1
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Yang B, Cui T, Guo L, Dong L, Wu J, Xing Y, Xu Y, Chen J, Wang Y, Cui Z, Dong Y. Advanced Smart Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Based on Phosphoramidite Chemistry: From Oligonucleotides to Precision Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2701-2714. [PMID: 38608139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Over decades of development, while phosphoramidite chemistry has been known as the leading method in commercial synthesis of oligonucleotides, it has also revolutionized the fabrication of sequence-defined polymers (SDPs), offering novel functional materials in polymer science and clinical medicine. This review has introduced the evolution of phosphoramidite chemistry, emphasizing its development from the synthesis of oligonucleotides to the creation of universal SDPs, which have unlocked the potential for designing programmable smart biomaterials with applications in diverse areas including data storage, regenerative medicine and drug delivery. The key methodologies, functions, biomedical applications, and future challenges in SDPs, have also been summarized in this review, underscoring the significance of breakthroughs in precisely synthesized materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry CO., Ltd., Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Ting Cui
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry CO., Ltd., Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Liang Guo
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry CO., Ltd., Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Lianqiang Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongzheng Xing
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA), Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry CO., Ltd., Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry CO., Ltd., Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghui Cui
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry CO., Ltd., Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Yuanchen Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Fung FM, Widyantoro C, Li SFY. Keeping Analytical Chemistry Training Up-to-Date. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6863-6869. [PMID: 38656177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The undergraduate analytical chemistry curriculum serves to equip students with the knowledge and skills for work outside of classroom training. As such, instructors face a challenging task in deciding the breadth and depth of topics for their courses to ensure their syllabi can remain up-to-date with today's needs. We propose that instructors consider covering capillary electrophoresis (CE) and lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies in their analytical chemistry courses. Past surveys of the curriculum show a noticeable lack of emphasis on these topics, which we feel is a missed opportunity and one that holds potential for the collective benefit of instructors and students. CE and LOCs are utilized in a diverse array of fields like biochemistry, pharmaceutical production, materials science, and environmental analysis, and their applications are becoming increasingly important amidst the growing movement toward environmentally sustainable practices and green chemistry. They are also more accessible in the analytical chemistry classroom compared with typical benchtop instruments due to the flexibility of their size and cost. This makes them easier to obtain, maintain, and transport for use and demonstration purposes. Additionally, interwoven in these topics are core concepts that are fundamental to analytical chemistry; thus, covering them will inherently reinforce students' understanding of fundamental knowledge. Therefore, we believe increased coverage of CE and LOCs can better prepare undergraduates for modern analytical chemistry work in various industries and fields of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fun Man Fung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- College of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077
- Centre for Teaching, Learning and Technology, National University of Singapore,15 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119225
| | - Clarissa Widyantoro
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- College of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077
| | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- College of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), #02-01, T-Lab Building (TL), 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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3
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Wesdemiotis C, Williams-Pavlantos KN, Keating AR, McGee AS, Bochenek C. Mass spectrometry of polymers: A tutorial review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:427-476. [PMID: 37070280 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the inception of synthetic polymeric materials in the late 19th century, the number of studies on polymers as well as the complexity of their structures have only increased. The development and commercialization of new polymers with properties fine-tuned for specific technological, environmental, consumer, or biomedical applications requires powerful analytical techniques that permit the in-depth characterization of these materials. One such method with the ability to provide chemical composition and structure information with high sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, and speed is mass spectrometry (MS). This tutorial review presents and exemplifies the various MS techniques available for the elucidation of specific structural features in a synthetic polymer, including compositional complexity, primary structure, architecture, topology, and surface properties. Key to every MS analysis is sample conversion to gas-phase ions. This review describes the fundamentals of the most suitable ionization methods for synthetic materials and provides relevant sample preparation protocols. Most importantly, structural characterizations via one-step as well as hyphenated or multidimensional approaches are introduced and demonstrated with specific applications, including surface sensitive and imaging techniques. The aim of this tutorial review is to illustrate the capabilities of MS for the characterization of large, complex polymers and emphasize its potential as a powerful compositional and structural elucidation tool in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Addie R Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew S McGee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Calum Bochenek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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4
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Geue N, Winpenny REP, Barran PE. Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry for Large Synthetic Molecules: Expanding the Analytical Toolbox. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8800-8819. [PMID: 38498971 PMCID: PMC10996010 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the composition, structure and stability of larger synthetic molecules is crucial for their design, yet currently the analytical tools commonly used do not always provide this information. In this perspective, we show how ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), in combination with tandem mass spectrometry, complementary techniques and computational methods, can be used to structurally characterize synthetic molecules, make and predict new complexes, monitor disassembly processes and determine stability. Using IM-MS, we present an experimental and computational framework for the analysis and design of complex molecular architectures such as (metallo)supramolecular cages, nanoclusters, interlocked molecules, rotaxanes, dendrimers, polymers and host-guest complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Geue
- Michael
Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute
of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Richard E. P. Winpenny
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Perdita E. Barran
- Michael
Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute
of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
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5
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Rizzarelli P, Leanza M, Rapisarda M. Investigations into the characterization, degradation, and applications of biodegradable polymers by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023. [PMID: 38014928 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers have been getting more and more attention because of their contribution to the plastic pollution environmental issues and to move towards a circular economy. Nevertheless, biodegradable materials still exhibit various disadvantages restraining a widespread use in the market. Therefore, additional research efforts are required to improve their performance. Mass spectrometry (MS) affords a relevant contribution to optimize biodegradable polymer synthesis, to confirm macromolecular structures, to examine along the time the progress of degradation processes and highlight advantages and drawbacks in the extensive applications. This review aims to provide an overview of the MS investigations carried out to support the synthesis of biodegradable polymers, with helpful information on undesirable products or polymerization mechanism, to understand deterioration pathways by the structure of degradation products and to follow drug release and pharmacokinetic. Additionally, it summarizes MS studies addressed on environmental and health issues related to the extensive use of plastic materials, that is, potential migration of additives or microplastics identification and quantification. The paper is focused on the most significant studies relating to synthetic and microbial biodegradable polymers published in the last 15 years, not including agro-polymers such as proteins and polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzarelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB), ede Secondaria di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Melania Leanza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB), ede Secondaria di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Rapisarda
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB), ede Secondaria di Catania, Catania, Italy
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6
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Zhang Z, Lu S, Yu X, Hua L, Wang W, Xue M, Cai J, Wang H, Li X. Construction of metallo-helicoids with high antimicrobial activity via intermolecular coordination. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13022-13025. [PMID: 37842854 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04115h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Metallo-helicoids are constructed by intermolecular coordination interactions between covalent linear polymer and tritopic/hexatopic molecular templates. These metallo-polymers with helicoidal conformation exhibit high antimicrobial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanpeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Shuai Lu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
- Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xiujun Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
- Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Lei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Weiguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Menglin Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
- Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
- Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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7
