Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Shoushou He
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - David R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Richard A Friesner
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | | | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Ann E McDermott
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
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4
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Phung QM, Nam HN, Ghosh A. Local Oxidation States in {FeNO} 6-8 Porphyrins: Insights from DMRG/CASSCF-CASPT2 Calculations. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 38010736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
A first DMRG/CASSCF-CASPT2 study of a series of paradigmatic {FeNO}6, {FeNO}7, and {FeNO}8 heme-nitrosyl complexes has led to substantial new insight as well as uncovered key shortcomings of the DFT approach. By virtue of its balanced treatment of static and dynamic correlation, the calculations have provided some of the most authoritative information available to date on the energetics of low- versus high-spin states of different classes of heme-nitrosyl complexes. Thus, the calculations indicate low doublet-quartet gaps of 1-4 kcal/mol for {FeNO}7 complexes and high singlet-triplet gaps of ≳20 kcal/mol for both {FeNO}6 and {FeNO}8 complexes. In contrast, DFT calculations yield widely divergent spin state gaps as a function of the exchange-correlation functional. DMRG-CASSCF calculations also help calibrate DFT spin densities for {FeNO}7 complexes, pointing to those obtained from classic pure functionals as the most accurate. The general picture appears to be that nearly all the spin density of Fe[P](NO) is localized on the Fe, while the axial ligand imidazole (ImH) in Fe[P](NO)(ImH) pushes a part of the spin density onto the NO moiety. An analysis of the DMRG-CASSCF wave function in terms of localized orbitals and of the resulting configuration state functions in terms of resonance forms with varying NO(π*) occupancies has allowed us to address the longstanding question of local oxidation states in heme-nitrosyl complexes. The analysis indicates NO(neutral) resonance forms [i.e., Fe(II)-NO0 and Fe(III)-NO0] as the major contributors to both {FeNO}6 and {FeNO}7 complexes. This finding is at variance with the common formulation of {FeNO}6 hemes as Fe(II)-NO+ species but is consonant with an Fe L-edge XAS analysis by Solomon and co-workers. For the {FeNO}8 complex {Fe[P](NO)}-, our analysis suggests a resonance hybrid description: Fe(I)-NO0 ↔ Fe(II)-NO-, in agreement with earlier DFT studies. Vibrational analyses of the compounds studied indicate an imperfect but fair correlation between the NO stretching frequency and NO(π*) occupancy, highlighting the usefulness of vibrational data as a preliminary indicator of the NO oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Manh Phung
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ho Ngoc Nam
- Institute of Materials Innovation, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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5
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Fu N, Hu J, Feng Y, Morrison G, zur Loye H, Hu J. Composition Based Oxidation State Prediction of Materials Using Deep Learning Language Models. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301011. [PMID: 37551059 PMCID: PMC10558692 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation states (OS) are the charges on atoms due to electrons gained or lost upon applying an ionic approximation to their bonds. As a fundamental property, OS has been widely used in charge-neutrality verification, crystal structure determination, and reaction estimation. Currently, only heuristic rules exist for guessing the oxidation states of a given compound with many exceptions. Recent work has developed machine learning models based on heuristic structural features for predicting the oxidation states of metal ions. However, composition-based oxidation state prediction still remains elusive so far, which has significant implications for the discovery of new materials for which the structures have not been determined. This work proposes a novel deep learning-based BERT transformer language model BERTOS for predicting the oxidation states for all elements of inorganic compounds given only their chemical composition. This model achieves 96.82% accuracy for all-element oxidation states prediction benchmarked on the cleaned ICSD dataset and achieves 97.61% accuracy for oxide materials. It is also demonstrated how it can be used to conduct large-scale screening of hypothetical material compositions for materials discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihang Fu
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC29201USA
| | - Jeffrey Hu
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC29201USA
- Dutch Fork High SchoolIrmoSC29063USA
| | - Ying Feng
- Hangzhou University of Electronic Science and TechnologyHangzhou311305China
| | - Gregory Morrison
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC29201USA
| | - Hans‐Conrad zur Loye
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC29201USA
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC29201USA
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6
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Pérez‐Bitrián A, Alvarez S, Baya M, Echeverría J, Martín A, Orduna J, Menjón B. Terminal Au-N and Au-O Units in Organometallic Frames. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203181. [PMID: 36263870 PMCID: PMC10107225 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Since gold is located well beyond the oxo wall, chemical species with terminal Au-N and Au-O units are extremely rare and limited to low coordination numbers. We report here that these unusual units can be trapped within a suitable organometallic frame. Thus, the terminal auronitrene and auroxyl derivatives [(CF3 )3 AuN]- and [(CF3 )3 AuO]- were identified as local minima by calculation. These open-shell, high-energy ions were experimentally detected by tandem mass spectrometry (MS2 ): They respectively arise by N2 or NO2 dissociation from the corresponding precursor species [(CF3 )3 Au(N3 )]- and [(CF3 )3 Au(ONO2 )]- in the gas phase. Together with the known fluoride derivative [(CF3 )3 AuF]- , they form an interesting series of isoleptic and alloelectronic complexes of the highly acidic organogold(iii) moiety (CF3 )3 Au with singly charged anions X- of the most electronegative elements (X=F, O, N). Ligand-field inversion in all these [(CF3 )3 AuX]- species results in the localization of unpaired electrons at the N and O atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pérez‐Bitrián
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Santiago Alvarez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Facultat de QuímicaUniversitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Miguel Baya
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Jorge Echeverría
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Antonio Martín
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Jesús Orduna
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Babil Menjón
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
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7
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Lu JB, Jiang XL, Wang JQ, Hu HS, Schwarz WHE, Li J. On the highest oxidation states of the actinoids in AnO 4 molecules (An = Ac - Cm): A DMRG-CASSCF study. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:190-198. [PMID: 35420170 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Actinoid tetroxide molecules AnO4 (An = Ac - Cm) are investigated with the ab initio density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) approach. Natural orbital shapes are used to read out the oxidation state (OS) of the f-elements, and the atomic orbital energies and radii are used to explain the trends. The highest OSs reveal a "volcano"-type variation: For An = Ac - Np, the OSs are equal to the number of available valence electrons, that is, AcIII , ThIV , PaV , UVI , and NpVII . Starting with plutonium as the turning point, the highest OSs in the most stable AnO4 isomers then decrease as PuV , AmV , and CmIII , indicating that the 5f-electrons are hard to be fully oxidized off from Pu onward. The variations are related to the actinoid contraction and to the 5f-covalency characteristics. Combined with previous work on OSs, we review their general trends throughout the periodic table, providing fundamental understanding of OS-relevant phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bo Lu
- Departmentof Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen.,Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing
