1
|
Sun Z, Guan R, Li H, Feng S, Ma L, Shen Q, Ling L, Jia H, Xue J. A novel two-dimensional Janus TiSiGeN 4 monolayer with N vacancies for efficient photocatalytic nitrogen reduction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:12199-12209. [PMID: 38591717 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06302j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The photocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (pNRR) is a clean technology that converts H2O and N2 into NH3 under environmental conditions using inexhaustible sunlight. Herein, we designed a novel two-dimensional (2D) Janus TiSiGeN4 structure and evaluated the pNRR performance of the structure with the presence of nitrogen vacancies at different positions using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The intrinsic dipoles in the Janus TiSiGeN4 structure generate a built-in electric field, which promotes the migration of photogenerated electrons and holes towards the (001) and (00-1) surfaces, respectively, to achieve efficient charge separation. For the pNRR, the Si atoms exposed after the formation of top N vacancies can realize the efficient activation of N2 through the "acceptance-donation" mechanism, while the presence of middle N vacancies not only suppresses the hydrogen evolution reaction, a competition reaction, but also lowers the reaction barrier for the protonation of N atoms. The limiting potential of TiSiGeN4 with the coexistence of both top and middle N vacancies (TiSiGeN4-VN-mt) is as low as -0.44 V. In addition, the introduction of N vacancies generates defect levels, narrowing the band gap and improving the light response. This work provides theoretical guidance for the design of efficient pNRR photocatalysts under mild conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Rongfeng Guan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu Province, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Shilong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Lixia Ling
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Husheng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, P. R. China
| | - Jinbo Xue
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang XJ, Yang CC, Jiang Q. DFT Study of N-modified Co 3Mo 3C Electrocatalyst with Separated Active Sites for Enhanced Ammonia Oxidation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301535. [PMID: 37997528 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Since the facile oxidation of ammonia is one key for its utilization as a zero-carbon fuel in a direct ammonia fuel cell, developing the ammonia oxidation reaction (AOR) catalysts with cost-effective and higher activity is urgently required. However, the catalytic activity of AOR is limited by the scaling relationship of the intermediate adsorption. Based on the density functional theory, the N-modified Co3Mo3C with separated active sites of NH3 dehydrogenation and N-N coupling has been designed and investigated, which is a promising strategy to circumvent the scaling relationship, achieving improved AOR catalytic performance with a lower theoretical overpotential of 0.59 V under fast reaction kinetics condition. The calculation results show that the hollow site (Co-Mo-Mo and Co-Co-Mo) and Co site in N-modified Co3Mo3C play essential roles in NH3 dehydrogenation and N-N coupling, respectively. This work not only benefits for understanding the mechanism of AOR, but also provides a fundamental guidance for rational design of AOR catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 130022, Changchun, China
| | - Chun Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 130022, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 130022, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Phearman AS, Bullock RM. Synthesis and Reactivity of Fe(II) Complexes Containing Cis Ammonia Ligands. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2024-2033. [PMID: 38230973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The development of earth-abundant transition-metal complexes for electrocatalytic ammonia oxidation is needed to facilitate a renewable energy economy. Important to this goal is a fundamental understanding of how ammonia binds to complexes as a function of ligand geometry and electronic effects. We report the synthesis and characterization of a series of Fe(II)-NH3 complexes supported by tetradentate, facially binding ligands with a combination of pyridine and N-heterocyclic carbene donors. Electronic modification of the supporting ligand led to significant shifts in the FeIII/II potential and variations in NH bond acidities. Finally, investigations of ammonia oxidation by cyclic voltammetry, controlled potential bulk electrolysis, and through addition of stoichiometric organic radicals, TEMPO and tBu3ArO• are reported. No catalytic oxidation of NH3 to N2 was observed, and 15N2 was detected only in reactions with tBu3ArO•.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Phearman
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - R Morris Bullock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Recum P, Hirsch T. Graphene-based chemiresistive gas sensors. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 6:11-31. [PMID: 38125587 PMCID: PMC10729924 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00423f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Gas sensors allow the monitoring of the chemical environment of humans, which is often crucial for their wellbeing or even survival. Miniaturization, reversibility, and selectivity are some of the key challenges for serial use of chemical sensors. This tutorial review describes critical aspects when using nanomaterials as sensing substrates for the application in chemiresistive gas sensors. Graphene has been shown to be a promising candidate, as it allows gas sensors to be operated at room temperature, possibly saving large amounts of energy. In this review, an overview is given on the general mechanisms for gas-sensitive semiconducting materials and the implications of doping and functionalization on the sensing parameters of chemiresistive devices. It shows in detail how different challenges, like sensitivity, response time, reversibility and selectivity have been approached by material development and operation modes. In addition, perspectives from the area of data analysis and intelligent algorithms are presented, which can further enhance these sensors' usability in the field.