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Reichstein J, Müssig S, Wintzheimer S, Mandel K. Communicating Supraparticles to Enable Perceptual, Information-Providing Matter. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2306728. [PMID: 37786273 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Materials are the fundament of the physical world, whereas information and its exchange are the centerpieces of the digital world. Their fruitful synergy offers countless opportunities for realizing desired digital transformation processes in the physical world of materials. Yet, to date, a perfect connection between these worlds is missing. From the perspective, this can be achieved by overcoming the paradigm of considering materials as passive objects and turning them into perceptual, information-providing matter. This matter is capable of communicating associated digitally stored information, for example, its origin, fate, and material type as well as its intactness on demand. Herein, the concept of realizing perceptual, information-providing matter by integrating customizable (sub-)micrometer-sized communicating supraparticles (CSPs) is presented. They are assembled from individual nanoparticulate and/or (macro)molecular building blocks with spectrally differentiable signals that are either robust or stimuli-susceptible. Their combination yields functional signal characteristics that provide an identification signature and one or multiple stimuli-recorder features. This enables CSPs to communicate associated digital information on the tagged material and its encountered stimuli histories upon signal readout anywhere across its life cycle. Ultimately, CSPs link the materials and digital worlds with numerous use cases thereof, in particular fostering the transition into an age of sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Reichstein
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Müssig
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Wintzheimer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Karl Mandel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
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8
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Duez Q, Hoyas S, Josse T, Cornil J, Gerbaux P, De Winter J. Gas-phase structure of polymer ions: Tying together theoretical approaches and ion mobility spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:1129-1151. [PMID: 34747528 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies take advantage of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) coupled to mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) to investigate the spatial structure of gaseous ions. Synthetic polymers occupy a unique place in the field of IMS-MS. Indeed, due to their intrinsic dispersity, they offer a broad range of homologous ions with different lengths. To help rationalize experimental data, various theoretical approaches have been described. First, the study of trend lines is proposed to derive physicochemical and structural parameters. However, the evaluation of data fitting reflects the overall behavior of the ions without reflecting specific information on their conformation. Atomistic simulations constitute another approach that provide accurate information about the ion shape. The overall scope of this review is dedicated to the synergy between IMS-MS and theoretical approaches, including computational chemistry, demonstrating the essential role they play to fully understand/interpret IMS-MS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Duez
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, UMONS, Mons, Belgium
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Hoyas
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, UMONS, Mons, Belgium
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | | | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, UMONS, Mons, Belgium
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9
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Rizzarelli P, Rapisarda M. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption and Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Microbial and Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102356. [PMID: 37242931 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The in-depth structural and compositional investigation of biodegradable polymeric materials, neat or partly degraded, is crucial for their successful applications. Obviously, an exhaustive structural analysis of all synthetic macromolecules is essential in polymer chemistry to confirm the accomplishment of a preparation procedure, identify degradation products originating from side reactions, and monitor chemical-physical properties. Advanced mass spectrometry (MS) techniques have been increasingly applied in biodegradable polymer studies with a relevant role in their further development, valuation, and extension of application fields. However, single-stage MS is not always sufficient to identify unambiguously the polymer structure. Thus, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has more recently been employed for detailed structure characterization and in degradation and drug release monitoring of polymeric samples, among which are biodegradable polymers. This review aims to run through the investigations carried out by the soft ionization technique matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) MS/MS in biodegradable polymers and present the resulting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzarelli
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Rapisarda
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
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10
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Han X, Guo C, Xu C, Shi L, Liu B, Zhang Z, Bai Q, Song B, Pan F, Lu S, Zhu X, Wang H, Hao XQ, Song MP, Li X. Water-Soluble Metallo-Supramolecular Nanoreactors for Mediating Visible-Light-Promoted Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3723-3736. [PMID: 36757357 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble metallo-supramolecular cages with well-defined nanosized cavities have a wide range of functions and applications. Herein, we design and synthesize two series of metallo-supramolecular octahedral cages based on the self-assembly of two congeneric truxene-derived tripyridyl ligands modified with two polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains, i.e., monodispersed tetraethylene glycol (TEG) and polydispersed PEG-1000, with four divalent transition metals (i.e., Pd, Cu, Ni, and Zn). The resulting monodispersed cages C1-C4 are fully characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The polydispersed cages C5-C8 display good water solubilities and can act as nanoreactors to mediate visible-light-promoted C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions in an aqueous phase. In particular, the most robust Pd(II)-linked water-soluble polydispersed nanoreactor C5 is characterized by ESI-MS and capable of mediating the reactions with the highest efficiencies. Detailed host-guest binding studies in conjunction with control studies suggest that these cages could encapsulate the substrates simultaneously inside its hydrophobic cavity while interacting with the photosensitizer (i.e., eosin Y).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Han
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chenxing Guo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Chen Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Binghui Liu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Qixia Bai
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Fangfang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Shuai Lu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xinju Zhu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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11
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Li K, Zhang S, Hu Y, Kang S, Yu X, Wang H, Wang M, Li X. Shape-Dependent Complementary Ditopic Terpyridine Pair with Two Levels of Self-Recognition for Coordination-Driven Self-Assembly. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200303. [PMID: 35666548 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular recognition in biological systems plays a vital role in the precise construction of biomacromolecules and the corresponding biological activities. Such recognition mainly relies on the highly specific binding of complementary molecular pairs with complementary sizes, shapes, and intermolecular forces. It still remains challenging to develop artificial complementary motif pairs for coordination-driven self-assembly. Herein, a series of shape-dependent complementary motif pairs, based on ditopic 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (TPY) backbone, are designed and synthesized. The fidelity degrees of self-assemblies from these motifs are carefully evaluated by multi-dimensional mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and molecular modeling. In addition, two levels of self-recognition in both homoleptic and heteroleptic assembly are discovered in the assembled system. Through finely tuning the shape and size of the ligands, a complementary pair is developed with error-free narcissistically self-sorting at two levels of self-recognition, and the intrinsic principle is carefully investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China.,College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Shunran Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Yaqi Hu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Shimin Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Xiujun Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
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12
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Alawani N, Barrère-Mangote C, Wesdemiotis C. Analysis of Thermoplastic Copolymers by Mild Thermal Degradation Coupled to Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200306. [PMID: 35701837 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermal desorption/degradation with an atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP) and ion mobility (IM) separation are coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragmentation to characterize thermoplastic elastomers. The compounds investigated, which are used in the manufacture of a wide variety of packaging materials, are mainly composed of thermoplastic copolymers, but also contain additional chemicals ("additives"), like antioxidants and UV stabilizers, for enhancement of their properties or protection from degradation. The traditional method for analyzing such complex mixtures is vacuum pyrolysis followed by electron or chemical ionization mass spectrometry, often after gas chromatography separation. Here, an alternative, faster approach, involving mild degradation at atmospheric pressure (ASAP) and subsequent characterization of the desorbates and pyrolyzates by IM-MS, and if needed, MS/MS is presented. Such multidimensional dispersion considerably simplifies the resulting spectra, permitting the conclusive separation, characterization, and classification of the multicomponent materials examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadrah Alawani
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | | | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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13
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Youssef I, Carvin-Sergent I, Konishcheva E, Kebe S, Greff V, Karamessini D, Matloubi M, Ouahabi AA, Moesslein J, Amalian JA, Poyer S, Charles L, Lutz JF. Covalent Attachment and Detachment by Reactive DESI of Sequence-Coded Polymer Taggants. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200412. [PMID: 35803899 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of sequence-defined polymers is an interesting emerging solution for materials identification and traceability. Indeed, a very large amount of identification sequences can be created using a limited alphabet of coded monomers. However, in all reported studies, sequence-defined taggants are usually included in a host material by non-covalent adsorption or entrapment, which may lead to leakage, aggregation or degradation. To avoid these problems, sequence-defined polymers were covalently-attached in the present work to the mesh of model materials, namely acrylamide hydrogels. To do so, sequence-coded polyurethanes containing a disulfide linker and a terminal methacrylamide moiety were synthesized by stepwise solid-phase synthesis. These methacrylamide macromonomers were afterwards copolymerized with acrylamide and bisacrylamide in order to achieve crosslinked hydrogels containing covalently-bound polyurethane taggants. It is shown herein that these taggants can be selectively detached from the hydrogel mesh by reactive desorption electrospray ionization. Using dithiothreitol the disulfide linker that link the taggant to the gel can be selectively cleaved. Ultimately, the released taggants can be decoded by tandem mass spectrometry. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itab Youssef
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67034, France
| | - Isaure Carvin-Sergent
- CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 20, 13397, France
| | - Evgeniia Konishcheva
