1
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Shi Y, Li C, Di J, Xue Y, Jia Y, Duan J, Hu X, Tian Y, Li Y, Sun C, Zhang N, Xiong Y, Jin T, Chen P. Polycationic Open-Shell Cyclophanes: Synthesis of Electron-Rich Chiral Macrocycles, and Redox-Dependent Electronic States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402800. [PMID: 38411404 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
π-Conjugated chiral nanorings with intriguing electronic structures and chiroptical properties have attracted considerable interests in synthetic chemistry and materials science. We present the design principles to access new chiral macrocycles (1 and 2) that are essentially built on the key components of main-group electron-donating carbazolyl moieties or the π-expanded aza[7]helicenes. Both macrocycles show the unique molecular conformations with a (quasi) figure-of-eight topology as a result of the conjugation patterns of 2,2',7,7'-spirobifluorenyl in 1 and triarylamine-coupled aza[7]helicene-based building blocks in 2. This electronic nature of redox-active, carbazole-rich backbones enabled these macrocycles to be readily oxidized chemically and electrochemically, leading to the sequential production of a series of positively charged polycationic open-shell cyclophanes. Their redox-dependent electronic states of the resulting multispin polyradicals have been characterized by VT-ESR, UV/Vis-NIR absorption and spectroelectrochemical measurements. The singlet (ΔES-T=-1.29 kcal mol-1) and a nearly degenerate singlet-triplet ground state (ΔES-T(calcd)=-0.15 kcal mol-1 and ΔES-T(exp)=0.01 kcal mol-1) were proved for diradical dications 12+2⋅ and 22+2⋅, respectively. Our work provides an experimental proof for the construction of electron-donating new chiral nanorings, and more importantly for highly charged polyradicals with potential applications in chirospintronics and organic conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jiaqi Di
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yuting Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yawei Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jiaxian Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yanqiu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Cuiping Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Niu Zhang
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Beijing Institute of Technology, 102488, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Beijing Institute of Technology, 102488, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyun Jin
- Center of Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Pangkuan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
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2
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Van Raden JM, Deng JR, Gotfredsen H, Hergenhahn J, Clarke M, Edmondson M, Hart J, O'Shea JN, Duarte F, Saywell A, Anderson HL. Template-Directed Synthesis of Strained meso-meso-Linked Porphyrin Nanorings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400103. [PMID: 38230920 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Strained macrocycles display interesting properties, such as conformational rigidity, often resulting in enhanced π-conjugation or enhanced affinity for non-covalent guest binding, yet they can be difficult to synthesize. Here we use computational modeling to design a template to direct the formation of an 18-porphyrin nanoring with direct meso-meso bonds between the porphyrin units. Coupling of a linear 18-porphyrin oligomer in the presence of this template gives the target nanoring, together with an unexpected 36-porphyrin ring by-product. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) revealed the elliptical conformations and flexibility of these nanorings on a Au(111) surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M Van Raden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jie-Ren Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Janko Hergenhahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Michael Clarke
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Matthew Edmondson
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jack Hart
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - James N O'Shea
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Alex Saywell
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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3
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Arshadi S, Abdolahzadeh F, Vessally E. Butadiyne-linked porphyrin nanoring as a highly selective O 2 gas sensor: A fast response hybrid sensor. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 119:108371. [PMID: 36502605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The butadiyne-linked six-metalloporphyrin nanoring (Mg6-P6) and it's complex with a hexapyridyl template, Mg6-P6·T6 have a great potential for employment in future nanoelectronic applications such as a nanosensor for small gas molecules. The goal of this study is to scrutinize and improvement of the CO, N2, and O2 gas sensing capacity of Mg6-P6 and Mg6-P6·T6 using DFT calculations at CAM-B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level of theory. The geometrical structures, binding energies, band gaps, the density of states (DOS), adsorption energies, HOMO and LUMO energies, Fermi level energies (EFL), NBO, FMO and TD-DFT spectrum were calculated to predict gas adsorption properties of Mg6-P6 and Mg6-P6·T6 systems. Based on the calculated adsorption energies and remarkable decrease in the Eg, it is expected that the Mg6-P6 and Mg6-P6·T6 are sensitive to O2 molecule. Surprisingly, the Mg6-P6-O2 and specially the Mg6-P6.T6-O2 record promising values of recovery times for different attempt frequencies. Therefore, the results open a way for the development of a new and selective O2 nanosensor in the presence of CO and N2 gas molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattar Arshadi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Esmail Vessally
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Arora S, Nagpal R, Gusain M, Singh B, Pan Y, Yadav D, Ahmed I, Kumar V, Parshad B. Organic-Inorganic Porphyrinoid Frameworks for Biomolecule Sensing. ACS Sens 2023; 8:443-464. [PMID: 36683281 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrinoids and their analogous compounds play an important role in biosensing applications on account of their unique and versatile catalytic, coordination, photophysical, and electrochemical properties. Their remarkable arrays of properties can be finely tuned by synthetically modifying the porphyrinoid ring and varying the various structural parameters such as peripheral functionalization, metal coordination, and covalent or physical conjugation with other organic or inorganic scaffolds such as nanoparticles, metal-organic frameworks, and polymers. Porphyrinoids and their organic-inorganic conjugates are not only used as responsive materials but also utilized for the immobilization and embedding of biomolecules for applications in wearable devices, fast sensing devices, and other functional materials. The present review delineates the impact of different porphyrinoid conjugates on their physicochemical properties and their specificity as biosensors in a range of applications. The newest porphyrinoid types and their synthesis, modification, and functionalization are presented along with their advantages and performance improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Arora
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ritika Nagpal
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Delhi-NCR, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India
| | - Meenakshi Gusain
- Centre of Micro-Nano System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yuanwei Pan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Deepak Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Gurugram University, Gurugram, Haryana 122003, India
| | - Ishtiaq Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana 123031, India
| | - Badri Parshad
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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5
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Kurashov IA, Kharlamova AD, Abel AS, Averin AD, Beletskaya IP. Polyoxa- and Polyazamacrocycles Incorporating 6,7-Diaminoquinoxaline Moiety: Synthesis and Application as Tunable Optical pH-Indicators in Aqueous Solution. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020512. [PMID: 36677571 PMCID: PMC9866286 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic approach to fluorescent polyaza- and polyoxadiazamacrocycles comprising a structural fragment of 6,7-diamino-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline has been elaborated using Pd-catalyzed amination providing target compounds in yields up to 77%. A series of nine novel N- and N,O-containing macrocyclic ligands differing by the number of donor sites and cavity size has been obtained. These compounds possess well-pronounced fluorescent properties with emission maxima in a blue region in aprotic solvents and high quantum yields of fluorescence, while in proton media, fluorescence shifts towards the green region of the spectrum. Using macrocycles 5c and 5e as examples, we have shown that such compounds can serve as dual-channel (colorimetric and fluorimetric) pH indicators in water media, with pH transition point and response being dependent on the macrocycle structure due to different sequences of protonation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A. Kurashov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alisa D. Kharlamova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anton S. Abel
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.S.A.); (A.D.A.)
