1
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Zhao X, Reva Y, Jana B, Langford D, Kinzelmann M, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Drewello T, Guldi DM, Chen X. Tartaric acid-derived chiral carbon nanodots for catalytic enantioselective ring-opening reactions of styrene oxide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:10382-10385. [PMID: 39222045 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc04119d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Chiral carbon nanodots (CNDs) were fabricated through the hydrothermal processing of sulfanilic acid and chiral tartaric acid, exhibiting outstanding catalytic performance for the chiral catalysis of the ring-opening reaction. Furthermore, the catalytic mechanism was proposed to understand the link between the chiral structure and the performance of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Yana Reva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany.
| | - Bikash Jana
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany.
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Israel Institute of Technology, Technion, 3200008, Israel
| | - Daniel Langford
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany.
| | - Marina Kinzelmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany.
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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2
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Arcudi F, Đorđević L. Supramolecular Chemistry of Carbon-Based Dots Offers Widespread Opportunities. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300906. [PMID: 37078923 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots are an emerging class of nanomaterials that has recently attracted considerable attention for applications that span from biomedicine to energy. These photoluminescent carbon nanoparticles are defined by characteristic sizes of <10 nm, a carbon-based core and various functional groups at their surface. Although the surface groups are widely used to establish non-covalent bonds (through electrostatic interactions, coordinative bonds, and hydrogen bonds) with various other (bio)molecules and polymers, the carbonaceous core could also establish non-covalent bonds (ππ stacking or hydrophobic interactions) with π-extended or apolar compounds. The surface functional groups, in addition, can be modified by various post-synthetic chemical procedures to fine-tune the supramolecular interactions. Our contribution categorizes and analyzes the interactions that are commonly used to engineer carbon dots-based materials and discusses how they have allowed preparation of functional assemblies and architectures used for sensing, (bio)imaging, therapeutic applications, catalysis, and devices. Using non-covalent interactions as a bottom-up approach to prepare carbon dots-based assemblies and composites can exploit the unique features of supramolecular chemistry, which include adaptability, tunability, and stimuli-responsiveness due to the dynamic nature of the non-covalent interactions. It is expected that focusing on the various supramolecular possibilities will influence the future development of this class of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Arcudi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
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3
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Gutiérrez-Gálvez L, Sulleiro MV, Gutiérrez-Sánchez C, García-Nieto D, Luna M, Pérez EM, García-Mendiola T, Lorenzo E. MoS 2-Carbon Nanodots as a New Electrochemiluminescence Platform for Breast Cancer Biomarker Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13030348. [PMID: 36979560 PMCID: PMC10046281 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present the combination of two different types of nanomaterials, 2D molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MoS2-NS) and zero-dimensional carbon nanodots (CDs), for the development of a new electrochemiluminescence (ECL) platform for the early detection and quantification of the biomarker human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), whose overexpression is associated with breast cancer. MoS2-NS are used as an immobilization platform for the thiolated aptamer, which can recognize the HER2 epitope peptide with high affinity, and CDs act as coreactants of the anodic oxidation of the luminophore [Ru(bpy)3]2+. The HER2 biomarker is detected by changes in the ECL signal of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+/CD system, with a low detection limit of 1.84 fg/mL and a wide linear range. The proposed method has been successfully applied to detect the HER2 biomarker in human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gutiérrez-Gálvez
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Nieto
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Luna
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio M. Pérez
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania García-Mendiola
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Encarnación Lorenzo
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Dnyaneshwar Veer S, Chandrakant Wakchaure V, Asokan K, Dixit R, Goswami T, Saha R, Gonnade R, Ghosh HN, Santhosh Babu S. Oligothiophene-Ring-Strapped Perylene Bisimides: Functionalizable Coaxial Donor-Acceptor Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212934. [PMID: 36266975 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aesthetic designs from nature enable new knowledge to be gained and, at the same time, inspire scientific models. In this context, multicomponent macrocycles embody the advantage of precisely positioning the structural units to achieve efficient communication between them. However, the construction of a functionalizable macrocycle for ultrafast charge separation and stabilization has not been attempted. Herein, we report the synthesis, crystal structure, and transient absorption of a new functionalizable macrocycle consisting of an oligothiophene-ring-strapped perylene bisimide. Transient absorption results point to a sequential improvement in charge separation and stabilization from the macrocycle to the corresponding linear dimer and 2D polymer due to the unique design. Our macrocycle design with a supportive spatial arrangement of the donor and acceptor units will inspire the development of more complex synthetic systems with exciting electron-transfer and charge-separation features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairam Dnyaneshwar Veer
- Organic Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Vivek Chandrakant Wakchaure
- Organic Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Kiran Asokan
- Organic Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Ruchi Dixit
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.,Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Tanmay Goswami
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INST), Sector 81, Mohali, 411008, Punjab, India
| | - Ramchandra Saha
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INST), Sector 81, Mohali, 411008, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Gonnade
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.,Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Hirendra N Ghosh
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INST), Sector 81, Mohali, 411008, Punjab, India.,Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Sukumaran Santhosh Babu
- Organic Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
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5