| | - Xue-Lian Jiang
- Departmentof Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing
| | - W H Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing.,Theoretische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie und Biologie, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Departmentof Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen.,Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing
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8
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Pu Z, Qin J, Fu X, Qiu R, Su B, Shuai M, Li F. C-O Bond Activation in Mononuclear Lanthanide Oxocarbonyl Complexes OLn(η 2-CO) (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, and Nd). Inorg Chem 2023; 62:363-371. [PMID: 36546726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental investigation of metal-CO interactions is of great importance for the development of high-performance catalysts to CO activation. Herein, a series of side-on bonded mononuclear lanthanide (Ln) oxocarbonyl complexes OLn(η2-CO) (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, and Nd) have been prepared and identified in solid argon matrices. The complexes exhibit uncommonly low C-O stretching bands near 1630 cm-1, indicating remarkable C-O bond activation in these Ln analogues. The η2-CO ligand in OLn(η2-CO) can be claimed as an anion on the basis of the experimental observations and quantum chemistry investigations, although the CO anion is commonly considered to be unstable with electron auto-detachment. The CO activation in OLn(η2-CO) is attributed to the photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer from LnO to CO rather than the generally accepted metal → CO π back-donation, which conforms to the traditional Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson motif. Energy decomposition analysis combined with natural orbitals for chemical valence calculations demonstrates that the bonding between LnO and η2-CO arises from the combination of dominant ionic forces (>76%) and normal Lewis "acid-base" interactions. The fundamental findings provide guidelines for the catalyst design of CO activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Pu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No. 9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou, 621908 Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Qin
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No. 9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou, 621908 Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguo Fu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No. 9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou, 621908 Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Ruizhi Qiu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No. 9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou, 621908 Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No. 9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou, 621908 Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Maobing Shuai
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No. 9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou, 621908 Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Fang Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Middle Section of Qinglong Road, Mianyang 621010, P.R. China
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9
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Barlocco I, Cipriano LA, Di Liberto G, Pacchioni G. Does the Oxygen Evolution Reaction follow the classical OH*, O*, OOH* path on single atom catalysts? J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Medina E, Sandoval-Pauker C, Salvador P, Pinter B. Mechanistic Insights into the Oxidative and Reductive Quenching Cycles of Transition Metal Photoredox Catalysts through Effective Oxidation State Analysis. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:18923-18933. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edinson Medina
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, 2390123 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Christian Sandoval-Pauker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, Unites States
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Department de Química, Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Balazs Pinter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, Unites States
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11
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Leach IF, Havenith RWA, Klein JEMN. Revisiting Formal Copper(III) Complexes: Bridging Perspectives with Quasi- d 10 Configurations. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022; 2022:e202200247. [PMID: 36619312 PMCID: PMC9804752 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The formal Cu(III) complex [Cu(CF3)4]1- has often served as a paradigmatic example of challenging oxidation state assignment - with many reports proposing conflicting descriptions. Here we report a computational analysis of this compound, employing Energy Decomposition Analysis and Intrinsic Bond Orbital Analysis. We present a quasi-d 10 perspective of the metal centre, resulting from ambiguities in d-electron counting. The implications for describing reactions which undergo oxidation state changes, such as the formal reductive elimination from the analogous [Cu(CF3)3(CH2Ph)]1- complex (Paeth et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 3153), are probed. Electron flow analysis finds that the changes in electronic structure may be understood as a quasi-d 10 to d 10 transition at the metal centre, rendering this process essentially redox neutral. This is reminiscent of a previously studied formal Ni(IV) complex (Steen et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 13133-13139), and indicates that our description of electronic structure has implications for the understanding of elementary organometallic reaction steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac F. Leach
- Molecular Inorganic ChemistryStratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands,Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Remco W. A. Havenith
- Molecular Inorganic ChemistryStratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands,Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands,Ghent Quantum Chemistry GroupDepartment of ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 (S3)Ghent9000 GentBelgium
| | - Johannes E. M. N. Klein
- Molecular Inorganic ChemistryStratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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12
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Richter WE, Duarte LJ, Bruns RE. Unavoidable failure of point charge descriptions of electronic density changes for out-of-plane distortions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 271:120891. [PMID: 35085995 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.120891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Population analyses based on point charge approximations accurately estimating the equilibrium dipole moment will systematically fail when predicting infrared intensities of out-of-plane vibrations of planar molecules, whereas models based on both charges and dipoles will always succeed. It is not a matter of how the model is devised but rather how many degrees of freedom are available for the calculation. Population analyses based on point charges are very limited in terms of the amount of meaningful chemical information they provide, whereas models employing both atomic charges and atomic dipoles should be preferred for molecular distortions. A good model should be able to correctly describe not only static, equilibrium structures but also distorted geometries in order to correctly assess information from vibrating molecules. The limitations of point charge models also hold for distortions much larger than those encountered vibrationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner E Richter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Postal Code 84.017-220, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo J Duarte
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Postal Code 13.083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roy E Bruns
