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Yang C, Yang J, Zhu J, Liu R, Duan X, Liu L, Ding C, Liu W, Li J, Ren S, Yao L, Liu Q. Tailoring local electron density and molecular oxygen activation behavior via potassium/halogen co-tuned graphitic carbon nitride for enhanced photocatalytic activity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 676:89-100. [PMID: 39018814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a promising photocatalyst,but its inadequate reactive sites, weak visible light responsiveness, and sluggish separation of photogenerated carriers hamperthe improvement of photodegradation efficiency. In this work, potassium (K) and halogen atoms co-modified g-C3N4 photocatalysts (CN-KX, X = F, Cl, Br, I) were constructed to adjust the electrical and band structure for enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species. Through an integration of theoretical calculation and experimental exploration, the doping sites of halogen atoms as well as the evolution of crystal, band, and electronic structures were investigated. The results show that a covalent bond is formed between the F atom and the C atom, substitution of the N atom occurs with a Cl atom, and doping of Br, I, or K atoms takes place at the interstitial site. CN-KX photocatalysts exhibits lower band gap, faster photogenerated electron migration, and enhanced photocatalytic activity. Specifically, the CN-KI photocatalyst exhibits the highest photodegradation efficiency because of its smaller interplanar spacing, formation of the midgap state, and adjustable local electron density. Equally, the doping of I atom not only provides a stable adsorption site for oxygen (O2) but also facilitates electron transfer, promoting the production of superoxide radicals (O2-) and contributing to the process of photodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Jiaqing Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Runxue Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xu Duan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lang Liu
- School of Materials and Environment, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Carbon Neutrality, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China.
| | - Chunlian Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Weizao Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jiangling Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lu Yao
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Qingcai Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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2
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Gaikwad RP, Warkad IR, Chaudhari DS, Pham HN, Datye AK, Gawande MB. Nanoarchitectonics of vanadium nanoparticles decorated mesoporous carbon nitride in photocatalytic systems: A study on ethylbenzene oxidation reaction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 679:54-63. [PMID: 39357226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.09.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Revised: 09/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we have described the synthesis of vanadium (V) nanoparticles (NPs) anchored on mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (V@mpg-C3N4) and their uses in photocatalytic ethylbenzene oxidation to the respective acetophenones. The mpg-C3N4 serves as the support for the decoration of V NPs, through a simple impregnation method. Various advanced techniques, such as XRD, UV-vis spectrometry, HRTEM, HAADF-STEM, AC-STEM, elemental mapping, and BET surface area analysis, were employed for the characterization of V@mpg-C3N4. The detailed characterization studies reveal that the V@mpg-C3N4 catalyst has a medium band gap (2.78 eV), a high surface area (76.7 m2g-1), and a mesoporous nature. The V@mpg-C3N4 photocatalysts demonstrated excellent performance in the light-assisted oxidation of ethylbenzene, achieving over 99 % conversion and selectivity for acetophenone in an environmentally friendly solvent (water) using a domestic light source (50 W white light). This developed synthesis strategy will be useful for synthesizing various noble and non-noble metal-based catalysts and their applications in organic transformation and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul P Gaikwad
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Jalna, Maharashtra 431203, India
| | - Indrajeet R Warkad
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Jalna, Maharashtra 431203, India
| | - Dinesh S Chaudhari
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Jalna, Maharashtra 431203, India
| | - Hien N Pham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Abhaya K Datye
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Manoj B Gawande
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Jalna, Maharashtra 431203, India.
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3
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Yang S, Guo TT, Ma JB, Jia HT, Liu J, Yan SJ. Radical Cascade Reaction of Heterocyclic Ketene Aminals with Thiocyanates Promoted by Visible Light: Synthesis of Functionalized Fused 2-Iminothiazolines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:13678-13690. [PMID: 39240699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a visible-light-promoted radical cascade cyclization of heterocyclic ketene aminals (HKAs) and thiocyanates was developed to access functionalized fused 2-iminothiazolines. This novel cascade reaction can be realized under only visible-light irradiation without the help of external photocatalysts, oxidants, and additives. These multicomponent cascade reactions demonstrate excellent selectivity for the Z-isomers and ensure the formation of the products only in their isomeric form. Preliminary mechanism investigations demonstrated that HKAs and thiocyanates can form electron donor-acceptor complexes for harvesting the energy of visible light to activate substrates and generate reactive radicals. This protocol can be used for synthesizing various natural-like products such as fused 2-iminothiazolines. This approach demonstrates multiple advantages such as commercially available substrates, convenient operation, environmentally friendly, mild conditions, and an efficient multicomponent reaction (2A + B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Guo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Bo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ting Jia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Jiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
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4