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Muñoz J, Palacios-Corella M, Gómez IJ, Zajíčková L, Pumera M. Synthetic Nanoarchitectonics of Functional Organic-Inorganic 2D Germanane Heterostructures via Click Chemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206382. [PMID: 36113982 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Succeeding graphene, 2D inorganic materials made of reactive van der Waals layers, like 2D germanane (2D-Ge) derivatives, have attracted great attention because their physicochemical characteristics can be entirely tuned by modulating the nature of the surface substituent. Although very interesting from a scientific point of view, almost all the reported works involving 2D-Ge derivatives are focused on computational studies. Herein, a first prototype of organic-inorganic 2D-Ge heterostructure has been synthesized by covalently anchoring thiol-rich carbon dots (CD-SH) onto 2D allyl germanane (2D-aGe) via a simple and green "one-pot" click chemistry approach. Remarkably, the implanted characteristics of the carbon nanomaterial provide new physicochemical features to the resulting 0D/2D heterostructure, making possible its implementation in yet unexplored optoelectronic tasks-e.g., as a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensing system triggered by supramolecular π-π interactions-that are inaccessible for the pristine 2D-aGe counterpart. Consequently, this work builds a foundation toward the robust achievement of functional organic-inorganic 2D-Ge nanoarchitectonics through covalently assembling thiol-rich carbon nanoallotropes on commercially available 2D-aGe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Muñoz
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Mario Palacios-Corella
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - I Jénnifer Gómez
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
- Plasma Technologies, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Zajíčková
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
- Plasma Technologies, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava, 70800, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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6
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Dubey N, Ramteke S, Jain NK, Dutta T, Lal Koner A. Folate‐Receptor‐Mediated Uptake of Carbon Dots as a pH‐Responsive Carrier for Chemotherapy. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naveneet Dubey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya (RGPV) Bhopal 462033 India
| | - Suman Ramteke
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya (RGPV) Bhopal 462033 India
| | - N. K. Jain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya (RGPV) Bhopal 462033 India
| | - Tanoy Dutta
- Bionanotechnology Lab, Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhauri Bhopal 462066 India
| | - Apurba Lal Koner
- Bionanotechnology Lab, Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhauri Bhopal 462066 India
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7
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Electrochemiluminescent nanostructured DNA biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Talanta 2022; 240:123203. [PMID: 34998140 PMCID: PMC8719920 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This work focuses on the development of an electrochemiluminescent nanostructured DNA biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Gold nanomaterials (AuNMs), specifically, a mixture of gold nanotriangles (AuNTs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), are used to modified disposable electrodes that serve as an improved nanostructured electrochemiluminescent platform for DNA detection. Carbon nanodots (CDs), prepared by green chemistry, are used as coreactants agents in the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ anodic electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and the hybridization is detected by changes in the ECL signal of [Ru(bpy)3]2+/CDs in combination with AuNMs nanostructures. The biosensor is shown to detect a DNA sequence corresponding to SARS-CoV-2 with a detection limit of 514 aM.
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8
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Sharma P, Sharma N, Kaur S, Singh P. Synthesis, self-assembly and biolabeling of perylene diimide-tyrosine alkyl amide based amphiphiles: nanomolar detection of AOT surfactant. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00093h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Perylene diimide-tyrosine alkyl amide based amphiphiles were synthesized and characterized. PDI 3a showed ‘beehive’ nanostructure and applied for biolabeling of MG-63 live cells. PDI 3b can be used for NIR detection of anionic surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
| | - Satwinderjeet Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
| | - Prabhpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
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9
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Stergiou A, Tagmatarchis N. Interfacing Carbon Dots for Charge-Transfer Processes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006005. [PMID: 33522118 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a booming material and the most recent incomer in the big family of carbon nanostructures. Specifically, CDs are nanosized fluorescent core-shell nanoparticles with tunable absorption and emission spectra, with high solubility in aqueous media and common organic solvents. Herein, the origins and the development of these unique nanoscale structures are discussed, key synthetic routes are briefly described, and the utilization of CDs in light-induced charge-transfer schemes is mainly focused upon. Beyond the impact of the CD's surface on the photoluminescence properties, functionalization, by covalent or supramolecular means, permits controllable incorporation of new functionalities with novel photophysical properties. Furthermore, the dual nature of CDs as electron donating or electron accepting species, unveiled upon interfacing them with organic chromophores, highlights their potentiality in managing diverse charge-transfer processes. Novel mechanisms, such as symmetry-breaking photoinduced charge-transfer can be activated upon covalent functionalization of CDs with organic dyes. Without a doubt, participation of CDs in energy conversion schemes opens up a wide avenue that may lead to the development of novel prototype devices suitable for technological applications and related to photonics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Stergiou
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens, 11635, Greece
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10
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Michaud V, Pracht J, Schilfarth F, Damm C, Platzer B, Haines P, Harreiß C, Guldi DM, Spiecker E, Peukert W. Well-separated water-soluble carbon dots via gradient chromatography. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:13116-13128. [PMID: 34477795 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02562g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are strongly fluorescent advanced materials that are promising for applications in bio-imaging, sensors or luminescent displays. One of the most-widely used class of CDs is synthesized via an aqueous, bottom-up technique starting from citric acid (CA) and an amino-precursor. Very high fluorescence quantum yields (QY) are reported for the resulting CDs. The as-synthesized raw suspensions, however, are crude mixtures of many components: bare carbon cores, carbon cores functionalized with fluorophores, freely floating molecular fluorophores, and several other by-products. In this study, we synthesized CDs from CA and amino acid cysteine (Cys) hydrothermally and demonstrate a complete separation of all components by means of two step gradient chromatography. In the first step, the separation was carried out on a normal-pressure preparative silica-gel column to get sufficient amounts of material to investigate structure and optical properties of the collected fractions. This preparative gradient elution method enabled us to separate moderately-fluorescent CDs from freely floating molecular fluorophores, polymeric fluorophores and CDs with built-in fluorophores. Here, we evidenced that amorphous CDs co-exist with crystalline CDs in one and the same suspension and showed that the amount of crystalline CDs increases with the synthesis temperature. In the second step, we turned to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to further improve and optimize the efficiency of purification and automate it. Via HPLC, we were able to well-separate of up to six components. Within this work, we laid the foundation for CD purification with the highest possible purity for aqueous, bottom-up synthesized CDs and quantified the true quantum yield of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Michaud