| | - Alexei D. Averin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.S.A.); (A.D.A.)
| | - Irina P. Beletskaya
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
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6
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Wei Y, Zhou P, Chen X, Bao Q, Xie L. Research Progress on Organic Nanohoops/Nanogrids. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/a22110480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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7
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Matviyishyn M, Białońska A, Szyszko B. Crownphyrins: Metal-Mediated Transformations of the Porphyrin-Crown Ether Hybrids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211671. [PMID: 36214485 PMCID: PMC10098552 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Crownphyrins are hybrid macrocycles combining structural features of porphyrin and crown ethers. The molecular architecture renders them an intriguing class of hosts capable of binding neutral, and ionic guests. The presence of dynamic covalent imine linkages connecting the dipyrrin segment with the ether chain enables unusual coordination behavior of crownphyrins, as demonstrated by the formation of two classes of strikingly different complexes. The remarkable metal-mediated expansion to the helical [2+2] macrocyclic complex is reversible. The reaction of the figure-eight mercury(II) assembly with [2.2.2]cryptand results in ring contraction providing the metal-free crownphyrin macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym Matviyishyn
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Wrocław14 F. Joliot-Curie St.50-383WrocławPoland
| | - Agata Białońska
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Wrocław14 F. Joliot-Curie St.50-383WrocławPoland
| | - Bartosz Szyszko
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Wrocław14 F. Joliot-Curie St.50-383WrocławPoland
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8
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Rajasekaran VV, Ghosh A, Kundu S, Mondal D, Paululat T, Schmittel M. Synchronizing Two Distinct Nano-Circular Sliding Motions in Six-Component Machinery for Double Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212473. [PMID: 36197751 PMCID: PMC9828345 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The heteroleptic multi-component double slider-on-deck system DS3 exhibits tight coupling of motional speed of two distinct nano-circular sliders (k298 =77 and 41 kHz) despite a 2.2 nm separation. In comparison, the single sliders in DS1 and DS2 move at vastly different speed (k298 =1.1 vs. 350 kHz). Synchronization of the motions in DS3 remains even when one slows the movement of the faster slider using small molecular brake pads. In contrast to the individual DS1 and DS2 systems, DS3 is a powerful catalyst for a two-step reaction by using the motion of both sliders to drive two catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Verman Rajasekaran
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Sohom Kundu
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Debabrata Mondal
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Thomas Paululat
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IIUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)TechnologyOrganische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
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9
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Mahmood A, Dimitrova M, Wirz LN, Sundholm D. Magnetically Induced Current Densities in π-Conjugated Porphyrin Nanoballs. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7864-7873. [PMID: 36270016 PMCID: PMC9639160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetically induced current densities (MICDs) of Zn-porphyrinoid nanostructures have been studied at the density functional theory level using the B3LYP functional and the def2-SVP basis set. Six of the studied Zn-porphyrinoid nanostructures consist of two crossing porphyrinoid belts, and one is a porphyrinoid nanoball belonging to the octahedral (O) point group. The Zn-porphyrin units are connected to each other via butadiyne linkers as in a recently synthesized porphyrinoid structure resembling two crossed belts. The MICDs are calculated using the gauge-including magnetically induced current method. Current-density pathways and their strengths were determined by numerically integrating the MICD passing through selected planes that cross chemical bonds or molecular rings. The current-density calculations show that the studied neutral molecules are globally nonaromatic but locally aromatic sustaining ring currents only in the individual porphyrin rings or around two neighboring porphyrins. The ring-current strengths of the individual porphyrin rings are 20% weaker than in Zn-porphyrin, whereas oxidation leads to globally aromatic cations sustaining ring currents that are somewhat stronger than for Zn-porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen
Aukio 1, P.O. Box
55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen
Aukio 1, P.O. Box
55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lukas N. Wirz
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen
Aukio 1, P.O. Box
55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen
Aukio 1, P.O. Box