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Postal Code 13.083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Crago C, Zhong S, Rajupet S, Zhang H, Lacks DJ. ab initio study of Mn-based systems for oxidative degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132706. [PMID: 34728222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic contaminants can be removed from water/wastewater by oxidative degradation using oxidants such as manganese oxides and/or aqueous manganese ions. The Mn species show a wide range of activity, which is related to the oxidation state of Mn. Here, we use ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to address Mn oxidation states in these systems. We first develop a correlation between Mn partial atomic charge and the oxidation state based on results of 31 simulations on known Mn aqueous complexes. The results collapse to a master curve; the dependence of partial atomic charge on oxidation state weakens with increasing oxidation state, which concurs with a previously proposed feedback effect. This correlation is then used to address oxidation states in Mn systems used as oxidants. Simulations of MnO2 polymorphs immersed in water give average oxidation states (AOS) in excellent agreement with experimental results, in that β-MnO2 has the highest AOS, α-MnO2 has an intermediate AOS, and δ-MnO2 has the lowest AOS. Furthermore, the oxidation state varies substantially with the atom's environment, and these structures include Mn(III) and Mn(V) species that are expected to be active. In regard to the MnO4-/HSO3-/O2 system that has been shown to be a highly effective oxidant, we propose a novel Mn complex that could give rise to the oxidative activity, where Mn(III) is stabilized by sulfite and dissolved O2 ligands. Our simulations also show that the O2 would be activated to O22- in this complex under acidic conditions, and could lead to the formation of OH radicals that serve as oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Crago
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Shifa Zhong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Siddharth Rajupet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Huichun Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Daniel J Lacks
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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14
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Kim J, Kim DH, Park J, Jeong K, Ha HP. Decrypting Catalytic NOX Activation and Poison Fragmentation Routes Boosted by Mono- and Bi-Dentate Surface SO32–/SO42– Modifiers under a SO2-Containing Flue Gas Stream. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jongsik Kim
- Extreme Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Dong Ho Kim
- Extreme Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jinseon Park
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Korea Military Academy, Seoul 01805, South Korea
| | - Keunhong Jeong
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Korea Military Academy, Seoul 01805, South Korea
| | - Heon Phil Ha
- Extreme Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
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15
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Yuen PK, Lau CMD. Fragmentation method for assigning oxidation numbers in organic and bioorganic compounds. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 50:29-43. [PMID: 34741582 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation number (ON) is taught as an electron-counting concept for redox reactions in chemistry curriculum. The molecular formula method, the Lewis formula method, and the structural formula method have all been used to determine ON. However, the task of assigning ON still poses problems for some teachers and students. This paper explores a new method, the fragmentation method, which is a visual approach for counting the individual ON of any atom according to its structural formula. The critical step is to break the carbon-heteroatom bond into organic fragments and inorganic fragments. The individual ON of carbon atoms and heteroatoms can be determined by the bond cleavages in the organic and biological compounds. The mean ON of carbons can be calculated by the arithmetic mean of all individual ON of carbons in a molecule or molecular ion. The step-by-step operating procedures and examples are provided. When comparing corresponding molecules in organic conversions, the change of individual ON of atoms can be used as a tool for determining the number of transferred electrons. Furthermore, a reaction site can be identified by their changes of individual ON, chemical composition, and bond order in metabolic redox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pong Kau Yuen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Macau Chemical Society, Macao, Macao
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16
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Gimferrer M, Aldossary A, Salvador P, Head-Gordon M. Oxidation State Localized Orbitals: A Method for Assigning Oxidation States Using Optimally Fragment-Localized Orbitals and a Fragment Orbital Localization Index. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 18:309-322. [PMID: 34929084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation states represent the ionic distribution of charge in a molecule and are significant in tracking redox reactions and understanding chemical bonding. While effective algorithms already exist based on formal Lewis structures as well as using localized orbitals, they exhibit differences in challenging cases where effects such as redox noninnocence are at play. Given a density functional theory (DFT) calculation with chosen total charge and spin multiplicity, this work reports a new approach to obtaining fragment-localized orbitals that is termed oxidation state localized orbitals (OSLO), together with an algorithm for assigning the oxidation state using the OSLOs and an associated fragment orbital localization index (FOLI). Evaluating the FOLI requires fragment populations, and for this purpose a new version of the intrinsic atomic orbital (IAO) scheme is introduced in which the IAOs are evaluated using a reference minimal basis formed from on-the-fly superposition of atomic density (IAO-AutoSAD) calculations in the target basis set and at the target level of theory. The OSLO algorithm is applied to a range of challenging cases including high valent metal oxide complexes, redox noninnocent NO and dithiolate transition metal complexes, a range of carbene-containing TM complexes, and other examples including the potentially inverted ligand field in [Cu(CF3)4]-. Across this range of cases, OSLO produces generally satisfactory results. Furthermore, in borderline cases, the OSLOs and associated FOLI values provide direct evidence of the emergence of covalent interactions between fragments that nicely complements existing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Gimferrer
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlsi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Abdulrahman Aldossary
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlsi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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17
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Abstract
In this Perspective, some of the criticisms which have been made concerning the use of oxidation states are addressed, particularly in the context of the teaching of inorganic chemistry. The Oxidation State method and the Covalent Bond Classification method are compared and contrasted, and it is concluded that while each method has its strengths and weaknesses, both are important in teaching and it should be recognized that no single model or method is appropriate in all circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul G Pringle
- University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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18
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Popp J, Riggenmann T, Schröder D, Ampßler T, Salvador P, Klüfers P. Bent and Linear {CoNO} 8 Entities: Structure and Bonding in a Prototypic Class of Nitrosyls. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15980-15996. [PMID: 34612642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Among the isoelectronic ligands CN-, CO, and NO+, an oblique bonding to the metal is well-established for the nitrosyl ligand, with M-N-O angles down to ≈120°. In the last decades, the nitrosyl community got into the habit of addressing a bent-bonded nitrosyl ligand as 1NO-. Thus, because various redox forms of a nitrosyl ligand seem to exist, the ligand is considered to be "noninnocent" because of the obvious ambiguity of an oxidation state (OS) assignment of the ligand and metal. Among the bent-bonded species, the low-spin {CoNO}8 class is prototypic. From this class, some 20 new nitrosyl compounds, the X-ray structure determinations of which comply with strict quality criteria, were analyzed with respect to the OS issue. As a result, the effective OS method shows a low-spin d8 CoI-NO+ couple instead of a negative OS of the ligand at the BP86/def2-TZVP (+D3, +CPCM with infinite permittivity) level of theory. The same holds for some new members of the linear subclass of {CoNO}8 compounds. For all compounds, a largely invariable "real" charge of ≈ -0.3 e was obtained from population analyses. All of these electron-rich d8 species strive to manage Pauli repulsion between the metal electrons and the lone pair at the nitrosyl's nitrogen atom, with the bending of the CoNO unit as the most frequent escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Popp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Riggenmann
