1
|
O'Reilly A, Haynes MD, Turner ZR, McMullin CL, Harder S, O'Hare D, Fulton JR, Coles MP. Mixing and matching N, N- and N, O-chelates in anionic Mg(I) compounds: synthesis and reactivity with RNCNR and CO. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38910507 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02594f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Reduction of [Mg(NON)]2 ([NON]2- = [O(SiMe2NDipp)2]2-, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) affords Mg(I) species containing NON- and NNO-ligands ([NNO]2- = [N(Dipp)SiMe2N(Dipp)SiMe2O]2-). The products of reactions with iPrNCNiPr and CO are consistent with the presence of reducing Mg(I) centres. Extraction with THF affords [K(THF)2]2[(NNO)Mg-Mg(NNO)] with a structurally characterised Mg-Mg bond that was examined using density functional theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea O'Reilly
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Matthew D Haynes
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Zoë R Turner
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | | | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dermot O'Hare
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - J Robin Fulton
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu J, Pan S, Yao S, Lorent C, Teutloff C, Zhang Z, Fan J, Molino A, Krause KB, Schmidt J, Bittl R, Limberg C, Zhao L, Frenking G, Driess M. Stabilizing Monoatomic Two-Coordinate Bismuth(I) and Bismuth(II) Using a Redox Noninnocent Bis(germylene) Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6025-6036. [PMID: 38408197 PMCID: PMC10921399 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The formation of isolable monatomic BiI complexes and BiII radical species is challenging due to the pronounced reducing nature of metallic bismuth. Here, we report a convenient strategy to tame BiI and BiII atoms by taking advantage of the redox noninnocent character of a new chelating bis(germylene) ligand. The remarkably stable novel BiI cation complex 4, supported by the new bis(iminophosphonamido-germylene)xanthene ligand [(P)GeII(Xant)GeII(P)] 1, [(P)GeII(Xant)GeII(P) = Ph2P(NtBu)2GeII(Xant)GeII(NtBu)2PPh2, Xant = 9,9-dimethyl-xanthene-4,5-diyl], was synthesized by a two-electron reduction of the cationic BiIIII2 precursor complex 3 with cobaltocene (Cp2Co) in a molar ratio of 1:2. Notably, owing to the redox noninnocent character of the germylene moieties, the positive charge of BiI cation 4 migrates to one of the Ge atoms in the bis(germylene) ligand, giving rise to a germylium(germylene) BiI complex as suggested by DFT calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Likewise, migration of the positive charge of the BiIIII2 cation of 3 results in a bis(germylium)BiIIII2 complex. The delocalization of the positive charge in the ligand engenders a much higher stability of the BiI cation 4 in comparison to an isoelectronic two-coordinate Pb0 analogue (plumbylone; decomposition below -30 °C). Interestingly, 4[BArF] undergoes a reversible single-electron transfer (SET) reaction (oxidation) to afford the isolable BiII radical complex 5 in 5[BArF]2. According to electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, the unpaired electron predominantly resides at the BiII atom. Extending the redox reactivity of 4[OTf] employing AgOTf and MeOTf affords BiIII(OTf)2 complex 7 and BiIIIMe complex 8, respectively, demonstrating the high nucleophilic character of BiI cation 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Lorent
- Physical
and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Zhaoyin Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Molino
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086 Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Johannes Schmidt
- Functional
Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische
Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Bittl
- Fachbereich
Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Limberg
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lili Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Metalorganic
and Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mato M, Cornella J. Bismuth in Radical Chemistry and Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315046. [PMID: 37988225 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Whereas indications of radical reactivity in bismuth compounds can be traced back to the 19th century, the preparation and characterization of both transient and persistent bismuth-radical species has only been established in recent decades. These advancements led to the emergence of the field of bismuth radical chemistry, mirroring the progress seen for other main-group elements. The seminal and fundamental studies in this area have ultimately paved the way for the development of catalytic methodologies involving bismuth-radical intermediates, a promising approach that remains largely untapped in the broad landscape of synthetic organic chemistry. In this review, we delve into the milestones that eventually led to the present state-of-the-art in the field of radical bismuth chemistry. Our focus aims at outlining the intrinsic discoveries in fundamental inorganic/organometallic chemistry and contextualizing their practical applications in organic synthesis and catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mato
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ju M, Lu Z, Novaes LFT, Alvarado JIM, Lin S. Frustrated Radical Pairs in Organic Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19478-19489. [PMID: 37656899 PMCID: PMC10625356 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Frustrated radical pairs (FRPs) describe the phenomenon that two distinct radicals─which would otherwise annihilate each other to form a closed-shell covalent adduct─can coexist in solution, owing to steric repulsion or weak bonding association. FRPs are typically formed via spontaneous single-electron transfer between two sterically encumbered precursors─an oxidant and a reductant─under ambient conditions. The two components of a FRP exhibit orthogonal chemical properties and can often act in cooperativity to achieve interesting radical reactivities. Initially observed in the study of traditional frustrated Lewis pairs, FRPs have recently been shown to be capable of homolytically activating various chemical bonds. In this Perspective, we will discuss the discovery of FRPs, their fundamental reactivity in chemical bond activation, and recent developments of their use in synthetic organic chemistry, including in C-H bond functionalization. We anticipate that FRPs will provide new reaction strategies for solving challenging problems in modern organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luiz F. T. Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mato M, Spinnato D, Leutzsch M, Moon HW, Reijerse EJ, Cornella J. Bismuth radical catalysis in the activation and coupling of redox-active electrophiles. Nat Chem 2023:10.1038/s41557-023-01229-7. [PMID: 37264103 PMCID: PMC10396954 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Radical cross-coupling reactions represent a revolutionary tool to make C(sp3)-C and C(sp3)-heteroatom bonds by means of transition metals and photoredox or electrochemical approaches. However, the use of main-group elements to harness this type of reactivity has been little explored. Here we show how a low-valency bismuth complex is able to undergo one-electron oxidative addition with redox-active alkyl-radical precursors, mimicking the behaviour of first-row transition metals. This reactivity paradigm for bismuth gives rise to well-defined oxidative addition complexes, which could be fully characterized in solution and in the solid state. The resulting Bi(III)-C(sp3) intermediates display divergent reactivity patterns depending on the α-substituents of the alkyl fragment. Mechanistic investigations of this reactivity led to the development of a bismuth-catalysed C(sp3)-N cross-coupling reaction that operates under mild conditions and accommodates synthetically relevant NH-heterocycles as coupling partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mato
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Davide Spinnato
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Hye Won Moon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Edward J Reijerse
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang P, Nabi R, Staab JK, Chilton NF, Demir S. Taming Super-Reduced Bi 23- Radicals with Rare Earth Cations. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9152-9163. [PMID: 37043770 PMCID: PMC10141245 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the synthesis of two new sets of dibismuth-bridged rare earth molecules. The first series contains a bridging diamagnetic Bi22- anion, (Cp*2RE)2(μ-η2:η2-Bi2), 1-RE (where Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; RE = Gd (1-Gd), Tb (1-Tb), Dy (1-Dy), Y (1-Y)), while the second series comprises the first Bi23- radical-containing complexes for any d- or f-block metal ions, [K(crypt-222)][(Cp*2RE)2(μ-η2:η2-Bi2•)]·2THF (2-RE, RE = Gd (2-Gd), Tb (2-Tb), Dy (2-Dy), Y (2-Y); crypt-222 = 2.2.2-cryptand), which were obtained from one-electron reduction of 1-RE with KC8. The Bi23- radical-bridged terbium and dysprosium congeners, 2-Tb and 2-Dy, are single-molecule magnets with magnetic hysteresis. We investigate the nature of the unprecedented lanthanide-bismuth and bismuth-bismuth bonding and their roles in magnetic communication between paramagnetic metal centers, through single-crystal X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible/near-infrared (UV-vis/NIR) spectroscopy, SQUID magnetometry, DFT and multiconfigurational ab initio calculations. We find a πz* ground SOMO for Bi23-, which has isotropic spin-spin exchange coupling with neighboring metal ions of ca. -20 cm-1; however, the exchange coupling is strongly augmented by orbitally dependent terms in the anisotropic cases of 2-Tb and 2-Dy. As the first examples of p-block radicals beneath the second row bridging any metal ions, these studies have important ramifications for single-molecule magnetism, main group element, rare earth metal, and coordination chemistry at large.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Rizwan Nabi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jakob K Staab
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Nicholas F Chilton
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Selvan Demir
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang X, Reijerse EJ, Nöthling N, SantaLucia DJ, Leutzsch M, Schnegg A, Cornella J. Synthesis, Isolation, and Characterization of Two Cationic Organobismuth(II) Pincer Complexes Relevant in Radical Redox Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5618-5623. [PMID: 36854169 PMCID: PMC10021010 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis, isolation, and characterization of two cationic organobismuth(II) compounds bearing N,C,N pincer frameworks, which model crucial intermediates in bismuth radical processes. X-ray crystallography uncovered a monomeric Bi(II) structure, while SQUID magnetometry in combination with NMR and EPR spectroscopy provides evidence for a paramagnetic S = 1/2 state. High-resolution multifrequency EPR at the X-, Q-, and W-band enable the precise assignment of the full g- and 209Bi A-tensors. Experimental data and DFT calculations reveal both complexes are metal-centered radicals with little delocalization onto the ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Yang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Edward J Reijerse
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nils Nöthling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Daniel J SantaLucia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alexander Schnegg
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mahieu N, Piątkowski J, Simler T, Nocton G. Back to the future of organolanthanide chemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:443-457. [PMID: 36741512 PMCID: PMC9848160 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05976b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
At the dawn of the development of structural organometallic chemistry, soon after the discovery of ferrocene, the description of the LnCp3 complexes, featuring large and mostly trivalent lanthanide ions, was rather original and sparked curiosity. Yet, the interest in these new architectures rapidly dwindled due to the electrostatic nature of the bonding between π-aromatic ligands and 4f-elements. Almost 70 years later, it is interesting to focus on how the discipline has evolved in various directions with the reports of multiple catalytic reactivities, remarkable potential in small molecule activation, and the development of rich redox chemistry. Aside from chemical reactivity, a better understanding of their singular electronic nature - not precisely as simplistic as anticipated - has been crucial for developing tailored compounds with adapted magnetic anisotropy or high fluorescence properties that have witnessed significant popularity in recent years. Future developments shall greatly benefit from the detailed reactivity, structural and physical chemistry studies, particularly in photochemistry, electro- or photoelectrocatalysis of inert small molecules, and manipulating the spins' coherence in quantum technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Mahieu