55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Howlader P, Schmittel M. Heteroleptic metallosupramolecular aggregates /complexation for supramolecular catalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:597-630. [PMID: 35673407 PMCID: PMC9152274 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular catalysis is reviewed with an eye on heteroleptic aggregates/complexation. Since most of the current metallosupramolecular catalytic systems are homoleptic in nature, the idea of breaking/reducing symmetry has ignited a vivid search for heteroleptic aggregates that are made up by different components. Their higher degree of functional diversity and structural heterogeneity allows, as demonstrated by Nature by the multicomponent ATP synthase motor, a more detailed and refined configuration of purposeful machinery. Furthermore, (metallo)supramolecular catalysis is shown to extend beyond the single "supramolecular unit" and to reach far into the field and concepts of systems chemistry and information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prodip Howlader
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Universität Siegen, Organische Chemie I, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Universität Siegen, Organische Chemie I, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
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11
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Mahmood A, Dimitrova M, Wirz LN, Sundholm D. Magnetically Induced Current Densities in Zinc Porphyrin Nanoshells. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1936-1945. [PMID: 35302768 PMCID: PMC8978182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular structures of porphyrinoid cages were obtained by constructing small polyhedral graphs whose vertices have degree-4. The initial structures were then fully optimized at the density functional theory (DFT) level using the generalized gradient approximation. Some of polyhedral vertices were replaced with Zn-porphyrin units and their edges were replaced with ethyne or butadiyne bridges or connected by fusing two neighboring Zn-porphyrin units. Molecule 1 is an ethyne-bridge porphyrinoid nanotube, whose ends are sealed with a Zn-porphyrin. Molecule 2 is the corresponding open porphyrinoid nanotube. Molecule 3 is a clam-like porphyrinoid cage, whose shells consist of fused Zn-porphyrins, and the two halves are connected via butadiyne bridges. Molecule 4 is a cross-belt of fused Zn-porphyrins, and molecule 5 is a cross-belt of Zn-porphyrins connected with butadiyne bridges. The magnetically induced current density of the optimized porphyrinoid cages was calculated for determining the aromatic character, the degree of aromaticity and the current-density pathways. The current-density calculations were performed at the DFT level with the gauge─including magnetically induced currents (GIMIC) method using the B3LYP hybrid functional and def2-SVP basis sets. Calculations of the current densities show that molecule 2 sustains a paratropic ring current around the nanotube, whereas sealing the ends as in molecule 1 leads to an almost nonaromatic nanotube. Fusing porphyrinoids as in molecules 3 and 4 results in complicated current-density pathways that differ from the ones usually appearing in porphyrinoids. The aromatic character of molecules 4 and 5 changes upon oxidation. The neutral molecule 4 is antiaromatic, whereas the dication is nonaromatic. Molecule 5 is nonaromatic, and its dication is aromatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lukas N. Wirz
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Dhamija A, Das CK, Ko YH, Kim Y, Mukhopadhyay RD, Gunnam A, Yu X, Hwang IC, Schäfer LV, Kim K. Remotely controllable supramolecular rotor mounted inside a porphyrinic cage. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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13
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Propagating wave in a fluid by coherent motion of 2D colloids. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6771. [PMID: 34799572 PMCID: PMC8605016 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26917-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Just like in living organisms, if precise coherent operation of tiny movable components is possible, one may generate a macroscopic mechanical motion. Here we report that ~1010 pieces of colloidally dispersed nanosheets in aqueous media can be made to operate coherently to generate a propagating macroscopic wave under a non-equilibrium state. The nanosheets are initially forced to adopt a monodomain cofacial geometry with a large and uniform plane-to-plane distance of ~420 nm, where they are strongly correlated by competitive electrostatic repulsion and van der Waals attraction. When the electrostatic repulsion is progressively attenuated by the addition of ionic species, the nanosheets sequentially undergo coherent motions, generating a propagating wave. This elaborate wave in time and space can transport microparticles over a long distance in uniform direction and velocity. The present discovery may provide a general principle for the design of macroscopically movable devices from huge numbers of tiny components. Tiny movable components could generate macroscopic mechanical motion if precise coherent operation can be exerted simultaneously. Here, the authors demonstrate this by using 10^10 pieces of colloidally dispersed nanosheets to generate wave under non-equilibrium state.