Collapse
|
5
|
Dunn PL, Barona M, Johnson SI, Raugei S, Bullock RM. Hydrogen Atom Abstraction from an Os II(NH 3) 2 Complex Generates an Os IV(NH 2) 2 Complex: Experimental and Computational Analysis of the N-H Bond Dissociation Free Energies and Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15325-15334. [PMID: 36121917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Double hydrogen atom abstraction from (TMP)OsII(NH3)2 (TMP = tetramesitylporphyrin) with phenoxyl or nitroxyl radicals leads to (TMP)OsIV(NH2)2. This unusual bis(amide) complex is diamagnetic and displays an N-H resonance at 12.0 ppm in its 1H NMR spectrum. 1H-15N correlation experiments identified a 15N NMR spectroscopic resonance signal at -267 ppm. Experimental reactivity studies and density functional theory calculations support relatively weak N-H bonds of 73.3 kcal/mol for (TMP)OsII(NH3)2 and 74.2 kcal/mol for (TMP)OsIII(NH3)(NH2). Cyclic voltammetry experiments provide an estimate of the pKa of [(TMP)OsIII(NH3)2]+. In the presence of Barton's base, a current enhancement is observed at the Os(III/II) couple, consistent with an ECE event. Spectroscopic experiments confirmed (TMP)OsIV(NH2)2 as the product of bulk electrolysis. Double hydrogen atom abstraction is influenced by π donation from the amides of (TMP)OsIV(NH2)2 into the d orbitals of the Os center, favoring the formation of (TMP)OsIV(NH2)2 over N-N coupling. This π donation leads to a Jahn-Teller distortion that splits the energy levels of the dxz and dyz orbitals of Os, results in a low-spin electron configuration, and leads to minimal aminyl character on the N atoms, rendering (TMP)OsIV(NH2)2 unreactive toward amide-amide coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Dunn
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Melissa Barona
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samantha I Johnson
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Simone Raugei
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - R Morris Bullock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yao D, Tang C, Wang P, Cheng H, Jin H, Ding LX, Qiao SZ. Electrocatalytic green ammonia production beyond ambient aqueous nitrogen reduction. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
7
|
Cook BJ, Barona M, Johnson SI, Raugei S, Bullock RM. Weakening the N-H Bonds of NH 3 Ligands: Triple Hydrogen-Atom Abstraction to Form a Chromium(V) Nitride. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11165-11172. [PMID: 35829761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Weakening and cleaving N-H bonds is crucial for improving molecular ammonia (NH3) oxidation catalysts. We report the synthesis and H-atom-abstraction reaction of bis(ammonia)chromium porphyrin complexes Cr(TPP)(NH3)2 and Cr(TMP)(NH3)2 (TPP = 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-meso-porphyrin and TMP = 5,10,15,20-tetramesityl-meso-porphyrin) using bulky aryloxyl radicals. The triple H-atom-abstraction reaction results in the formation of CrV(por)(≡N), with the nitride derived from NH3, as indicated by UV-vis and IR and single-crystal structural determination of Cr(TPP)(≡N). Subsequent oxidation of this chromium(V) nitrido complex results in the formation of CrIII(por), with scission of the Cr≡N bond. Computational analysis illustrates the progression from CrII to CrV and evaluates the energetics of abstracting H atoms from CrII-NH3 to generate CrV≡N. The formation and isolation of CrV(por)(≡N) illustrates the stability of these species and the need to chemically activate the nitride ligand for atom transfer or N-N coupling reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Cook
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Melissa Barona
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samantha I Johnson
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Simone Raugei
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - R Morris Bullock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Murphy E, Liu Y, Matanovic I, Guo S, Tieu P, Huang Y, Ly A, Das S, Zenyuk I, Pan X, Spoerke E, Atanassov P. Highly Durable and Selective Fe- and Mo-Based Atomically Dispersed Electrocatalysts for Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia via Distinct and Synergized NO 2– Pathways. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Murphy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Yuanchao Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ivana Matanovic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Shengyuan Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Peter Tieu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Alvin Ly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Suparna Das
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Iryna Zenyuk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Erik Spoerke
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Plamen Atanassov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
de Brito JF, Costa MB, Rajeshwar K, Mascaro LH. Ammonia production from nitrogen under simulated solar irradiation, low overpotential, and mild conditions. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Influence of Ce substitution in LaMO3 (M = Co/Ni) perovskites for COx-free hydrogen production from ammonia decomposition. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
11
|