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Particle Technology, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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11
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Ragazzon G, Cadranel A, Ushakova EV, Wang Y, Guldi DM, Rogach AL, Kotov NA, Prato M. Optical processes in carbon nanocolloids. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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12
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Costabel D, Skabeev A, Nabiyan A, Luo Y, Max JB, Rajagopal A, Kowalczyk D, Dietzek B, Wächtler M, Görls H, Ziegenbalg D, Zagranyarski Y, Streb C, Schacher FH, Peneva K. 1,7,9,10-Tetrasubstituted PMIs Accessible through Decarboxylative Bromination: Synthesis, Characterization, Photophysical Studies, and Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:4081-4088. [PMID: 33241590 PMCID: PMC7986912 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a new synthetic strategy for fourfold-substituted perylene monoimides via tetrabrominated perylene monoanhydrides. X-ray diffraction analysis unveiled the intramolecular stacking orientation between the substituents and semicircular packing behavior. We observed the remarkable influence of the substituent on the longevity and nature of the excited state upon visible light excitation. In the presence of poly(dehydroalanine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) graft copolymers as solubilizing template, the chromophores are capable of sensitizing [Mo3 S13 ]2- clusters in aqueous solution for stable visible light driven hydrogen evolution over three days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Costabel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Artem Skabeev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Afshin Nabiyan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Yusen Luo
- Institute of Physical ChemistryAbbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Johannes B. Max
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Ashwene Rajagopal
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry 1Ulm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Daniel Kowalczyk
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical ChemistryAbbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Department of Functional InterfacesLeibniz Institute of Photonic Technology JenaAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena andJena Center of Soft MatterFriedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Institute of Physical ChemistryAbbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Department of Functional InterfacesLeibniz Institute of Photonic Technology JenaAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldt Straße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Yulian Zagranyarski
- Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacySofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”1 James Bourchier Blvd.1164SofiaBulgaria
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry 1Ulm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Felix H. Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 807743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena andJena Center of Soft MatterFriedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Kalina Peneva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 807743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena andJena Center of Soft MatterFriedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
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13
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Li Y, Shi N, Zhang W, Zhang H, Song Y, Zhu W, Feng X. Supramolecular hybrids of carbon dots and dihydroartemisinin for enhanced anticancer activity and mechanism analysis. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:9777-9784. [PMID: 33026041 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01826k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) has been regarded as a potential anticancer agent in recent years. Nevertheless, the clinical applications of DHA are seriously restricted as a result of its intrinsic characteristics, such as poor water solubility, instability, and fast clearance. Herein, a type of fluorescent nanoparticles was successfully fabricated via supramolecular assembling of carbon dots (CDs) and DHA. The formulated CDs-DHA fluorescent nanoparticles not only significantly improve the solubility and stability of DHA, but also possess favorable biocompatibility and pH-dependent drug release behavior. In particular, the hybrids of CDs and DHA as nanocarriers can effectively promote the endocytosis of DHA and exhibit enhanced antitumor effects compared with free DHA in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we also explore the possible action mechanism of CDs-DHA through flow cytometric assay, transfection and western blot analysis. The results indicate that CDs-DHA nanoparticles suppress the progression of hepatic carcinoma through inducing apoptosis and inhibiting glucose metabolism, and the mechanism is related to the downregulation of PKM2 expression and the suppression of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which may provide a potential therapeutic target for hepatic carcinoma treatment. This work emphasizes the great potential of utilizing CDs as a safe and convenient platform to deliver DHA for efficient cancer therapy, and the study on the anticancer mechanism can also offer theoretical support for the clinical application of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Li
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, P. R. China.
| | - Nianqiu Shi
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Song
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, P. R. China.
| | - Wenhe Zhu
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, P. R. China.
| | - Xianmin Feng
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, P. R. China.
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14
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Sasselli IR, Syrgiannis Z. Small Molecules Organic Co‐Assemblies as Functional Nanomaterials. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan R. Sasselli
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Paseo de Miramon 182 20014 Donostia San Sebastián Spain
| | - Zois Syrgiannis
- Centre of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials (CENMAT) INSTM, unit of Trieste, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università di Trieste via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
- Simpson Querrey Institute Northwestern University 303 East Superior Street 60611 Chicago IL USA
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15
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Chen Y, Wang C, Xu Y, Ran G, Song Q. Red emissive carbon dots obtained from direct calcination of 1,2,4-triaminobenzene for dual-mode pH sensing in living cells. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00985g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Red emissive carbon dots with colorimetric/fluorescent responses to pH fluctuations were prepared by direct calcination of 1,2,4-triaminobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministey of Education
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials
- School of Chemical & Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
| | - Chan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministey of Education
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials
- School of Chemical & Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
| | - Yalan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministey of Education
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials
- School of Chemical & Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
| | - Guoxia Ran
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministey of Education
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials
- School of Chemical & Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
| | - Qijun Song
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministey of Education
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials
- School of Chemical & Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
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16
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Hinterberger V, Damm C, Haines P, Guldi DM, Peukert W. Purification and structural elucidation of carbon dots by column chromatography. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:8464-8474. [PMID: 30990494 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01029g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are an astonishing class of fluorescent materials with many applications in bioimaging, drug delivery, photovoltaics and photocatalysis due to their outstanding luminescence properties and low toxicity. However, the internal CD structure of bottom-up synthesized CDs is still the subject of considerable debate. Unambiguous analysis of the internal CD composition is hampered by the fact that reaction products usually contain mixtures of several CD fractions as well as molecular intermediate and side products. Therefore, purification and careful separation of the various CD fractions is vital for structural analysis and isolation of pure CDs possessing optimized optical properties. In this study, CD solutions were synthesized from citric acid and cysteine via a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis. A simple column chromatography unit was used to systematically study the influence of the molar precursor ratios and synthesis conditions (temperature, reaction time) on the CD solution composition. By investigating the structural and optical properties of the chromatographically separated fractions, three different fluorescent species could be identified. Freely floating molecular fluorophores left the column first, followed by highly fluorescent CDs with fluorophores bound to the carbon core, finally followed by low-fluorescent carbon particles without fluorophores. We demonstrate that the CD solution composition and the internal structure of the individual fluorescent components can be clarified via chromatographic separation. This information can be further applied to isolate pure CDs with optimized optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hinterberger
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Particle Technology, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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17
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Ermakov AV, Prikhozhdenko ES, Demina PA, Gorbachev IA, Vostrikova AM, Sapelkin AV, Goryacheva IY, Sukhorukov GB. Composite multilayer films based on polyelectrolytes and
in situ
‐formed carbon nanostructures with enhanced photoluminescence and conductivity properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Ermakov
- N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012 Russia
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University Moscow 119991 Russia
| | | | - Polina A. Demina
- N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012 Russia
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow 119333 Russia
| | - Ilya A. Gorbachev
- N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012 Russia
| | - Anna M. Vostrikova
- N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012 Russia
| | - Andrei V. Sapelkin
- N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012 Russia
- Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road, London E1 4NS UK
| | - Irina Y. Goryacheva
- N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012 Russia
| | - Gleb B. Sukhorukov
- N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012 Russia
- Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road, London E1 4NS UK
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18
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Scharl T, Ferrer-Ruiz A, Saura-Sanmartín A, Rodríguez-Pérez L, Herranz MÁ, Martín N, Guldi DM. Charge transfer in graphene quantum dots coupled with tetrathiafulvalenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3223-3226. [PMID: 30806381 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09990a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble fluorescent graphene quantum dots have been successfully prepared through a top-down approach, that is, starting with graphite, and covalently functionalizing it with π-extended tetrathiafulvalene. Charge transfer investigations reveal noticeably slower charge recombination when compared with exTTF nanoconjugates featuring carbon nanodots, for which a larger presence of trap states is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Scharl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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19
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Jing P, Han D, Li D, Zhou D, Shen D, Xiao G, Zou B, Qu S. Surface related intrinsic luminescence from carbon nanodots: solvent dependent piezochromism. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2019; 4:175-181. [PMID: 32254153 DOI: 10.1039/c8nh00258d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There has been a long standing debate on the luminescence origination from carbon nanodots (CDs). Herein, we report the solvent dependent piezochromism of CDs by diamond anvil cells experiment. Red- and blue-shift piezochromism were observed in CDs with N,N-dimethylformamide and water as pressure transmitting medium (PTM) with increasing pressure from atmospheric pressure to 25 GPa, which were related to increased π-π stacking and protic-solvent-induced surface chemical structural changes, respectively. Based on theoretical modeling and structural analysis of hydrothermally treated CDs (h-CDs), the reversible and irreversible piezochromism from green emission to blue emission with water as PTM was attributed to pressure induced enhanced intermolecular hydrogen bonding and addition reaction between water molecules and surface electron withdrawing groups on the CDs, respectively. The decreased electron withdrawing ability of the surface chemical structures of CDs further affects their intrinsic luminescence. This work provides a new understanding of the piezochromic luminescence origination from CDs, which is related to the surface related intrinsic luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3888 Eastern South Lake Road, Changchun 130033, China.
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20
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Carbon Nanodots: A Review—From the Current Understanding of the Fundamental Photophysics to the Full Control of the Optical Response. C — JOURNAL OF CARBON RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/c4040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are an emerging family of nanosystems displaying a range of fascinating properties. Broadly speaking, they can be described as small, surface-functionalized carbonaceous nanoparticles characterized by an intense and tunable fluorescence, a marked sensitivity to the environment and a range of interesting photochemical properties. CDs are currently the subject of very intense research, motivated by their possible applications in many fields, including bioimaging, solar energy harvesting, nanosensing, light-emitting devices and photocatalyis. This review covers the latest advancements in the field of CDs, with a focus on the fundamental understanding of their key photophysical behaviour, which is still very debated. The photoluminescence mechanism, the origin of their peculiar fluorescence tunability, and their photo-chemical interactions with coupled systems are discussed in light of the latest developments in the field, such as the most recent results obtained by femtosecond time-resolved experiments, which have led to important steps forward in the fundamental understanding of CDs. The optical response of CDs appears to stem from a very complex interplay between the electronic states related to the core structure and those introduced by surface functionalization. In addition, the structure of CD energy levels and the electronic dynamics triggered by photo-excitation finely depend on the microscopic structure of any specific sub-type of CD. On the other hand, this remarkable variability makes CDs extremely versatile, a key benefit in view of their very wide range of applications.