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14
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Gisbert Y, Abid S, Kammerer C, Rapenne G. Molecular Gears: From Solution to Surfaces. Chemistry 2021; 27:12019-12031. [PMID: 34131971 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the major efforts devoted to the development of molecular gears over the past 40 years, from pioneering covalent bis-triptycyl systems undergoing intramolecular correlated rotation in solution, to the most recent examples of gearing systems anchored on a surface, which allow intermolecular transmission of mechanical power. Emphasis is laid on the different strategies devised progressively to control the architectures of molecular bevel and spur gears, as intramolecular systems in solution or intermolecular systems on surfaces, while aiming at increased efficiency, complexity and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Gisbert
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29, rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France
| | - Seifallah Abid
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29, rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Kammerer
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29, rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France
| | - Gwénaël Rapenne
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29, rue Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France.,Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Nara, Japan
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15
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Ultrafast spectroscopic investigation of discrete co-assemblies of a Zn-porphyrin–polymer conjugate with a hexapyridyl template. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Jirásek M, Rickhaus M, Tejerina L, Anderson HL. Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for Aromatic Stabilization Energy in Large Macrocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2403-2412. [PMID: 33497211 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced thermodynamic stability is a fundamental characteristic of aromatic molecules, yet most previous studies of aromatic stabilization energy (ASE) have been limited to small rings with up to 18 π-electrons. Here we demonstrate that ASE can be detected experimentally in π-conjugated porphyrin nanorings with Hückel circuits of 76-108 π-electrons. This conclusion is supported by analyzing redox potentials to calculate the energy change for isodesmic reactions that convert an aromatic ring to an antiaromatic ring or vice versa. It is also supported by analyzing the energy barriers to conformational equilibria that disrupt aromaticity in the transition state. Both types of experiment indicate that cationic porphyrin nanorings display ASEs of 1-5 kJ mol-1. Density functional theory calculations reproduce the results for both types of experiment and predict ASEs in the range of 1-16 kJ mol-1. The experimental ASEs in porphyrin nanorings are compared with an experimental ASE of [18]annulene of ∼11 kJ mol-1, deduced from analysis of the energy barriers to conformational equilibria in [16], [18], and [20]annulene. Calculated energies of isodesmic reactions give an ASE of ∼37 kJ mol-1 in [18]annulene. This work contributes to a fundamental understanding of aromaticity in large macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jirásek
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Michel Rickhaus
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Lara Tejerina
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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17
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Šindelka K, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K. Solubilization of Charged Porphyrins in Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes: A Computer Study. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:502. [PMID: 33562022 PMCID: PMC7915837 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using coarse-grained dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) with explicit electrostatics, we performed (i) an extensive series of simulations of the electrostatic co-assembly of asymmetric oppositely charged copolymers composed of one (either positively or negatively charged) polyelectrolyte (PE) block A and one water-soluble block B and (ii) studied the solubilization of positively charged porphyrin derivatives (P+) in the interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) cores of co-assembled nanoparticles. We studied the stoichiometric mixtures of 137 A10+B25 and 137 A10-B25 chains with moderately hydrophobic A blocks (DPD interaction parameter aAS=35) and hydrophilic B blocks (aBS=25) with 10 to 120 P+ added (aPS=39). The P+ interactions with other components were set to match literature information on their limited solubility and aggregation behavior. The study shows that the moderately soluble P+ molecules easily solubilize in IPEC cores, where they partly replace PE+ and electrostatically crosslink PE- blocks. As the large P+ rings are apt to aggregate, P+ molecules aggregate in IPEC cores. The aggregation, which starts at very low loadings, is promoted by increasing the number of P+ in the mixture. The positively charged copolymers repelled from the central part of IPEC core partially concentrate at the core-shell interface and partially escape into bulk solvent depending on the amount of P+ in the mixture and on their association number, AS. If AS is lower than the ensemble average ⟨AS⟩n, the copolymer chains released from IPEC preferentially concentrate at the core-shell interface, thus increasing AS, which approaches ⟨AS⟩n. If AS>⟨AS⟩n, they escape into the bulk solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Šindelka
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscopic Modelling, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Rozvojová 1, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
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18
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Maulbetsch T, Kunz D. Carbenaporphyrins: No Longer Missing Ligands in N-Heterocyclic Carbene Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2007-2012. [PMID: 33078891 PMCID: PMC7898644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of an NHC-containing porphyrinoid ligand is presented. The formally antiaromatic 20 πe- macrocyclic framework can be obtained via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition ("click-reaction") to form two triazole moieties which were alkylated to the respective triazolium macrocycle. Deprotonation of the ligand precursor with lithium bases to the respective dilithio carbenaporphyrin complex and transmetallation to scandium lead to complexes that exhibit orange fluorescence. Optical property combined with TD-DFT studies verify an aromatic character for each heterocyclic moiety rather than an antiaromatic macrocycle in the ligand precursor as well as in the complexes. While the geometric features of the carbenaporphyrin ligand strongly resemble those of porphyrin, DFT calculations reveal a stronger electron-donating ability of the new ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Maulbetsch
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Doris Kunz
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
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19
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Maulbetsch T, Kunz D. Carbenaporphyrine: eine Lücke in der Chemie N‐heterocyclischer Carbene schließt sich. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo Maulbetsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Doris Kunz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
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20
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Abstract
Three distinct four-component supramolecular nanorotors were prepared, using, for the first time, bipyridine instead of phenanthroline stations in the stator. Following our established self-sorting protocol to multicomponent nanodevices, the nanorotors were self-assembled by mixing the stator, rotators with various pyridine head groups, copper(I) ions and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO). Whereas the exchange of a phenanthroline vs. a bipyridine station did not entail significant changes in the rotational exchange frequency, the para-substituents at the pyridine head group of the rotator had drastic consequences on the speed: 4-OMe (k298 = 35 kHz), 4-H (k298 = 77 kHz) and 4-NO2 (k298 = 843 kHz). The exchange frequency (log k) showed an excellent linear correlation with both the Hammett substituent constants and log K of the copper(I)–ligand interaction, proving that rotator–copper(I) bond cleavage is the key determining factor in the rate-determining step.
