1
|
Rana SS, Choudhury J. Orchestrated Octuple C-H Activation: A Bottom-Up Topology Engineering Approach toward Stimuli-Responsive Double-Heptagon-Embedded Wavy Polycyclic Heteroaromatics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406514. [PMID: 38758986 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Curiosity-driven innovations on the design and synthesis of nonplanar polycyclic aromatic/heteroaromatic compounds with new molecular topologies unfold exciting opportunities for harnessing their intriguing supramolecular properties and thereby the development of novel functional organic materials. This work presents such an innovative synthetic concept of a bottom-up molecular topology engineering through a unique orchestrated octuple C-H activation reaction, toward the rapid synthesis of a novel class of double heptagon-incorporated nitrogen-doped laterally-fused polycyclic compounds with rarely reported wavy structural configuration. The profound impact of the molecular wavy structures of these compounds on their properties is manifested by weak and tunable solid-state intermolecular interactions controlling the electronic properties of the materials, leading to reversibly switchable fluorochromism in the solid state and thin films with mechanical force and solvent vapors as external stimuli, thereby indicating their potential applicability in rewritable fluorescent optical recording media, security papers, mechanosensors, volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samim Sohel Rana
- Organometallics & Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, India
| | - Joyanta Choudhury
- Organometallics & Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin LC, Dill RD, Thorley KJ, Parkin SR, Anthony JE, Johnson JC, Damrauer NH. Revealing the Singlet Fission Mechanism for a Silane-Bridged Thienotetracene Dimer. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3982-3992. [PMID: 38717589 PMCID: PMC11129308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Tetraceno[2,3-b]thiophene is regarded as a strong candidate for singlet fission-based solar cell applications due to its mixed characteristics of tetracene and pentacene that balance exothermicity and triplet energy. An electronically weakly coupled tetraceno[2,3-b]thiophene dimer (Et2Si(TIPSTT)2) with a single silicon atom bridge has been synthesized, providing a new platform to investigate the singlet fission mechanism involving the two acene chromophores. We study the excited state dynamics of Et2Si(TIPSTT)2 by monitoring the evolution of multiexciton coupled triplet states, 1TT to 5TT to 3TT to T1 + S0, upon photoexcitation with transient absorption, temperature-dependent transient absorption, and transient/pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies. We find that the photoexcited singlet lifetime is 107 ps, with 90% evolving to form the TT state, and the complicated evolution between the multiexciton states is unraveled, which can be an important reference for future efforts toward tetraceno[2,3-b]thiophene-based singlet fission solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chun Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ryan D. Dill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Karl J. Thorley
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Sean R. Parkin
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Justin C. Johnson
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Niels H. Damrauer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Majdecki M, Hsu CH, Wang CH, Shi EHC, Zakrocka M, Wei YC, Chen BH, Lu CH, Yang SD, Chou PT, Gaweł P. Singlet Fission in a New Series of Systematically Designed Through-space Coupled Tetracene Oligomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401103. [PMID: 38412017 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) holds great promise for current photovoltaic technologies, where tetracenes, with their relatively high triplet energies, play a major role for application in silicon-based solar cells. However, the SF efficiencies in tetracene dimers are low due to the unfavorable energetics of their singlet and triplet energy levels. In the solid state, tetracene exhibits high yields of triplet formation through SF, raising great interest about the underlying mechanisms. To address this discrepancy, we designed and prepared a novel molecular system based on a hexaphenylbenzene core decorated with 2 to 6 tetracene chromophores. The spatial arrangement of tetracene units, induced by steric hindrance in the central part, dictates through-space coupling, making it a relevant model for solid-state chromophore organization. We then revealed a remarkable increase in SF quantum yield with the number of tetracenes, reaching quantitative (196 %) triplet pair formation in hexamer. We observed a short-lived correlated triplet pair and limited magnetic effects, indicating ineffective triplet dissociation in these through-space coupled systems. These findings emphasize the crucial role of the number of chromophores involved and the interchromophore arrangement for the SF efficiency. The insights gained from this study will aid designing more efficient and technology-compatible SF systems for applications in photovoltaics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Majdecki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chao-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Emily Hsue-Chi Shi
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Magdalena Zakrocka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yu-Chen Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Lu
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Da Yang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Przemysław Gaweł
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Z, Xie X, Ma H. Simultaneous Intra- and Intermolecular Singlet Fission in Bipentacene Macrocycle Aggregates. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:3523-3530. [PMID: 38522085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) is a process where a singlet state splits into two triplet states, which is essential for enhancing optoelectronic devices. Macrocyclic structures allow for precise control of chromophore orientation and facilitate singlet fission in solutions. However, the behavior of these structures in thin films, crucial for solid-state device optimization, remains underexplored. This study examines the aggregation and singlet fission processes of bipentacene macrocycles (BPc) in thin films using molecular dynamics simulations and electronic structure calculations. Findings indicate that BPc aggregates more rapidly with less chloroform, aligning parallel to the substrate. Intramolecular singlet fission (iSF) rates are rarely changed during evaporation, but the efficiency of intermolecular singlet fission (xSF) improves due to the increase in packing domains, suggesting that orderly crystal domains are not necessary for device efficiency. This opens avenues for varied device designs and traditional solution-based methods for optimal device development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Haibo Ma
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang J, Xu X, Zhao G, You H, Wang R, Li F. Hydrogenation of Quinones to Hydroquinones under Atmospheric Pressure Catalyzed by a Metal-Ligand Bifunctional Iridium Catalyst. Org Lett 2024; 26:1857-1862. [PMID: 38407095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
A general method for the hydrogenation of quinones to hydroquinones under atmospheric pressure has been developed. In the presence of [Cp*Ir(2,2'-bpyO)(H2O)] (0.5-1 mol %), a range of products were obtained in high yields. Furthemore, the expansion of this catalytic system to the hydrogenation of 1,4-benzoquinone diimines was also presented. Functional groups in the bpy ligand were found to be crucial for the catalytic activity of iridium complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Xiangchao Xu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Heng You
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Rongzhou Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gilligan AT, Owens R, Miller EG, Pompetti NF, Damrauer NH. Enhancing NIR-to-visible upconversion in a rigidly coupled tetracene dimer: approaching statistical limits for triplet-triplet annihilation using intramolecular multiexciton states. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1283-1296. [PMID: 38274080 PMCID: PMC10806848 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04795d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Important applications of photon upconversion through triplet-triplet annihilation require conversion of near-IR photons to visible light. Generally, however, efficiencies in this spectral region lag behind bluer analogues. Herein we consider potential benefits from a conformationally well-defined covalent dimer annihilator TIPS-BTX in studies that systematically compare function to a related monomer model TIPS-tetracene (TIPS-Tc). TIPS-BTX exhibits weak electronic coupling between chromophores juxtaposed about a polycyclic bridge. We report an upconversion yield ϕUC for TIPS-BTX that is more than 20× larger than TIPS-Tc under comparable conditions (0.16%). While the dimer ϕUC is low compared to bluer champion systems, this yield is amongst the largest so-far reported for a tetracenic dimer system and is achieved under unoptimized conditions suggesting a significantly higher ceiling. Further investigation shows the ϕUC enhancement for the dimer is due exclusively to the TTA process with an effective yield more that 30× larger for TIPS-BTX compared to TIPS-Tc. The ϕTTA enhancement for TIPS-BTX relative to TIPS-Tc is indicative of participation by intramolecular multiexciton states with evidence presented in spin statistical arguments that the 5TT is involved in productive channels. For TIPS-BTX we report a spin-statistical factor f = 0.42 that matches or exceeds values found in champion annihilator systems such as DPA. At the same time, the poor relative efficiency of TIPS-Tc suggests involvement of non-productive bimolecular channels and excimeric states are suspected. Broadly these studies indicate that funneling of photogenerated electronic states into productive pathways, and avoiding parasitic ones, remains central to the development of champion upconversion systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Gilligan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Raythe Owens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Ethan G Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Nicholas F Pompetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yuan J, Liu Z, Dong Y, Gao F, Xia X, Wang P, Luo Y, Zhang Z, Yan D, Zhang W. Pioneering 4,11-Dioxo-4,11-dihydro-1 H-anthra[2,3- d]imidazol-3-ium Compounds as Promising Survivin Inhibitors by Targeting ILF3/NF110 for Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16843-16868. [PMID: 38079530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Survivin is a novel attractive target for cancer therapy; however, it is considered undruggable because it lacks enzymatic activities. Herein, we describe our efforts toward the discovery of a novel series of 4,11-dioxo-4,11-dihydro-1H-anthra[2,3-d]imidazol-3-ium derivatives as survivin inhibitors by targeting ILF3/NF110. Intensive structural modifications led us to identify a lead compound AQIM-I, which remarkably inhibited nonsmall cell lung cancer cells A549 with an IC50 value of 9 nM and solid tumor cell proliferation with more than 700-fold selectivity against human normal cells. Further biological studies revealed that compound AQIM-I significantly inhibited survivin expression and colony formation and induced ROS production, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, and autophagy. Furthermore, the promoter-luciferase reporter assay showed that AQIM-I attenuated the survivin promoter activity enhanced by the overexpression of ILF3/NF110 in a concentration-dependent manner, and specific binding (KD = 163 nM) of AQIM-I to ILF3/NF110 was detected by surface plasmon resonance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zhanxiong Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yachun Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xuelin Xia
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Penghui Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Luo
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Deyue Yan
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wanbin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kimura R, Yoneda Y, Kuramochi H, Saito S. Environment-sensitive fluorescence of COT-fused perylene bisimide based on symmetry-breaking charge separation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2541-2552. [PMID: 37656334 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and aromatic photofunctional system (FLAP) is composed of flapping rigid aromatic wings fused with a flexible 8π ring at the center such as cyclooctatetraene (COT). A series of FLAP have been actively studied for the interesting dynamic behaviors. Here, we synthesized a new flapping molecule bearing naphtho-perylenebisimide wings (NPBI-FLAP), in which two perylene units are arranged side by side. As a reference compound, we also prepared COT-fused NPBI (NPBI-COT) that contains only single perylene unit. In both compounds, inherent strong fluorescence of the NPBI moiety is almost quenched and the FL lifetime becomes much shortened in highly polar solvents (acetone and DMF). Through the analyses of environment-sensitive fluorescence, electrochemical reduction/oxidation, and femtosecond transient absorption, the fluorescence quenching behavior was attributed to rapid symmetry-breaking charge separation (SB-CS) for NPBI-FLAP and to intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) for NPBI-COT. Most of the excited species of these compounds decay with the bent geometry, which is in contrast with the excited-state planarization behavior of a previously reported COT-fused peryleneimides with the double-headed arrangement of the perylene moieties. These results indicate that changing the fusion manners between COT and other π skeletons offers new functional molecules with distinct dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kimura
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoneda
- Research Center of Integrative Molecular Systems (CIMoS), Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kuramochi
- Research Center of Integrative Molecular Systems (CIMoS), Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Shohei Saito
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin LC, Smith T, Ai Q, Rugg BK, Risko C, Anthony JE, Damrauer NH, Johnson JC. Multiexciton quintet state populations in a rigid pyrene-bridged parallel tetracene dimer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11554-11565. [PMID: 37886089 PMCID: PMC10599476 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03153e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The multiexciton quintet state, 5TT, generated as a singlet fission intermediate in pairs of molecular chromophores, is a promising candidate as a qubit or qudit in future quantum information science schemes. In this work, we synthesize a pyrene-bridged parallel tetracene dimer, TPT, with an optimized interchromophore coupling strength to prevent the dissociation of 5TT to two decorrelated triplet (T1) states, which would contaminate the spin-state mixture. Long-lived and strongly spin-polarized pure 5TT state population is observed via transient absorption spectroscopy and transient/pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and its lifetime is estimated to be >35 µs, with the dephasing time (T2) for the 5TT-based qubit measured to be 726 ns at 10 K. Direct relaxation from 1TT to the ground state does diminish the overall excited state population, but the exclusive 5TT population at large enough persistent density for pulsed echo determination of spin coherence time is consistent with recent theoretical models that predict such behavior for strict parallel chromophore alignment and large exchange coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chun Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Tanner Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
| | - Qianxiang Ai
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
| | - Brandon K Rugg
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden Colorado 80401 USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
| | - John E Anthony
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Justin C Johnson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden Colorado 80401 USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xiong Y, Gong Q, Miao Q. Synthesis, Molecular Packing and Semiconductor Properties of V-Shaped N-Heteroacene Dimers. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300623. [PMID: 37584325 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
This article presents two groups of V-shaped π-scaffolds that consist of two N-heteroacene units fused with either a rigid or flexible eight-membered ring. These rigid and flexible N-heteroacene dimers were synthesized through the condensation of tetraphenylenetetraone with the corresponding diamine and the Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of tetrabromodibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene with the corresponding diamine, respectively. A comparison of electronic structures and properties of the two groups of V-shaped N-heteroacene dimers shows subtle difference between the rigid and flexible eight-membered ring linkers in forming extended π-systems. X-ray crystallography of these V-shaped molecules has revealed interesting π-π interaction modes, which are dependent on the central connecting units and substituting groups. These π-π interactions between the V-shaped π-scaffolds have enabled the molecules to function as organic semiconductors in solution-processed field effect transistors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qi Gong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Miao
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Miller EG, Singh M, Parkin S, Sammakia T, Damrauer NH. Preparation of a Rigid and Nearly Coplanar Bis-tetracene Dimer through an Application of the CANAL Reaction. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12251-12256. [PMID: 37607040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