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67034, France
| | - Seydina Kebe
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67034, France
| | - Vincent Greff
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67034, France
| | - Denise Karamessini
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67034, France
| | - Maziar Matloubi
- Polysecure GmbH, Sankt-Georgener Str. 19, Freiburg, 79111, Germany
| | - Abdelaziz Al Ouahabi
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67034, France.,Polysecure GmbH, Sankt-Georgener Str. 19, Freiburg, 79111, Germany
| | - Jochen Moesslein
- Polysecure GmbH, Sankt-Georgener Str. 19, Freiburg, 79111, Germany
| | - Jean-Arthur Amalian
- CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 20, 13397, France
| | - Salomé Poyer
- CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 20, 13397, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 20, 13397, France
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67034, France
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14
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Habumugisha T, Zhang Z, Ndayishimiye JC, Nkinahamira F, Kayiranga A, Cyubahiro E, Rehman A, Yan C, Zhang X. Evaluation and optimization of the influence of silver cluster ions on the MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of polystyrene nanoplastic polymers. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:763-772. [PMID: 35112122 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay02219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the analysis of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNs), a nonpolar polymer (NP), using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), silver salts were used as cationization reagents and simultaneously brought the potential problems of silver clusters that interfered with the PSN signal of MS. To detect PSNs, silver trifluoroacetate (AgTFA) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) were mixed with five polar matrices, namely 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo) benzoic acid (HABA), dithranol (DI), sinapic acid (SA), trans-3-indoleacrylic acid (IAA), and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), and three nonpolar matrices, namely pyrene (PRN), anthracene (ATH) and acenaphthene (ACTH). The results showed that silver salt cluster ions were detected in the range of m/z 1000-4000. Five polar matrices with silver salts produced silver clusters, which interfered with the signals in the mass spectrum of PSNs, but the combination of these matrices with copper II chloride (CuCl2) salt did not produce copper-related clusters. However, the use of nonpolar matrices such as PRN, ATH or ACTH significantly decreased the signals of silver salt cluster ions, and this alteration of matrix types is considered a promising optimization approach for silver cluster ions. The nonpolar matrix conditions were optimized without producing silver cluster ions and the optimal detection conditions were found to be under nonpolar matrices (e.g., pyrene) with silver salts (e.g., AgTFA). The results suggest that when polar matrices, such as HABA, DI, SA, IAA, and DHB, are combined with silver salts in MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, silver-related clusters are detected in the range of m/z 1000-4000. Inhibition of the production of silver cluster ions can be achieved by the use of a nonpolar matrix (e.g., PRN) or polar matrix (e.g., DHB) with copper salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théogène Habumugisha
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zixing Zhang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Jean Claude Ndayishimiye
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - François Nkinahamira
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alexis Kayiranga
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Eric Cyubahiro
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changzhou Yan
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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15
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O'Neill JM, Mao J, Haque FM, Barroso-Bujans F, Grayson SM, Wesdemiotis C. Separation, identification, and confirmation of cyclic and tadpole macromolecules via UPLC-MS/MS. Analyst 2022; 147:2089-2096. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00208f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
LC-MS/MS enables the separation and relative quantitation of cyclic and tadpole architectures of poly(glycidyl phenyl ether)s synthesized via ring-opening zwitterionic polymerization (ZREP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Jialin Mao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Farihah M. Haque
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Fabienne Barroso-Bujans
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 4, Donostia - San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Materials Physics Center, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 5, Donostia - San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Scott M. Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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16
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A Short-Cut Data Mining Method for the Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Block Copolymers. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new data mining approach as a short cut method is given for the determination of the copolymer composition from mass spectra. Our method simplifies the copolymer mass spectra by reduction of the number of mass peaks. The proposed procedure, namely the selection of the mass peaks, which is based on the most abundant peak of the mass spectrum, can be performed manually or more efficiently using our recently invented Mass-remainder analysis (MARA). The considerable reduction of the MS spectra also simplifies the calculation of the copolymer quantities for instance the number- and weight-average molecular weights (Mn and Mw, respectively), polydispersity index (Đ = Mw/Mn), average molar fraction (cA) and weight fraction (wA) of the comonomer A and so on. These copolymer properties are in line with those calculated by a reference method taking into account all the mass peaks of the copolymer distribution. We also suggest a highly efficient method and template for the determination of the composition drift by processing the reduced mass spectra.
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17
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Róth G, Nagy T, Kuki Á, Hashimov M, Vonza Z, Timári I, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Polydispersity Ratio and Its Application for the Characterization of Poloxamers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Róth
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ákos Kuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mahir Hashimov
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Vonza
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Timári
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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18
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Linear and cyclic polyester called poly (oxyethylene glycol oxymaleoyl) via ring oppening and/or cyclization reactions: Controlled synthesis under effect of maghnite (Algerian MMT). JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Zhu SZ, Zhou BW, Zhang L, Zhang J, Guo YL. Rapid Characterization of Polymer Materials Using Arc Plasma-Based Dissociation-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12480-12486. [PMID: 34474566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fingerprinting spectra of polymer materials containing information of monomers' molecular weight and detailed structure, constituents, and sequences were obtained by a direct analytical process using arc plasma-based dissociation (APD)-mass spectrometry. The thermal arc plasma generated using a simple arc discharge device induces the dissociation of the polymeric backbone, producing mass spectra with strong regularity within seconds. The molecular weight of the repeating unit was revealed by equal intervals between peak series and protonated monomer ions in the mass spectra. Meanwhile, lots of secondary fragment ions were produced to provide abundant structural information. For polyethers, it is even possible to decipher (read) the "sequence" directly from their spectra. Polymers composed of isomers or only differing in their initiator moieties were easily distinguished with their characteristic APD mass spectra. The spectra were highly reproducible according to the results of similarity calculation. Unlike pyrolysis mass spectrometry, in the APD device, polymers in liquid, solid, powder, and crude samples can be analyzed directly without any pretreatment, and the regular spectra are easier to interpret. Compared with other direct analytical methods, more structural informative spectra can be acquired owing to the high energy, high temperature, and unique chemical reactivity of arc plasma. Thus, this technique is promising to be a valuable tool in rapid elucidation of polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Zhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo-Wen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yin-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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20
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O'Neill JM, Johnson CM, Wesdemiotis C. Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry of Multicomponent Nonionic Surfactant Blends. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12090-12095. [PMID: 34431663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and ion mobility (IM) spectrometry were interfaced with mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to characterize a complex nonionic surfactant mixture. The surfactant was composed of a glycerol core, functionalized with poly(ethylene oxide) units (PEOn) that were partially esterified by caprylic and/or capric acid. Reversed-phase UPLC classified the blend based on polarity into four groups of eluates, corresponding to compounds with zero, one, two, or three fatty acid residues. Additional separation within each eluate group was achieved according to the length of the fatty acid chains. Coeluting molecules of similar polarity were dispersed in the gas phase by their collision cross section in the IM dimension. Performed in series, UPLC and IM allowed for the separation and detection of several isomeric and isobaric blend constituents, thereby enabling their isolation for conclusive MS/MS analysis to confirm or elucidate their primary structures and architectures (overall four-dimensional, 4D, characterization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Charles M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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21
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Lloyd Williams OH, Rijs NJ. Reaction Monitoring and Structural Characterisation of Coordination Driven Self-Assembled Systems by Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. Front Chem 2021; 9:682743. [PMID: 34169059 PMCID: PMC8217442 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.682743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature creates exquisite molecular assemblies, required for the molecular-level functions of life, via self-assembly. Understanding and harnessing these complex processes presents an immense opportunity for the design and fabrication of advanced functional materials. However, the significant industrial potential of self-assembly to fabricate highly functional materials is hampered by a lack of knowledge of critical reaction intermediates, mechanisms, and kinetics. As we move beyond the covalent synthetic regime, into the domain of non-covalent interactions occupied by self-assembly, harnessing and embracing complexity is a must, and non-targeted analyses of dynamic systems are becoming increasingly important. Coordination driven self-assembly is an important subtype of self-assembly that presents several wicked analytical challenges. These challenges are "wicked" due the very complexity desired confounding the analysis of products, intermediates, and pathways, therefore limiting reaction optimisation, tuning, and ultimately, utility. Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry solves many of the most challenging analytical problems in separating and analysing the structure of both simple and complex species formed via coordination driven self-assembly. Thus, due to the emerging importance of ion mobility mass spectrometry as an analytical technique tackling complex systems, this review highlights exciting recent applications. These include equilibrium monitoring, structural and dynamic analysis of previously analytically inaccessible complex interlinked structures and the process of self-sorting. The vast and largely untapped potential of ion mobility mass spectrometry to coordination driven self-assembly is yet to be fully realised. Therefore, we also propose where current analytical approaches can be built upon to allow for greater insight into the complexity and structural dynamics involved in self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole J. Rijs