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21
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Nakamura T, Feng RY, Nabeshima T. A Sandwich‐Shaped Hexanuclear Silver Complex with a Giant Cavity Constructed from a Macrocycle with Inward Chelating Units. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–8571 Japan
| | - Rui Yun Feng
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–8571 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nabeshima
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–8571 Japan
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22
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Kopp SM, Gotfredsen H, Deng JR, Claridge TDW, Anderson HL. Global Aromaticity in a Partially Fused 8-Porphyrin Nanoring. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19393-19401. [PMID: 33125228 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Template-directed synthesis has been used to prepare a fully π-conjugated cyclic porphyrin octamer, composed of both β,meso,β-edge-fused porphyrin tape units and butadiyne-linked porphyrins. The UV-vis-NIR spectra of this partially fused nanoring show that π-conjugation extends around the whole macrocycle, and that it has a smaller HOMO-LUMO gap than its all-butadiyne-linked analogue, as predicted by TD-DFT calculations. The 1H NMR shifts of the bound templates confirm the disrupted aromaticity of the edge-fused porphyrins in the neutral nanoring. NMR oxidation titrations reveal the presence of a global paratropic ring current in its 4+ and 8+ oxidation states and of a global diatropic ring current in the 6+ state of the partially fused ring. The paratropic ring current in the 4+ oxidation state is about four times stronger than that in the all-butadiyne-linked cyclic octamer complex, whereas the diatropic current in the 6+ state is about 40% weaker. Two isomeric K-shaped tetrapyridyl templates with trifluoromethyl substituents at different positions were used to probe the distribution of the ring current in the 4+, 6+, and 8+ oxidation states by 19F NMR, demonstrating that the ring currents are global and homogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M Kopp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jie-Ren Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Tim D W Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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23
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Jia Z, Guan Q, Wang H, Wang X. Theoretical investigation on cis-trans isomerisation of azaphosphatriptycene- based molecular gear. Supramol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2020.1842406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zishang Jia
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
| | - Qiuping Guan
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xueye Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
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24
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Biswas PK, Goswami A, Saha S, Schmittel M. Dynamics of Hydrogen Bonding in Three-Component Nanorotors. Chemistry 2020; 26:14095-14099. [PMID: 32744381 PMCID: PMC7702118 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of hydrogen bonding do not only play an important role in many biochemical processes but also in Nature's multicomponent machines. Here, a three-component nanorotor is presented where both the self-assembly and rotational dynamics are guided by hydrogen bonding. In the rate-limiting step of the rotational exchange, two phenolic O-H-N,N(phenanthroline) hydrogen bonds are cleaved, a process that was followed by variable-temperature 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Activation data (ΔG≠ 298 =46.7 kJ mol-1 at 298 K, ΔH≠ =55.3 kJ mol-1 , and ΔS≠ =28.8 J mol-1 K-1 ) were determined, furnishing a rotational exchange frequency of k298 =40.0 kHz. Fully reversible disassembly/assembly of the nanorotor was achieved by addition of 5.0 equivalents of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)/1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) over three cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pronay Kumar Biswas
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Abir Goswami
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Suchismita Saha
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
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25
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Jeong M, Park J, Kwon S. Molecular Switches and Motors Powered by Orthogonal Stimuli. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myeongsu Jeong
- Department of Chemistry Chung‐Ang University Heukseok‐ro, Dongjak‐gu 06974 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Park
- Department of Chemistry Chung‐Ang University Heukseok‐ro, Dongjak‐gu 06974 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sunbum Kwon
- Department of Chemistry Chung‐Ang University Heukseok‐ro, Dongjak‐gu 06974 Seoul Republic of Korea
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26
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Bols PS, Rickhaus M, Tejerina L, Gotfredsen H, Eriksen K, Jirasek M, Anderson HL. Allosteric Cooperativity and Template-Directed Synthesis with Stacked Ligands in Porphyrin Nanorings. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13219-13226. [PMID: 32633124 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The link between allosteric cooperativity and template-directed synthesis has been investigated by studying complexes in which two oligopyridine ligands bind inside a zinc porphyrin nanoring in a stacked arrangement. The binding of a 6-porphyrin nanoring to two tridentate ligands (with s-triazine or benzene cores) occurs with high negative allosteric cooperativity (α ≈ 10-3-10-4). Formation constants for 1:1 and 1:2 complexes were determined by UV-vis-NIR denaturation titration, using pyridine as a competing ligand, and cooperativity factors were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. The rate constants for formation of the 1:1 and 1:2 complexes are approximately equal, and the negative cooperativity can be attributed to faster dissociation of the 1:2 complex. These tridentate ligands are not effective templates for directing the synthesis of the 6-porphyrin nanoring, in keeping with their negative cooperativity of binding. In contrast, the binding of a 12-porphyrin nanoring to two hexadentate ligands occurs with high positive allosteric cooperativity (α > 40), and the ligand is an effective Vernier template for directing the synthesis of the 12-porphyrin nanoring. This stacked Vernier template approach creates the product in an open circular conformation, which is advantageous for preparing macrocycles that do not easily adopt a figure-of-eight geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille S Bols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Rickhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Lara Tejerina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Eriksen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Jirasek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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27
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Goswami A, Schmittel M. Double Rotors with Fluxional Axles: Domino Rotation and Azide-Alkyne Huisgen Cycloaddition Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12362-12366. [PMID: 32315496 PMCID: PMC7383839 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The simple preparation of the multicomponent devices [Cu4 (A)2 ]4+ and [Cu2 (A)(B)]2+ , both rotors with fluxional axles undergoing domino rotation, highlights the potential of self-sorting. The concept of domino rotation requires the interconversion of axle and rotator, allowing the spatiotemporal decoupling of two degenerate exchange processes in [Cu4 (A)2 ]4+ occurring at 142 kHz. Addition of two equiv of B to rotor [Cu4 (A)2 ]4+ afforded the heteromeric two-axle rotor [Cu2 (A)(B)]2+ with two distinct exchange processes (64.0 kHz and 0.55 Hz). The motion requiring a pyridine→zinc porphyrin bond cleavage is 1.2×105 times faster than that operating via a terpyridine→[Cu(phenAr2 )]+ rupture. Finally, both rotors are catalysts due to their copper(I) content. The fast domino rotor (142 kHz) was shown to suppress product inhibition in the catalysis of the azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Goswami