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Schröder
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Torsten Ampßler
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi i Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Peter Klüfers
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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19
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Jiang XL, Xu CQ, Lu JB, Cao CS, Schmidbaur H, Schwarz WHE, Li J. Electronic Structure and Spectroscopic Properties of Group-7 Tri-Oxo-Halides MO 3X (M = Mn-Bh, X = F-Ts). Inorg Chem 2021; 60:9504-9515. [PMID: 34152757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 24 trioxide halide molecules MO3X of the manganese group (M = Mn-Bh; X = F-Ts), which are iso-valence-electronic with the famous MnO4- ion, have been quantum-chemically investigated by quasi-relativistic density-functional and ab initio correlated approaches. Geometric and electronic structures, valence and oxidation numbers, vibrational and electronic spectral properties, energetic stabilities of the monomers in the gas phase, and the decay mode of MnO3F have been investigated. The light Mn-3d species are most strongly electron-correlated, indicating that the concept of a closed-shell Lewis-type single-configurational structure [Mn+7(d0) O-2(p6)3 F-(p6)] reaches its limits. The concept of real-valued spin orbitals φ(r)·α and φ(r)·β breaks down for the heavy Bh-6d, At-6p and Ts-7p elements because of the dominating spin-orbit coupling. The vigorous decomposition of MnO3F at ambient conditions starts by the autocatalyzed release of n O2 and the formation of MnmO3m-2nFm clusters, triggered by the electron-depleted "oxylic" character of the oxide ligands in MnO3X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun-Bo Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chang-Su Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hubert Schmidbaur
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching 85747, Germany
| | - W H Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Department Chemie, Universität Siegen, Siegen 57068, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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20
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Desmarais JK, Bi W, Zhao J, Hu MH, Alp E, Tse JS. 57Fe Mössbauer isomer shift of pure iron and iron oxides at high pressure-An experimental and theoretical study. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:214104. [PMID: 34240999 DOI: 10.1063/5.0048141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 57Fe isomer shift (IS) of pure iron has been measured up to 100 GPa using synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy in the time domain. Apart from the expected discontinuity due to the α → ε structural and spin transitions, the IS decreases monotonically with increasing pressure. The absolute shifts were reproduced without semi-empirical calibrations by periodic density functional calculations employing extensive localized basis sets with several common density functionals. However, the best numerical agreement is obtained with the B1WC hybrid functional. Extension of the calculations to 350 GPa, a pressure corresponding to the Earth's inner core, predicted the IS range of 0.00 to -0.85 mm/s, covering the span from Fe(0) to Fe(VI) compounds measured at ambient pressure. The calculations also reproduced the pressure trend from polymorphs of prototypical iron oxide minerals, FeO and Fe2O3. Analysis of the electronic structure shows a strong donation of electrons from oxygen to iron at high pressure. The assignment of formal oxidation to the Fe atom becomes ambiguous under this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques K Desmarais
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Wenli Bi
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Jiyong Zhao
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Michael H Hu
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Esen Alp
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - John S Tse
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
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21
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Huang T, Zhao L, Jiang X, Yu W, Xu B, Wang X, Schwarz WHE, Li J. Metal Oxo-Fluoride Molecules O nMF 2 (M = Mn and Fe; n = 1-4) and O 2MnF: Matrix Infrared Spectra and Quantum Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7687-7696. [PMID: 34029065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
On reacting laser-ablated manganese or iron difluorides with O2 or O3 during codeposition in solid neon or argon, infrared absorptions of several new metal oxo-fluoride molecules, including OMF2, (η1-O2)MF2, (η2-O3)MF2, (η1-O2)2MF2 (M = Mn and Fe), and O2MnF, have been observed. Quantum chemical density functional and multiconfiguration wavefunction calculations have been applied to characterize these new products by their geometric and electronic structures, vibrations, charges, and bonding. The assignment of the main vibrational absorptions as dominant symmetric or antisymmetric M-F or M-O stretching modes is confirmed by oxygen isotopic shifts and quantum chemical calculations of frequencies and thermal stabilities. The tendency of Fe to form polyoxygen complexes in lower oxidation states than the preceding element Mn is affirmed experimentally and supported theoretically. The M-F stretching frequencies of the isolated metal oxo-fluorides may provide a scale for the local charge on the MF2 sites in active energy conversion systems. The study of these species provides insights for understanding the trend of oxidation state changes across the transition-metal series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Huang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuelian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science & Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenjie Yu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - W H Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Siegen University, Siegen 57068, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science & Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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22
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Lipshultz JM, Li G, Radosevich AT. Main Group Redox Catalysis of Organopnictogens: Vertical Periodic Trends and Emerging Opportunities in Group 15. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1699-1721. [PMID: 33464903 PMCID: PMC7934640 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of organopnictogen redox catalytic methods have emerged-especially within the past 10 years-that leverage the plentiful reversible two-electron redox chemistry within Group 15. The goal of this Perspective is to provide readers the context to understand the dramatic developments in organopnictogen catalysis over the past decade with an eye toward future development. An exposition of the fundamental differences in the atomic structure and bonding of the pnictogens, and thus the molecular electronic structure of organopnictogen compounds, is presented to establish the backdrop against which organopnictogen redox reactivity-and ultimately catalysis-is framed. A deep appreciation of these underlying periodic principles informs an understanding of the differing modes of organopnictogen redox catalysis and evokes the key challenges to the field moving forward. We close by addressing forward-looking directions likely to animate this area in the years to come. What new catalytic manifolds can be developed through creative catalyst and reaction design that take advantage of the intrinsic redox reactivity of the pnictogens to drive new discoveries in catalysis?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Lipshultz
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander T Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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23
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24
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Li L, Beckers H, Stüker T, Lindič T, Schlöder T, Andrae D, Riedel S. Molecular oxofluorides OMFn of nickel, palladium and platinum: oxyl radicals with moderate ligand field inversion. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01151g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