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Jakub Piątkowski
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Thomas Simler
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Grégory Nocton
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The chemistry of low valent p-block metal complexes continues to elicit interest in the research community, demonstrating reactivity that replicates and in some cases exceeds that of their more widely studied d-block metal counterparts. The introduction of the first aluminyl anion, a complex containing a formally anionic Al(I) centre charge balanced by an alkali metal (AM) cation, has established a platform for a new area of chemical research. The chemistry displayed by aluminyl compounds is expanding rapidly, with examples of reactivity towards a diverse range of small molecules and functional groups now reported in the literature. Herein we present an account of the structure and reactivity of the growing family of aluminyl compounds. In this context we examine the structural relationships between the aluminyl anion and the AM cations, which now include examples of AM = Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs. We report on the ability of these compounds to engage in bond-breaking and bond-forming reactions, which is leading towards their application as useful reagents in chemical synthesis. Furthermore we discuss the chemistry of bimetallic complexes containing direct Al-M bonds (M = Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn) and compounds with Al-E multiple bonds (E = NR, CR2, O, S, Se, Te), where both classes of compound are derived directly from aluminyl anions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical of Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Birnthaler D, Narobe R, Lopez-Berguno E, Haag C, König B. Synthetic Application of Bismuth LMCT Photocatalysis in Radical Coupling Reactions. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Birnthaler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rok Narobe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eliseo Lopez-Berguno
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Haag
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Obi AD, Dickie DA, Tiznado W, Frenking G, Pan S, Gilliard RJ. A Multidimensional Approach to Carbodiphosphorane–Bismuth Coordination Chemistry: Cationization, Redox-Flexibility, and Stabilization of a Crystalline Bismuth Hydridoborate. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19452-19462. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akachukwu D. Obi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - William Tiznado
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sudip Pan
- Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schwamm RJ, Kilpatrick AFR, Coles MP. Catenated (Bi)
n
(
n
=2, 3, 4) Complexes with Formally Monovalent Bismuth Centres. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Schwamm
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington PO Box 6012 New Zealand
| | | | - Martyn P. Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington PO Box 6012 New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang X, Reijerse EJ, Bhattacharyya K, Leutzsch M, Kochius M, Nöthling N, Busch J, Schnegg A, Auer AA, Cornella J. Radical Activation of N-H and O-H Bonds at Bismuth(II). J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16535-16544. [PMID: 36053726 PMCID: PMC9479083 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of unconventional strategies for the activation of ammonia (NH3) and water (H2O) is of capital importance for the advancement of sustainable chemical strategies. Herein we provide the synthesis and characterization of a radical equilibrium complex based on bismuth featuring an extremely weak Bi-O bond, which permits the in situ generation of reactive Bi(II) species. The ensuing organobismuth(II) engages with various amines and alcohols and exerts an unprecedented effect onto the X-H bond, leading to low BDFEX-H. As a result, radical activation of various N-H and O-H bonds─including ammonia and water─occurs in seconds at room temperature, delivering well-defined Bi(III)-amido and -alkoxy complexes. Moreover, we demonstrate that the resulting Bi(III)-N complexes engage in a unique reactivity pattern with the triad of H+, H-, and H• sources, thus providing alternative pathways for main group chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Yang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Edward J Reijerse
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Kochius
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nils Nöthling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Julia Busch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alexander Schnegg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alexander A Auer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Feng Z, Tang S, Su Y, Wang X. Recent advances in stable main group element radicals: preparation and characterization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5930-5973. [PMID: 35770612 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00288d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Radical species are significant in modern chemistry. Their unique chemical bonding and novel physicochemical properties play significant roles not only in fundamental chemistry, but also in materials science. Main group element radicals are usually transient due to their high reactivity. Highly stable radicals are often stabilized by π-delocalization, sterically demanding ligands, carbenes and weakly coordinating anions in recent years. This review presents the recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, reactivity and physical properties of isolable main group element radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shuxuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yuanting Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Haak J, Krüger J, Abrosimov NV, Helling C, Schulz S, Cutsail Iii GE. X-Band Parallel-Mode and Multifrequency Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of S = 1/2 Bismuth Centers. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11173-11181. [PMID: 35834368 PMCID: PMC9326968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The recent successes in the isolation and characterization of several bismuth radicals inspire the development of new spectroscopic approaches for the in-depth analysis of their electronic structure. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the characterization of main group radicals. However, the large electron-nuclear hyperfine interactions of Bi (209Bi, I = 9/2) have presented difficult challenges to fully interpret the spectral properties for some of these radicals. Parallel-mode EPR (B1∥B0) is almost exclusively employed for the study of S > 1/2 systems but becomes feasible for S = 1/2 systems with large hyperfine couplings, offering a distinct EPR spectroscopic approach. Herein, we demonstrate the application of conventional X-band parallel-mode EPR for S = 1/2, I = 9/2 spin systems: Bi-doped crystalline silicon (Si:Bi) and the molecular Bi radicals [L(X)Ga]2Bi• (X = Cl or I) and [L(Cl)GaBi(MecAAC)]•+ (L = HC[MeCN(2,6-iPr2C6H3)]2). In combination with multifrequency perpendicular-mode EPR (X-, Q-, and W-band frequencies), we were able to fully refine both the anisotropic g- and A-tensors of these molecular radicals. The parallel-mode EPR experiments demonstrated and discussed here have the potential to enable the characterization of other S = 1/2 systems with large hyperfine couplings, which is often challenging by conventional perpendicular-mode EPR techniques. Considerations pertaining to the choice of microwave frequency are discussed for relevant spin-systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Haak
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Krüger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Nikolay V Abrosimov
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Helling
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - George E Cutsail Iii
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Evans MJ, Anker MD, McMullin CL, Neale SE, Rajabi NA, Coles MP. Carbon-chalcogen bond formation initiated by [Al(NON Dipp)(E)] - anions containing Al-E{16} (E{16} = S, Se) multiple bonds. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4635-4646. [PMID: 35656129 PMCID: PMC9020183 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01064j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiply-bonded main group metal compounds are of interest as a new class of reactive species able to activate and functionalize a wide range of substrates. The aluminium sulfido compound K[Al(NONDipp)(S)] (NONDipp = [O(SiMe2NDipp)2]2−, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3), completing the series of [Al(NONDipp)(E)]− anions containing Al–E{16} multiple bonds (E{16} = O, S, Se, Te), was accessed via desulfurisation of K[Al(NONDipp)(S4)] using triphenylphosphane. The crystal structure showed a tetrameric aggregate joined by multiple K⋯S and K⋯π(arene) interactions that were disrupted by the addition of 2.2.2-cryptand to form the separated ion pair, [K(2.2.2-crypt)][Al(NONDipp)(S)]. Analysis of the anion using density functional theory (DFT) confirmed multiple-bond character in the Al–S group. The reaction of the sulfido and selenido anions K[Al(NONDipp)(E)] (E = S, Se) with CO2 afforded K[Al(NONDipp)(κ2E,O-EC{O}O)] containing the thio- and seleno-carbonate groups respectively, consistent with a [2 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction and C–E bond formation. An analogous cycloaddition reaction took place with benzophenone affording compounds containing the diphenylsulfido- and diphenylselenido-methanolate ligands, [κ2E,O-EC{O}Ph2]2−. In contrast, when K[Al(NONDipp)(E)] (E = S, Se) was reacted with benzaldehyde, two equivalents of substrate were incorporated into the product accompanied by formation of a second C–E bond and complete cleavage of the Al–E{16} bonds. The products contained the hitherto unknown κ2O,O-thio- and κ2O,O-seleno-bis(phenylmethanolate) ligands, which were exclusively isolated as the cis-stereoisomers. The mechanisms of these cycloaddition reactions were investigated using DFT methods. Reaction of Al–E (E = S, Se) multiple bonds with C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
]]>
O functionalities generates new C–E bonds.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington P.O. Box 600 Wellington New Zealand
| | - Mathew D Anker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington P.O. Box 600 Wellington New Zealand
| | | | - Samuel E Neale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Nasir A Rajabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington P.O. Box 600 Wellington New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kundu K, White JRK, Moehring SA, Yu JM, Ziller JW, Furche F, Evans WJ, Hill S. A 9.2-GHz clock transition in a Lu(II) molecular spin qubit arising from a 3,467-MHz hyperfine interaction. Nat Chem 2022; 14:392-397. [PMID: 35288686 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Spins in molecules are particularly attractive targets for next-generation quantum technologies, enabling chemically programmable qubits and potential for scale-up via self-assembly. Here we report the observation of one of the largest hyperfine interactions for a molecular system, Aiso = 3,467 ± 50 MHz, as well as a very large associated clock transition. This is achieved through chemical control of the degree of s-orbital mixing into the spin-bearing d orbital associated with a series of spin-½ La(II) and Lu(II) complexes. Increased s-orbital character reduces spin-orbit coupling and enhances the electron-nuclear Fermi contact interaction. Both outcomes are advantageous for quantum applications. The former reduces spin-lattice relaxation, and the latter maximizes the hyperfine interaction, which, in turn, generates a 9-GHz clock transition, leading to an increase in phase memory time from 1.0 ± 0.4 to 12 ± 1 μs for one of the Lu(II) complexes. These findings suggest strategies for the development of molecular quantum technologies, akin to trapped ion systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Kundu
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Jason M Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Stephen Hill
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA. .,Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schwamm RJ, Coles MP. Catalytic Hydrophosphination of Isocyanates by Molecular Antimony Phosphanides. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Schwamm
- Victoria University of Wellington Faculty of Science School of Chemical and Physical Sciences NEW ZEALAND
| | - Martyn P Coles
- Victoria University of Wellington School of Chemical and Physical Sciences PO Box 600 6140 Wellington NEW ZEALAND
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Moon HW, Cornella J. Bismuth Redox Catalysis: An Emerging Main-Group Platform for Organic Synthesis. ACS Catal 2022; 12:1382-1393. [PMID: 35096470 PMCID: PMC8787757 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Bismuth has recently
been shown to be able to maneuver between
different oxidation states, enabling access to unique redox cycles
that can be harnessed in the context of organic synthesis. Indeed,
various catalytic Bi redox platforms have been discovered and revealed
emerging opportunities in the field of main group redox catalysis.