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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22
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Voeten RC, van de Put B, Jordens J, Mengerink Y, Peters RAH, Haselberg R, Somsen GW. Probing Polyester Branching by Hybrid Trapped Ion-Mobility Spectrometry-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1498-1507. [PMID: 33988368 PMCID: PMC8176450 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trapped ion-mobility spectrometry combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TIMS-QTOFMS) was evaluated as a tool for resolving linear and branched isomeric polyester oligomers. Solutions of polyester samples were infused directly into the ion source employing electrospray ionization (ESI). TIMS-MS provides both mobility and m/z data on the formed ions, allowing construction of extracted-ion mobilograms (EIMs). EIMs of polyester molecules showed multimodal patterns, indicating conformational differences among isomers. Subsequent TIMS-MS/MS experiments indicated mobility differences to be caused by (degree of) branching. These assignments were supported by liquid chromatography-TIMS-MS/MS analysis, confirming that direct TIMS-MS provided fast (500 ms/scan) distinction between linear and branched small oligomers. Observing larger oligomers (up to 3000 Da) using TIMS required additional molecular charging to ensure ion entrapment within the mobility window. Molecular supercharging was achieved using m-nitrobenzyl alcohol (NBA). The additional charges on the oligomer structures enhanced mobility separation of isomeric species but also added to the complexity of the obtained fragmentation mass spectra. This complexity could be partly reduced by post-TIMS analyte-decharging applying collision-induced dissociation (CID) prior to Q1 with subsequent isolation of the singly charged ions for further fragmentation. The as-obtained EIM profiles were still quite complex as larger molecules possess more possible structural isomers. Nevertheless, distinguishing between linear and symmetrically branched oligomers was possible based on measured differences in collisional cross sections (CCSs). The established TIMS-QTOFMS approach reliably allows branching information on isomeric polyester molecules up to 3000 Da to be obtained in less than 1 min analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert
L. C. Voeten
- Division
of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life
Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram van de Put
- TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Jordens
- DSM
Materials Science Center, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Ynze Mengerink
- DSM
Materials Science Center, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. H. Peters
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- DSM
Resins & Functional Materials, Analytical
Technology Centre, Sluisweg
12, 5145 PE Waalwijk, The Netherlands
- HIMS-Analytical
Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division
of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life
Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- Division
of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life
Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Danielsen SPO, Beech HK, Wang S, El-Zaatari BM, Wang X, Sapir L, Ouchi T, Wang Z, Johnson PN, Hu Y, Lundberg DJ, Stoychev G, Craig SL, Johnson JA, Kalow JA, Olsen BD, Rubinstein M. Molecular Characterization of Polymer Networks. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5042-5092. [PMID: 33792299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymer networks are complex systems consisting of molecular components. Whereas the properties of the individual components are typically well understood by most chemists, translating that chemical insight into polymer networks themselves is limited by the statistical and poorly defined nature of network structures. As a result, it is challenging, if not currently impossible, to extrapolate from the molecular behavior of components to the full range of performance and properties of the entire polymer network. Polymer networks therefore present an unrealized, important, and interdisciplinary opportunity to exert molecular-level, chemical control on material macroscopic properties. A barrier to sophisticated molecular approaches to polymer networks is that the techniques for characterizing the molecular structure of networks are often unfamiliar to many scientists. Here, we present a critical overview of the current characterization techniques available to understand the relation between the molecular properties and the resulting performance and behavior of polymer networks, in the absence of added fillers. We highlight the methods available to characterize the chemistry and molecular-level properties of individual polymer strands and junctions, the gelation process by which strands form networks, the structure of the resulting network, and the dynamics and mechanics of the final material. The purpose is not to serve as a detailed manual for conducting these measurements but rather to unify the underlying principles, point out remaining challenges, and provide a concise overview by which chemists can plan characterization strategies that suit their research objectives. Because polymer networks cannot often be sufficiently characterized with a single method, strategic combinations of multiple techniques are typically required for their molecular characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P O Danielsen
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Haley K Beech
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Bassil M El-Zaatari
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | | | - Zi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Patricia N Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Georgi Stoychev
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,World Primer Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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24
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Abstract
In biological systems, the storage and transfer of genetic information rely on sequence-controlled nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. It has been realized for quite some time that this property is not only crucial for life but could also be very useful in human applications. For instance, DNA has been actively investigated as a digital storage medium over the past decade. Indeed, the "hard-disk of life" is an obvious choice and a highly optimized material for storing data. Through decades of nucleic acids research, technological tools for parallel synthesis and sequencing of DNA have been readily available. Consequently, it has already been demonstrated that different types of documents (e.g., texts, images, videos, and industrial data) can be stored in chemically synthesized DNA libraries. However, DNA is subject to biological constraints, and its molecular structure cannot be easily varied to match technological needs. In fact, DNA is not the only macromolecule that enables data storage. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that a wide variety of synthetic polymers can also be used for such a purpose. Indeed, modern polymer synthesis allows the preparation of synthetic macromolecules with precisely controlled monomer sequences. Altogether, about a dozens of synthetic digital polymers have already been described, and many more can be foreseen. Among them, sequence-defined poly(phosphodiester)s are one of the most promising options. These polymers are prepared by stepwise phosphoramidite chemistry like chemically synthesized oligonucleotides. However, they are constructed with non-natural building blocks and therefore share almost no structural characteristics with nucleic acids, except phosphate repeat units. Still, they contain readable digital messages that can be deciphered by nanopore sequencing or mass spectrometry sequencing. In this Account, we describe our recent research efforts in synthesizing and sequencing optimal abiological digital poly(phosphodiester)s. A major advantage of these polymers over DNA is that their molecular structure can easily be varied to tune their properties. During the last 5 years, we have engineered the molecular structure of these polymers to adjust crucial parameters such as the storage density, storage capacity, erasability, and readability. Consequently, high-capacity PPDE chains, containing hundreds of bits per chains, can now be synthesized and efficiently sequenced using a routine mass spectrometer. Furthermore, sequencing data can be automatically decrypted with the help of decoding software. This new type of coded matter can also be edited using practical physical triggers such as light and organized in space by programmed self-assembly. All of these recent improvements are summarized and discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institute for Radical Chemistry, UMR 7273, 23 Av Escadrille Nomandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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25
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Mairinger T, Loos M, Hollender J. Characterization of water-soluble synthetic polymeric substances in wastewater using LC-HRMS/MS. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116745. [PMID: 33360422 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic water-soluble polymeric materials are widely employed in e.g. cleaning detergents, personal care products, paints or textiles. Accordingly, these compounds reach sewage treatment plants and may enter receiving waters and the aquatic environment. Characteristically, these molecules show a polydisperse molecular weight distribution, comprising multiple repeating units, i.e. a homologous series (HS). Their analysis in environmentally relevant samples has received some attention over the last two decades, however, the majority of previous studies focused on surfactants and a molecular weight range <1000 Da. To capture a wider range on the mass versus polarity plane and extend towards less polar contaminants, a workflow was established using three different ionization strategies, namely conventional electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure photoionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. The data evaluation consisted of suspect screening of ca. 1200 suspect entries and a non-target screening of HS with pre-defined accurate mass differences using ca. 400 molecular formulas of repeating units of HS as input and repeating retention time shifts as HS indicator. To study the fate of these water-soluble polymeric substances in the wastewater treatment process, the different stages, i.e. after primary and secondary clarifier, and after ozonation followed by sand filtration, were sampled at a Swiss wastewater treatment plant. Remaining with two different ionization interfaces, ESI and APPI, in both polarities, a non-targeted screening approach led to a total number of 146 HS (each with a minimum number of 4 members), with a molecular mass of up to 1200 detected in the final effluent. Of the 146 HS, ca 15% could be associated with suspect hits and approximately 25% with transformation products of suspects. Tentative characterization or probable chemical structure could be assigned to almost half of the findings. In positive ionization mode various sugar derivatives with differing side chains, for negative mode structures with sulfonic acids, could be characterized. The number of detected HS decreased significantly over the three treatment stages. For HS detectable also in the biological and oxidative treatment stages, a change in HS distribution towards to lower mass range was often observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mairinger
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland.
| | | | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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26
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Austin CA, Inutan ED, Bohrer BC, Li J, Fischer JL, Wijerathne K, Foley CD, Lietz CB, Woodall DW, Imperial LF, Clemmer DE, Trimpin S, Larsen BS. Resolving Isomers of Star-Branched Poly(Ethylene Glycols) by IMS-MS Using Multiply Charged Ions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:21-32. [PMID: 32510213 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) mass spectrometry (MS) centers on the ability to separate gaseous structures by size, charge, shape, and followed by mass-to-charge (m/z). For oligomeric structures, improved separation is hypothesized to be related to the ability to extend structures through repulsive forces between cations electrostatically bonded to the oligomers. Here we show the ability to separate differently branched multiply charged ions of star-branched poly(ethylene glycol) oligomers (up to 2000 Da) regardless of whether formed by electrospray ionization (ESI) charged solution droplets or from charged solid particles produced directly from a surface by matrix-assisted ionization. Detailed structural characterization of isomers of the star-branched compositions was first established using a home-built high-resolution ESI IMS-MS instrument. The doubly charged ions have well-resolved drift times, achieving separation of isomers and also allowing differentiation of star-branched versus linear oligomers. An IMS-MS "snapshot" approach allows visualization of architectural dispersity and (im)purity of samples in a straightforward manner. Analyses capabilities are shown for different cations and ionization methods using commercially available traveling wave IMS-MS instruments. Analyses directly from surfaces using the new ionization processes are, because of the multiply charging, not only associated with the benefits of improved gas-phase separations, relative to that of ions produced by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, but also provide the potential for spatially resolved measurements relative to ESI and other ionization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin A Austin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Brian C Bohrer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Joshua L Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Kanchana Wijerathne
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Casey D Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Christopher B Lietz
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Daniel W Woodall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Lorelie F Imperial
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - David E Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Barbara S Larsen
- DuPont, Nutrition & Biosciences, Wilmington, Delaware 19808, United States
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27
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Anhäuser J, Lützen A, Engeser M. Charge-State-Dependent Fragmentation of [2.2]Based Metallosupramolecular Cyclic Helicates in the Gas Phase. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2528-2533. [PMID: 33236857 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A detailed mass-spectrometric study provides insight into the gas-phase fragmentation pathways of a cyclic helicate selectively built from four iron(II) centers and six [2.2]cyclophane-based ligands through the subcomponent self-assembly approach. The charge state of the precursor ion, i. e., the number of triflate anions accompanying the metallo-supramolecular core, has a strong influence on the observed fragmentations. The triply charged ion shows loss of a neutral ligand whereas ions of higher charge fragment by up to three different charge-separating pathways to minimize the charge density of the ions. Additional subsequent fragmentations of highly charged fragment ions include redox processes as well as splitting of the unusual paracyclophane backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Anhäuser
- Kekulé-Insitut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53129, Bonn, Germany
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé-Insitut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53129, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marianne Engeser
- Kekulé-Insitut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53129, Bonn, Germany
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28
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Duez Q, Moins S, Coulembier O, De Winter J, Cornil J, Gerbaux P. Assessing the Structural Heterogeneity of Isomeric Homo and Copolymers: an Approach Combining Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2379-2388. [PMID: 33044069 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers occupy a unique place in the field of ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMS-MS). Indeed, due to their intrinsic dispersity, they have the asset to offer a broad range of homologous ions with different lengths that can be detected in several charge states. In addition, the gas-phase structure of polymer ions mostly depends on their ability to screen the adducted charges. Several works dealing with linear, cyclic, and star-shaped polymers have already shown that the gas-phase structure of polymer ions heavily relies on the polymer architecture, i.e., the primary structure. In the present work, we move a step further by evaluating whether a relationship exists between the primary and secondary structures of synthetic homo and copolymers. The IMS-MS experiments will be further complemented by MD simulations. To highlight the effectiveness of IMS separation, we selected isomeric homo and copolymers made of lactide (LA) and propiolactone (PL) units. In this way, the mass analysis becomes useless since isomeric comonomer sequences can coexist for any given chain length. An UPLC method was implemented in the workflow to successfully separate all PL-LA comonomer sequences before infusion in the IMS-MS instrument. The analysis of doubly charged copolymers showed that the comonomer sequence has an impact on the IMS response. However, this only holds for copolymer ions with precise sizes and charge states, and this is therefore not a rule of thumb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Duez
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Moins
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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29
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Knol WC, Pirok BWJ, Peters RAH. Detection challenges in quantitative polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:63-87. [PMID: 32935906 PMCID: PMC7821191 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of polymer distributions is one of the main challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. The response of contemporary detectors is typically influenced by compositional features such as molecular weight, chain composition, end groups, and branching. This renders the accurate quantification of complex polymers of which there are no standards available, extremely challenging. Moreover, any (programmed) change in mobile-phase composition may further limit the applicability of detection techniques. Current methods often rely on refractive index detection, which is not accurate when dealing with complex samples as the refractive-index increment is often unknown. We review current and emerging detection methods in liquid chromatography with the aim of identifying detectors, which can be applied to the quantitative analysis of complex polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Knol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,DSM Resins & Functional Materials, Analytical Technology Centre, Waalwijk, The Netherlands
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30
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Riches E, Palmer ME. Application of a novel cyclic ion mobility-mass spectrometer to the analysis of synthetic polymers: A preliminary evaluation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8710. [PMID: 31856357 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mass spectrometry (MS) is often employed in the characterisation of synthetic polymers. As polymer architecture becomes more complex, ion mobility (IM) is increasingly being coupled with MS to provide an additional dimension of separation, along with structural information. In this study, we explore the use of a novel cyclic ion mobility (cIM) mass spectrometer for the analysis of a co-polymer sample. METHODS A solution of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol) random co-polymer (PEG-ran-PPG) was used as a representative polymer sample. The solution was infused into a cIM-enabled quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. An m/z region of interest, selected using the quadrupole, was passed around the cIM device multiple times. Subsequently, regions of an arrival time distribution were 'sliced' and subjected to tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis. RESULTS Typical, multiply charged series were observed for the polymer under electrospray ionisation. Multiple passes of the cIM device resulted in the separation of otherwise-overlapping charge states within a narrow m/z window (~3 m/z units), allowing individual selection of ions. These isolated ions were then subjected to post-mobility fragmentation resulting in clean, high-resolution product ion spectra, with a significant reduction in interference. CONCLUSIONS Scalable IM separation (IMS), brought about by passing ions multiple times around the cIM device, was demonstrated to provide increased IM resolution for ions in the selected m/z window. After multiple passes, deconvoluted high-resolution MS/MS product ion spectra were successfully acquired for ions that previously had interfering overlapping species present.