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Arango-Daza JC, Rivero-Crespo MA. Multi-Catalytic Metal-Based Homogeneous-Heterogeneous Systems in Organic Chemistry. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400443. [PMID: 38958991 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The combination of metal-based homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in the same reaction media is a powerful, yet relatively unexplored approach in organic chemistry. This strategy can address important limitations associated with purely homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis such as the incompatibility of different catalytic species in solution, or the limited tunability of solid catalysts, respectively. Moreover, the facile reusability of the solid catalyst, contributes to increase the overall sustainability of the process. As a result, this semi-heterogeneous multi-catalytic approach has unlocked significant advances in organic chemistry, improving existing reactions and even enabling the discovery of novel transformations, exemplified by the formal alkane metathesis. This concept article aims to showcase the benefits of this strategy through the exploration of diverse relevant examples from the literature, hoping to spur research on new metal-based homogeneous-heterogeneous catalyst combinations that will result in reactivity challenging to achieve by conventional homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Camilo Arango-Daza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 114 18, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 114 18, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miguel A Rivero-Crespo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 114 18, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 114 18, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Xie JQ, Ji D, Chang Z, Wu Y, Lv Q, Liu X, Shi L. Synergy of P doping and crystallinity modulation in carbon nitride for enhancing photocatalytic uranyl reduction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 678:63-76. [PMID: 39180849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.08.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Doping modification is a useful way to promote the catalytic activity of carbon nitride (CN). However, most doped CNs have lower structural symmetry and several edge defects, which hinder the transfer of charge carriers. This work reports a P-doped crystalline carbon nitride (crystalline PCN) for the efficient photoreduction of uranyl. The thermal polymerization and salt post-treatment convert the amorphous PCN into crystalline PCN. Compared to the pristine CN, the crystalline PCN has over 1620 % higher activity for uranyl (U(VI)) reduction, reaching a 97.8 % reduction rate in 60 min. Furthermore, the 2-PCN shows excellent stability and a U(VI) removal efficiency >85.7 % in the pH range of 5-8. Characterization analysis reveal that both the P doping and crystalline modulation do not obviously change their morphology, light absorption property and energy band structure, but markedly promote the delocalization of electrons around the doped P atoms, thereby severely inhibit direct electron-hole recombination. Thus, the more efficient separation of charge carriers generates more reactive specials to participate in the photocatalytic uranyl reduction reaction. This study demonstrates a dual-modification strategy for the rational synthesis of highly active metal-free CN-based photocatalysts for uranyl reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Qi Xie
- Hunan Key Laboratory for the Design and Application of Actinide Complexes, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Daozhuo Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ziyang Chang
- Hunan Key Laboratory for the Design and Application of Actinide Complexes, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yuhong Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory for the Design and Application of Actinide Complexes, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Qiqi Lv
- Hunan Key Laboratory for the Design and Application of Actinide Complexes, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiaokang Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory for the Design and Application of Actinide Complexes, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Lang Shi
- Hunan Key Laboratory for the Design and Application of Actinide Complexes, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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6
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Kommoju A, Snehita K, Sowjanya K, Mukkamala SB, Padala K. Recent advances in dual photoredox/nickel catalyzed alkene carbofunctionalised reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8946-8977. [PMID: 39086201 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02914c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Alkene carbofunctionalization reactions have great potential for synthesizing complex molecules and constructing complex structures in natural products and medicinal chemistry. Recently, dual photoredox/nickel catalysis has emerged as a novel strategy for alkene carbofunctionalization. Nickel offers numerous advantages over other transition metals, such as cost-effectiveness, abundance, and low toxicity, and moreover, it has many oxidation states. Nickel catalysts exhibit excellent catalytic activity in dual photoredox/transition metal catalysis, facilitating the formation of carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bonds in organic transformations. This review highlights the latest advancements in dual photoredox/nickel-catalyzed alkene carbofunctionalizations and includes the literature published from 2020 to 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Kommoju
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tribal University of Andhra Pradesh, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh-535003, India.
| | - Kattamuri Snehita
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tribal University of Andhra Pradesh, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh-535003, India.
| | - Kandi Sowjanya
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tribal University of Andhra Pradesh, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh-535003, India.
| | - Saratchandra Babu Mukkamala
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tribal University of Andhra Pradesh, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh-535003, India.
| | - Kishor Padala
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tribal University of Andhra Pradesh, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh-535003, India.
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7
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Lasso-Escobar AV, Castrillon EDC, Acosta J, Navarro S, Correa-Penagos E, Rojas J, Ávila-Torres YP. Modulation of Electronic Availability in g-C 3N 4 Using Nickel (II), Manganese (II), and Copper (II) to Enhance the Disinfection and Photocatalytic Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:3775. [PMID: 39202853 PMCID: PMC11356843 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon nitrides can form coordination compounds or metallic oxides in the presence of transition metals, depending on the reaction conditions. By adjusting the pH to basic levels for mild synthesis with metals, composites like g-C3N4-M(OH)x (where M represents metals) were obtained for nickel (II) and manganese (II), while copper (II) yielded coordination compounds such as Cu-g-C3N4. These materials underwent spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization, revealing their photocatalytic potential to generate superoxide anion radicals-a feature consistent across all metals. Notably, the copper coordination compound also produced significant hydroxyl radicals. Leveraging this catalytic advantage, with band gap energy in the visible region, all compounds were activated to disinfect E. coli bacteria, achieving total disinfection with Cu-g-C3N4. The textural properties influence the catalytic performance, with copper's stabilization as a coordination compound enabling more efficient activity compared to the other metals. Additionally, the determination of radicals generated under light in the presence of dicloxacillin supported the proposed mechanism and highlighted the potential for degrading organic molecules with this new material, alongside its disinfectant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie V. Lasso-Escobar
- Environmental Remediation and Biocatalysis Research Group (GIRAB), Institute of Chemistry, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050014, Colombia; (A.V.L.-E.); (E.D.C.C.); (J.A.); (E.C.-P.); (J.R.)