The goal of this perspective is to provide an overview of the synthetic
methodologies that have been developed to date, which capitalize on
the Bi redox cycling. Recent catalytic methods via low-valent Bi(II)/Bi(III),
Bi(I)/Bi(III), and high-valent Bi(III)/Bi(V) redox couples are covered
as well as their underlying mechanisms and key intermediates. In addition,
we illustrate different design strategies stabilizing low-valent and
high-valent bismuth species, and highlight the characteristic reactivity
of bismuth complexes, compared to the lighter p-block
and d-block elements. Although it is not redox catalysis
in nature, we also discuss a recent example of non-Lewis acid, redox-neutral
Bi(III) catalysis proceeding through catalytic organometallic steps.
We close by discussing opportunities and future directions in this
emerging field of catalysis. We hope that this Perspective will provide
synthetic chemists with guiding principles for the future development
of catalytic transformations employing bismuth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Moon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jia F, Luo J, Zhang B. Computational mechanism investigation of bismuth (Bi III/Bi V) redox-catalyzed fluorination of arylboronic esters. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00565d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations reveal details of the redox catalytic mechanism of a heavier main group element, bismuth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feiyun Jia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637100, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637100, P. R. China
| | - Jiewei Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637100, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637100, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jia F, Luo J, Zhang B. Computational mechanism investigation of Bi( i)/Bi( iii) redox-catalyzed hydrodefluorination (HDF) of polyfluoroarenes. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01020h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations reveal details of the redox catalytic mechanism of non-transition-metal bismuth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feiyun Jia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637100, P. R. China
| | - Jiewei Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637100, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637100, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ramler J, Schwarzmann J, Stoy A, Lichtenberg C. Two Faces of the Bi−O Bond: Photochemically
and
Thermally Induced Dehydrocoupling for Si−O Bond Formation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021; 2022:e202100934. [PMID: 35873275 PMCID: PMC9300068 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The diorgano(bismuth)alcoholate [Bi((C6H4CH2)2S)OPh] (1‐OPh) has been synthesized and fully characterized. Stoichiometric reactions, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and (TD‐)DFT calculations suggest its susceptibility to homolytic and heterolytic Bi−O bond cleavage under given reaction conditions. Using the dehydrocoupling of silanes with either TEMPO or phenol as model reactions, the catalytic competency of 1‐OPh has been investigated (TEMPO=(tetramethyl‐piperidin‐1‐yl)‐oxyl). Different reaction pathways can deliberately be addressed by applying photochemical or thermal reaction conditions and by choosing radical or closed‐shell substrates (TEMPO vs. phenol). Applied analytical techniques include NMR, UV/Vis, and EPR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, and (TD)‐DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ramler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Johannes Schwarzmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Andreas Stoy
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Philipps-Universität Marburg Fachbereich Chemie Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Philipps-Universität Marburg Fachbereich Chemie Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Alvarez S. From polygons to polyhedra through intermediate structures. A shape measures study of six-atom inorganic rings and clusters. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17101-17119. [PMID: 34779451 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03039f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the wealth of well-established molecular structures, inorganic rings and clusters present an overwhelming variety of geometries that chemists try to describe with a limited assortment of regular polygons and polyhedra. In the case of six-atom structures we usually employ the hexagon, the pentagonal pyramid, the trigonal prism and the octahedron. More often than not, however, real world structures deviate from those ideal geometries, and we try to cope with non-ideality by adding adjectives such as distorted, twisted, puckered or flattened, additionally nuanced by adverbs such as slightly, significantly or severely. This contribution presents a systematic structural perspective of six-atom groups in molecules by means of a continuous shape measures (CShM) analysis. The shape of a group of N points is defined by all the sets of 3 N Cartesian coordinates that can be generated by rigid translation, rotation, or isotropic scale change. Among all possible arrangements of N points in space, we select as reference shapes the corresponding regular N-vertex polygons and polyhedra, together with univocally defined combinations thereof (e.g., two coplanar or perpendicular edge-sharing squares). The present CShM study allows us to classify most of the structures not only by their closeness to a particular regular shape, but also by quantifying their position along minimal distortion interconversion pathways between two regular shapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Alvarez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Weinert HM, Wölper C, Haak J, Cutsail GE, Schulz S. Synthesis, structure and bonding nature of heavy dipnictene radical anions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14024-14032. [PMID: 34760185 PMCID: PMC8565390 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04230k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies of two L(X)Ga-substituted dipnictenes [L(R2N)GaE]2 (E = Sb, R = Me 1; E = Bi; R = Et 2; L = HC[C(Me)NDipp]2; Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3) showed reversible reduction events. Single electron reduction of 1 and 2 with KC8 in DME in the presence of benzo-18-crown-6 (B-18-C-6) gave the corresponding dipnictenyl radical anions (DME)[K(B-18-C-6)][L(R2N)GaE]2 (E = Sb, R = Me 3; E = Bi, R = Et 4). Radical anions 3 and 4 were characterized by EPR, UV-vis and single crystal X-ray diffraction, while quantum chemical calculations gave deeper insight into the nature of the chemical bonding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanns M Weinert
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Julia Haak
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC) Stiftstraße 34-36 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr Germany
| | - George E Cutsail
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC) Stiftstraße 34-36 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schwamm RJ, Randow CA, Mouchfiq A, Evans MJ, Coles MP, Robin Fulton J. Synthesis of Heavy
N‐
Heterocyclic Tetrylenes: Influence of Ligand Sterics on Structure. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Schwamm
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600 Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Clara A. Randow
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600 Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Ahmed Mouchfiq