A rigid tetracene dimer with a substantial interchromophore distance has been prepared through an application of the recently developed catalytic arene-norbornene annulation (CANAL) reaction. An iterative cycloaddition route was found to be unsuccessful, so a shorter route was adopted whereby fragments were coupled in the penultimate step to form a 13:1 mixture of two diastereomers, the major of which was isolated and crystallized. Constituent tetracene moieties are linked with a rigid, well-defined bridge and feature a near-co-planar mutual orientation of the acenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan G Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Madhu Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Tarek Sammakia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jung S, Wang L, Sugiyama H, Uekusa H, Katayama T, Kamada K, Hamura T, Tamai N. Intramolecular Singlet Fission in Pentacene Oligomers via an Intermediate State. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:4554-4561. [PMID: 37191388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular singlet fission (iSF) is an efficient strategy of multiexciton generation via a singlet exciton splitting into a correlated triplet pair in one organic molecule with more than two chromophores. Propeller-shaped iptycene-linked triisopropylsilyl(TIPS)-ethynyl functionalized pentacene oligomers (pent-monomer, pent-dimer, and pent-trimer) were synthesized, and the iSF dynamics of pent-dimer and -trimer were monitored by a visible-near-IR transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. Quantum yields of the triplet pair, ∼80%, of both estimated by near-IR TA spectral analysis are in good agreement with the results of global analysis and triplet sensitization experiments. The iSF rate of pent-trimer is slightly faster than that of pent-dimer even with one more chromophore site. The unexpectedly weak difference indicates the existence of an intermediate process to realize iSF. The intermediate process might be determined by through-bond electronic coupling of the homoconjugation bridge in the pentacene oligomers. Our results suggest the importance of the rigid bridge to the fast iSF rate and the elongated lifetime of the correlated triplet pair in pentacene oligomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunna Jung
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 669-1330 Sanda, Japan
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 669-1330 Sanda, Japan
| | - Haruki Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Megro-ku, 152-8551 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Megro-ku, 152-8551 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Katayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 669-1330 Sanda, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamada
- IFMRI, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 563-8577 Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 669-1330 Sanda, Japan
| | - Naoto Tamai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 669-1330 Sanda, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang W, Feng S, Liu J, Liang B, Zhou Y, Yu M, Liang J, Huang J, Lü X, Huang W. Configuration-Induced Multichromism of Phenanthridine Derivatives: A Type of Versatile Fluorescent Probe for Microenvironmental Monitoring. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219337. [PMID: 36602266 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes are attractive in diagnosis and sensing. However, most reported fluorophores can only detect one or few analytes/parameters, notably limiting their applications. Here we have designed three phenanthridine-based fluorophores (i.e., B1, F1, and T1 with 1D, 2D, and 3D molecular configuration, respectively) capable of monitoring various microenvironments. In rigidifying media, all fluorophores show bathochromic emissions but with different wavelength and intensity changes. Under compression, F1 shows a bathochromic emission of over 163 nm, which results in organic fluorophore-based full-color piezochromism. Moreover, both B1 and F1 exhibit an aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) behavior, while T1 is an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorophore. Further, F1 and T1 selectively concentrate in cell nucleus, whereas B1 mainly stains the cytoplasm in live cell imaging. This work provides a general design strategy of versatile fluorophores for microenvironmental monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.,Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Baoshuai Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ya Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Mengya Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiayuan Liang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR), Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jiaguo Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xujie Lü
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR), Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.,Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Singlet fission dynamics modulated by molecular configuration in covalently linked pyrene dimers, Anti- and Syn-1,2-di(pyrenyl)benzene. Commun Chem 2023; 6:16. [PMID: 36698005 PMCID: PMC9845327 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Covalently linked dimers (CLDs) and their structural isomers have attracted much attention as potential materials for improving power conversion efficiencies through singlet fission (SF). Here, we designed and synthesized two covalently ortho-linked pyrene (Py) dimers, anti- and syn-1,2-di(pyrenyl)benzene (Anti-DPyB and Syn-DPyB, respectively), and investigated the effect of molecular configuration on SF dynamics using steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopies. Both Anti-DPyB and Syn-DPyB, which have different Py-stacking configurations, form excimers, which then relax to the correlated triplet pair ((T1T1)) state, indicating the occurrence of SF. Unlike previous studies where the excimer formation inhibited an SF process, the (T1T1)'s of Anti-DPyB and Syn-DPyB are formed through the excimer state. The dissociation of (T1T1)'s to 2T1 in Anti-DPyB is more favorable than in Syn-DPyB. Our results showcase that the molecular configuration of a CLD plays an important role in SF dynamics.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sebastian E, Sunny J, Hariharan M. Excimer evolution hampers symmetry-broken charge-separated states. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10824-10835. [PMID: 36320683 PMCID: PMC9491171 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04387d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving long-lived symmetry-broken charge-separated states in chromophoric assemblies is quintessential for enhanced performance of artificial photosynthetic mimics. However, the occurrence of energy trap states hinders exciton and charge transport across photovoltaic devices, diminishing power conversion efficiency. Herein, we demonstrate unprecedented excimer formation in the relaxed excited-state geometry of bichromophoric systems impeding the lifetime of symmetry-broken charge-separated states. Core-annulated perylenediimide dimers (SC-SPDI2 and SC-NPDI2) prefer a near-orthogonal arrangement in the ground state and a π-stacked foldamer structure in the excited state. The prospect of an excimer-like state in the foldameric arrangement of SC-SPDI2 and SC-NPDI2 has been rationalized by fragment-based excited state analysis and temperature-dependent photoluminescence measurements. Effective electronic coupling matrix elements in the Franck-Condon geometry of SC-SPDI2 and SC-NPDI2 facilitate solvation-assisted ultrafast symmetry-breaking charge-separation (SB-CS) in a high dielectric environment, in contrast to unrelaxed excimer formation (Ex*) in a low dielectric environment. Subsequently, the SB-CS state dissociates into an undesired relaxed excimer state (Ex) due to configuration mixing of a Frenkel exciton (FE) and charge-separated state in the foldamer structure, downgrading the efficacy of the charge-separated state. The decay rate constant of the FE to SB-CS (k FE→SB-CS) in polar solvents is 8-17 fold faster than that of direct Ex* formation (k FE→Ex*) in non-polar solvent (k FE→SB-CS≫k FE→Ex*), characterized by femtosecond transient absorption (fsTA) spectroscopy. The present investigation establishes the impact of detrimental excimer formation on the persistence of the SB-CS state in chromophoric dimers and offers the requisite of conformational rigidity as one of the potential design principles for developing advanced molecular photovoltaics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebin Sebastian
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Maruthamala P.O., Vithura Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Jeswin Sunny
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Maruthamala P.O., Vithura Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Mahesh Hariharan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Maruthamala P.O., Vithura Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oruganti B, Wang J, Durbeej B. Modulating the Photocyclization Reactivity of Diarylethenes through Changes in the Excited-State Aromaticity of the π-Linker. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11565-11571. [PMID: 35997595 PMCID: PMC9442643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations are performed to explore if the reactivity of diarylethene switches toward photocyclization can be controlled by the excited-state aromaticity of their bridging π-linker. Using an archetypal diarylethene with a non-aromatic π-linker as a reference, completely different outcomes are found when the π-linker is allowed to become either aromatic (no reaction) or antiaromatic (fast reaction) upon photoexcitation. The results demonstrate a possibility to use the excited-state aromaticity concept for actual modulation of photochemical reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baswanth Oruganti