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21
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Vallan L, Canton-Vitoria R, Gobeze HB, Jang Y, Arenal R, Benito AM, Maser WK, D’Souza F, Tagmatarchis N. Interfacing Transition Metal Dichalcogenides with Carbon Nanodots for Managing Photoinduced Energy and Charge-Transfer Processes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13488-13496. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Vallan
- Instituto de Carboquímica, (ICB-CSIC), C/Miguel Luesma
Castán 4, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ruben Canton-Vitoria
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Habtom B. Gobeze
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Raul Arenal
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- ARAID Foundation, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M. Benito
- Instituto de Carboquímica, (ICB-CSIC), C/Miguel Luesma
Castán 4, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Wolfgang K. Maser
- Instituto de Carboquímica, (ICB-CSIC), C/Miguel Luesma
Castán 4, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francis D’Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
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22
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Sciortino A, Gazzetto M, Buscarino G, Popescu R, Schneider R, Giammona G, Gerthsen D, Rohwer EJ, Mauro N, Feurer T, Cannizzo A, Messina F. Disentangling size effects and spectral inhomogeneity in carbon nanodots by ultrafast dynamical hole-burning. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:15317-15323. [PMID: 30069566 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02953a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CDs) are a novel family of nanomaterials exhibiting unique optical properties. In particular, their bright and tunable fluorescence redefines the paradigm of carbon as a "black" material and is considered very appealing for many applications. While the field keeps growing, understanding CDs fundamental properties and relating them to their variable structures becomes more and more critical. Two crucial problems concern the effect of size on the electronic structure of CDs, and to what extent their optical properties are influenced by structural disorder. Furthermore, it remains largely unclear whether traditional concepts borrowed from the photo-physics of semiconductor quantum dots can be applied to any type of CDs. We used femtosecond optical hole burning to address the excited-state properties of a family of CDs with the specific structure of β-C3N4. The experiments provide compelling evidence of the dramatic effects of structural heterogeneity on the optical spectra, and reveal the remarkably simple pattern of the electronic transitions of these CDs, normally obscured by disorder. Moreover, the data conclusively clarify the different effects of the nanometric size and of the disordered surface structure on the fluorescence tunability, ruling out for these CDs any quantum confinement effect comparable to semiconductor quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Sciortino
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
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23
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Jiang J, Ye G, Wang Z, Lu Y, Chen J, Matyjaszewski K. Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon Dots (CDs) as a Class of Metal‐Free Photocatalysts for PET‐RAFT Polymerization under Visible Light and Sunlight. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Gang Ye
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Beijing Key Lab of Radioactive Waste Treatment Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yuexiang Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Beijing Key Lab of Radioactive Waste Treatment Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jing Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Beijing Key Lab of Radioactive Waste Treatment Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
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24
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Jiang J, Ye G, Wang Z, Lu Y, Chen J, Matyjaszewski K. Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Dots (CDs) as a Class of Metal-Free Photocatalysts for PET-RAFT Polymerization under Visible Light and Sunlight. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12037-12042. [PMID: 30043508 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge of photoregulated living radical polymerization is developing efficient and robust photocatalysts. Now carbon dots (CDs) have been exploited for the first time as metal-free photocatalysts for visible-light-regulated reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Screening of diverse heteroatom-doped CDs suggested that the P- and S-doped CDs were effective photocatalysts for RAFT polymerization under mild visible light following a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) involved oxidative quenching mechanism. PET-RAFT polymerization of various monomers with temporal control, narrow dispersity (Đ≈1.04), and chain-end fidelity was achieved. Besides, it was demonstrated that the CD-catalyzed PET-RAFT polymerization was effectively performed under natural solar irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Radioactive Waste Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuexiang Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Radioactive Waste Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Radioactive Waste Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
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25
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Canton-Vitoria R, Vallan L, Urriolabeitia E, Benito AM, Maser WK, Tagmatarchis N. Electronic Interactions in Illuminated Carbon Dot/MoS2
Ensembles and Electrocatalytic Activity towards Hydrogen Evolution. Chemistry 2018; 24:10468-10474. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Canton-Vitoria
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute; National Hellenic Research Foundation; 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue 11635 Athens Greece
| | - Lorenzo Vallan
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; C/Miguel Luesma Castán 4 50018 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Esteban Urriolabeitia
- Instituto de Síntesis Quimica y Catálisis Homogénea; CSIC; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ana M. Benito
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; C/Miguel Luesma Castán 4 50018 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Wolfgang K. Maser
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; C/Miguel Luesma Castán 4 50018 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute; National Hellenic Research Foundation; 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue 11635 Athens Greece
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26
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Dirian K, Bauroth S, Roth A, Syrgiannis Z, Rigodanza F, Burian M, Amenitsch H, Sharapa DI, Prato M, Clark T, Guldi DM. A water-soluble, bay-functionalized perylenediimide derivative - correlating aggregation and excited state dynamics. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:2317-2326. [PMID: 29327015 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07870f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation and the photophysics of a water soluble perylenediimide (PDI) derivative that features two bromine substituents in the bay positions has been probed. Non-fluorescent aggregates were found to be present at concentrations of 1.0 × 10-5 M. In situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements and complementary molecular modeling showed the presence of PDI aggregates. In their singlet excited states, the PDI aggregates are characterized by distinct transient fingerprints and rapid deactivation, as revealed by pump-probe experiments on the femto-, pico-, nano-, and microsecond timescales. The product of this deactivation is a PDI triplet excited state. The efficiency of the triplet formation depends on the concentration, and hence on the degree of aggregation. Notably, for PDI concentrations in the range of the critical micelle concentration, the efficiency of intersystem crossing is close to zero. In short, we have demonstrated, for the first time, aggregation-induced formation of triplet excited states for PDI derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dirian
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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27
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Strauss V, Marsh K, Kowal MD, El-Kady M, Kaner RB. A Simple Route to Porous Graphene from Carbon Nanodots for Supercapacitor Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1704449. [PMID: 29318674 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A facile method to convert biomolecule-based carbon nanodots (CNDs) into high-surface-area 3D-graphene networks with excellent electrochemical properties is presented. Initially, CNDs are synthesized by microwave-assisted thermolysis of citric acid and urea according to previously published protocols. Next, the CNDs are annealed up to 400 °C in a tube furnace in an oxygen-free environment. Finally, films of the thermolyzed CNDs are converted into open porous 3D turbostratic graphene (3D-ts-graphene) networks by irradiation with an infrared laser. Based upon characterizations using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, a feasible reaction mechanism for both the thermolysis of the CNDs and the subsequent laser conversion into 3D-ts-graphene is presented. The 3D-ts-graphene networks show excellent morphological properties, such as a hierarchical porous structure and a high surface area, as well as promising electrochemical properties. For example, nearly ideal capacitive behavior with a volumetric capacitance of 27.5 mF L-1 is achieved at a current density of 560 A L-1 , which corresponds to an energy density of 24.1 mWh L-1 at a power density of 711 W L-1 . Remarkable is the extremely fast charge-discharge cycling rate with a time constant of 3.44 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kris Marsh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Matthew D Kowal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Maher El-Kady