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
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28
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Goswami A, Schmittel M. Doppelrotoren mit fluktuierenden Achsen: Domino‐Rotation und Katalyse der Azid‐Alkin‐Huisgen‐Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abir Goswami
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I Universität Siegen Adolf-Reichwein Straße 2 57068 Siegen Deutschland
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I Universität Siegen Adolf-Reichwein Straße 2 57068 Siegen Deutschland
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29
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Corra S, Curcio M, Baroncini M, Silvi S, Credi A. Photoactivated Artificial Molecular Machines that Can Perform Tasks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1906064. [PMID: 31957172 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Research on artificial photoactivated molecular machines has moved in recent years from a basic scientific endeavor toward a more applicative effort. Nowadays, the prospect of reproducing the operation of natural nanomachines with artificial counterparts is no longer a dream but a concrete possibility. The progress toward the construction of molecular-machine-based devices and materials in which light irradiation results in the execution of a task as a result of nanoscale movements is illustrated here. After a brief description of a few basic types of photoactivated molecular machines, significant examples of their exploitation to perform predetermined functions are presented. These include switchable catalysts, nanoactuators that interact with cellular membranes, transporters of small molecular cargos, and active joints capable of mechanically coupling molecular-scale movements. Investigations aimed at harnessing the collective operation of a multitude of molecular machines organized in arrays to perform tasks at the microscale and macroscale in hard and soft materials are also reviewed. Surfaces, gels, liquid crystals, polymers, and self-assembled nanostructures are described wherein the nanoscale movement of embedded molecular machines is amplified, allowing the realization of muscle-like actuators, microfluidic devices, and polymeric materials for light energy transduction and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Corra
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Curcio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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30
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Kuzuhara D, Furukawa W, Aratani N, Yamada H. Cyclic butadiyne-linked porphyrin(2.1.2.1) oligomers. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic butadiyne-linked porphyrin(2.1.2.1) oligomers are synthesized from 5,16-diethynylporphyrin(2.1.2.1) by Glaser–Hay coupling. Porphyrin(2.1.2.1) forms a bent structure which gives advantages for making cyclic structure without templating molecules. We isolated cyclic trimer and tetramer and characterized them by MALDI-TOF-MS and [Formula: see text]H NMR spectroscopy, theoretical calculations, UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectra and cyclic voltammetry. The cyclic structure mainly affects the reduction potentials because of expansion of [Formula: see text]-conjugations through butadiyne-linkages to stabilize their LUMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Kuzuhara
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Wataru Furukawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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31
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Abstract
The hydrophobic interaction plays a key role in the host–guest systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Bin Yu
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- Engineering Research Institute
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
- P. R. China
| | - Feng-Yi Qiu
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- Engineering Research Institute
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
- P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Feng Xin
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- Engineering Research Institute
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
- P. R. China
| | - Po Sun
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- Engineering Research Institute
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
- P. R. China
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32
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Dattler D, Fuks G, Heiser J, Moulin E, Perrot A, Yao X, Giuseppone N. Design of Collective Motions from Synthetic Molecular Switches, Rotors, and Motors. Chem Rev 2019; 120:310-433. [PMID: 31869214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Precise control over molecular movement is of fundamental and practical importance in physics, biology, and chemistry. At nanoscale, the peculiar functioning principles and the synthesis of individual molecular actuators and machines has been the subject of intense investigations and debates over the past 60 years. In this review, we focus on the design of collective motions that are achieved by integrating, in space and time, several or many of these individual mechanical units together. In particular, we provide an in-depth look at the intermolecular couplings used to physically connect a number of artificial mechanically active molecular units such as photochromic molecular switches, nanomachines based on mechanical bonds, molecular rotors, and light-powered rotary motors. We highlight the various functioning principles that can lead to their collective motion at various length scales. We also emphasize how their synchronized, or desynchronized, mechanical behavior can lead to emerging functional properties and to their implementation into new active devices and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Dattler
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Gad Fuks
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Joakim Heiser
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Alexis Perrot
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Xuyang Yao
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
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Miki K, Ohe K. π‐Conjugated Macrocycles Bearing Angle‐Strained Alkynes. Chemistry 2019; 26:2529-2575. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Miki
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615–8510 Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615–8510 Japan
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34
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Foianesi-Takeshige LH, Takahashi S, Tateishi T, Sekine R, Okazawa A, Zhu W, Kojima T, Harano K, Nakamura E, Sato H, Hiraoka S. Bifurcation of self-assembly pathways to sheet or cage controlled by kinetic template effect. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The template effect is a key feature to control the arrangement of building blocks in assemblies, but its kinetic nature remains elusive compared to the thermodynamic aspects, with the exception of very simple reactions. Here we report a kinetic template effect in a self-assembled cage composed of flexible ditopic ligands and Pd(II) ions. Without template anion, a micrometer-sized sheet is kinetically trapped (off-pathway), which is converted into the thermodynamically most stable cage by the template anion. When the template anion is present from the start, the cage is selectively produced by the preferential cyclization of a dinuclear intermediate (on-pathway). Quantitative and numerical analyses of the self-assembly of the cage on the on-pathway revealed that the accelerating effect of the template is stronger for the early stage reactions of the self-assembly than for the final cage formation step itself, indicating the kinetic template effect.