High-valent late transition metal oxo compounds attracted attention because of their peculiar metal–oxygen bond. Their oxo ligands exhibit an electrophilic and distinct radical oxyl (O˙−) rather than the more common nucleophilic (O2−) character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische Chemie
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische Chemie
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Tony Stüker
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische Chemie
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Tilen Lindič
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie – Theoretische Chemie
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Tobias Schlöder
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie
- Institut für Nanotechnologie
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Dirk Andrae
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie – Theoretische Chemie
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische Chemie
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
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25
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Gimferrer M, Van der Mynsbrugge J, Bell AT, Salvador P, Head-Gordon M. Facing the Challenges of Borderline Oxidation State Assignments Using State-of-the-Art Computational Methods. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15410-15420. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martí Gimferrer
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jeroen Van der Mynsbrugge
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexis T. Bell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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26
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Ding Y, Kumagai Y, Oba F, Burton LA. Data-Mining Element Charges in Inorganic Materials. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8264-8267. [PMID: 32852211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation states are well-established in chemical science teaching and research. We data-mine more than 168 000 crystallographic reports to find an optimal allocation of oxidation states to each element. In doing so, we uncover discrepancies between textbook chemistry and reported charge states observed in materials. We go on to show how the oxidation states we recommend can significantly facilitate materials discovery and the heuristic design of novel inorganic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures, Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu Kumagai
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Fumiyasu Oba
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Lee A Burton
- International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures, Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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27
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Ampßler T, Monsch G, Popp J, Riggenmann T, Salvador P, Schröder D, Klüfers P. Not Guilty on Every Count: The "Non-Innocent" Nitrosyl Ligand in the Framework of IUPAC's Oxidation-State Formalism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12381-12386. [PMID: 32339395 PMCID: PMC7384168 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosyl-metal bonding relies on the two interactions between the pair of N-O-π* and two of the metal's d orbitals. These (back)bonds are largely covalent, which makes their allocation in the course of an oxidation-state determination ambiguous. However, apart from M-N-O-angle or net-charge considerations, IUPAC's "ionic approximation" is a useful tool to reliably classify nitrosyl metal complexes in an orbital-centered approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Ampßler
- Department Chemie der Ludwigs-Maximilians-UniversitätButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Georg Monsch
- Department Chemie der Ludwigs-Maximilians-UniversitätButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Jens Popp
- Department Chemie der Ludwigs-Maximilians-UniversitätButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Tobias Riggenmann
- Department Chemie der Ludwigs-Maximilians-UniversitätButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi i Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaMaria Aurèlia Capmany 6917003GironaSpain
| | - Daniel Schröder
- Department Chemie der Ludwigs-Maximilians-UniversitätButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Peter Klüfers
- Department Chemie der Ludwigs-Maximilians-UniversitätButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
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28
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Lin J, Du X, Rahm M, Yu H, Xu H, Yang G. Exploring the Limits of Transition‐Metal Fluorination at High Pressures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyan Lin
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Xin Du
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Martin Rahm
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Hong Yu
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Haiyang Xu
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Guochun Yang
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
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29
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Ampßler T, Monsch G, Popp J, Riggenmann T, Salvador P, Schröder D, Klüfers P. Nicht in jedem Punkt schuldig: Der “nicht‐unschuldige” Nitrosyl‐Ligand in IUPACs Oxidationsstufen‐Empfehlung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Ampßler
- Department Chemie der Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Georg Monsch
- Department Chemie der Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Jens Popp
- Department Chemie der Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Tobias Riggenmann
- Department Chemie der Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi i Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Spanien
| | - Daniel Schröder
- Department Chemie der Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Peter Klüfers
- Department Chemie der Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
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30
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Lin J, Du X, Rahm M, Yu H, Xu H, Yang G. Exploring the Limits of Transition-Metal Fluorination at High Pressures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9155-9162. [PMID: 32150319 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorination is a proven method for challenging the limits of chemistry, both structurally and electronically. Here we explore computationally how pressures below 300 GPa affect the fluorination of several transition metals. A plethora of new structural phases are predicted along with the possibility for synthesizing four unobserved compounds: TcF7 , CdF3 , OsF8 , and IrF8 . The Ir and Os octaflourides are both predicted to be stable as quasi-molecular phases with an unusual cubic ligand coordination, and both compounds formally correspond to a high oxidation state of +8. Electronic-structure analysis reveals that otherwise unoccupied 6p levels are brought down in energy by the combined effects of pressure and a strong ligand field. The valence expansion of Os and Ir enables ligand-to-metal F 2p→M 6p charge transfer that strengthens M-F bonds and decreases the overall bond polarity. The lower stability of IrF8 , and the instability of PtF8 and several other compounds below 300 GPa, is explained by the occupation of M-F antibonding orbitals in octafluorides with a metal-valence-electron count exceeding 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyan Lin
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xin Du
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Martin Rahm
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hong Yu
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Haiyang Xu
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Guochun Yang
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
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31
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Blundell TJ, Taylor LJ, Valentine AJ, Lewis W, Blake AJ, McMaster J, Kays DL. A transition metal–gallium cluster formed via insertion of “GaI”. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8139-8142. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03559a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of a new transition metal-group 13 cluster from a low-coordinate diaryl and “GaI”, demonstrates entry into new cluster compounds.