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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28
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Photoluminescence of carbon quantum dots: coarsely adjusted by quantum confinement effects and finely by surface trap states. Sci China Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-017-9172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Wang J, Liu X, Milcovich G, Chen TY, Durack E, Mallen S, Ruan Y, Weng X, Hudson SP. Co-reductive fabrication of carbon nanodots with high quantum yield for bioimaging of bacteria. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:137-145. [PMID: 29441259 PMCID: PMC5789424 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A simple and straightforward synthetic approach for carbon nanodots (C-dots) is proposed. The strategy is based on a one-step hydrothermal chemical reduction with thiourea and urea, leading to high quantum yield C-dots. The obtained C-dots are well-dispersed with a uniform size and a graphite-like structure. A synergistic reduction mechanism was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The findings show that using both thiourea and urea during the one-pot synthesis enhances the luminescence of the generated C-dots. Moreover, the prepared C-dots have a high distribution of functional groups on their surface. In this work, C-dots proved to be a suitable nanomaterial for imaging of bacteria and exhibit potential for application in bioimaging thanks to their low cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Xia Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Gesmi Milcovich
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Ireland
| | - Tzu-Yu Chen
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Edel Durack
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Ireland
| | - Sarah Mallen
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Ireland
| | - Yongming Ruan
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Xuexiang Weng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Sarah P Hudson
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Ireland
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30
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Cadranel A, Strauss V, Margraf JT, Winterfeld KA, Vogl C, Đorđević L, Arcudi F, Hoelzel H, Jux N, Prato M, Guldi DM. Screening Supramolecular Interactions between Carbon Nanodots and Porphyrins. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:904-907. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cadranel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes T. Margraf
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kim A. Winterfeld
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Vogl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Arcudi
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Helen Hoelzel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Carbon Nanobiotechnology
Laboratory CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de
Miramoń 182, 20009 Donostia-SanSebastiań, Spain
- Basque
Fdn Sci
Ikerbasque, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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31
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Choi D, Jang DJ. Photodeposition of gold nanoparticles on silica nanospheres using carbon dots as excellent electron donors. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03457e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles have been photodeposited directly on SiO2 nanospheres by using carbon dots as excellent electron donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayeon Choi
- Seoul National University, School of Chemistry
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Du-Jeon Jang
- Seoul National University, School of Chemistry
- Seoul
- Korea
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32
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Scharl T, Cadranel A, Haines P, Strauss V, Bernhardt S, Vela S, Atienza C, Gröhn F, Martín N, Guldi DM. Fine-tuning the assemblies of carbon nanodots and porphyrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11642-11644. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05069d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present charge-transfer assemblies of electron accepting, pressure-synthesized carbon nanodots (pCNDs) and an electron donating porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Scharl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Alejandro Cadranel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Philipp Haines
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Sarah Bernhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Sonia Vela
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Carmen Atienza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Nazario Martín
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia
- C/Faraday
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
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33
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Ferrer-Ruiz A, Scharl T, Haines P, Rodríguez-Pérez L, Cadranel A, Herranz MÁ, Guldi DM, Martín N. Exploring Tetrathiafulvalene-Carbon Nanodot Conjugates in Charge Transfer Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Ferrer-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Tobias Scharl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; University of Erlangen; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Philipp Haines
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; University of Erlangen; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Alejandro Cadranel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; University of Erlangen; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - M. Ángeles Herranz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; University of Erlangen; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia; C/ Faraday, 9; Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
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34
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Ferrer-Ruiz A, Scharl T, Haines P, Rodríguez-Pérez L, Cadranel A, Herranz MÁ, Guldi DM, Martín N. Exploring Tetrathiafulvalene-Carbon Nanodot Conjugates in Charge Transfer Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:1001-1005. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Ferrer-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Tobias Scharl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; University of Erlangen; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Philipp Haines
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; University of Erlangen; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Alejandro Cadranel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; University of Erlangen; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - M. Ángeles Herranz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; University of Erlangen; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia; C/ Faraday, 9; Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
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35
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Genc R, Alas MO, Harputlu E, Repp S, Kremer N, Castellano M, Colak SG, Ocakoglu K, Erdem E. High-Capacitance Hybrid Supercapacitor Based on Multi-Colored Fluorescent Carbon-Dots. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11222. [PMID: 28894243 PMCID: PMC5593850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-colored, water soluble fluorescent carbon nanodots (C-Dots) with quantum yield changing from 4.6 to 18.3% were synthesized in multi-gram using dated cola beverage through a simple thermal synthesis method and implemented as conductive and ion donating supercapacitor component. Various properties of C-Dots, including size, crystal structure, morphology and surface properties along with their Raman and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra were analyzed and compared by means of their fluorescence and electronic properties. α-Manganese Oxide-Polypyrrole (PPy) nanorods decorated with C-Dots were further conducted as anode materials in a supercapacitor. Reduced graphene oxide was used as cathode along with the dicationic bis-imidazolium based ionic liquid in order to enhance the charge transfer and wetting capacity of electrode surfaces. For this purpose, we used octyl-bis(3-methylimidazolium)diiodide (C8H16BImI) synthesized by N-alkylation reaction as liquid ionic membrane electrolyte. Paramagnetic resonance and impedance spectroscopy have been undertaken in order to understand the origin of the performance of hybrid capacitor in more depth. In particular, we obtained high capacitance value (C = 17.3 μF/cm2) which is exceptionally related not only the quality of synthesis but also the choice of electrode and electrolyte materials. Moreover, each component used in the construction of the hybrid supercapacitor is also played a key role to achieve high capacitance value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukan Genc
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty of Mersin University, Mersin University, TR-33343, Mersin, Turkey.