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping SE-58183, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, SRM University-AP, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping SE-58183, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu H, Wang X, Ma L, Wang W, Liu S, Zhou J, Su P, Liu Z, Li Z, Lin X, Chen Y, Li X. Effects of the Separation Distance between Two Triplet States Produced from Intramolecular Singlet Fission on the Two-Electron-Transfer Process. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15509-15518. [PMID: 35930671 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To harvest two triplet excitons of singlet fission (SF) via a two-electron transfer efficiently, the revelation of the key factors that influence the two-electron-transfer process is necessary. Here, by using steady-state and transient absorption/fluorescence spectroscopy, we investigated the two-electron-transfer process from the two triplet excitons of intramolecular SF (iSF) in a series of tetracene oligomers (dimer, trimer, and tetramer) with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) as an electron acceptor in solution. Quantitative two-electron transfer could be conducted for the trimer and tetramer, and the rate for the tetramer is faster than that for the trimer. However, the maximum efficiency of the two-electron transfer in the dimer is relatively low (∼47%). The calculation result of the free energy change (ΔG) of the second-electron transfer for these three compounds (-0.024, -0.061, and -0.074 eV for the dimer, trimer, and tetramer, respectively) is consistent with the experimental observation. The much closer ΔG value to zero for the dimer should be responsible for its low efficiency of the two-electron transfer. Different ΔG values for these three oligomers are attributed to the different Coulomb repulsive energies between the two positive charges generated after the two-electron transfer that is caused by their various intertriplet distances. This result reveals for the first time the important effect of the Coulomb repulsive energy, which depends on the intertriplet distance, on the two-electron transfer process from the two triplet excitons of iSF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhaobin Liu
- Shandong Energy Group Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Li
- Shandong Energy Group Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250014, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ringström R, Edhborg F, Schroeder ZW, Chen L, Ferguson MJ, Tykwinski RR, Albinsson B. Molecular rotational conformation controls the rate of singlet fission and triplet decay in pentacene dimers. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4944-4954. [PMID: 35655894 PMCID: PMC9067590 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06285a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Three pentacene dimers have been synthesized to investigate the effect of molecular rotation and rotational conformations on singlet fission (SF). In all three dimers, the pentacene units are linked by a 1,4-diethynylphenylene spacer that provides almost unimpeded rotational freedom between the pentacene- and phenylene-subunits in the parent dimer. Substituents on the phenylene spacer add varying degrees of steric hindrance that restricts both the rotation and the equilibrium distribution of different conformers; the less restricted conformers exhibit faster SF and more rapid subsequent triplet-pair recombination. Furthermore, the rotational conformers have small shifts in their absorption spectra and this feature has been used to selectively excite different conformers and study the resulting SF. Femtosecond transient absorption studies at 100 K reveal that the same dimer can have orders of magnitude faster SF in a strongly coupled conformer compared to a more weakly coupled one. Measurements in polystyrene further show that the SF rate is nearly independent of viscosity whereas the triplet pair lifetime is considerably longer in a high viscosity medium. The results provide insight into design criteria for maintaining high initial SF rate while suppressing triplet recombination in intramolecular singlet fission. In this study we show that one molecule can have vastly different singlet fission and triplet recombination rates depending on its rotational freedom and the relative orientation of the pentacene moieties.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Ringström
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 SE-412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edhborg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 SE-412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Zachary W Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 SE-412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou Z, Zhu Y, Wei Z, Bergner J, Neiß C, Doloczki S, Görling A, Kivala M, Petrukhina MA. Reversible structural rearrangement of π-expanded cyclooctatetraene upon two-fold reduction with alkali metals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3206-3209. [PMID: 35174826 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00218c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemical reduction of a π-expanded COT derivative, octaphenyltetrabenzocyclooctatetraene (1), with lithium or sodium metals in the presence of secondary ligands affords a new doubly-reduced product (1TR2-). The X-ray diffraction study revealed a reductive core rearrangement accompanied by the formation of a single C-C bond and severe twist of the central tetraphenylene core. The reversibility of two-electron reduction and core transformation is further confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA. .,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Yikun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
| | - John Bergner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany. .,Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Christian Neiß
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Theoretical Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Susanne Doloczki
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chemistry I Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Theoretical Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany. .,Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yamakado T, Saito S. Ratiometric Flapping Force Probe That Works in Polymer Gels. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2804-2815. [PMID: 35108003 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polymer gels have recently attracted attention for their application in flexible devices, where mechanically robust gels are required. While there are many strategies to produce tough gels by suppressing nanoscale stress concentration on specific polymer chains, it is still challenging to directly verify the toughening mechanism at the molecular level. To solve this problem, the use of the flapping molecular force probe (FLAP) is promising because it can evaluate the nanoscale forces transmitted in the polymer chain network by ratiometric analysis of a stress-dependent dual fluorescence. A flexible conformational change of FLAP enables real-time and reversible responses to the nanoscale forces at the low force threshold, which is suitable for quantifying the percentage of the stressed polymer chains before structural damage. However, the previously reported FLAP only showed a negligible response in solvated environments because undesirable spontaneous planarization occurs in the excited state, even without mechanical force. Here, we have developed a new ratiometric force probe that functions in common organogels. Replacement of the anthraceneimide units in the flapping wings with pyreneimide units largely suppresses the excited-state planarization, leading to the force probe function under wet conditions. The FLAP-doped polyurethane organogel reversibly shows a dual-fluorescence response under sub-MPa compression. Moreover, the structurally modified FLAP is also advantageous in the wide dynamic range of its fluorescence response in solvent-free elastomers, enabling clearer ratiometric fluorescence imaging of the molecular-level stress concentration during crack growth in a stretched polyurethane film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamakado
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shohei Saito