| | - Elkin Darío C. Castrillon
- Environmental Remediation and Biocatalysis Research Group (GIRAB), Institute of Chemistry, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050014, Colombia; (A.V.L.-E.); (E.D.C.C.); (J.A.); (E.C.-P.); (J.R.)
| | - Jorge Acosta
- Environmental Remediation and Biocatalysis Research Group (GIRAB), Institute of Chemistry, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050014, Colombia; (A.V.L.-E.); (E.D.C.C.); (J.A.); (E.C.-P.); (J.R.)
| | - Sandra Navarro
- Grupo de Investigación Cecoltec, Cecoltec Services, Cra 43 A 18 sur 135, Medellín 050022, Colombia;
| | - Estefanía Correa-Penagos
- Environmental Remediation and Biocatalysis Research Group (GIRAB), Institute of Chemistry, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050014, Colombia; (A.V.L.-E.); (E.D.C.C.); (J.A.); (E.C.-P.); (J.R.)
| | - John Rojas
- Environmental Remediation and Biocatalysis Research Group (GIRAB), Institute of Chemistry, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050014, Colombia; (A.V.L.-E.); (E.D.C.C.); (J.A.); (E.C.-P.); (J.R.)
| | - Yenny P. Ávila-Torres
- Environmental Remediation and Biocatalysis Research Group (GIRAB), Institute of Chemistry, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050014, Colombia; (A.V.L.-E.); (E.D.C.C.); (J.A.); (E.C.-P.); (J.R.)
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8
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Mandal T, Chaturvedi A, Azim A, Maji R, De Sarkar S. Earth-Abundant Recyclable Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Green-light Mediated C-H Arylation in Heterogeneous Phase. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401617. [PMID: 38788130 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
A magnetically isolable iron oxide nanoparticles is introduced as an efficient heterogeneous photocatalyst for non-directed C-H arylation employing aryl diazonium salts as the aryl precursors. This first-row transition metal-based photocatalyst revealed versatile activities and is applicable to a wide range of substrates, demonstrating brilliant efficacy and superior recyclability. Detailed catalytic characterization describes the physical properties and redox behavior of the Fe-catalyst. Adequate control experiments helped to establish the radical-based mechanism for the C-H arylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanumoy Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Ashwin Chaturvedi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Aznur Azim
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Rohan Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
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9
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Liu Y, Li R, Lv Q, Yu B. Embracing heterogeneous photocatalysis: evolution of photocatalysts in annulation of dimethylanilines and maleimides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39078307 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02516d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in visible-light-promoted construction of tetrahydroquinolines from dimethylanilines and maleimides are documented. Homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalytic systems, as well as the reaction mechanism, are emphasized. The mechanism of this photocatalytic annulation reaction is quite clear, i.e., dimethylanilines and maleimides serve as the radical precursors and radical acceptors, respectively. This annulation reaction could serve as an excellent platform for evaluating novel oxidative heterogeneous photocatalytic systems, which could further inspire chemists in this field to develop more efficient photocatalytic systems. Significant opportunities are expected in the future for heterogeneous photocatalysis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Rare Earth Composite Material, College of Materials Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 451191, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
| | - Qiyan Lv
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bing Yu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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10
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Xiong K, Wang Y, Huang F, Zhang K, Zeng B, Lang X. Tailoring β-ketoenamine covalent organic framework with azo for blue light-driven selective oxidation of amines with oxygen. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 665:252-262. [PMID: 38531272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) present bright prospects in visible light photocatalysis with abundant active sites and exceptional stability. Tailoring an established COF with photoactive group is a prudent strategy to extend visible light absorption toward broad photocatalysis. Here, a β-ketoenamine COF, TpBD-COF, constructed with 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and 4,4'-biphenyldiamine (BD), is tailored with azo to validate this strategy. The insertion of azo into BD affords 4,4'-azodianiline (Azo); TpAzo-COF is successfully constructed with Tp and Azo. Intriguingly, the insertion of azo enhances π-conjugation, thereby facilitating visible light absorption and intramolecular electron transfer. Moreover, TpAzo-COF, with an appropriate electronic structure and impressive specific surface area of 1855 m2 g-1, offers substantial active sites conducive to the reduction of oxygen (O2) to superoxide. Compared with TpBD-COF, TpAzo-COF exhibits superior performance for blue light-driven oxidation of amines with O2. Superoxide controls the selective formation of product imines. This work foreshadows the remarkable capacity of tailoring COFs with photoactive group toward broad visible light photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghui Xiong
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuexin Wang
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fengwei Huang
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bing Zeng
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xianjun Lang
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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11
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Debruyne M, Van Der Voort P, Van Speybroeck V, Stevens CV. The Application of Porous Organic Polymers as Metal Free Photocatalysts in Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400311. [PMID: 38499471 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Concerns about increasing greenhouse gas emissions and their effect on our environment highlight the urgent need for new sustainable technologies. Visible light photocatalysis allows the clean and selective generation of reactive intermediates under mild conditions. The more widespread adoption of the current generation of photocatalysts, particularly those using precious metals, is hampered by drawbacks such as their cost, toxicity, difficult separation, and limited recyclability. This is driving the search for alternatives, such as porous organic polymers (POPs). This new class of materials is made entirely from organic building blocks, can possess high surface area and stability, and has a controllable composition and functionality. This review focuses on the application of POPs as photocatalysts in organic synthesis. For each reaction type, a representative material is discussed, with special attention to the mechanism of the reaction. Additionally, an overview is given, comparing POPs with other classes of photocatalysts, and critical conclusions and future perspectives are provided on this important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Debruyne
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Technologiepark Gent, 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Christian V Stevens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Zhang Q, Xu W, Liu Q, Xia C, Shao Q, Ma L, Wu M. Diastereoselective dearomatization of indoles via photocatalytic hydroboration on hydramine-functionalized carbon nitride. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4371. [PMID: 38778032 PMCID: PMC11111752 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A protocol for trans-hydroboration of indole derivatives using heterogeneous photocatalysis with NHC-borane has been developed, addressing a persistent challenge in organic synthesis. The protocol, leveraging high crystalline vacancy-engineered polymeric carbon nitride as a catalyst, enables diastereoselective synthesis, expanding substrate scope and complementing existing methods. The approach emphasizes eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and scalability, making it suitable for industrial applications, particularly in renewable energy contexts. The catalyst's superior performance, attributed to its rich carbon-vacancies and well-ordered structure, surpasses more expensive homogeneous alternatives, enhancing viability for large-scale use. This innovation holds promise for synthesizing bioactive compounds and materials relevant to medicinal chemistry and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhang
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Wengang Xu
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China.