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32
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Steen JS, Knizia G, Klein JEMN. σ-Noninnocence: Masked Phenyl-Cation Transfer at Formal Ni IV. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13133-13139. [PMID: 31206937 PMCID: PMC6771483 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reductive elimination is an elementary organometallic reaction step involving a formal oxidation state change of -2 at a transition-metal center. For a series of formal high-valent NiIV complexes, aryl-CF3 bond-forming reductive elimination was reported to occur readily (Bour et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 8034-8037). We report a computational analysis of this reaction and find that, unexpectedly, the formal NiIV centers are better described as approaching a +II oxidation state, originating from highly covalent metal-ligand bonds, a phenomenon attributable to σ-noninnocence. A direct consequence is that the elimination of aryl-CF3 products occurs in an essentially redox-neutral fashion, as opposed to a reductive elimination. This is supported by an electron flow analysis which shows that an anionic CF3 group is transferred to an electrophilic aryl group. The uncovered role of σ-noninnocence in metal-ligand bonding, and of an essentially redox-neutral elimination as an elementary organometallic reaction step, may constitute concepts of broad relevance to organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelte S. Steen
- Molecular Inorganic ChemistryStratingh Institute for ChemistryFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerald Knizia
- Department of ChemistryPennsylvania State University401A Chemistry BldgUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Johannes E. M. N. Klein
- Molecular Inorganic ChemistryStratingh Institute for ChemistryFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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33
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Wu J, Yu D, Liu S, Rong C, Zhong A, Chattaraj PK, Liu S. Is It Possible To Determine Oxidation States for Atoms in Molecules Using Density-Based Quantities? An Information-Theoretic Approach and Conceptual Density Functional Theory Study. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:6751-6760. [PMID: 31305075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation state, also called oxidation number, of atoms in molecules is a fundamental chemical concept. It is defined as the charge of an atom in a molecule after the ionic approximation of its heteronuclear bonds is applied. Even though for simple molecules the assignment of oxidation states is straightforward, redundancy and ambiguity do exist for others. In this work, we present a density-based framework to determine the oxidation state using the quantities from the information-theoretic approach. As a proof of concept, we examined six elements for a total of 49 molecules. Strong linear correlations were obtained with Shannon entropy, Ghosh-Berkowitz-Parr entropy, information gain, relative Rényi entropy of orders 2 and 3, and Hirshfeld charge. We also discovered that the crystal radius of elements plays the key role in rationalizing the system dependent nature of these strong linear correlations. The validity and effectiveness of our results were demonstrated by the examples of molecules containing elements with two or more oxidation states. Our results should be applicable to more complicated systems in assigning different oxidation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan Normal University , Changsha , Hunan 410081 , P.R. China
| | - Donghai Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan Normal University , Changsha , Hunan 410081 , P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan Normal University , Changsha , Hunan 410081 , P.R. China
| | - Chunying Rong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan Normal University , Changsha , Hunan 410081 , P.R. China
| | - Aiguo Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering , Taizhou University , 1139 Shifu Road , Linhai , Zhejiang 318000 , P.R. China
| | - Pratim K Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical Studies , Indian Institute of Technology , Kharagpur 721302 , India
| | - Shubin Liu
- Research Computing Center , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599-3420 , United States
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34
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Steen JS, Knizia G, Klein JEMN. σ‐Noninnocence: Masked Phenyl‐Cation Transfer at Formal Ni
IV. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelte S. Steen
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry Stratingh Institute for Chemistry Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gerald Knizia
- Department of Chemistry Pennsylvania State University 401A Chemistry Bldg University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Johannes E. M. N. Klein
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry Stratingh Institute for Chemistry Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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35
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Baya M, Joven‐Sancho D, Alonso PJ, Orduna J, Menjón B. M−C Bond Homolysis in Coinage‐Metal [M(CF
3
)
4
]
−
Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9954-9958. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Baya
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Daniel Joven‐Sancho
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Pablo J. Alonso
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Jesús Orduna
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Babil Menjón
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
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36
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Gao C, Hu SX, Han H, Guo G, Suo B, Zou W. Exploring the electronic structure and stability of HgF6: Exact 2-Component (X2C) relativistic DFT and NEVPT2 studies. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Baya M, Joven‐Sancho D, Alonso PJ, Orduna J, Menjón B. M−C Bond Homolysis in Coinage‐Metal [M(CF
3
)
4
]
−
Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Baya
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Daniel Joven‐Sancho
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Pablo J. Alonso
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Jesús Orduna
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Babil Menjón
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
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38
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Moore JT, Chatterjee S, Tarrago M, Clouston LJ, Sproules S, Bill E, Bernales V, Gagliardi L, Ye S, Lancaster KM, Lu CC. Enhanced Fe-Centered Redox Flexibility in Fe-Ti Heterobimetallic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:6199-6214. [PMID: 30957996 PMCID: PMC6727590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Previously, we reported the synthesis
of Ti[N(o-(NCH2P(iPr)2)C6H4)3] and
the Fe–Ti complex, FeTi[N(o-(NCH2P(iPr)2)C6H4)3], abbreviated as TiL (1), and FeTiL
(2), respectively. Herein, we describe the synthesis
and characterization of the complete redox families of the monometallic
Ti and Fe–Ti compounds. Cyclic voltammetry studies on FeTiL
reveal both reduction and oxidation processes at −2.16 and
−1.36 V (versus Fc/Fc+), respectively. Two isostructural
redox members, [FeTiL]+ and [FeTiL]− (2ox and 2red, respectively)
were synthesized and characterized, along with BrFeTiL (2-Br) and the monometallic [TiL]+ complex (1ox). The solid-state structures of the [FeTiL]+/0/– series feature short metal–metal bonds, ranging from 1.94–2.38
Å, which are all shorter than the sum of the Ti and Fe single-bond
metallic radii (cf. 2.49 Å). To elucidate the bonding and electronic
structures, the complexes were characterized with a host of spectroscopic
methods, including NMR, EPR, and 57Fe Mössbauer,
as well as Ti and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). These
studies, along with hybrid density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent
DFT calculations, suggest that the redox processes in the isostructural
[FeTiL]+,0,– series are primarily Fe-based and that
the polarized Fe–Ti π-bonds play a role in delocalizing
some of the additional electron density from Fe to Ti (net 13%). An isostructural redox series of Fe≡Ti complexes was investigated
using a combination of spectroscopic methods and density functional
theory to elucidate their electronic structures and to understand
their polarized metal−metal bonding. Overall, the results support
that the redox changes occur primarily at the Fe site though some
electron density is delocalized to Ti. Hence, the Ti plays an important
role in enhancing the redox flexibility of the single Fe site.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Moore
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Sudipta Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca New York 14853 , United States
| | - Maxime Tarrago
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Laura J Clouston
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Stephen Sproules
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion , Stiftstraße 34-36 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Varinia Bernales
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Shengfa Ye
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca New York 14853 , United States
| | - Connie C Lu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
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39
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Luo D, Lv J, Peng F, Wang Y, Yang G, Rahm M, Ma Y. A hypervalent and cubically coordinated molecular phase of IF 8 predicted at high pressure. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2543-2550. [PMID: 30881685 PMCID: PMC6385887 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04635b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to now, the maximum coordination number of iodine is seven in neutral iodine heptafluoride (IF7) and eight in anionic octafluoride (IF8 -). Here, we explore pressure as a method for realizing new hypercoordinated iodine compounds. First-principles swarm structure calculations have been used to predict the high-pressure and T → 0 K phase diagram of binary iodine fluorides. The investigated compounds are predicted to undergo complex structural phase transitions under high pressure, accompanied by various semiconductor to metal transitions. The pressure induced formation of a neutral octafluoride compound, IF8, consisting of eight-coordinated iodine is one of several unprecedented predicted structures. In sharp contrast to the square antiprismatic structure in IF8 -, IF8, which is dynamically unstable under atmospheric conditions, is stable and adopts a quasi-cube molecular configuration with R3[combining macron] symmetry at 300 GPa. The metallicity of IF8 originates from a hole in the fluorine 2p-bands that dominate the Fermi surface. The highly unusual coordination sphere in IF8 at 300 GPa is a consequence of the 5d levels of iodine coming down and becoming part of the valence, where they mix with iodine's 5s and 5p levels and engage in chemical bonding. The valence expansion of iodine under pressure effectively makes IF8 not only hypercoordinated, but also hypervalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials , College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China . ;
| | - Jian Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials , College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China . ;
| | - Feng Peng
- College of Physics and Electronic Information , Luoyang Normal University , Luoyang 471022 , China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials , College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China . ;
| | - Guochun Yang
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education , Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024 , China .