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35
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Goswami A, Saha S, Biswas PK, Schmittel M. (Nano)mechanical Motion Triggered by Metal Coordination: from Functional Devices to Networked Multicomponent Catalytic Machinery. Chem Rev 2019; 120:125-199. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abir Goswami
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strase 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Suchismita Saha
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strase 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Pronay Kumar Biswas
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strase 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strase 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Xu
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Neue MaterialienUniversität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Max Delius
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Neue MaterialienUniversität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
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37
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Xu Y, von Delius M. The Supramolecular Chemistry of Strained Carbon Nanohoops. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:559-573. [PMID: 31190449 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Since 1996, a growing number of strained macrocycles, comprising only sp2 - or sp-hybridized carbon atoms within the ring, have become synthetically accessible, with the [n]cycloparaphenyleneacetylenes (CPPAs) and the [n]cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) being the most prominent examples. Now that robust and relatively general synthetic routes toward a diverse range of nanohoop structures have become available, the research focus is beginning to shift towards the exploration of their properties and applications. From a supramolecular chemistry perspective, these macrocycles offer unique opportunities as a result of their near-perfect circular shape, the unusually high degree of shape-persistence, and the presence of both convex and concave π-faces. In this Minireview, we give an overview on the use of strained carbon-rich nanohoops in host-guest chemistry, the preparation of mechanically interlocked architectures, and crystal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Xu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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38
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Abstract
Directed motion at the nanoscale is a central attribute of life, and chemically driven motor proteins are nature's choice to accomplish it. Motivated and inspired by such bionanodevices, in the past few decades chemists have developed artificial prototypes of molecular motors, namely, multicomponent synthetic species that exhibit directionally controlled, stimuli-induced movements of their parts. In this context, photonic and redox stimuli represent highly appealing modes of activation, particularly from a technological viewpoint. Here we describe the evolution of the field of photo- and redox-driven artificial molecular motors, and we provide a comprehensive review of the work published in the past 5 years. After an analysis of the general principles that govern controlled and directed movement at the molecular scale, we describe the fundamental photochemical and redox processes that can enable its realization. The main classes of light- and redox-driven molecular motors are illustrated, with a particular focus on recent designs, and a thorough description of the functions performed by these kinds of devices according to literature reports is presented. Limitations, challenges, and future perspectives of the field are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures , Istituto ISOF-CNR , via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari , Università di Bologna , viale Fanin 44 , 40127 Bologna , Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures , Istituto ISOF-CNR , via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician" , Università di Bologna , via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures , Istituto ISOF-CNR , via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari , Università di Bologna , viale Fanin 44 , 40127 Bologna , Italy
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Nikitin K, O'Gara R. Mechanisms and Beyond: Elucidation of Fluxional Dynamics by Exchange NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2019; 25:4551-4589. [PMID: 30421834 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Detailed mechanistic information is crucial to our understanding of reaction pathways and selectivity. Dynamic exchange NMR techniques, in particular 2D exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) and its modifications, provide indispensable intricate information on the mechanisms of organic and inorganic reactions and other phenomena, for example, the dynamics of interfacial processes. In this Review, key results from exchange NMR studies of small molecules over the last few decades are systemised and discussed. After a brief introduction to the theory, the key types of dynamic processes are identified and fundamental examples given of intra- and intermolecular reactions, which, in turn, could involve, or not, bond-making and bond-breaking events. Following that logic, internal molecular rotation, intramolecular stereomutation and molecular recognition will first be considered because they do not typically involve bond breaking. Then, rearrangements, substitution-type reactions, cyclisations, additions and other processes affecting chemical bonds will be discussed. Finally, interfacial molecular dynamics and unexpected combinations of different types of fluxional processes will also be highlighted. How exchange NMR spectroscopy helps to identify conformational changes, coordination and molecular recognition processes as well as quantify reaction energy barriers and extract detailed mechanistic information by using reaction rate theory in conjunction with computational techniques will be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Nikitin
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ryan O'Gara
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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41
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Volostnykh MV, Mikhaylov MA, Sinelshchikova AA, Kirakosyan GA, Martynov AG, Grigoriev MS, Piryazev DA, Tsivadze AY, Sokolov MN, Gorbunova YG. Hybrid organic–inorganic supramolecular systems based on a pyridine end-decorated molybdenum(ii) halide cluster and zinc(ii) porphyrinate. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:1835-1842. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04452j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, first examples of supramolecular coordination bonded hybrids of Mo(ii) cluster and zinc(ii) porphyrinates are reported.