- Advanced Technology, Research, and Application Center, Mersin University, TR-33343, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Melis Ozge Alas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty of Mersin University, Mersin University, TR-33343, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ersan Harputlu
- Advanced Technology, Research, and Application Center, Mersin University, TR-33343, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Sergej Repp
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nora Kremer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mike Castellano
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Suleyman Gokhan Colak
- Advanced Technology, Research, and Application Center, Mersin University, TR-33343, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Kasim Ocakoglu
- Advanced Technology, Research, and Application Center, Mersin University, TR-33343, Mersin, Turkey.
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Mersin University, TR-33480, Tarsus, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Emre Erdem
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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36
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Arcudi F, Strauss V, Đorđević L, Cadranel A, Guldi DM, Prato M. Porphyrin Antennas on Carbon Nanodots: Excited State Energy and Electron Transduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Arcudi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; INSTM UdR Trieste; University of Trieste; Via Licio Giorgieri 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; INSTM UdR Trieste; University of Trieste; Via Licio Giorgieri 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Alejandro Cadranel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; INSTM UdR Trieste; University of Trieste; Via Licio Giorgieri 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
- Carbon Nanobiotechnology Laboratory CIC biomaGUNE; Paseo de Miramón 182 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
- Basque Fdn Sci; Ikerbasque Bilbao 48013 Spain
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37
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Arcudi F, Strauss V, Đorđević L, Cadranel A, Guldi DM, Prato M. Porphyrin Antennas on Carbon Nanodots: Excited State Energy and Electron Transduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12097-12101. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Arcudi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; INSTM UdR Trieste; University of Trieste; Via Licio Giorgieri 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; INSTM UdR Trieste; University of Trieste; Via Licio Giorgieri 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Alejandro Cadranel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; INSTM UdR Trieste; University of Trieste; Via Licio Giorgieri 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
- Carbon Nanobiotechnology Laboratory CIC biomaGUNE; Paseo de Miramón 182 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
- Basque Fdn Sci; Ikerbasque Bilbao 48013 Spain
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38
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Gong X, Young RM, Hartlieb KJ, Miller C, Wu Y, Xiao H, Li P, Hafezi N, Zhou J, Ma L, Cheng T, Goddard WA, Farha OK, Hupp JT, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Intramolecular Energy and Electron Transfer within a Diazaperopyrenium-Based Cyclophane. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4107-4116. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hai Xiao
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Tao Cheng
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
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39
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40
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Hasenöhrl DH, Saha A, Strauss V, Wibmer L, Klein S, Guldi DM, Hirsch A. Bulbous gold–carbon nanodot hybrid nanoclusters for cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:8591-8599. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02039b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots are used to stabilize gold-nanoclusters. Charge-transfer interactions between carbon nanodots and gold were detected by transient absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik H. Hasenöhrl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)
- FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Avishek Saha
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies
- Materials Physics Division
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Los Alamos
- USA
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the California NanoSystems Institute
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Leonie Wibmer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Stefanie Klein
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)
- FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
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41
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Wijayapala R, Hashemnejad SM, Kundu S. Carbon nanodots crosslinked photoluminescent alginate hydrogels. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09805g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicolor, fluorescent, stable, alginate hydrogels are synthesized by crosslinking alginate chains with phenylenediamine based carbon nanodots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangana Wijayapala
- Dave C. Swalm Swalm School of Chemical Engineering
- Mississippi State University
- USA
| | | | - Santanu Kundu
- Dave C. Swalm Swalm School of Chemical Engineering
- Mississippi State University
- USA
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42
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Protein self-assembly onto nanodots leads to formation of conductive bio-based hybrids. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38252. [PMID: 27922059 PMCID: PMC5138619 DOI: 10.1038/srep38252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The next generation of nanowires that could advance the integration of functional nanosystems into synthetic applications from photocatalysis to optical devices need to demonstrate increased ability to promote electron transfer at their interfaces while ensuring optimum quantum confinement. Herein we used the biological recognition and the self-assembly properties of tubulin, a protein involved in building the filaments of cellular microtubules, to create stable, free standing and conductive sulfur-doped carbon nanodots-based conductive bio-hybrids. The physical and chemical properties (e.g., composition, morphology, diameter etc.) of such user-synthesized hybrids were investigated using atomic and spectroscopic techniques, while the electron transfer rate was estimated using peak currents formed during voltammetry scanning. Our results demonstrate the ability to create individually hybrid nanowires capable to reduce energy losses; such hybrids could possibly be used in the future for the advancement and implementation into nanometer-scale functional devices.