Ghosh AC, Duboc C, Gennari M. Synergy between metals for small molecule activation: Enzymes and bio-inspired complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
12
|
Kohse-Höinghaus K. Combustion in the future: The importance of chemistry. PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMBUSTION 2020; 38:S1540-7489(20)30501-0. [PMID: 33013234 PMCID: PMC7518234 DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2020.06.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Combustion involves chemical reactions that are often highly exothermic. Combustion systems utilize the energy of chemical compounds released during this reactive process for transportation, to generate electric power, or to provide heat for various applications. Chemistry and combustion are interlinked in several ways. The outcome of a combustion process in terms of its energy and material balance, regarding the delivery of useful work as well as the generation of harmful emissions, depends sensitively on the molecular nature of the respective fuel. The design of efficient, low-emission combustion processes in compliance with air quality and climate goals suggests a closer inspection of the molecular properties and reactions of conventional, bio-derived, and synthetic fuels. Information about flammability, reaction intensity, and potentially hazardous combustion by-products is important also for safety considerations. Moreover, some of the compounds that serve as fuels can assume important roles in chemical energy storage and conversion. Combustion processes can furthermore be used to synthesize materials with attractive properties. A systematic understanding of the combustion behavior thus demands chemical knowledge. Desirable information includes properties of the thermodynamic states before and after the combustion reactions and relevant details about the dynamic processes that occur during the reactive transformations from the fuel and oxidizer to the products under the given boundary conditions. Combustion systems can be described, tailored, and improved by taking chemical knowledge into account. Combining theory, experiment, model development, simulation, and a systematic analysis of uncertainties enables qualitative or even quantitative predictions for many combustion situations of practical relevance. This article can highlight only a few of the numerous investigations on chemical processes for combustion and combustion-related science and applications, with a main focus on gas-phase reaction systems. It attempts to provide a snapshot of recent progress and a guide to exciting opportunities that drive such research beyond fossil combustion.
Collapse
Key Words
- 2M2B, 2-methyl-2-butene
- AFM, atomic force microscopy
- ALS, Advanced Light Source
- APCI, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
- ARAS, atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy
- ATcT, Active Thermochemical Tables
- BC, black carbon
- BEV, battery electric vehicle
- BTL, biomass-to-liquid
- Biofuels
- CA, crank angle
- CCS, carbon capture and storage
- CEAS, cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy
- CFD, computational fluid dynamics
- CI, compression ignition
- CRDS, cavity ring-down spectroscopy
- CTL, coal-to-liquid
- Combustion
- Combustion chemistry
- Combustion diagnostics
- Combustion kinetics
- Combustion modeling
- Combustion synthesis
- DBE, di-n-butyl ether
- DCN, derived cetane number
- DEE, diethyl ether
- DFT, density functional theory
- DFWM, degenerate four-wave mixing
- DMC, dimethyl carbonate
- DME, dimethyl ether
- DMM, dimethoxy methane
- DRIFTS, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy
- EGR, exhaust gas recirculation
- EI, electron ionization
- Emissions
- Energy
- Energy conversion
- FC, fuel cell
- FCEV, fuel cell electric vehicle
- FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- FT, Fischer-Tropsch
- FTIR, Fourier-transform infrared
- Fuels
- GC, gas chromatography
- GHG, greenhouse gas
- GTL, gas-to-liquid
- GW, global warming
- HAB, height above the burner
- HACA, hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition
- HCCI, homogeneous charge compression ignition
- HFO, heavy fuel oil
- HRTEM, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
- IC, internal combustion
- ICEV, internal combustion engine vehicle
- IE, ionization energy
- IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- IR, infrared
- JSR, jet-stirred reactor
- KDE, kernel density estimation
- KHP, ketohydroperoxide
- LCA, lifecycle analysis
- LH2, liquid hydrogen
- LIF, laser-induced fluorescence
- LIGS, laser-induced grating spectroscopy
- LII, laser-induced incandescence
- LNG, liquefied natural gas
- LOHC, liquid organic hydrogen carrier
- LT, low-temperature
- LTC, low-temperature combustion
- MBMS, molecular-beam MS
- MDO, marine diesel oil
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MTO, methanol-to-olefins
- MVK, methyl vinyl ketone
- NOx, nitrogen oxides
- NTC, negative temperature coefficient
- OME, oxymethylene ether
- OTMS, Orbitrap MS
- PACT, predictive automated computational thermochemistry
- PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
- PDF, probability density function
- PEM, polymer electrolyte membrane
- PEPICO, photoelectron photoion coincidence
- PES, photoelectron spectrum/spectra
- PFR, plug-flow reactor
- PI, photoionization
- PIE, photoionization efficiency
- PIV, particle imaging velocimetry