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42
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Majewski MA, Stępień M. Schalen, Reifen und Sattel: Methoden zur Synthese gebogener aromatischer Moleküle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin A. Majewski
- Wydział Chemii; Uniwersytet Wrocławski; ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Polen
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii; Uniwersytet Wrocławski; ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Polen
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43
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Majewski MA, Stępień M. Bowls, Hoops, and Saddles: Synthetic Approaches to Curved Aromatic Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:86-116. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin A. Majewski
- Wydział Chemii; Uniwersytet Wrocławski; ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii; Uniwersytet Wrocławski; ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
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Abstract
This Account is about templates as construction tools: molecules for making molecules. A template organizes the reactants and provides information to promote formation of a specific product, but it is not part of the final product. We have developed many different strategies for using oligopyridines as templates for the synthesis of alkyne-linked π-conjugated metalloporphyrin oligomers. These compounds include some of the largest macrocycles ever synthesized, such as a 50-porphyrin ring with a diameter of 21 nm containing a ring of 750 C-C bonds. Metalloporphyrins are excellent models for exploring template directed synthesis, as they can be functionalized in many different positions and the central metal (typically Zn or Mg) provides a handle for coordination to templates. Classical template-directed macrocyclization reactions have a 1:1 complementarity between the template and the product. This strategy works well for preparing nanorings of 5-7 porphyrin units, but larger templates are laborious to synthesize. Rings of 8 or more porphyrin units are most easily prepared using "nonclassical" strategies, in which several small templates work together to direct the formation of a large ring. In the Vernier approach, a mismatch between the number of binding sites on the template and the building block leads to a mathematical amplification of the length scale: the number of binding sites in the product is the lowest common multiple of those in the template and the building block. For example, a 40-porphyrin ring can be prepared by coupling a linear decamer in the presence of an octadentate template. Linear Vernier templating opens up intriguing possibilities for self-replication. When several small radial oligopyridine templates bind inside a large nanoring they can form complexes with some vacant coordination sites that display correlated motion like the caterpillar tracks of a bulldozer. These caterpillar track complexes can be used in template-directed synthesis and they provide the most convenient route to 8- and 10-porphyrin rings. Russian doll complexes provide another strategy for template-directed synthesis: a number of specifically designed ligands bind to a central nanoring to form a template for constructing a larger concentric nanoring. The same oligopyridine templates that are used to prepare nanorings can also be used to synthesize three-dimensional nanotubes and nanoballs. Again, nonclassical approaches, in which several small templates work together cooperatively, are much simpler than creating a single large template with sufficient binding sites to define the whole geometry of the product. Oligopyridine ligands can also be used as shadow mask templates to control the demetalation of magnesium porphyrin nanorings, because metal centers that are not coordinated by the template can be selectively demetalated with acid. Thus, the template forms a permanent shadow on the porphyrin nanostructure that remains after the template has been removed. Shadow mask templates provide a simple route to heterometalated molecular architectures. The insights emerging from these studies are widely applicable, and there are many opportunities for inventing new ways of using templates to control reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille S. Bols
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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45
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Bols PS, Anderson HL. Shadow Mask Templates for Site-Selective Metal Exchange in Magnesium Porphyrin Nanorings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pernille S. Bols
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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46
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Bols PS, Anderson HL. Shadow Mask Templates for Site-Selective Metal Exchange in Magnesium Porphyrin Nanorings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7874-7877. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pernille S. Bols
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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47
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Cremers J, Haver R, Rickhaus M, Gong JQ, Favereau L, Peeks MD, Claridge TDW, Herz LM, Anderson HL. Template-Directed Synthesis of a Conjugated Zinc Porphyrin Nanoball. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5352-5355. [PMID: 29638125 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the template-directed synthesis of a π-conjugated 14-porphyrin nanoball. This structure consists of two intersecting nanorings containing six and 10 porphyrin units. Fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy experiments demonstrate that electronic excitation delocalizes over the whole three-dimensional π system in less than 0.3 ps if the nanoball is bound to its templates or over 2 ps if the nanoball is empty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cremers
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Renée Haver
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Michel Rickhaus
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Juliane Q Gong
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3PU , United Kingdom
| | - Ludovic Favereau
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Martin D Peeks
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Tim D W Claridge
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Laura M Herz
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3PU , United Kingdom
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
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48
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Meshkov IN, Bulach V, Gorbunova YG, Jouaiti A, Sinelshchikova AA, Kyritsakas N, Grigoriev MS, Tsivadze AY, Hosseini MW. Molecular brakes based on the Zn(ii) porphyrin dimer. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj01219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The rotational movement of molecular brakes based on two Zn–porphyrin units interconnected by a spacer may be reversibly locked by addition of an external auxiliary ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N. Meshkov
- Molecular Tectonics Laboratory
- UMR UDS-CNRS
- 7140 & icFRC
- Université de Strasbourg
- Strasbourg
| | - Véronique Bulach
- Molecular Tectonics Laboratory
- UMR UDS-CNRS
- 7140 & icFRC
- Université de Strasbourg
- Strasbourg
| | - Yulia G. Gorbunova
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
| | - Abdelaziz Jouaiti
- Molecular Tectonics Laboratory
- UMR UDS-CNRS
- 7140 & icFRC
- Université de Strasbourg
- Strasbourg
| | - Anna A. Sinelshchikova
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Nathalie Kyritsakas
- Molecular Tectonics Laboratory
- UMR UDS-CNRS
- 7140 & icFRC
- Université de Strasbourg
- Strasbourg
| | - Mikhail S. Grigoriev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Aslan Yu. Tsivadze
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
| | - Mir Wais Hosseini
- Molecular Tectonics Laboratory
- UMR UDS-CNRS
- 7140 & icFRC
- Université de Strasbourg
- Strasbourg
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49
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Gaikwad S, Pramanik S, De S, Schmittel M. A high-speed network of nanoswitches for on/off control of catalysis. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:1786-1790. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04695b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Copper(i) ion translocation is the key for fast and reliable communication between networked devices in the catalytic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Gaikwad
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering
- Organische Chemie I
- Universität Siegen
- D-57068 Siegen
- Germany
| | - Susnata Pramanik
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering
- Organische Chemie I
- Universität Siegen
- D-57068 Siegen
- Germany
| | - Soumen De
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering
- Organische Chemie I
- Universität Siegen
- D-57068 Siegen
- Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering
- Organische Chemie I
- Universität Siegen
- D-57068 Siegen
- Germany
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50
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From Self-Sorting of Dynamic Metal–Ligand Motifs to (Supra)Molecular Machinery in Action. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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