| | - Martin Rahm
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg , 412 96 , Sweden .
| | - Yanming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials , College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China . ;
- International Center of Future Science , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
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40
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Ao B, Lu H, Yang Z, Qiu R, Hu SX. Unraveling the highest oxidation states of actinides in solid-state compounds with a particular focus on plutonium. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:4732-4737. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05990j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The nature and extent of the highest oxidation states (HOSs) in solid-state actinide compounds are still unexplored compared with those of small molecules, and there is burgeoning interest in studying the actinide–ligand bonding nature in the condensed state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyun Ao
- Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory
- Mianyang 621908
- China
| | - Haiyan Lu
- Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory
- Mianyang 621908
- China
| | - Zhenfei Yang
- Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory
- Mianyang 621908
- China
| | - Ruizhi Qiu
- Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory
- Mianyang 621908
- China
| | - Shu-Xian Hu
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center
- Beijing 100193
- China
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41
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Walsh A, Sokol AA, Buckeridge J, Scanlon DO, Catlow CRA. Oxidation states and ionicity. NATURE MATERIALS 2018; 17:958-964. [PMID: 30275565 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The concepts of oxidation state and atomic charge are entangled in modern materials science. We distinguish between these quantities and consider their fundamental limitations and utility for understanding material properties. We discuss the nature of bonding between atoms and the techniques that have been developed for partitioning electron density. While formal oxidation states help us count electrons (in ions, bonds, lone pairs), variously defined atomic charges are usefully employed in the description of physical processes including dielectric response and electronic spectroscopies. Such partial charges are introduced as quantitative measures in simple mechanistic models of a more complex reality, and therefore may not be comparable or transferable. In contrast, oxidation states are defined to be universal, with deviations constituting exciting challenges as evidenced in mixed-valence compounds, electrides and highly correlated systems. This Perspective covers how these concepts have evolved in recent years, our current understanding and their significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Walsh
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Alexey A Sokol
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Buckeridge
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - David O Scanlon
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - C Richard A Catlow
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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42
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Cao GJ. A dinuclear Cu(i)-mediated complex: Theoretical studies of the G 2Cu 2 4+ cluster ion. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:144308. [PMID: 30316268 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the T-Hg(ii)2-A base pair containing two equivalents of Hg(ii) has been prepared and characterized experimentally, which implies that there might exist considerable stable metal-mediated base pairs holding two neighbouring metal centers. Here we report a quantum chemical study on geometries, electronic structures, and bonding of various G2Cu2 4+ (G = guanine) isomers including one di-copper(i) unit. Different density functional methods [Becke 3-parameter-Lee-Yang-Parr, Perdew-Becke-Ernzerhof, Becke-Perdew, Density Functional Theory with Dispersion Corrections (DFT-D)] assign ambiguous relative energies to these isomers with the singlet and triplet states. High-level ab initio [domain-based local pair natural orbital (DLPNO) coupled-cluster with single and double excitations and DLPNO-coupled-cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations] calculations confirm that the lowest-lying isomer of the G2Cu2 4+ ion has C 2h symmetry with the singlet state and is comparable to the singly and doubly charged homologues (G2Cu2 + and G2Cu2 2+). The extended transition state (ETS)-natural orbitals for the chemical valence (ETS-NOCV) calculations point out that it has larger instantaneous interaction energy and bond dissociation energy than the corresponding singly and doubly charged complexes due to its relatively stronger attractive energies and weaker Pauli repulsion. The orbital interactions in the quadruply charged cluster chiefly come from Cu2 4+ ← G⋯G π donations. The results may help the understanding of the bonding properties of other potential metal-base pair complexes with the electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jin Cao
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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43
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Joven-Sancho D, Baya M, Martín A, Menjón B. Homoleptic Trifluoromethyl Derivatives of Ag I and Ag III. Chemistry 2018; 24:13098-13101. [PMID: 29981177 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The homoleptic silver(I) compound [PPh4 ][CF3 AgCF3 ] (1) provides a convenient entry to the homoleptic silver(III) derivative [PPh4 ][Ag(CF3 )4 ] (2). Once isolated as pure substances, these compounds exhibit marked thermal stabilities. Their structural and spectroscopic properties have been experimentally established. Moreover, their electronic structures have been calculated by theoretical methods. The electronic structure of the oxidized species [Ag(CF3 )4 ]- provides a new case of ligand-field inversion caused by the CF3 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Joven-Sancho
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel Baya
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Martín
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Babil Menjón
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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44
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Postils V, Delgado‐Alonso C, Luis JM, Salvador P. An Objective Alternative to IUPAC's Approach To Assign Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verònica Postils
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi i Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de Girona Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Spain
| | - Carlos Delgado‐Alonso
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi i Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de Girona Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Spain
| | - Josep M. Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi i Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de Girona Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Spain
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi i Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de Girona Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Spain
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45
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Dey S, Manogaran D, Manogaran S, Schaefer HF. Quantification of Aromaticity of Heterocyclic Systems Using Interaction Coordinates. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6953-6960. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b05041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadeb Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India
| | - Dhivya Manogaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India
| | - Sadasivam Manogaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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46