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600 Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Matthew J. Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600 Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Martyn P. Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600 Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - J. Robin Fulton
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600 Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nakama T. Bismuth-Catalyzed Redox Reactions. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nakama
- School of Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dankert F, Hänisch C. Siloxane Coordination Revisited: Si−O Bond Character, Reactivity and Magnificent Molecular Shapes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dankert
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. (LIKAT Rostock) Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Carsten Hänisch
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW) Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hanft A, Radacki K, Lichtenberg C. Cationic Bismuth Aminotroponiminates: Charge Controls Redox Properties. Chemistry 2021; 27:6230-6239. [PMID: 33326650 PMCID: PMC8048980 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of the redox‐active aminotroponiminate (ATI) ligand in the coordination sphere of bismuth has been investigated in neutral and cationic compounds, [Bi(ATI)3] and [Bi(ATI)2Ln][A] (L=neutral ligand; n=0, 1; A=counteranion). Their coordination chemistry in solution and in the solid state has been analyzed through (variable‐temperature) NMR spectroscopy, line‐shape analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses, and their Lewis acidity has been evaluated by using the Gutmann–Beckett method (and modifications thereof). Cyclic voltammetry, in combination with DFT calculations, indicates that switching between ligand‐ and metal‐centered redox events is possible by altering the charge of the compounds from 0 in neutral species to +1 in cationic compounds. This adds important facets to the rich redox chemistry of ATIs and to the redox chemistry of bismuth compounds, which is, so far, largely unexplored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hanft
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Oberdorf K, Hanft A, Ramler J, Krummenacher I, Bickelhaupt FM, Poater J, Lichtenberg C. Bismutamide als einfache Vermittler hochselektiver Pn−Pn‐Radikal‐Kupplungsreaktionen (Pn=N, P, As). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Oberdorf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Anna Hanft
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Jacqueline Ramler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, ACMM Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Niederlande
- Institut für Moleküle und Materialien Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB Universitat de Barcelona & ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spanien
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Oberdorf K, Hanft A, Ramler J, Krummenacher I, Bickelhaupt FM, Poater J, Lichtenberg C. Bismuth Amides Mediate Facile and Highly Selective Pn-Pn Radical-Coupling Reactions (Pn=N, P, As). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6441-6445. [PMID: 33315293 PMCID: PMC7986226 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The controlled release of well-defined radical species under mild conditions for subsequent use in selective reactions is an important and challenging task in synthetic chemistry. We show here that simple bismuth amide species [Bi(NAr2 )3 ] readily release aminyl radicals [NAr2 ]. at ambient temperature in solution. These reactions yield the corresponding hydrazines, Ar2 N-NAr2 , as a result of highly selective N-N coupling. The exploitation of facile homolytic Bi-Pn bond cleavage for Pn-Pn bond formation was extended to higher homologues of the pnictogens (Pn=N-As): homoleptic bismuth amides mediate the highly selective dehydrocoupling of HPnR2 to give R2 Pn-PnR2 . Analyses by NMR and EPR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and DFT calculations reveal low Bi-N homolytic bond-dissociation energies, suggest radical coupling in the coordination sphere of bismuth, and reveal electronic and steric parameters as effective tools to control these reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Oberdorf
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität, WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Anna Hanft
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität, WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Jacqueline Ramler
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität, WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität, WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, ACMMVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUBUniversitat de Barcelona & ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität, WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lipshultz JM, Li G, Radosevich AT. Main Group Redox Catalysis of Organopnictogens: Vertical Periodic Trends and Emerging Opportunities in Group 15. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1699-1721. [PMID: 33464903 PMCID: PMC7934640 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of organopnictogen redox catalytic methods have emerged-especially within the past 10 years-that leverage the plentiful reversible two-electron redox chemistry within Group 15. The goal of this Perspective is to provide readers the context to understand the dramatic developments in organopnictogen catalysis over the past decade with an eye toward future development. An exposition of the fundamental differences in the atomic structure and bonding of the pnictogens, and thus the molecular electronic structure of organopnictogen compounds, is presented to establish the backdrop against which organopnictogen redox reactivity-and ultimately catalysis-is framed. A deep appreciation of these underlying periodic principles informs an understanding of the differing modes of organopnictogen redox catalysis and evokes the key challenges to the field moving forward. We close by addressing forward-looking directions likely to animate this area in the years to come. What new catalytic manifolds can be developed through creative catalyst and reaction design that take advantage of the intrinsic redox reactivity of the pnictogens to drive new discoveries in catalysis?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Lipshultz
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander T Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lichtenberg C. Molecular bismuth(iii) monocations: structure, bonding, reactivity, and catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4483-4495. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01284c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Structurally defined, molecular bismuth(iii) cations show remarkable properties in coordination chemistry, Lewis acidity, and redox chemistry, allowing for unique applications in synthetic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crispin Lichtenberg
- Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Am Hubland
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chen X, Liu LL, Liu S, Grützmacher H, Li Z. A Room‐Temperature Stable Distonic Radical Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Shihua Liu
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM) School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 30071 China
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM) School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 30071 China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Zhongshu Li