- PLIF, planar laser-induced fluorescence
- PM, particulate matter
- PM10 PM2,5, sampled fractions with sizes up to ∼10 and ∼2,5 µm
- PRF, primary reference fuel
- QCL, quantum cascade laser
- RCCI, reactivity-controlled compression ignition
- RCM, rapid compression machine
- REMPI, resonance-enhanced multi-photon ionization
- RMG, reaction mechanism generator
- RON, research octane number
- Reaction mechanisms
- SI, spark ignition
- SIMS, secondary ion mass spectrometry
- SNG, synthetic natural gas
- SNR, signal-to-noise ratio
- SOA, secondary organic aerosol
- SOEC, solid-oxide electrolysis cell
- SOFC, solid-oxide fuel cell
- SOx, sulfur oxides
- STM, scanning tunneling microscopy
- SVO, straight vegetable oil
- Synthetic fuels
- TDLAS, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy
- TOF-MS, time-of-flight MS
- TPES, threshold photoelectron spectrum/spectra
- TPRF, toluene primary reference fuel
- TSI, threshold sooting index
- TiRe-LII, time-resolved LII
- UFP, ultrafine particle
- VOC, volatile organic compound
- VUV, vacuum ultraviolet
- WLTP, Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure
- XAS, X-ray absorption spectroscopy
- YSI, yield sooting index
Collapse
|
13
|
Ali MA. Computational studies on the gas phase reaction of methylenimine (CH 2NH) with water molecules. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10995. [PMID: 32620911 PMCID: PMC7335075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we used quantum chemical methods and chemical kinetic models to answer the question of whether or not formaldehyde (CH2O) and ammonia (NH3) can be produced from gas phase hydration of methylenimine (CH2NH). The potential energy surfaces (PESs) of CH2NH + H2O → CH2O + NH3 and CH2NH + 2H2O → CH2O + NH3 + H2O reactions were computed using CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3d,3pd)//M06-2X/6-311++G(3d,3pd) level. The temperature-and pressure-dependent rate constants were calculated using variational transition state theory (VTST), microcanonical variational transition state theory [Formula: see text] and Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus/master equation (RRKM/ME) simulations. The PES along the reaction path forming a weakly bound complex (CH2NH⋯H2O) was located using VTST and [Formula: see text]VTST, however, the PES along the tight transition state was characterized by VTST with small curvature tunneling (SCT) approach. The results show that the formation of CH2NH + H2O → CH2NH⋯H2O is pressure -and temperature-dependent. The calculated atmospheric lifetimes of CH2NH⋯H2O (~ 8 min) are too short to undergo secondary bimolecular reactions with other atmospheric species. Our results suggest that the formation of CH2O and NH3 likely to occur in the combustion of biomass burning but the rate of formation CH2O and NH3 is predicted to be negligible under atmospheric conditions. When a second water molecule is added to the reaction, the results suggest that the rates of formation of CH2O and NH3 remain negligible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Akbar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Elishav O, Mosevitzky Lis B, Miller EM, Arent DJ, Valera-Medina A, Grinberg Dana A, Shter GE, Grader GS. Progress and Prospective of Nitrogen-Based Alternative Fuels. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5352-5436. [PMID: 32501681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alternative fuels are essential to enable the transition to a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy supply. Synthetic fuels derived from renewable energies can act as energy storage media, thus mitigating the effects of fossil fuels on environment and health. Their economic viability, environmental impact, and compatibility with current infrastructure and technologies are fuel and power source specific. Nitrogen-based fuels pose one possible synthetic fuel pathway. In this review, we discuss the progress and current research on utilization of nitrogen-based fuels in power applications, covering the complete fuel cycle. We cover the production, distribution, and storage of nitrogen-based fuels. We assess much of the existing literature on the reactions involved in the ammonia to nitrogen atom pathway in nitrogen-based fuel combustion. Furthermore, we discuss nitrogen-based fuel applications ranging from combustion engines to gas turbines, as well as their exploitation by suggested end-uses. Thereby, we evaluate the potential opportunities and challenges of expanding the role of nitrogen-based molecules in the energy sector, outlining their use as energy carriers in relevant fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oren Elishav
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Bar Mosevitzky Lis
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Elisa M Miller
- Materials and Chemical Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Douglas J Arent
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Agustin Valera-Medina
- College of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Alon Grinberg Dana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gennady E Shter
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Gideon S Grader