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xu Q, Wang C, Chen X, Wang Y, Shen Z, Jiang H. Corannulene-based acenes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01096h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of diacenes still represents a considerable challenge due to their poor stability and low solubility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Chu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Hua Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Karadakov PB, Preston N. Aromaticity reversals and their effect on bonding in the low-lying electronic states of cyclooctatetraene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:24750-24756. [PMID: 34710205 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04394c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aromaticity reversals and their effect on chemical bonding in the low-lying electronic states of cyclooctatetraene (COT) are investigated through a visual approach which examines the variations in isotropic magnetic shielding in the space surrounding the molecule. The ground state (S0) of COT is shown to be strongly antiaromatic at the π-bond-shifting transition state (TS), a regular octagon of D8h symmetry; S0 antiaromaticity decreases at the D4h planar bond-alternating tub-to-tub ring-inversion TS but traces of it are shown to persist even at the tub-shaped D2d local minimum geometry. The lowest triplet (T1) and first singlet excited (S1) states of COT are found to have very similar D8h geometries and visually indistinguishable shielding distributions closely resembling that in benzene and indicating similarly high levels of aromaticity. Unexpectedly, COT diverges from its antiaromatic predecessor, cyclobutadiene, in the properties of the second singlet excited state (S2): In cyclobutadiene S2 is antiaromatic but in COT this state turns out to be strongly aromatic, with a shielding distribution closely following that around S2 benzene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Karadakov
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Nicholas Preston
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Goto Y, Omagari S, Sato R, Yamakado T, Achiwa R, Dey N, Suga K, Vacha M, Saito S. Dynamic Polymer Free Volume Monitored by Single-Molecule Spectroscopy of a Dual Fluorescent Flapping Dopant. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14306-14313. [PMID: 34448563 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule spectroscopy (SMS) of a dual fluorescent flapping molecular probe (N-FLAP) enabled real-time nanoscale monitoring of local free volume dynamics in polystyrenes. The SMS study was realized by structural improvement of a previously reported flapping molecule by nitrogen substitution, leading to increased brightness (22 times) of the probe. In a polystyrene thin film at the temperature of 5 K above the glass transition, the spectra of a single N-FLAP molecule undergo frequent jumps between short- and long-wavelength forms, the latter one indicating planarization of the molecule in the excited state. The observed spectral jumps were statistically analyzed to reveal the dynamics of the molecular environment. The analysis together with MD and QM/MM calculations show that the excited-state planarization of the flapping probe occurs only when sufficiently large polymer free volume of more than, at least, 280 Å3 is available close to the molecule, and that such free volume lasts for an average of 1.2 s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Goto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8-44, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shun Omagari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8-44, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ryuma Sato
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-3-26 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamakado
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryo Achiwa
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Nilanjan Dey
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kensuke Suga
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Martin Vacha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8-44, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shohei Saito
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ejlli B, Nußbaum P, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF, Müllen K. Benzo‐fused Tri[8]annulenes as Molecular Models of Cubic Graphite. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ejlli
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- InnovationLab Speyerer Str. 4 69115 Heidelberg Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Pascal Nußbaum
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- InnovationLab Speyerer Str. 4 69115 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ejlli B, Nußbaum P, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF, Müllen K. Benzo-fused Tri[8]annulenes as Molecular Models of Cubic Graphite. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20220-20224. [PMID: 34156743 PMCID: PMC8457115 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotrimerization of 9,10‐dibromo‐9,10‐dihydrodibenzo[3,4:7,8]cycloocta[1,2‐l]phenanthrene with potassium tert‐butoxide in the presence of a transition‐metal catalyst afforded two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon stereoisomers consisting of three cyclooctatetraene (COT) moieties connected via a central benzene ring. Both isomeric tri[8]annulenes were obtained selectively through the choice of the catalyst: The α,α,α‐form (Ru catalyst) displayed a threefold symmetrywith the COT subunits forming the side walls of a (chiral) molecular cup. In the thermodynamically more stable α,α,β‐isomer (Pd catalyst), one of the three boat‐shaped COTs was flipped over and faced the opposite molecular hemisphere with respect to the central benzene ring as evidenced by crystal structure analysis. Both title compounds are small segments of “cubic graphite”, an elusive carbon allotrope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ejlli
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascal Nußbaum
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Suga K, Yamakado T, Saito S. Nitrogen-Substitution in the Flapping Wings of Cyclooctatetraene-Fused Molecules. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Suga
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamakado
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shohei Saito
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Muthike AK, Carlotti B, Madu IK, Jiang H, Kim H, Wu Q, Yu L, Zimmerman PM, Goodson T. The Role of the Core Attachment Positioning in Triggering Intramolecular Singlet Exciton Fission in Perylene Diimide Tetramers. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:5114-5131. [PMID: 33961426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have proposed that the presence of a flexible π-bridge linker is crucial in activating intramolecular singlet exciton fission (iSEF) in multichromophoric systems. In this study, we report the photophysical properties of three analogous perylene diimide (PDI) dendritic tetramers showing flexible/twisted π-bridged structures with α- and β-substitutions and a rigid/planar structure with a β-fused ring (βC) connection to a benzodithiophene-thiophene (BDT-Th) core. The rigidity and enhanced planarity of βC lead to significant intramolecular charge transfer and triplet formation via an intersystem crossing pathway. Steady-state spectroscopic measurements reveal similar absorption and emission spectra for the α-tetramer and the parent PDI monomer. However, their fluorescence quantum yield is significantly different. The negligible fluorescence yield of the α-tetramer (0.04%) is associated with a competitive nonradiative decay pathway. Indeed, for this twisted compound in a high polar environment, a fast and efficient iSEF with a triplet quantum yield of 124% is observed. Our results show that the α-single-bond connections in the α compound are capable of interrupting the coupling among the PDI units, favoring iSEF. We propose that the formation of the double triplet (1[TT]) state is through a superposition of singlet states known as [S1S0][TT]CT, which has been suggested previously for pentacene derivatives. Using steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic experiments, we demonstrate that the conformational flexibility of the linker itself is necessary but not sufficient to allow iSEF. For the case of the other twisted tetramer, β, the strong π-π co-facial interactions between the adjacent PDI units in its structure lead to excimer formation. These excimer states trap the singlet excitons preventing the formation of the 1[TT] state, thus inhibiting iSEF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelar K Muthike
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Benedetta Carlotti
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto n.8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ifeanyi K Madu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hanjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Qinghe Wu
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Luping Yu
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kroeger AA, Karton A. π-π Catalysis in Carbon Flatland-Flipping [8]Annulene on Graphene. Chemistry 2021; 27:3420-3426. [PMID: 33295080 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions are an integral part of the modern catalysis toolbox. Although stronger noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding are commonly the main driving force of catalysis, π-π interactions typically provide smaller additional stabilizations, for example, to afford selectivity enhancements. Here, it is shown computationally that pristine graphene flakes may efficiently catalyze the skeletal inversions of various benzannulated cyclooctatetraene derivatives, providing an example of a catalytic process driven solely by π-π stacking interactions. Hereby, the catalytic effect results from disproportionate shape complementarity between catalyst and transition structure compared with catalyst and reactant. An energy decomposition analysis reveals electrostatic and, especially with increasing system size, to a larger extent, dispersion interactions as the origin of stabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asja A Kroeger