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31
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Charles L, Chendo C, Poyer S. Ion mobility spectrometry - Mass spectrometry coupling for synthetic polymers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8624. [PMID: 31658387 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review covers applications of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) hyphenated to mass spectrometry (MS) in the field of synthetic polymers. MS has become an essential technique in polymer science, but increasingly complex samples produced to provide desirable macroscopic properties of high-performance materials often require separation of species prior to their mass analysis. Similar to liquid chromatography, the IMS dimension introduces shape selectivity but enables separation at a much faster rate (milliseconds vs minutes). As a post-ionization technique, IMS can be hyphenated to MS to perform a double separation dimension of gas-phase ions, first as a function on their mobility (determined by their charge state and collision cross section, CCS), then as a function of their m/z ratio. Implemented with a variety of ionization techniques, such coupling permits the spectral complexity to be reduced, to enhance the dynamic range of detection, or to achieve separation of isobaric ions prior to their activation in MS/MS experiments. Coupling IMS to MS also provides valuable information regarding the 3D structure of polymer ions in the gas phase and regarding how to address the question of how charges are distributed within the structure. Moreover, the ability of IMS to separate multiply charged species generated by electrospray ionization yields typical IMS-MS 2D maps that permit the conformational dynamics of synthetic polymer chains to be described as a function of their length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Christophe Chendo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Salomé Poyer
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
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32
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Antoine R. Weighing synthetic polymers of ultra-high molar mass and polymeric nanomaterials: What can we learn from charge detection mass spectrometry? RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8539. [PMID: 31353622 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advances in soft ionization techniques for mass spectrometry (MS) of polymeric materials make it possible to determine the masses of intact molecular ions exceeding megadaltons. Interfacing MS with separation and fragmentation methods has additionally led to impressive advances in the ability to structurally characterize polymers. Even if the gap to the megadalton range has been bridged by MS for polymers standards, the MS-based analysis for more complex polymeric materials is still challenging. Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) is a single-molecule method where the mass and the charge of each ion are directly determined from individual measurements. The entire molecular mass distribution of a polymer sample can be thus accurately measured. Described in this perspective paper is how molecular weight distribution as well as charge distribution can provide new insights into the structural and compositional studies of synthetic polymers and polymeric nanomaterials in the megadalton to gigadalton range of molecular weight. The recent multidimensional CDMS studies involving couplings with separation and dissociation techniques will be presented. And, finally, an outlook for the future avenues of the CDMS technique in the field of synthetic polymers of ultra-high molar mass and polymeric nanomaterials will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Antoine
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, UMR 5306, F-69622, Lyon, France
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33
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Endres KJ, Barthelmes K, Winter A, Antolovich R, Schubert US, Wesdemiotis C. Collision cross-section analysis of self-assembled metallomacrocycle isomers and isobars via ion mobility mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8717. [PMID: 31894612 PMCID: PMC9285404 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Coordinatively driven self-assembly of transition metal ions and bidentate ligands gives rise to organometallic complexes that usually contain superimposed isobars, isomers, and conformers. In this study, the double dispersion ability of ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) was used to provide a comprehensive structural characterization of the self-assembled supramolecular complexes by their mass and charge, revealed by the MS event, and their shape and collision cross-section (Ω), revealed by the IM event. METHODS Self-assembled complexes were synthesized by reacting a bis(terpyridine) ligand exhibiting a 60o dihedral angle between the two ligating terpyridine sites (T) with divalent Zn, Ni, Cd, or Fe. The products were isolated as (Metal2+ [T])n (PF6 )2n salts and analyzed using IM-MS after electrospray ionization (ESI) which produced several charge states from each n-mer, depending on the number of PF6 - anions lost upon ESI. Experimental Ω data, derived using IM-MS, and computational Ω predictions were used to elucidate the size and architecture of the complexes. RESULTS Only macrocyclic dimers, trimers, and tetramers were observed with Cd2+ , whereas Zn2+ formed the same plus hexameric complexes. These two metals led to the simplest product distributions and no linear isomers. In sharp contrast, Ni2+ and Fe2+ formed all possible ring sizes from dimer to hexamer as well as various linear isomers. The experimental and theoretical Ω data indicated rather planar macrocyclic geometries for the dimers and trimers, twisted 3D architectures for the larger rings, and substantially larger sizes with spiral conformation for the linear congeners. Adding PF6 - to the same complex was found to mainly cause size contraction due to new stabilizing anion-cation interactions. CONCLUSIONS Complete structural identification could be accomplished using ESI-IM-MS. Our results affirm that self-assembly with Cd2+ and Zn2+ proceeds through reversible equilibria that generate the thermodynamically most stable structures, encompassing exclusively macrocyclic architectures that readily accommodate the 60o ligand used. In contrast, complexation with Ni2+ and Fe2+ , which form stronger coordinative bonds, proceeds through kinetic control, leading to more complex mixtures and kinetically trapped less stable architectures, such as macrocyclic pentamers and linear isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Barthelmes
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 10JenaGermany
- Department of Materials and Applied ChemistryNihon University1‐8‐14 Kanda SurugadaiChiyoda‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Andreas Winter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 10JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller Universität JenaPhilosophenweg 7JenaGermany
| | | | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 10JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller Universität JenaPhilosophenweg 7JenaGermany
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Polymer ScienceUniversity of AkronAkronOHUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of AkronAkronOHUSA
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34
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Fouquet TNJ, Cody RB, Nakamura S, Sato H, Ohmura T, Kotani M, Naito Y. Rapid Fingerprinting of High-Molecular-Weight Polymers by Laser Desorption-Ionization Using Through-Hole Alumina Membrane High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7399-7403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry N. J. Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Robert B. Cody
- JEOL USA, Inc., 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - Sayaka Nakamura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohmura
- Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., 314-5 Shimokanzo, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0193, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kotani
- Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., 314-5 Shimokanzo, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0193, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Naito
- The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries, 1955-1 Kurematsu-cho, Nishi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-1202, Japan
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Uppal SS, Mookherjee A, Harkewicz R, Beasley SE, Bush MF, Guttman M. High-Precision, Gas-Phase Hydrogen/Deuterium-Exchange Kinetics by Mass Spectrometry Enabled by Exchange Standards. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7725-7732. [PMID: 32368904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a primary tool for identifying and quantifying biological molecules. In combination with other orthogonal techniques, such as gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange (gHDX), MS is also capable of probing the structure of ions. However, gHDX kinetics can depend strongly on many factors, including laboratory temperature, instrumental conditions, and instrument platform selection. These effects can lead to high variability with gHDX measurements, which has hindered the broader adoption of gHDX for structural MS. Here we introduce an approach for standardizing gHDX measurements using cosampled standards. Quantifying the exchange kinetics for analytes relative to the exchange kinetics of the standards results in greater accuracy and precision than the underlying absolute measurements. The standardization was found to be effective for several types of analytes including small molecules and intact proteins. A subset of analytes showed deviations in their standardized exchange profiles that are attributed to field heating and the concomitant conformational isomerization. Inclusion of helium during the gHDX process for collisional cooling helps mitigate such variations in exchange kinetics related to ion heating. We anticipate that the outcomes of this research will enable the broader use of gHDX in MS-based workflows for molecular identification and isomer differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit S Uppal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Abhigya Mookherjee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Rick Harkewicz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sarah E Beasley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Matthew F Bush
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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36
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Laurent E, Amalian JA, Parmentier M, Oswald L, Al Ouahabi A, Dufour F, Launay K, Clément JL, Gigmes D, Delsuc MA, Charles L, Lutz JF. High-Capacity Digital Polymers: Storing Images in Single Molecules. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eline Laurent
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Arthur Amalian
- CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix Marseille Université, 13397 Cedex 20 Marseille, France
| | - Marie Parmentier
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Oswald
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Abdelaziz Al Ouahabi
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Florent Dufour
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Kevin Launay
- CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix Marseille Université, 13397 Cedex 20 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Clément
- CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix Marseille Université, 13397 Cedex 20 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix Marseille Université, 13397 Cedex 20 Marseille, France
| | - Marc-André Delsuc
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM, U596, CNRS, UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix Marseille Université, 13397 Cedex 20 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
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De Bruycker K, Welle A, Hirth S, Blanksby SJ, Barner-Kowollik C. Mass spectrometry as a tool to advance polymer science. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:257-268. [PMID: 37127980 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to natural polymers, which have existed for billions of years, the first well-understood synthetic polymers date back to just over one century ago. Nevertheless, this relatively short period has seen vast progress in synthetic polymer chemistry, which can now afford diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities. To keep pace with this synthetic progress, there have been commensurate developments in analytical chemistry, where mass spectrometry has emerged as the pre-eminent technique for polymer analysis. This Perspective describes present challenges associated with the mass-spectrometric analysis of synthetic polymers, in particular the desorption, ionization and structural interrogation of high-molar-mass macromolecules, as well as strategies to lower spectral complexity. We critically evaluate recent advances in technology in the context of these challenges and suggest how to push the field beyond its current limitations. In this context, the increasingly important role of high-resolution mass spectrometry is emphasized because of its unrivalled ability to describe unique species within polymer ensembles, rather than to report the average properties of the ensemble.