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43
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Efficient Energy-Conversion Materials for the Future: Understanding and Tailoring Charge-Transfer Processes in Carbon Nanostructures. Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Harris RD, Bettis Homan S, Kodaimati M, He C, Nepomnyashchii AB, Swenson NK, Lian S, Calzada R, Weiss EA. Electronic Processes within Quantum Dot-Molecule Complexes. Chem Rev 2016; 116:12865-12919. [PMID: 27499491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The subject of this review is the colloidal quantum dot (QD) and specifically the interaction of the QD with proximate molecules. It covers various functions of these molecules, including (i) ligands for the QDs, coupled electronically or vibrationally to localized surface states or to the delocalized states of the QD core, (ii) energy or electron donors or acceptors for the QDs, and (iii) structural components of QD assemblies that dictate QD-QD or QD-molecule interactions. Research on interactions of ligands with colloidal QDs has revealed that ligands determine not only the excited state dynamics of the QD but also, in some cases, its ground state electronic structure. Specifically, the article discusses (i) measurement of the electronic structure of colloidal QDs and the influence of their surface chemistry, in particular, dipolar ligands and exciton-delocalizing ligands, on their electronic energies; (ii) the role of molecules in interfacial electron and energy transfer processes involving QDs, including electron-to-vibrational energy transfer and the use of the ligand shell of a QD as a semipermeable membrane that gates its redox activity; and (iii) a particular application of colloidal QDs, photoredox catalysis, which exploits the combination of the electronic structure of the QD core and the chemistry at its surface to use the energy of the QD excited state to drive chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephanie Bettis Homan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mohamad Kodaimati
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chen He
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Nathaniel K Swenson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Shichen Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Raul Calzada
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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45
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Li D, Han D, Qu SN, Liu L, Jing PT, Zhou D, Ji WY, Wang XY, Zhang TF, Shen DZ. Supra-(carbon nanodots) with a strong visible to near-infrared absorption band and efficient photothermal conversion. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16120. [PMID: 30167175 PMCID: PMC6059947 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel concept and approach to engineering carbon nanodots (CNDs) were explored to overcome the limited light absorption of CNDs in low-energy spectral regions. In this work, we constructed a novel type of supra-CND by the assembly of surface charge-confined CNDs through possible electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. The resulting supra-CNDs are the first to feature a strong, well-defined absorption band in the visible to near-infrared (NIR) range and to exhibit effective NIR photothermal conversion performance with high photothermal conversion efficiency in excess of 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Song-Nan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Peng-Tao Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Ding Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Wen-Yu Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Tong-Fei Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - De-Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
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46
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Margraf JT, Lodermeyer F, Strauss V, Haines P, Walter J, Peukert W, Costa RD, Clark T, Guldi DM. Using carbon nanodots as inexpensive and environmentally friendly sensitizers in mesoscopic solar cells. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2016; 1:220-226. [PMID: 32260624 DOI: 10.1039/c6nh00010j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the use of carbon nanodots (CNDs) as sensitizers in mesoscopic solar cells. The CNDs are synthesized using a one-step, bottom-up microwave approach with citric acid, urea, and formic acid as precursors in aqueous media. Their light-harvesting capabilities can be tuned by adjusting the synthetic parameters. Comprehensive spectroscopic and theoretical studies allow us to rationalize the nature of their absorption features. Promising power conversion efficiencies (η) of 0.24% can be achieved from these cheap and eco-friendly sensitizers by optimizing the solar-cell assembly process. Interestingly, we found that extending the light absorption towards longer wavelengths does not necessarily improve the performance of the solar cells, since the longer-wavelength absorption features hardly contribute to the cells' photo-action spectra, so that the overall power conversion efficiency is actually worse. The origin of the lower performance is corroborated in transient absorption spectroscopy and photovoltage decay measurements. Our work points, on one hand, to the limits of as-synthesized CNDs as photosensitizers and, on the other hand, to possible improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Margraf
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Reckmeier CJ, Schneider J, Susha AS, Rogach AL. Luminescent colloidal carbon dots: optical properties and effects of doping [Invited]. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:A312-40. [PMID: 26832584 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.00a312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We review the effect of doping on the optical properties of luminescent colloidal carbon dots. They are considered as a hybrid material featuring both molecular and semiconductor-like characteristics, where doping plays an important role. Starting from the short overview of synthetic strategies, we consider the evolution of carbon dots from molecular precursors to fluorescent nanoparticles, and the relevant structural properties of carbon dots. Choice of the reactant materials, dopant atoms and reaction parameters provide carbon dots with varying optical properties. High chemical stability, bright luminescence and customizable surface functionalization of carbon dots open their use in a broad range of applications, which are exemplary presented at the end of this review.
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48
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Strauss V, Margraf JT, Clark T, Guldi DM. A carbon-carbon hybrid - immobilizing carbon nanodots onto carbon nanotubes. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6878-6885. [PMID: 28757976 PMCID: PMC5510013 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02728d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The thrust of this work is to integrate small and uniformly sized carbon nanodots (CNDs) with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) of different diameters as electron donors and electron acceptors, respectively, and to test their synergetic interactions in terms of optoelectronic devices. CNDs (denoted pCNDs, where p indicates pressure) were prepared by pressure-controlled microwave decomposition of citric acid and urea. pCNDs were immobilized on single-walled carbon nanotubes by wrapping the latter with poly(4-vinylbenzyl trimethylamine) (PVBTA), which features positively charged ammonium groups in the backbone. Negatively charged surface groups on the CNDs lead to attractive electrostatic interactions. Ground state interactions between the CNDs and SWCNTs were confirmed by a full-fledged photophysical investigation based on steady-state and time-resolved techniques. As a complement, charge injection into the SWCNTs upon photoexcitation was investigated by ultra-short time-resolved spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Strauss
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Johannes T Margraf
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Nägelsbachstr. 25 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Nägelsbachstr. 25 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
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49
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Strauss V, Schäfer RA, Hauke F, Hirsch A, Guldi DM. Polyhydrogenated Graphene: Excited State Dynamics in Photo- and Electroactive Two-Dimensional Domains. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13079-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ricarda A. Schäfer
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials
and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials
and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials
and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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