| | - Qiong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology (China), Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Congjian Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Qi Shao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Lishuang Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Mingbo Wu
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China.
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13
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Liu C, Ma Y, Lian R, Chen J, Yang M, Cheng J. Regulation of Photogenerated Redox Species through High Crystallinity Carbon Nitride for Improved C-S Coupling Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301882. [PMID: 38242851 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
A novel and efficient approach for the synthesis of α, β-unsaturated sulfones through heterogeneous photocatalyzed C-S coupling reactions have been developed. The use of molten-salt method derived carbon nitride (MCN), a transition metal-free polymeric photocatalyst, combined with enhanced crystallinity and potassium iodide as an additive, effectively modulates photogenerated reactive redox species, markedly increasing the overall reaction selectivity. This method achieves the shortest reaction time (2 h) with high yield (up to 95 %) among the reported heterogeneous catalytic C-S bond formation reactions, matching the efficiency of the homogeneous photocatalysts. Furthermore, the application to challenging alkyne substrates has been demonstrated, underscoring the potential for a broad range of applications in pharmaceutical research and synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Yukun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Ronghong Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Jiayin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Jiajia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
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14
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Chai Z. Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Strategies for C(sp 3 )-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316444. [PMID: 38225893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Activation of ubiquitous C(sp3 )-H bonds is extremely attractive but remains a great challenge. Heterogeneous photocatalysis offers a promising and sustainable approach for C(sp3 )-H activation and has been fast developing in the past decade. This Minireview focuses on mechanism and strategies for heterogeneous photocatalytic C(sp3 )-H activation. After introducing mechanistic insights, heterogeneous photocatalytic strategies for C(sp3 )-H activation including precise design of active sites, regulation of reactive radical species, improving charge separation and reactor innovations are discussed. In addition, recent advances in C(sp3 )-H activation of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, amines and amides by heterogeneous photocatalysis are summarized. Lastly, challenges and opportunities are outlined to encourage more efforts for the development of this exciting and promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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15
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Dang M, Jia R, Tan K, Hao D, Yang W, Zhou CY, Guo Z. Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Ring Expansion of Cyclic Ketones for the Construction of Medium-Sized Lactams. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4031-4036. [PMID: 38447165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Construction of medium-sized ring compounds remains challenging in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we describe the synthesis of medium-sized lactams via a photoinduced ring expansion of benzo-fused cyclic ketones using graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a photocatalyst. The ring expansion protocol provided an efficient access to 8-10-membered lactams in good yields and displayed good tolerance to a range of functional groups. The mechanism studies revealed that the photochemical reaction proceeds via an intermediary of a nitrogen radical, which is generated through an oxidative hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Dang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruizhi Jia
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Tan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyang Hao
- College of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Ying Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Guo
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, People's Republic of China
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16
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Liang Z, Bai B, Wang X, Gao Y, Li Y, Bu Q, Ding F, Sun Y, Xu Z. Dodecahedral hollow multi-shelled Co 3O 4/Ag:ZnIn 2S 4 photocatalyst for enhancing solar energy utilization efficiency. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6205-6215. [PMID: 38375002 PMCID: PMC10875279 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08425f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Employing semiconductor photocatalysts featuring a hollow multi-shelled (HoMs) structure to establish a heterojunction is an effective approach to addressing the issues of low light energy utilization and severe recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. To take advantage of these key factors in semiconductor photocatalysis, here, a dodecahedral HoMs Co3O4/Ag:ZnIn2S4 photocatalyst (denoted as Co3O4/AZIS) was firstly synthesized by coupling Ag+-doped ZnIn2S4 (AZIS) nanosheets with dodecahedral HoMs Co3O4. The unique HoMs structure of the photocatalyst can not only effectively promote the separation and transfer of photo-induced charge, but also improve the utilization rate of visible light, exposing rich active sites for the photocatalytic redox reaction. The photocatalytic experiment results showed that the Co3O4/90.0 wt% AZIS photocatalyst has a high hydrogen (H2) production rate (695.0 μmol h-1 g-1) and high methyl orange (MO) degradation rate (0.4243 min-1). This work provides a feasible strategy for the development of HoMs heterojunction photocatalysts with enhanced H2 production and degradation properties of organic dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiman Liang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University Dalian 116622 China
| | - Bobo Bai
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University Dalian 116622 China
| | - Xiufang Wang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University Dalian 116622 China
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University Dalian 116622 China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University Dalian 116622 China
| | - Qiuhui Bu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University Dalian 116622 China
| | - Fu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Molecule-Based Chemistry of Liaoning Province, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang 110142 China
| | - Yaguang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Molecule-Based Chemistry of Liaoning Province, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang 110142 China
| | - Zhenhe Xu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University Dalian 116622 China
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17