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.,The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dunn PL, Johnson SI, Kaminsky W, Bullock RM. Diversion of Catalytic C-N Bond Formation to Catalytic Oxidation of NH 3 through Modification of the Hydrogen Atom Abstractor. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3361-3365. [PMID: 32009401 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We report that (TMP)Ru(NH3)2 (TMP = tetramesitylporphryin) is a molecular catalyst for oxidation of ammonia to dinitrogen. An aryloxy radical, tri-tert-butylphenoxyl (ArO·), abstracts H atoms from a bound ammonia ligand of (TMP)Ru(NH3)2, leading to the discovery of a new catalytic C-N coupling to the para position of ArO· to form 4-amino-2,4,6-tri-tert-butylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one. Modification of the aryloxy radical to 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-tritylphenoxyl radical, which contains a trityl group at the para position, prevents C-N coupling and diverts the reaction to catalytic oxidation of NH3 to give N2. We achieved 125 ± 5 turnovers at 22 °C for oxidation of NH3, the highest turnover number (TON) reported to date for a molecular catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Dunn
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Samantha I Johnson
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Werner Kaminsky
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700 , Seattle , Washington 98195-1700 , United States
| | - R Morris Bullock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sutter D, van der Spek M, Mazzotti M. 110th Anniversary: Evaluation of CO2-Based and CO2-Free Synthetic Fuel Systems Using a Net-Zero-CO2-Emission Framework. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sutter
- Institute of Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mijndert van der Spek
- Institute of Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Mazzotti
- Institute of Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kätelhön A, Meys R, Deutz S, Suh S, Bardow A. Climate change mitigation potential of carbon capture and utilization in the chemical industry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11187-11194. [PMID: 31085651 PMCID: PMC6561304 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821029116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical production is set to become the single largest driver of global oil consumption by 2030. To reduce oil consumption and resulting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, carbon dioxide can be captured from stacks or air and utilized as alternative carbon source for chemicals. Here, we show that carbon capture and utilization (CCU) has the technical potential to decouple chemical production from fossil resources, reducing annual GHG emissions by up to 3.5 Gt CO2-eq in 2030. Exploiting this potential, however, requires more than 18.1 PWh of low-carbon electricity, corresponding to 55% of the projected global electricity production in 2030. Most large-scale CCU technologies are found to be less efficient in reducing GHG emissions per unit low-carbon electricity when benchmarked to power-to-X efficiencies reported for other large-scale applications including electro-mobility (e-mobility) and heat pumps. Once and where these other demands are satisfied, CCU in the chemical industry could efficiently contribute to climate change mitigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Kätelhön
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Raoul Meys
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Deutz
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sangwon Suh
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
| | - André Bardow
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany;
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Energy Systems Engineering (IEK-10), Forschungszentrum Jülich, GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Krewald V. Steric Switching From Photochemical to Thermal N 2 Splitting: A Computational Analysis of the Isomerization Reaction {(Cp *)(Am)Mo} 2(μ-η 1:η 1-N 2) → {(Cp *)(Am)Mo} 2(μ-N) 2. Front Chem 2019; 7:352. [PMID: 31165063 PMCID: PMC6535493 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A μ-η1:η1-N2-bridged Mo dimer, {(η5-C5Me5)[N(Et)C(Ph)N(Et)]Mo}2(μ-N2), cleaves dinitrogen thermally resulting in a crystallographically characterized bis-μ-N-bridged dimer, {(η5-C5Me5)[N(Et)C(Ph)N(Et)]Mo}2(μ-N)2. A structurally related Mo dimer with a bulkier amidinate ligand, ([N(iPr)C(Me)N(iPr)]), is only capable of photochemical dinitrogen activation. These opposing reactivities were rationalized as steric switching between the thermally and photochemically active species. A computational analysis of the geometric and electronic structures of intermediates along the isomerization pathway from Mo2(μ-η1:η1-N2) to Mo2(μ-η2:η1-N2) and Mo2(μ-η2:η2-N2), and finally Mo2(μ-N)2, is presented here. The extent to which dispersion affects the thermodynamics of the isomers is evaluated, and it is found that dispersion interactions play a significant role in stabilizing the product and making the reaction exergonic. The concept of steric switching is further explored with theoretical models with sterically even less demanding ligands, indicating that systematic ligand modifications could be used to rationally design the N2 activation energy landscape. An analysis of electronic excitations in the computed UV-vis spectra of the two complexes shows that a particular type of asymmetric excitations is only present in the photoactive complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Krewald