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM) School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 30071 China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen X, Liu LL, Liu S, Grützmacher H, Li Z. A Room-Temperature Stable Distonic Radical Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23830-23835. [PMID: 32914528 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Distonic radical cations (DRCs) with spatially separated charge and radical sites have, so far, largely been observed by gas-phase mass spectrometry and/or matrix isolation spectroscopy work. Herein, we disclose the isolation of a crystalline dicarbondiphosphide-based β-distonic radical cation salt 3.+ (BARF) (BARF=[B(3,5-(CF3 )2 C6 H3 )4 )]- ) stable at room temperature and formed by a one-electron-oxidation-induced intramolecular skeletal rearrangement reaction. Such a species has been validated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, UV/Vis spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Compound 3.+ (BARF) exhibits a large majority of spin density at a two-coordinate phosphorus atom (0.74 a.u.) and a cationic charge located predominantly at the four-coordinate phosphorus atom (1.53 a.u.), which are separated by one carbon atom. This species represents an isolable entity of a phosphorus radical cation that is the closest to a genuine phosphorus DRC to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shihua Liu
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 30071, China
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 30071, China.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Zhongshu Li
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 30071, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Helling C, Wölper C, Schulz S. Size Matters: Synthesis of Group 13 Metal‐Substituted Dipnictanes by E‐C Bond Homolysis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 5‐7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 5‐7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 5‐7 45141 Essen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ramler J, Krummenacher I, Lichtenberg C. Well-Defined, Molecular Bismuth Compounds: Catalysts in Photochemically Induced Radical Dehydrocoupling Reactions. Chemistry 2020; 26:14551-14555. [PMID: 32573876 PMCID: PMC7821184 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of diorgano(bismuth)chalcogenides, [Bi(di-aryl)EPh], has been synthesised and fully characterised (E=S, Se, Te). These molecular bismuth complexes have been exploited in homogeneous photochemically-induced radical catalysis, using the coupling of silanes with TEMPO as a model reaction (TEMPO=(tetramethyl-piperidin-1-yl)-oxyl). Their catalytic properties are complementary or superior to those of known catalysts for these coupling reactions. Catalytically competent intermediates of the reaction have been identified. Applied analytical techniques include NMR, UV/Vis, and EPR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and (TD)-DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ramler
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Helling C, Schulz S. Long‐Lived Radicals of the Heavier Group 15 Elements Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 5‐7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 5‐7 45141 Essen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lichtenberg C. Main-Group Metal Complexes in Selective Bond Formations Through Radical Pathways. Chemistry 2020; 26:9674-9687. [PMID: 32048770 PMCID: PMC7496981 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed remarkable advances in radical reactions involving main-group metal complexes. This includes the isolation and detailed characterization of main-group metal radical compounds, but also the generation of highly reactive persistent or transient radical species. A rich arsenal of methods has been established that allows control over and exploitation of their unusual reactivity patterns. Thus, main-group metal compounds have entered the field of selective bond formations in controlled radical reactions. Transformations that used to be the domain of late transition-metal compounds have been realized, and unusual selectivities, high activities, as well as remarkable functional-group tolerances have been reported. Recent findings demonstrate the potential of main-group metal compounds to become standard tools of synthetic chemistry, catalysis, and materials science, when operating through radical pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Krüger J, Wölper C, Schulz S. Stepwise Bi–Bi Bond Formation: From a Bi-centered Radical to Bi4 Butterfly and Bi8 Cuneane-Type Clusters. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11142-11151. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krüger
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide), Universitätsstr. 5-7, S07 S03 C30, Essen D-45117, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide), Universitätsstr. 5-7, S07 S03 C30, Essen D-45117, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide), Universitätsstr. 5-7, S07 S03 C30, Essen D-45117, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Raghavendra B, Bakthavachalam K, Das T, Roisnel T, Sen SS, Vanka K, Ghosh S. Transmetallation vs adduct: Diverse reactivity of N,O-ketiminato germylene with [Cp*MCl2]2 (M = Rh or Ir; Cp* = η5-C5Me5) and MCl5 (M = Nb and Ta). J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
42
|
Evans MJ, Anker MD, Mouchfiq A, Lein M, Fulton JR. The “Metallo”‐Diels–Alder Reactions: Examining the Metalloid Behavior of Germanimines. Chemistry 2020; 26:2606-2609. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical SciencesVictoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600 Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Mathew D. Anker
- School of Chemical and Physical SciencesVictoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600 Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Ahmed Mouchfiq
- School of Chemical and Physical SciencesVictoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600 Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Matthias Lein
- School of Chemical and Physical SciencesVictoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600 Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - J. Robin Fulton
- School of Chemical and Physical SciencesVictoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600 Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cutsail GE. Applications of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to heavy main-group radicals. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12128-12135. [PMID: 32812583 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02436h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The exploration of heavy main-group radicals is rapidly expanding, for which electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic characterisation plays a key role. EPR spectroscopy has the capacity to deliver information of the radical's electronic, geometric and bonding structure. Herein, foundations of electron-nuclear hyperfine analysis are detailed before reviewing more recent applications of EPR spectroscopy to As, Sb, and Bi centred radicals. Additional diverse examples of the application of EPR spectroscopy to other heavy main group radicals are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George E Cutsail
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cui H, Xiao D, Zhang L, Ruan H, Fang Y, Zhao Y, Tan G, Zhao L, Frenking G, Driess M, Wang X. Isolable cyclic radical cations of heavy main-group elements. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2167-2170. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09582a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The first stable radical cations bearing both heavy group 14 and 15 elements have been isolated and fully characterized.