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) is a photophysical downconversion pathway, in which a singlet excitation transforms into two triplet excited states. As such, it constitutes an exciton multiplication generation process, which is currently at the focal point for future integration into solar energy conversion devices. Beyond this, various other exciting applications were proposed, including quantum cryptography or organic light emitting diodes. Also, the mechanistic understanding evolved rapidly during the last year. Unfortunately, the number of suitable SF-chromophores is still limited. This is per se problematic, considering the wide range of envisaged applicability. With that in mind, we emphasize uncommon SF-scaffolds and outline requirements as well as strategies to expand the chromophore pool of SF-materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ullrich
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department für Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 1-3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Paul S, Govind C, Karunakaran V. Planarity and Length of the Bridge Control Rate and Efficiency of Intramolecular Singlet Fission in Pentacene Dimers. J Phys Chem B 2020; 125:231-239. [PMID: 33371685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) improves the power conversion efficiency of optoelectronic devices by converting high-energy photons into two triplet excitons. SF dynamics and efficiency (Φ) are controlled by various factors. Here, the effect of planarity and length of the bridge in pentacene dimers on the intramolecular SF (iSF) process was investigated by synthesizing the dimers connected by bridges having fluorene (FL-PD, planar), methyl-substituted biphenyl (MBP-PD, twisted), and diphenyl acetylene (DPA-PD, longer) groups and characterizing their excited-state relaxation dynamics using nanosecond and femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy. Transient absorption studies reveal that iSF dynamics of FL-PD having a planar bridge are ∼787 times faster (187 ps) and exhibit higher Φ (198%) by feasible electronic coupling, compared to MBP-PD possessing a twisted bridge showing a low Φ of ∼16%. However compared to FL-PD, iSF dynamics of DPA-PD with an increase of bridge length are slower by an order (1.09 ns) and show comparable Φ of 185% through extended conjugation. Thus, the planarity and length of the bridge in pentacene dimers control the rate and efficiency of the iSF process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumitha Paul
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019 Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Chinju Govind
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019 Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Venugopal Karunakaran
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019 Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Walwark DJ, Grey JK. Dynamic emissive signatures of intramolecular singlet fission during equilibration to steady state revealed from stochastic kinetic simulations. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:234102. [PMID: 33353319 DOI: 10.1063/5.0027579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the ability of dynamic fluorescence probes to accurately track populations of multi-excitonic states in molecular dyads based on conjugated acenes capable of intramolecular singlet fission (iSF). Stochastic simulations of reported photophysical models from time-resolved spectroscopic studies of iSF dyads based on large acenes (e.g., tetracene and pentacene) are used to extrapolate population and fluorescence yield dynamics. The approach entails the use of repetitive rectangular-shaped excitation waveforms as a stimulus, with durations comparable to triplet lifetimes. We observe unique dynamics signatures that can be directly related to relaxation of multi-exciton states involved over the entire effective time of singlet fission in the presence and absence of an excitation light stimulus. In particular, time-dependent fluorescence yields display an abrupt decay followed by slower rise dynamics appearing as a prominent "dip" feature in responses. The initial fast decrease in the fluorescence yield arises from the formation of triplet pairs and separated triplets that do not produce emission resembling a complete ground state bleach effect. However, relaxation of one separated triplet allows the system to absorb, and in some cases, this increases the fluorescence yield, causing rise dynamics in the emissive response. Our approach also permits extrapolation of all multi-exciton state population dynamics up to steady state conditions in addition to the ability to explore consequences of alternative relaxation channels. The results demonstrate that it is possible to resolve unique signatures of singlet fission events from dynamic fluorescence studies, which can augment detection capabilities and extend sensitivity limits and accessible time scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Walwark
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - John K Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cruz CD, Chronister EL, Bardeen CJ. Using temperature dependent fluorescence to evaluate singlet fission pathways in tetracene single crystals. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:234504. [PMID: 33353314 DOI: 10.1063/5.0031458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The temperature-dependent fluorescence spectrum, decay rate, and spin quantum beats are examined in single tetracene crystals to gain insight into the mechanism of singlet fission. Over the temperature range of 250 K-500 K, the vibronic lineshape of the emission indicates that the singlet exciton becomes localized at 400 K. The fission process is insensitive to this localization and exhibits Arrhenius behavior with an activation energy of 550 ± 50 cm-1. The damping rate of the triplet pair spin quantum beats in the delayed fluorescence also exhibits an Arrhenius temperature dependence with an activation energy of 165 ± 70 cm-1. All the data for T > 250 K are consistent with direct production of a spatially separated 1(T⋯T) state via a thermally activated process, analogous to spontaneous parametric downconversion of photons. For temperatures in the range of 20 K-250 K, the singlet exciton continues to undergo a rapid decay on the order of 200 ps, leaving a red-shifted emission that decays on the order of 100 ns. At very long times (≈1 µs), a delayed fluorescence component corresponding to the original S1 state can still be resolved, unlike in polycrystalline films. A kinetic analysis shows that the redshifted emission seen at lower temperatures cannot be an intermediate in the triplet production. When considered in the context of other results, our data suggest that the production of triplets in tetracene for temperatures below 250 K is a complex process that is sensitive to the presence of structural defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Eric L Chronister
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhu C, Shoyama K, Würthner F. Conformation and Aromaticity Switching in a Curved Non-Alternant sp 2 Carbon Scaffold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21505-21509. [PMID: 32815658 PMCID: PMC7756343 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A curved sp2 carbon scaffold containing fused pentagon and heptagon units (1) was synthesized by Pd-catalyzed [5+2] annulation from a 3,9-diboraperylene precursor and shows two reversible oxidation processes at low redox potential, accompanied by a butterfly-like motion. Stepwise oxidation produced radical cation 1.+ and dication 12+ . In the crystal structure, 1 exhibits a chiral cisoid conformation and partial π-overlap between the enantiomers. For the radical cation 1.+ , a less curved cisoid conformation is observed with a π-dimer-type arrangement. 12+ adopts a more planar structure with transoid conformation and slip-stacked π-overlap with closest neighbors. We also observed an intermolecular mixed-valence complex of 1⋅(1.+ )3 that has a huge trigonal unit cell [(1)72 (SbF6 )54 ⋅(hexane)101 ] and hexagonal columnar stacks. In addition to the conformational change, the aromaticity of 1 changes from localized to delocalized, as demonstrated by AICD and NICS(1)zz calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongwei Zhu
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tang MC, Wei YC, Chu YC, Jiang CX, Huang ZX, Wu CC, Chao TH, Hong PH, Cheng MJ, Chou PT, Wu YT. [2,2](5,8)Picenophanedienes: Syntheses, Structural Analyses, Molecular Dynamics, and Reversible Intramolecular Structure Conversion. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20351-20358. [PMID: 33211482 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study presents an important and efficient synthetic approach to 5,8-dibromo-2,11-di-tert-butylpicene (3), with multigram scale, which was then converted to a new series of picenophanes (6-10). The tub-shaped [2,2](5,8)picenophanediene 8 with two cis-ethylene linkers was explored using X-ray crystallography. The tub-to-tub inversion proceed through the successive bending of the linkers and the barrier for isopropyl-substituted derivative 10 was experimentally estimated to be 18.7 kcal/mol. Picenophanes with a large π-system and semi-rigid structure exhibited anomalous photophysical properties. The ethano-bridged picenophane shows the weak exciton delocalization while the cis-ethylene-bridged picenophane exhibits dual emission rendered by the weakly delocalized exciton and excimer. With the aid of the ultrafast time-resolved emission spectroscopy, the mechanism of the excimer formation is resolved, showing a unique behavior of two-state reversible reaction with fast structural deformation whose lifetime is around 20 ps at 298 K. This work demonstrates that the slight difference in the bridge of tub-shaped picenophanes renders distinct photophysical behavior, revealing the potential of harnessing inter-moiety reaction in the picenophane systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chih Tang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101 Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101 Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cai-Xin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101 Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Xuan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Chao