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Actis A, Melchionna M, Filippini G, Fornasiero P, Prato M, Chiesa M, Salvadori E. Singlet-Triplet Energy Inversion in Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313540. [PMID: 37801043 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved EPR (TR-EPR) demonstrates the formation of well-defined spin triplet excitons in carbon nitride. This permits to experimentally probe the extent of the triplet wavefunction which delocalizes over several tri-s-triazine units. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the TR-EPR signal reveals the mobility of the triplet excitons. By employing monochromatic light excitation in the range 430-600 nm, the energy of the spin triplet is estimated to be ≈0.2 eV above the conduction band edge, proving that the triplet exciton lies above the corresponding singlet. Comparison between amorphous and graphitic forms establishes the singlet-triplet inversion as a general feature of carbon nitride materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Actis
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdR, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdR, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdR, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR URT, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdR, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
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18
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Kim S, Bok J, Lee BH, Choi H, Seo Y, Kim J, Kim J, Ko W, Lee KS, Cho SP, Hyeon T, Yoo D. Orthogonal Dual Photocatalysis of Single Atoms on Carbon Nitrides for One-Pot Relay Organic Transformation. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21470-21479. [PMID: 37847158 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom photocatalysis has shown potential in various single-step organic transformations, but its use in multistep organic transformations in one reaction systems has rarely been achieved. Herein, we demonstrate atomic site orthogonality in the M1/C3N4 system (where M = Pd or Ni), enabling a cascade photoredox reaction involving oxidative and reductive reactions in a single system. The system utilizes visible-light-generated holes and electrons from C3N4, driving redox reactions (e.g., oxidation and fluorination) at the surface of C3N4 and facilitating cross-coupling reactions (e.g., C-C and C-O bond formation) at the metal site. The concept is generalized to different systems of Pd and Ni, thus making the catalytic site-orthogonal M1/C3N4 system an ideal photocatalyst for improving the efficiency and selectivity of multistep organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsol Bok
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngran Seo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiheon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhee Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjae Ko
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kug-Seung Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Pyo Cho
- National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Yoo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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19
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Lin L, Kaewdee P, Nandal V, Shoji R, Matsuzaki H, Seki K, Nakabayashi M, Shibata N, Tao X, Liang X, Ma Y, Hisatomi T, Takata T, Domen K. Flux-Assisted Synthesis of Y 2 Ti 2 O 5 S 2 for Photocatalytic Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310607. [PMID: 37653542 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting is an ideal means of producing hydrogen in a sustainable manner, and developing highly efficient photocatalysts is a vital aspect of realizing this process. The photocatalyst Y2 Ti2 O5 S2 (YTOS) is capable of absorbing at wavelengths up to 650 nm and exhibits outstanding thermal and chemical durability compared with other oxysulfides. However, the photocatalytic performance of YTOS synthesized using the conventional solid-state reaction (SSR) process is limited owing to the large particle sizes and structural defects associated with this synthetic method. Herein, we report the synthesis of YTOS particles by a flux-assisted technique. The enhanced mass transfer efficiency in the flux significantly reduced the preparation time compared with the SSR method. In addition, the resulting YTOS showed improved photocatalytic H2 and O2 evolution activity when loaded with Rh and Co3 O4 co-catalysts, respectively. These improvements are attributed to the reduced particle size and enhanced crystallinity of the material as well as the slower decay of photogenerated carriers on a nanosecond to sub-microsecond time range. Further optimization of this flux-assisted method together with suitable surface modification is expected to produce high-quality YTOS crystals with superior photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Lin
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University Nagano-shi, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Pongpen Kaewdee
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University Nagano-shi, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Vikas Nandal
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Ryota Shoji
- Research Institute for Material and Chemical Measurement, National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsuzaki
- Research Institute for Material and Chemical Measurement, National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seki
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Mamiko Nakabayashi
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Naoya Shibata
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Xiaoping Tao
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University Nagano-shi, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Xizhuang Liang
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University Nagano-shi, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Yiwen Ma
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University Nagano-shi, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Takashi Hisatomi
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University Nagano-shi, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takata
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University Nagano-shi, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Kazunari Domen
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University Nagano-shi, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
- Office of University Professors, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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20
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Sportelli G, Grando G, Bevilacqua M, Filippini G, Melchionna M, Fornasiero P. Graphitic Carbon Nitride as Photocatalyst for the Direct Formylation of Anilines. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301718. [PMID: 37439718 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) for the photocatalytic radical formylation of anilines, which represents a more sustainable and attractive alternative to the currently used approaches, is reported herein. Our operationally simple method occurs under mild conditions, employing air as an oxidant. In particular, the chemistry is driven by the ability of g-CN to reach an electronically excited state upon visible-light absorption, which has a suitable potential energy to trigger the formation of reactive α-amino radical species from anilines. Mechanistic investigations also proved the key role of the g-CN to form reactive superoxide radicals from O2 via single electron transfer. Importantly, this photocatalytic transformation provides a variety of functionalized formamides (15 examples, up to 89 % yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sportelli
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gaia Grando
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Manuela Bevilacqua
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM-CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