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Nagy T, Kuki Á, Hashimov M, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Multistep Mass-Remainder Analysis and its Application in Copolymer Blends. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ákos Kuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mahir Hashimov
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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39
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Atakay M, Aksakal F, Bozkaya U, Salih B, Wesdemiotis C. Conformational Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Oligomers and Their Noncovalent Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:441-449. [PMID: 32031387 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly-l-lysine (PLL), polystyrenesulfonate (PSS), and a mixture of these polyelectrolytes were investigated by electrospray ionization ion mobility mass spectrometry. The IM step confirmed the formation of noncovalent (i.e., supramolecular) complexes between these polyelectrolytes, which were detected in various charge states and stoichiometries in the presence of their constituents. Experimental and theoretical collision cross sections (CCSs) were derived for both PLL and PSS oligomers as well as their noncovalent assemblies. PSS chains showed higher compactness with increasing size as compared to PLL chains, indicating that the intrinsic conformations of the polyelectrolytes depend on the nature of the functional groups on their side chains. The CCS data for the noncovalent complexes further revealed that assemblies with higher PLL content have higher CCS values than other compositions of similar mass and that PLL-PSS complex formation is accompanied by significant size contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Atakay
- Department of Chemistry , Hacettepe University , 06800 Ankara , Turkey
| | - Fatma Aksakal
- Department of Chemistry , Hacettepe University , 06800 Ankara , Turkey
| | - Uğur Bozkaya
- Department of Chemistry , Hacettepe University , 06800 Ankara , Turkey
| | - Bekir Salih
- Department of Chemistry , Hacettepe University , 06800 Ankara , Turkey
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
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40
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Gelb AS, Lai R, Li H, Dodds ED. Composition and charge state influence on the ion-neutral collision cross sections of protonated N-linked glycopeptides: an experimental and theoretical deconstruction of coulombic repulsion vs. charge solvation effects. Analyst 2020; 144:5738-5747. [PMID: 31453603 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00875f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is of significant interest as a platform for glycoanalysis. While much attention has been focused on the resolution of isomeric carbohydrates and glycoconjugates, another appealing aspect of IMS is the ability to sort different classes of biomolecules into distinct regions of mass vs. mobility space. This capability has potential to greatly simplify glycoproteomic analyses, as glycosylated and non-glycosylated peptides can be rapidly partitioned in the gas phase. Nevertheless, the physical and chemical characteristics of glycopeptides that dictate their mass vs. mobility loci have yet to be systematically investigated. This report presents an IMS study of model protonated glycopeptide ions with systematically varied oligosaccharide topologies, polypeptide sequences, and charge states. In all, over 110 ion-neutral collision cross sections (CCSs) were measured and analyzed in the context of the physicochemical characteristics of the analytes. Glycan size and composition emerged as a decisive factor in dictating the CCS space occupied by the glycopeptides and exerted this influence in a charge state dependent fashion. Furthermore, elongation of the glycan group was found to either increase or decrease glycopeptide CCSs depending on the ion charge state and the size of the glycan. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the gas phase structures and CCSs of selected glycopeptides revealed that the experimental observations were consistent with a glycan size and charge state dependent interplay between destabilizing coulombic repulsion effects (tending to result in more extended structures) and stabilizing charge solvation effects in which the glycan plays a major role (tending to result in more compact structures). Taken together, these IMS and MD findings suggest the possibility of predicting and delineating glycopeptide-enriched regions of mass vs. mobility space for applications in glycoproteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby S Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA.
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41
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Duez Q, Metwally H, Hoyas S, Lemaur V, Cornil J, De Winter J, Konermann L, Gerbaux P. Effects of electrospray mechanisms and structural relaxation on polylactide ion conformations in the gas phase: insights from ion mobility spectrometry and molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4193-4204. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase polymer ions may retain structural features associated with their electrospray formation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Duez
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) – University of Mons (UMONS)
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
| | - Haidy Metwally
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Sébastien Hoyas
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) – University of Mons (UMONS)
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) – University of Mons (UMONS)
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) – University of Mons (UMONS)
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) – University of Mons (UMONS)
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) – University of Mons (UMONS)
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
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42
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Fouquet TNJ. The Kendrick analysis for polymer mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:933-947. [PMID: 31758605 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The mass spectrum of a polymer often displays repetitive patterns with peak series spaced by the repeating unit(s) of the polymeric backbones, sometimes complexified with different adducts, chain terminations, or charge states. Exploring the complex mass spectral data or filtering the unwanted signal is tedious whether performed manually or automatically. In contrast, the now 60-year-old Kendrick (mass defect) analysis, when adapted to polymer ions, produces visual two-dimensional maps with intuitive alignments of the repetitive patterns and favourable deconvolution of features overlaid in the one-dimensional mass spectrum. This special feature article reports on an up-to-date and theoretically sound use of Kendrick plots as a data processing tool. The approach requires no prior knowledge of the sample but offers promising dynamic capabilities for visualizing, filtering, and sometimes assigning congested mass spectra. Examples of applications of the approach to polymers are discussed throughout the text, but the same tools can be readily extended to other applications, including the analysis of polymers present as pollutants/contaminants, and to other analytes incorporating a repetitive moiety, for example, oils or lipids. In each of these instances, data processing can benefit from the application of an updated and interactive Kendrick analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry N J Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (RISC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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43
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Lorenz Y, Anhäuser J, Lützen A, Engeser M. [2.2]Paracyclophane bis(pyridine)-based metallosupramolecular rhombs in the gas phase: Competitive cleavage of non-covalent and weak covalent bonds. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2007-2013. [PMID: 31098957 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase fragmentation behavior of self-assembled metallo-supramolecular rhombs based on an unusual chiral [2.2]paracyclophane bis(pyridine) ligand is studied by collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry. The fragmentation patterns strongly depend on the charge state of the respective mass-selected aggregate. For the doubly charged ions, simple symmetric fragmentation is observed in full accordance with previous results reported for related metallo-supramolecular species. The triply charged species cleaves unsymmetrically which can be rationalized by a preferred formation of ions with low charge density. CID of the quadruply charged rhomb reveals a complex fragmentation. Besides ligand oxidation to the radical cation, facile cleavage of the central covalently bound part of the [2.2]paracyclophane ligand takes place which is even preferred over rupture of the weak dative pyridine-Pd bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Lorenz
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jana Anhäuser
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marianne Engeser
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
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44
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Mao J, Zhang B, Zhang H, Elupula R, Grayson SM, Wesdemiotis C. Elucidating Branching Topology and Branch Lengths in Star-Branched Polymers by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1981-1991. [PMID: 31363988 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) has been employed to elucidate the topology and branching architecture of star-branched polyethers. The polymers were ionized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) to positive ions and dissociated after leaving the ion source via laser-induced fragmentation. The bond scissions caused under MALDI-MS2 conditions occur preferentially near the core-branch joining points due to energetically favorable homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavages near the core and release of steric strain and/or reduction of crowding. This unique fragmentation mode detaches complete arms from the core generating fragment ion series at the expected molecular weight of each branch. The number of fragment ion distributions observed combined with their mass-to-charge ratios permit conclusive determination of the degree of branching and the corresponding branch lengths, as demonstrated for differently branched homo- and mikto-arm polyether stars synthesized via azide-alkyne click chemistry. The results of this study underscore the utility of MS2 for the characterization of branching architecture and branch lengths of (co) polymers with two or more linear chains attached to a functionalized central core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratory, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3601, USA
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Ravinder Elupula
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Scott M Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratory, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3601, USA.