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Zhang X, Li W, Feng L, Chen X, Hansen A, Grimme S, Fortier S, Sergentu DC, Duignan TJ, Autschbach J, Wang S, Wang Y, Velkos G, Popov AA, Aghdassi N, Duhm S, Li X, Li J, Echegoyen L, Schwarz WHE, Chen N. A diuranium carbide cluster stabilized inside a C 80 fullerene cage. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2753. [PMID: 30013067 PMCID: PMC6048043 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsupported non-bridged uranium-carbon double bonds have long been sought after in actinide chemistry as fundamental synthetic targets in the study of actinide-ligand multiple bonding. Here we report that, utilizing Ih(7)-C80 fullerenes as nanocontainers, a diuranium carbide cluster, U=C=U, has been encapsulated and stabilized in the form of UCU@Ih(7)-C80. This endohedral fullerene was prepared utilizing the Krätschmer-Huffman arc discharge method, and was then co-crystallized with nickel(II) octaethylporphyrin (NiII-OEP) to produce UCU@Ih(7)-C80·[NiII-OEP] as single crystals. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals a cage-stabilized, carbide-bridged, bent UCU cluster with unexpectedly short uranium-carbon distances (2.03 Å) indicative of covalent U=C double-bond character. The quantum-chemical results suggest that both U atoms in the UCU unit have formal oxidation state of +5. The structural features of UCU@Ih(7)-C80 and the covalent nature of the U(f1)=C double bonds were further affirmed through various spectroscopic and theoretical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Wanlu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lai Feng
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Andreas Hansen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Skye Fortier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Dumitru-Claudiu Sergentu
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260-3000, USA
| | - Thomas J Duignan
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260-3000, USA
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260-3000, USA
| | - Shuao Wang
- School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu, Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yaofeng Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Giorgios Velkos
- Nanoscale Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Nanoscale Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nabi Aghdassi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Steffen Duhm
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - W H Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Siegen, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Ning Chen
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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47
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Postils V, Delgado-Alonso C, Luis JM, Salvador P. An Objective Alternative to IUPAC's Approach To Assign Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10525-10529. [PMID: 29787636 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The IUPAC has recently clarified the term oxidation state (OS), and provided algorithms for its determination based on the ionic approximation (IA) of the bonds supported by atomic electronegativities (EN). Unfortunately, there are a number of exceptions and ambiguities in IUPAC's algorithms when it comes to practical applications. Our comprehensive study reveals the critical role of the chemical environment on establishing the OS, which cannot always be properly predicted using fix atomic EN values. By identifying what we define here as subsystems of enhanced stability within the molecular system, the OS can be safely assigned in many cases without invoking exceptions. New insights about the effect of local aromaticity upon OS are revealed. Moreover, we prove that there are intrinsic limitations of the IA that cannot be overcome. In this context, the effective oxidation state (EOS) analysis arises as a robust and general scheme to derive an OS without any external guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verònica Postils
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi i Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Carlos Delgado-Alonso
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi i Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Josep M Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi i Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi i Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
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48
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Weske S, Hardin RA, Auth T, O'Hair RAJ, Koszinowski K, Ogle CA. Argentate(i) and (iii) complexes as intermediates in silver-mediated cross-coupling reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5086-5089. [PMID: 29708564 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01707g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the potential of silver to mediate synthetically valuable cross-coupling reactions, the operating mechanisms have remained unknown. Here, we use a combination of rapid-injection NMR spectroscopy, electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry, and quantum chemical calculations to demonstrate that these transformations involve argentate(i) and (iii) complexes as key intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Weske
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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49
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Hu S, Li W, Lu J, Bao JL, Yu HS, Truhlar DG, Gibson JK, Marçalo J, Zhou M, Riedel S, Schwarz WHE, Li J. On the Upper Limits of Oxidation States in Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3242-3245. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu‐Xian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Beijing Computer Science Research Center Haidian Beijing 100193 China
| | - Wan‐Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jun‐Bo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Junwei Lucas Bao
- Chemical Theory Center, Department of Chemistry, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455-0431 USA
| | - Haoyu S. Yu
- Chemical Theory Center, Department of Chemistry, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455-0431 USA
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Chemical Theory Center, Department of Chemistry, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455-0431 USA
| | - John K. Gibson
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Joaquim Marçalo
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares Instituto Superior Técnico Universidade de Lisboa 2695-066 Bobadela LRS Portugal
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - W. H. Eugen Schwarz
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Lab Universität Siegen 57068 Siegen Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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50
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Hu S, Li W, Lu J, Bao JL, Yu HS, Truhlar DG, Gibson JK, Marçalo J, Zhou M, Riedel S, Schwarz WHE, Li J. Über Oxidationszahl‐Obergrenzen in der Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu‐Xian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Beijing Computer Science Research Center Haidian Beijing 100193 China
| | - Wan‐Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jun‐Bo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Junwei Lucas Bao
- Chemical Theory Center Department of Chemistry, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455-0431 USA
| | - Haoyu S. Yu
- Chemical Theory Center Department of Chemistry, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455-0431 USA
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Chemical Theory Center Department of Chemistry, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455-0431 USA
| | - John K. Gibson
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Joaquim Marçalo
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares Instituto Superior Técnico Universidade de Lisboa 2695-066 Bobadela LRS Portugal
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - W. H. Eugen Schwarz
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Lab Universität Siegen 57068 Siegen Deutschland
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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