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101 Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsun Hong
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101 Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Jeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101 Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101 Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kobori Y, Fuki M, Nakamura S, Hasobe T. Geometries and Terahertz Motions Driving Quintet Multiexcitons and Ultimate Triplet–Triplet Dissociations via the Intramolecular Singlet Fissions. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9411-9419. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kobori
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masaaki Fuki
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shunta Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhu C, Shoyama K, Würthner F. Conformation and Aromaticity Switching in a Curved Non‐Alternant sp
2
Carbon Scaffold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongwei Zhu
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kimura R, Kitakado H, Osuka A, Saito S. Flapping Peryleneimide as a Fluorescent Viscosity Probe: Comparison with BODIPY and DCVJ Molecular Rotors. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kimura
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Kitakado
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shohei Saito
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kimura R, Kuramochi H, Liu P, Yamakado T, Osuka A, Tahara T, Saito S. Flapping Peryleneimide as a Fluorogenic Dye with High Photostability and Strong Visible-Light Absorption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16430-16435. [PMID: 32529765 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Flapping fluorophores (FLAP) with a flexible 8π ring are rapidly gaining attention as a versatile photofunctional system. Here we report a highly photostable "flapping peryleneimide" with an unprecedented fluorogenic mechanism based on a bent-to-planar conformational change in the S1 excited state. The S1 planarization induces an electronic configurational switch, almost quenching the inherent fluorescence (FL) of the peryleneimide moieties. However, the FL quantum yield is remarkably improved with a prolonged lifetime upon a slight environmental change. This fluorogenic function is realized by sensitive π-conjugation design, as a more π-expanded analogue does not show the planarization dynamics. With strong visible-light absorption, the FL lifetime response synchronized with the flexible flapping motion is useful for the latest optical techniques such as FL lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kuramochi
- Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Japan.,Ultrafast Spectroscopy Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Pengpeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamakado
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tahei Tahara
- Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Japan.,Ultrafast Spectroscopy Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shohei Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kimura R, Kuramochi H, Liu P, Yamakado T, Osuka A, Tahara T, Saito S. Flapping Peryleneimide as a Fluorogenic Dye with High Photostability and Strong Visible‐Light Absorption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kimura
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Hikaru Kuramochi
- Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako 351-0198 Japan
- Ultrafast Spectroscopy Research Team RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics 2-1 Hirosawa Wako 351-0198 Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Kawaguchi Saitama Japan
| | - Pengpeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Takuya Yamakado
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Tahei Tahara
- Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako 351-0198 Japan
- Ultrafast Spectroscopy Research Team RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics 2-1 Hirosawa Wako 351-0198 Japan
| | - Shohei Saito
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Kawaguchi Saitama Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kotani R, Liu L, Kumar P, Kuramochi H, Tahara T, Liu P, Osuka A, Karadakov PB, Saito S. Controlling the S1 Energy Profile by Tuning Excited-State Aromaticity. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14985-14992. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kotani
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Li Liu
- Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Pardeep Kumar
- Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Ultrafast Spectroscopy Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics (RAP), 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kuramochi
- Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Ultrafast Spectroscopy Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics (RAP), 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tahei Tahara
- Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Ultrafast Spectroscopy Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics (RAP), 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Pengpeng Liu
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Peter B. Karadakov
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Shohei Saito
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Carlotti B, Madu IK, Kim H, Cai Z, Jiang H, Muthike AK, Yu L, Zimmerman PM, Goodson T. Activating intramolecular singlet exciton fission by altering π-bridge flexibility in perylene diimide trimers for organic solar cells. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8757-8770. [PMID: 34123128 PMCID: PMC8163386 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03271a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, two analogous perylene diimide (PDI) trimers, whose structures show rotatable single bond π-bridge connection (twisted) vs. rigid/fused π-bridge connection (planar), were synthesized and investigated. We show via time resolved spectroscopic measurements how the π-bridge connections in A-π-D-π-A-π-D-π-A multichromophoric PDI systems strongly affect the triplet yield and triplet formation rate. In the planar compound, with stronger intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character, triplet formation occurs via conventional intersystem crossing. However, clear evidence of efficient and fast intramolecular singlet exciton fission (iSEF) is observed in the twisted trimer compound with weaker ICT character. Multiexciton triplet generation and separation occur in the twisted (flexible-bridged) PDI trimer, where weak coupling among the units is observed as a result of the degenerate double triplet and quintet states, obtained by quantum chemical calculations. The high triplet yield and fast iSEF observed in the twisted compound are due not only to enthalpic viability but also to the significant entropic gain allowed by its trimeric structure. Our results represent a significant step forward in structure-property understanding, and may direct the design of new efficient iSEF materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Carlotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia via Elce di Sotto n.8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Ifeanyi K Madu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University Incheon 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Zhengxu Cai
- Department of Chemistry, The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago 929 East 57th Street Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Hanjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Angelar K Muthike
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Luping Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago 929 East 57th Street Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Oruganti B, Pál Kalapos P, Bhargav V, London G, Durbeej B. Photoinduced Changes in Aromaticity Facilitate Electrocyclization of Dithienylbenzene Switches. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13941-13953. [PMID: 32666793 PMCID: PMC7458422 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The concepts of excited-state
aromaticity and antiaromaticity have
in recent years with increasing frequency been invoked to rationalize
the photochemistry of cyclic conjugated organic compounds, with the
long-term goal of using these concepts to improve the reactivities
of such compounds toward different photochemical transformations.