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45
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Abstract
This review covers the applications of mass spectrometry (MS) and its hyphenated techniques to characterize polyurethane (PU) synthetic polymers and their respective hard and soft segments. PUs are commonly composed of hard segments including methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and soft segments including polyester and polyether polyols. This literature review highlights MS techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix assisted laser/desorption ionization (MALDI), ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), and computational methods that have been used for the characterization of this polymer system. Here we review specific case studies where MS techniques have elucidated unique features pertaining to the makeup and structural integrity of complex PU materials and PU precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Crescentini
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - David M Hercules
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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46
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Snyder SR, Wei W, Xiong H, Wesdemiotis C. Sequencing of Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Copolymers by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071118. [PMID: 31266225 PMCID: PMC6680698 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyether based side-chain liquid crystalline (SCLC) copolymers with distinct microstructures were prepared using living anionic polymerization techniques. The composition, end groups, purity, and sequence of the resulting copolymers were elucidated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). MALDI-MS analysis confirmed the presence of (CH3)3CO– and –H end groups at the initiating (α) and terminating (ω) chain end, respectively, and allowed determination of the molecular weight distribution and comonomer content of the copolymers. The comonomer positions along the polymer chain were identified by MS/MS, from the fragments formed via C–O and C–C bond cleavages in the polyether backbone. Random and block architectures could readily be distinguished by the contiguous fragment series formed in these reactions. Notably, backbone C–C bond scission was promoted by a radical formed via initial C–O bond cleavage in the mesogenic side chain. This result documents the ability of a properly substituted side chain to induce sequence indicative bond cleavages in the polyether backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah R Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Huiming Xiong
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
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47
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Shao Y, Chen J, Ren XK, Zhang X, Yin GZ, Li X, Wang J, Wesdemiotis C, Zhang WB, Yang S, Sun B, Zhu M. Synthesis, Self-Assembly and Characterization of Tandem Triblock BPOSS-PDI-X Shape Amphiphiles. Molecules 2019; 24:E2114. [PMID: 31167411 PMCID: PMC6600600 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we report the facile synthesis, self-assembly, and characterization of shape amphiphiles (BPOSS-PDI-X) based on isobutyl-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (BPOSS), perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PDI), and (60)fullerene (C60) moieties. Firstly, an asymmetrically functionalized diblock shape amphiphile precursor (BPOSS-PDI-OH) was obtained through the one-pot reaction between perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride and two different amines, namely BPOSS-NH2 and 3-amino-1-propanol. It was further conjugated with C60-COOH to give a tri-block shape amphiphile (BPOSS-PDI-C60). Their chemical structures were thoroughly characterized by NMR, IR and MALDI-TOF MS spectrometry. In order to gain insights on the structure-property relationship, their self-assembly in gas phase, in solution, and in solid state were characterized using traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry (TWIM-MS), UV/Vis absorption, fluorescence emission spectrophotometer, and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. It was found that BPOSS-PDI-OH formed more complicated dimers than BPOSS-PDI-C60. Both samples showed unique aggregation behaviors in solution with increasing concentration, which could be attributed neither to H- nor to J-type and might be related to the discrete dimers. While BPOSS-PDI-C60 could hardly crystalize into ordered structures, BPOSS-PDI-OH could form nanobelt-shaped single crystals, which may hold potential applications in microelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials and College of Material Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials and College of Material Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Xiang-Kui Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Xinlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials and College of Material Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Guang-Zhong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Jing Wang
- South China Advanced Institute of Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| | - Wen-Bin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shuguang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials and College of Material Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Bin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials and College of Material Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials and College of Material Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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48
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Crescentini TM, May JC, McLean JA, Hercules DM. Alkali Metal Cation Adduct Effect on Polybutylene Adipate Oligomers: Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. POLYMER 2019; 173:58-65. [PMID: 31839686 PMCID: PMC6910660 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) di-block copolymers are one of the most versatile polymeric materials, comprised of hard and soft segments that contribute to PU's broad range of applications. Polybutylene adipate (PBA) is a commonly used soft segment in PU systems. Characterizing the structure of PBA polymers is essential to understanding complex heterogeneity within a PU sample. In this study, ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) are used to structurally characterize a PBA standard (Mn = 2250) adducted with a combination of monovalent alkali cations (Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs). IM-MS profiles show unique trends associated with each cation-adducted PBA sample. Charge state trends: +1, +2, and +3 were extracted for cation-adducted PBA oligomers, and investigated to study gas-phase transitional folding. To quantitatively assess the gas-phase structural similarities and differences, a statistical test (ANOVA) was used to compare PBA oligomer-cation collisional cross sections (CCS). Fragmentation studies (MS/MS) identified the unique behavior of Li and Na for promoting 1,5 H-shift and 1,3 H-shift fragmentation, whereas the PBA precursor preferentially loses the larger K, Rb, and Cs cations as the ion activation energy is increased. The combination of adducted alkali cations, IM-MS, and MS/MS allow for unique structural characterization of this important PBA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M. Crescentini
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jody C. May
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - John A. McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - David M. Hercules
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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Gabelica V, Shvartsburg AA, Afonso C, Barran P, Benesch JL, Bleiholder C, Bowers MT, Bilbao A, Bush MF, Campbell JL, Campuzano ID, Causon T, Clowers BH, Creaser CS, De Pauw E, Far J, Fernandez‐Lima F, Fjeldsted JC, Giles K, Groessl M, Hogan CJ, Hann S, Kim HI, Kurulugama RT, May JC, McLean JA, Pagel K, Richardson K, Ridgeway ME, Rosu F, Sobott F, Thalassinos K, Valentine SJ, Wyttenbach T. Recommendations for reporting ion mobility Mass Spectrometry measurements. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2019; 38:291-320. [PMID: 30707468 PMCID: PMC6618043 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a guide to ion mobility mass spectrometry experiments, which covers both linear and nonlinear methods: what is measured, how the measurements are done, and how to report the results, including the uncertainties of mobility and collision cross section values. The guide aims to clarify some possibly confusing concepts, and the reporting recommendations should help researchers, authors and reviewers to contribute comprehensive reports, so that the ion mobility data can be reused more confidently. Starting from the concept of the definition of the measurand, we emphasize that (i) mobility values (K0 ) depend intrinsically on ion structure, the nature of the bath gas, temperature, and E/N; (ii) ion mobility does not measure molecular surfaces directly, but collision cross section (CCS) values are derived from mobility values using a physical model; (iii) methods relying on calibration are empirical (and thus may provide method-dependent results) only if the gas nature, temperature or E/N cannot match those of the primary method. Our analysis highlights the urgency of a community effort toward establishing primary standards and reference materials for ion mobility, and provides recommendations to do so. © 2019 The Authors. Mass Spectrometry Reviews Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Gabelica
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM and CNRS, ARNA Laboratory, IECB site2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600PessacFrance
| | | | | | - Perdita Barran
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass SpectrometryManchester Institute for Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Justin L.P. Benesch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | - Christian Bleiholder
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida32311
| | | | - Aivett Bilbao
- Biological Sciences DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWashington
| | - Matthew F. Bush
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | | | | | - Tim Causon
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)Department of Chemistry, Division of Analytical ChemistryViennaAustria
| | - Brian H. Clowers
- Department of ChemistryWashington State UniversityPullmanWashington
| | - Colin S. Creaser
- Centre for Analytical ScienceDepartment of Chemistry, Loughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse (L.S.M.) − Molecular SystemsUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Johann Far
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse (L.S.M.) − Molecular SystemsUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | | | | | | | - Michael Groessl
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of BioMedical ResearchInselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland and TofwerkThunSwitzerland
| | | | - Stephan Hann
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)Department of Chemistry, Division of Analytical ChemistryViennaAustria
| | - Hugh I. Kim
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | | | - Jody C. May
- Department of ChemistryCenter for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee
| | - John A. McLean
- Department of ChemistryCenter for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Freie Universitaet BerlinInstitute for Chemistry and BiochemistryBerlinGermany
| | | | | | - Frédéric Rosu
- CNRS, INSERM and University of BordeauxInstitut Européen de Chimie et BiologiePessacFrance
| | - Frank Sobott
- Antwerp UniversityBiomolecular & Analytical Mass SpectrometryAntwerpBelgium
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Konstantinos Thalassinos
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of BiosciencesUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
- United Kingdom and Institute of Structural and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of LondonLondonWC1E 7HXUK
| | - Stephen J. Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of ChemistryWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWest Virginia
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50
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Haler JRN, Massonnet P, Far J, de la Rosa VR, Lecomte P, Hoogenboom R, Jérôme C, De Pauw E. Gas-Phase Dynamics of Collision Induced Unfolding, Collision Induced Dissociation, and Electron Transfer Dissociation-Activated Polymer Ions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:563-572. [PMID: 30523570 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymer characterizations are often performed using mass spectrometry (MS). Aside from MS and different tandem MS (MS/MS) techniques, ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has been recently added to the inventory of characterization technique. However, only few studies have focused on the reproducibility and robustness of polymer IM-MS analyses. Here, we perform collisional and electron-mediated activation of polymer ions before measuring IM drift times, collision cross-sections (CCS), or reduced ion mobilities (K0). The resulting IM behavior of different activated product ions is then compared to non-activated native intact polymer ions. First, we analyzed collision induced unfolding (CIU) of precursor ions to test the robustness of polymer ion shapes. Then, we focused on fragmentation product ions to test for shape retentions from the precursor ions: cation ejection species (CES) and product ions with m/z and charge state values identical to native intact polymer ions. The CES species are formed using both collision induced dissociation (CID) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD, formally ETnoD) experiments. Only small drift time, CCS, or K0 deviations between the activated/formed ions are observed compared to the native intact polymer ions. The polymer ion shapes seem to depend solely on their mass and charge state. The experiments were performed on three synthetic homopolymers: poly(ethoxy phosphate) (PEtP), poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline) (Pn-PrOx), and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). These results confirm the robustness of polymer ion CCSs for IM calibration, especially singly charged polymer ions. The results are also discussed in the context of polymer analyses, CCS predictions, and probing ion-drift gas interaction potentials. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean R N Haler
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Massonnet
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Johann Far
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Victor R de la Rosa
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lecomte
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules, CESAM Research Unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 13, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christine Jérôme
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules, CESAM Research Unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 13, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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