Collapse
|
45
|
Sharma MK, Blomeyer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hinz A, van Gastel M, Ghadwal RS. Isolation of singlet carbene derived 2-arsa-1,3-butadiene radical cations and dications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3575-3578. [PMID: 32104835 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00624f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
2-Arsa-1,3-butadienes (L)As(cAACR) (L = PhC[double bond, length as m-dash]C{(NDipp)CH}2, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; cAACR = C{(NDipp)CMe2CH2C(R)}, R = Me22a, R = cyclohexyl (Cy) 2b) and the corresponding radical cations [(L)As(cAACR)]GaCl4 (R = Me23a, Cy 3b) and dications [(L)As(cAACR)](GaCl4)2 (R = Me 4a, Cy 4b) featuring a C[double bond, length as m-dash]C-As[double bond, length as m-dash]C π-conjugated framework are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Sharma
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, D-45470, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sharma MK, Blomeyer S, Neumann B, Stammler H, van Gastel M, Hinz A, Ghadwal RS. Crystalline Divinyldiarsene Radical Cations and Dications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17599-17603. [PMID: 31553520 PMCID: PMC6899687 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The divinyldiarsene radical cations [{(NHC)C(Ph)}As]2 (GaCl4 ) (NHC=IPr: C{(NDipp)CH}2 3; SIPr: C{(NDipp)CH2 }2 4; Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) and dications [{(NHC)C(Ph)}As]2 (GaCl4 )2 (NHC=IPr 5; SIPr 6) are readily accessible as crystalline solids on sequential one-electron oxidation of the corresponding divinyldiarsenes [{(NHC)C(Ph)}As]2 (NHC=IPr 1; SIPr 2) with GaCl3 . Compounds 3-6 have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, EPR/NMR spectroscopy, and UV/vis absorption spectroscopy as well as DFT calculations. The sequential removal of one electron from the HOMO, that is mainly the As-As π-bond, of 1 and 2 leads to successive elongation of the As=As bond and contraction of the C-As bonds from 1/2→3/4→5/6. The UV/vis spectrum of 3 and 4 each exhibits a strong absorption in the visible region associated with SOMO-related transitions. The EPR spectrum of 3 and 4 each shows a broadened septet owing to coupling of the unpaired electron with two 75 As (I=3/2) nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K. Sharma
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungMolecular Theory and SpectroscopyKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1Mülheim an der Ruhr45470Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Schwamm RJ, Coles MP. Distibanes and Distibenes from Reduction of Sb(NON R )Cl by using Mg I Reagents. Chemistry 2019; 25:14183-14191. [PMID: 31452283 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The bis(amidodimethyl)disiloxane antimony chlorides Sb(NONR )Cl (NONR =[O(SiMe2 NR)2 ]2- ; R=tBu, Ph, 2,6-Me2 C6 H3 =Dmp, 2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 =Dipp, 2,6-(CHPh2 )2 -4-tBuC6 H2 =tBu-Bhp) are reduced to SbII and SbI species by using MgI reagents, [Mg(BDIR' )]2 (BDI=[HC{C(Me)NR'}2 ]- ; R'=2,4,6-Me3 C6 H2 =Mes, Dipp). Stoichiometric reactions with Sb(NONR )Cl (R=tBu, Ph) form dimeric SbII stibanes [Sb(NONR )]2 , shown crystallographically to contain Sb-Sb single bonds. The analogous distibane with R=Dmp substituents has an exceptionally long Sb-Sb interaction and exhibits spectroscopic and reactivity properties consistent with radical character in solution. When R=Dipp, reductions with MgI reagents directly give distibenes [Sb(μ-NONDipp )Mg(BDIR' )(THF)n ]2 (R'=Mes, n=1; R'=Dipp, n=0). Crystallographic analysis shows a trans-substitution of the Sb=Sb double bond, with bridging NONDipp -ligands between the SbI and MgII centres. An attempt to access the NONPh -analogue using the same protocol afforded the polystibide cluster Sb8 [μ4 ,η2:2:2:2 -Mg(BDIMes )]4 , which co-crystallized with the ligand transfer product, [Mg(BDIMes )]2 (μ-NONPh ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Schwamm
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sharma MK, Blomeyer S, Neumann B, Stammler H, Gastel M, Hinz A, Ghadwal RS. Crystalline Divinyldiarsene Radical Cations and Dications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K. Sharma
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Maurice Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungMolecular Theory and Spectroscopy Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und KatalyseLehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Turner ZR. Bismuth Pyridine Dipyrrolide Complexes: a Transient Bi(II) Species Which Ring Opens Cyclic Ethers. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14212-14227. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoë R. Turner
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mondal MK, Zhang L, Feng Z, Tang S, Feng R, Zhao Y, Tan G, Ruan H, Wang X. Tricoordinate Nontrigonal Pnictogen‐Centered Radical Anions: Isolation, Characterization, and Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kumar Mondal
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- Center of Materials Science and Engineering Guangxi University of Science and Technology Liuzhou 545006 China
| | - Zhongtao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shuxuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Rui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Huapeng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| |
Collapse
|