- Theoretische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Johnson SI, Heins SP, Klug CM, Wiedner ES, Bullock RM, Raugei S. Design and reactivity of pentapyridyl metal complexes for ammonia oxidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5083-5086. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01249d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Computational and experimental work shows that Mo pentapyridal complexes can oxidize ammonia in the presence of a chemical mediator and evolve N2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha I. Johnson
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Spencer P. Heins
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Christina M. Klug
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Eric S. Wiedner
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - R. Morris Bullock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Simone Raugei
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schlögl R. Pack die Sonne in den Tank: Zur Weiterentwicklung nachhaltiger Energiesysteme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schlögl
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der MPG; Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion; Stiftstraße 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bora PL, Novotný J, Ruud K, Komorovsky S, Marek R. Electron-Spin Structure and Metal–Ligand Bonding in Open-Shell Systems from Relativistic EPR and NMR: A Case Study of Square-Planar Iridium Catalysts. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 15:201-214. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj L. Bora
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A4, CZ-62500 Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Novotný
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A4, CZ-62500 Brno, Czechia
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stanislav Komorovsky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84536 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radek Marek
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A4, CZ-62500 Brno, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schlögl R. Put the Sun in the Tank: Future Developments in Sustainable Energy Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:343-348. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schlögl
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der MPG; Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion; Stiftstrasse 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Roux Y, Duboc C, Gennari M. Molecular Catalysts for N
2
Reduction: State of the Art, Mechanism, and Challenges. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2606-2617. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Roux
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 5250)Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Carole Duboc
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 5250)Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Marcello Gennari
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 5250)Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS F-38000 Grenoble France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bhattacharya P, Heiden ZM, Wiedner ES, Raugei S, Piro NA, Kassel WS, Bullock RM, Mock MT. Ammonia Oxidation by Abstraction of Three Hydrogen Atoms from a Mo–NH3 Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2916-2919. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Papri Bhattacharya
- Center
for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Zachariah M. Heiden
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Eric S. Wiedner
- Center
for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Simone Raugei
- Center
for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Piro
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - W. Scott Kassel
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - R. Morris Bullock
- Center
for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Michael T. Mock
- Center
for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Grinberg Dana A, Elishav O, Bardow A, Shter GE, Grader GS. Nitrogen-Based Fuels: A Power-to-Fuel-to-Power Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8798-805. [PMID: 27286557 PMCID: PMC5089635 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
What are the fuels of the future? Seven representative carbon- and nitrogen-based fuels are evaluated on an energy basis in a power-to-fuel-to-power analysis as possible future chemical hydrogen-storage media. It is intriguing to consider that a nitrogen economy, where hydrogen obtained from water splitting is chemically stored on abundant nitrogen in the form of a nontoxic and safe nitrogen-based alternative fuel, is energetically feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alon Grinberg Dana
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Oren Elishav
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - André Bardow
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik, RWTH Aachen, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gennady E Shter
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Gideon S Grader
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|