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21
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Liao W, Hou J, Tang H, Guo X, Sheng G, Jin M. Photoredox Catalysis with Visible Light for Synthesis of Thioxanthones Derivatives. Org Lett 2023; 25:6352-6356. [PMID: 37584450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
A visible-light-promoted and transition-metal-free photoredox-catalysis strategy is developed for the synthesis of thioxanthone derivatives (TXs). The mechanistic study and density functional theory calculations suggest that visible-light-promoted intramolecular cyclization can be divided into hydrogen atom transfer, C-C formation, and oxidative dehydrogenation with high regioselectivity and reactivity. Significantly, this C-C formation strategy can be used in TXs-based commercial photoinitiators and drugs at the gram level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liao
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Jing Hou
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hongding Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Guo
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Guanyu Sheng
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
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22
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Wang C, Xiao H, Lu Y, Lv J, Yuan Z, Cheng J. Regulation of Polymerization Kinetics to Improve Crystallinity of Carbon Nitride for Photocatalytic Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300361. [PMID: 37139577 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitride (CN) polymers exhibit tunable and fascinating physicochemical properties and are thus an essential class of photocatalytic materials with potential applications. Although significant progress has been made in the fabrication of CN, the preparation of metal-free crystalline CN via a straightforward method remains a considerable challenge. Herein, we describe a new attempt to synthesize crystalline carbon nitride (CCN) with a well-developed structure through regulation of the polymerization kinetics. The synthetic process involves the pre-polymerization of melamine to remove most of the ammonia and further calcination of the pre-heated melamine in the presence of copper oxide as an ammonia absorbent. Copper oxide can decompose the ammonia produced by the polymerization process, thereby promoting the reaction. These conditions facilitate the polycondensation process while avoiding carbonization of the polymeric backbone at high temperatures. Owing to the high crystallinity, nanosheet structure, and efficient charge-carrier transmission capacity, the as-prepared CCN catalyst shows much higher photocatalytic activity than its counterparts. Our study provides a novel strategy for the rational design and synthesis of high-performance carbon nitride photocatalysts by simultaneously optimizing polymerization kinetics and crystallographic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 35002, P. R. China
| | - Hongxiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Yichun Lu
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Jinliang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Zhanhui Yuan
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 35002, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
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23
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Yang Q, Wang H, Wang X, Lei Y. Recent Developments in Direct C-H Functionalization of Quinoxalin-2(1 H)-Ones via Heterogeneous Catalysis Reactions. Molecules 2023; 28:5030. [PMID: 37446689 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Web of Science has published nearly one hundred reports per year on quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, which have attracted great interest due to their wide applications in pharmaceutical and materials fields, especially in recyclable heterogeneous catalytic reactions for direct C-H functionalisation. This review summarises for the first time the methods and reaction mechanisms of heterogeneous catalytic reactions of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, including six major types of heterogeneous catalysts involved. The heterogeneous reactions of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones are summarised by classifying different types of catalytic materials (graphitic phase carbon nitride, MOF, COF, ion exchange resin, piezoelectric materials, and microsphere catalysis). In addition, this review discusses the future development of heterogeneous catalytic reactions of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, including the construction of C-B/Si/P/RF/X/Se bonds by heterogeneous catalytic reactions, the enrichment of heterogeneous catalysts such as metal oxides, graphene-based composites, doped metal nanoparticles, and molecular sieve-based porous materials, asymmetric synthesis, and other areas. The aim of this review is to contribute to the development of green and sustainable heterogeneous reaction methods for quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with applications in materials chemistry and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
| | - Yizhu Lei
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
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24
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Orcutt EK, Varapragasam SJ, Peterson ZC, Andriolo JM, Skinner JL, Grumstrup EM. Ultrafast Charge Injection in Silver-Modified Graphitic Carbon Nitride. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:15478-15485. [PMID: 36926802 PMCID: PMC10064998 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) is a promising organic platform for driving light-activated charge-transfer reactions in a number of valuable photocatalytic cycles. A primary limitation of gCN as a photocatalyst is its short excited-state lifetime, which is mediated by a high density of trap and defect sites that result in rapid excited-state decay and low photocatalytic efficiency. To enhance the catalytic activity, gCN is often functionalized with a metal co-catalyst; however, the mechanism by which metal co-catalysts enhance the reactivity has not been clearly established. In this work, the excited-state dynamics of gCN and silver-modified gCN are compared using ultrafast transient absorption and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopies. In silver-modified gCN, an ultrafast spectral shift in the silver plasmon resonance provides direct spectral evidence of electron transfer from gCN to the silver nanoparticles. The electron-transfer rate is competitive with other non-radiative relaxation pathways, with electron-transfer yields approaching 50%, thus providing an effective strategy for mitigating losses associated with defects and trap sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. Orcutt
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State
University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United
States
| | - Shelton J. Varapragasam
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State
University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United
States
| | - Zöe C. Peterson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State
University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United
States
| | - Jessica M. Andriolo
- Montana
Tech Nanotechnology Laboratory, Montana
Technological University, Butte, Montana 59701, United States
| | - Jack L. Skinner
- Montana
Tech Nanotechnology Laboratory, Montana
Technological University, Butte, Montana 59701, United States
| | - Erik M. Grumstrup
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State
University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United
States
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25