In this regard, it is of particular interest to assess how the presence
of a benzene motif affects photochemical reactivity, as benzene is
well-known to completely change its aromatic character in its lowest
excited states. Here, we investigate how a benzene motif influences
the photoinduced electrocyclization of dithienylethenes, a major class
of molecular switches. Specifically, we report on the synthesis of
a dithienylbenzene switch where the typical nonaromatic, ethene-like
motif bridging the two thienyl units is replaced by a benzene motif,
and show that this compound undergoes electrocyclization upon irradiation
with UV-light. Furthermore, through a detailed quantum chemical analysis,
we demonstrate that the electrocyclization is driven jointly and synergistically
by the loss of aromaticity in this motif from the formation of a reactive,
antiaromatic excited state during the initial photoexcitation, and
by the subsequent relief of this antiaromaticity as the reaction progresses
from the Franck–Condon region. Overall, we conclude that photoinduced
changes in aromaticity facilitate the electrocyclization of dithienylbenzene
switches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baswanth Oruganti
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-45041 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Péter Pál Kalapos
- MTA-TTK "Lendület" Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Varada Bhargav
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM (deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Gábor London
- MTA-TTK "Lendület" Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Singlet Fission in Self-assembled Amphipathic Tetracene Nanoparticles: Probing the Role of Charge-transfer State. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
44
|
Chen W, Yu F, Xu Q, Zhou G, Zhang Q. Recent Progress in High Linearly Fused Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons (PCHs, n > 6) with Well-Defined Structures. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903766. [PMID: 32596114 PMCID: PMC7312318 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons (PCHs) and their analogues have gained great progress in the fields of organic photoelectronic materials, the in-depth study on present PCHs is still limited to hexacene or below because longer PCHs are insoluble, unstable, and tediously synthesized. Very recently, various strategies including on-surface synthesis are developed to address these issues and many higher novel PCHs are constructed. Therefore, it is necessary to review these advances. Here, the recent synthetic approach, basic physicochemical properties, single-crystal packing behaviors, and potential applications of the linearly fused PCHs (higher than hexacene), including acenes or π-extended acenes with fused six-membered benzenoid rings and other four-membered, five-membered or even seven-membered and eight-membered fused compounds, are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wangqiao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper DisplaysNational Center for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced OptoelectronicsSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Fei Yu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Qun Xu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001P. R. China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper DisplaysNational Center for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced OptoelectronicsSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Korovina NV, Pompetti NF, Johnson JC. Lessons from intramolecular singlet fission with covalently bound chromophores. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:040904. [PMID: 32007061 DOI: 10.1063/1.5135307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular dimers, oligomers, and polymers are versatile components in photophysical and optoelectronic architectures that could impact a variety of applications. We present a perspective on such systems in the field of singlet fission, which effectively multiplies excitons and produces a unique excited state species, the triplet pair. The choice of chromophore and the nature of the attachment between units, both geometrical and chemical, play a defining role in the dynamical scheme that evolves upon photoexcitation. Specific final outcomes (e.g., separated and uncorrelated triplet pairs) are being sought through rational design of covalently bound chromophore architectures built with guidance from recent fundamental studies that correlate structure with excited state population flow kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda V Korovina
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Nicholas F Pompetti
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Justin C Johnson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mora‐Fuentes JP, Papadopoulos I, Thiel D, Álvarez‐Boto R, Cortizo‐Lacalle D, Clark T, Melle‐Franco M, Guldi DM, Mateo‐Alonso A. Singlet Fission in Pyrene‐Fused Azaacene Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan P. Mora‐Fuentes
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Avenida de Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
| | - Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dominik Thiel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Roberto Álvarez‐Boto
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Diego Cortizo‐Lacalle
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Avenida de Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemistry Centre Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Naegelsbachstr. 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Manuel Melle‐Franco
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Aurelio Mateo‐Alonso
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Avenida de Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
- Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mora‐Fuentes JP, Papadopoulos I, Thiel D, Álvarez‐Boto R, Cortizo‐Lacalle D, Clark T, Melle‐Franco M, Guldi DM, Mateo‐Alonso A. Singlet Fission in Pyrene-Fused Azaacene Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:1113-1117. [PMID: 31647593 PMCID: PMC7687256 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission has emerged as a promising strategy to avoid the loss of extra energy through thermalization in solar cells. A family of dimers consisting of nitrogen-doped pyrene-fused acenes that undergo singlet fission with triplet quantum yields as high as 125 % are presented. They provide new perspectives for nitrogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and for the design of new materials for singlet fission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan P. Mora‐Fuentes
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida de Tolosa 7220018Donostia-San SebastianSpain
| | - Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular MaterialsFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Dominik Thiel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular MaterialsFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Roberto Álvarez‐Boto
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro3810-193AveiroPortugal
| | - Diego Cortizo‐Lacalle
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida de Tolosa 7220018Donostia-San SebastianSpain
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemistry CentreDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNaegelsbachstr. 2591052ErlangenGermany
| | - Manuel Melle‐Franco
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro3810-193AveiroPortugal
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular MaterialsFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Aurelio Mateo‐Alonso
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida de Tolosa 7220018Donostia-San SebastianSpain
- IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gadigennavar S, Sankararaman S. Synthesis and application of 3,4,7,8-tetrakis-exo-methylenecycloocta-1,5-diene as a versatile Diels–Alder diene: synthesis of V-shaped cyclooctatetraene fused acenes. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6738-6744. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01544j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of 3,4,7,8-tetrakis-exo-methylenecycloocta-1,5-diene, has been reported. Diels-Alder reactions with this diene provides a shorter route for the synthesis of cyclooctatetraene fused with rigid aromatic wings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savita Gadigennavar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600036
- India
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fukuzumi K, Nishii Y, Miura M. Composite Tetraheteroarylenes and Related Higher Cyclic Oligomers of Heteroarenes Produced by Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Coupling. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Fukuzumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishii
- Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Alvertis AM, Lukman S, Hele TJH, Fuemmeler EG, Feng J, Wu J, Greenham NC, Chin AW, Musser AJ. Switching between Coherent and Incoherent Singlet Fission via Solvent-Induced Symmetry Breaking. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17558-17570. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonios M. Alvertis
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Lukman
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Timothy J. H. Hele
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Eric G. Fuemmeler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jiaqi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Neil C. Greenham
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Alex W. Chin
- CNRS & Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu boite courrier 840, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Andrew J. Musser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K
| |
Collapse
|