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Xing L, Yang Q, Zhu C, Bai Y, Tang Y, Rueping M, Cai Y. Poly(heptazine imide) ligand exchange enables remarkable low catalyst loadings in heterogeneous metallaphotocatalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1501. [PMID: 36932064 PMCID: PMC10023668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of heterogeneous metallaphotocatalysis is of great interest for sustainable organic synthesis. The rational design and controllable preparation of well-defined (site-isolated) metal/photo bifunctional solid catalysts to meet such goal remains a critical challenge. Herein, we demonstrate the incorporation of privileged homogeneous bipyridyl-based Ni-catalysts into highly ordered and crystalline potassium poly(heptazine imide) (K-PHI). A variety of PHI-supported cationic bipyridyl-based Ni-catalysts (LnNi-PHI) have been prepared and fully characterized by various techniques including NMR, ICP-OES, XPS, HAADF-STEM and XAS. The LnNi-PHI catalysts exhibit exceptional chemical stability and recyclability in diverse C-P, C-S, C-O and C-N cross-coupling reactions. The proximity and cooperativity effects in LnNi-PHI significantly enhances the photo/Ni dual catalytic activity, thus resulting in low catalyst loadings and high turnover numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhuang Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhu
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yilian Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Yurong Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China.
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yunfei Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China.
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26
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Chen S, Yin H, Liu P, Wang Y, Zhao H. Stabilization and Performance Enhancement Strategies for Halide Perovskite Photocatalysts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203836. [PMID: 35900361 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solar-energy-powered photocatalytic fuel production and chemical synthesis are widely recognized as viable technological solutions for a sustainable energy future. However, the requirement of high-performance photocatalysts is a major bottleneck. Halide perovskites, a category of diversified semiconductor materials with suitable energy-band-enabled high-light-utilization efficiencies, exceptionally long charge-carrier-diffusion-length-facilitated charge transport, and readily tailorable compositional, structural, and morphological properties, have emerged as a new class of photocatalysts for efficient hydrogen evolution, CO2 reduction, and various organic synthesis reactions. Despite the noticeable progress, the development of high-performance halide perovskite photocatalysts (HPPs) is still hindered by several key challenges: the strong ionic nature and high hydrolysis tendency induce instability and an unsatisfactory activity due to the need for a coactive component to realize redox processes. Herein, the recently developed advanced strategies to enhance the stability and photocatalytic activity of HPPs are comprehensively reviewed. The widely applicable stability enhancement strategies are first articulated, and the activity improvement strategies for fuel production and chemical synthesis are then explored. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives associated with the application of HPPs in efficient production of fuels and value-added chemicals are presented, indicating the irreplaceable role of the HPPs in the field of photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Chen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230039, P. R. China
| | - Huajie Yin
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Porun Liu
- Centre for Catalysis and Clean Energy, Gold Cost Campus, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Yun Wang
- Centre for Catalysis and Clean Energy, Gold Cost Campus, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Huijun Zhao
- Centre for Catalysis and Clean Energy, Gold Cost Campus, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
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27
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Abstract
The emergence of modern photocatalysis, characterized by mildness and selectivity, has significantly spurred innovative late-stage C-H functionalization approaches that make use of low energy photons as a controllable energy source. Compared to traditional late-stage functionalization strategies, photocatalysis paves the way toward complementary and/or previously unattainable regio- and chemoselectivities. Merging the compelling benefits of photocatalysis with the late-stage functionalization workflow offers a potentially unmatched arsenal to tackle drug development campaigns and beyond. This Review highlights the photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization strategies of small-molecule drugs, agrochemicals, and natural products, classified according to the targeted C-H bond and the newly formed one. Emphasis is devoted to identifying, describing, and comparing the main mechanistic scenarios. The Review draws a critical comparison between established ionic chemistry and photocatalyzed radical-based manifolds. The Review aims to establish the current state-of-the-art and illustrate the key unsolved challenges to be addressed in the future. The authors aim to introduce the general readership to the main approaches toward photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization, and specialist practitioners to the critical evaluation of the current methodologies, potential for improvement, and future uncharted directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210Shanghai, China
| | - Teresa Faber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
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28
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Lopat’eva ER, Krylov IB, Segida OO, Merkulova VM, Ilovaisky AI, Terent’ev AO. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis as a Potent Tool for Organic Synthesis: Cross-Dehydrogenative C-C Coupling of N-Heterocycles with Ethers Employing TiO 2/ N-Hydroxyphthalimide System under Visible Light. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030934. [PMID: 36770603 PMCID: PMC9920906 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the obvious advantages of heterogeneous photocatalysts (availability, stability, recyclability, the ease of separation from products and safety) their application in organic synthesis faces serious challenges: generally low efficiency and selectivity compared to homogeneous photocatalytic systems. The development of strategies for improving the catalytic properties of semiconductor materials is the key to their introduction into organic synthesis. In the present work, a hybrid photocatalytic system involving both heterogeneous catalyst (TiO2) and homogeneous organocatalyst (N-hydroxyphthalimide, NHPI) was proposed for the cross-dehydrogenative C-C coupling of electron-deficient N-heterocycles with ethers employing t-BuOOH as the terminal oxidant. It should be noted that each of the catalysts is completely ineffective when used separately under visible light in this transformation. The occurrence of visible light absorption upon the interaction of NHPI with the TiO2 surface and the generation of reactive phthalimide-N-oxyl (PINO) radicals upon irradiation with visible light are considered to be the main factors determining the high catalytic efficiency. The proposed method is suitable for the coupling of π-deficient pyridine, quinoline, pyrazine, and quinoxaline heteroarenes with various non-activated ethers.
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29
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Mohamadpour F. Carbazole-based photocatalyst (4CzIPN) for novel donor-acceptor (D-A) fluorophore-catalyzed visible-light-induced photosynthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1 H)-ones/thiones via a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process. RSC Adv 2023; 13:2514-2522. [PMID: 36741179 PMCID: PMC9844127 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07064b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the Biginelli reaction of β-ketoesters, arylaldehydes, and urea/thiourea, we created a green radical synthesis procedure for 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones/thiones. A PCET (proton-coupled electron transfer) photocatalyst was used in an ethanol solution in an air environment and at room temperature and visible light to provide a renewable energy source. In this study, we seek to create a novel donor-acceptor (D-A) fluorophore that is affordable and widely available. The carbazole-based photocatalyst (4CzIPN), in addition to its time-saving capabilities and simplicity of use, exhibits excellent yields, is energy-efficient, and is ecologically friendly. This makes it possible to track the evolution of environmental and chemical factors throughout time. To determine the turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones/thiones, a study was done. Gram-scale cyclization demonstrates that it may be used in industry effectively.
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30
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Shi Y, Shen M, Wang Z, Liu C, Bi J, Wu L. Visible-light-driven benzyl alcohol oxidation over Pt/Mn-Bi4Ti3O12 nanosheets: Structure-function relationship of multicomponent photocatalysts. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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31
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Zhao Y, Jiang X. Visible Light-Induced Z-Scheme V 2O 5/g-C 3N 4 Heterojunction Catalyzed Cascade Reaction of Unactivated Alkenes. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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32
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Tian J, Zhao L, Yang C, Yang C, Guo L, Xia W. Four-Component Synthesis of Spiro-Imidazolidines Enabled by Carbon Nitride Photocatalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tian
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lulu Zhao
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chuan Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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33
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Shi X, Song T, Li Q, Guo X, Yang Y. Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitride Photocatalyzed Switchable Divergent Perfluoroalkylation of Terminal Alkynes. Org Lett 2022; 24:8724-8728. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinglin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuling Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
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34
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Pulignani C, Mesa CA, Hillman SAJ, Uekert T, Giménez S, Durrant JR, Reisner E. Rational Design of Carbon Nitride Photoelectrodes with High Activity Toward Organic Oxidations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211587. [PMID: 36224107 PMCID: PMC10099510 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nitride (CNx ) is a light-absorber with excellent performance in photocatalytic suspension systems, but the activity of CNx photoelectrodes has remained low. Here, cyanamide-functionalized CNx (NCN CNx ) was co-deposited with ITO nanoparticles on a 1.8 Å thick alumina-coated FTO electrode. Transient absorption spectroscopy and impedance measurements support that ITO acts as a conductive binder and improves electron extraction from the NCN CNx , whilst the alumina underlayer reduces recombination losses between the ITO and the FTO glass. The Al2 O3 |ITO : NCN CNx film displays a benchmark performance for CNx -based photoanodes with an onset of -0.4 V vs a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), and 1.4±0.2 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs RHE during AM1.5G irradiation for the selective oxidation of 4-methylbenzyl alcohol. This assembly strategy will improve the exploration of CNx in fundamental and applied photoelectrochemical (PEC) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pulignani
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Camilo A. Mesa
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) Universitat Jaume I (UJI) 12006 Castelló de la Plana, Castellón Spain
| | - Sam A. J. Hillman
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Taylor Uekert
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Sixto Giménez
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) Universitat Jaume I (UJI) 12006 Castelló de la Plana, Castellón Spain
| | - James R. Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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35
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Qiao X, Lin Y, Huang D, Ji H, Chen C, Ma W, Zhao J. Photocatalytic Oxo-Amination of Aryl Cyclopropanes through an Unusual S N2-Like Ring-Opening Pathway: Won >99% ee. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13627-13642. [PMID: 36174109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
One-pot oxo-amination of unactivated cyclopropanes with safe, green dioxygen as an oxidant and low-cost amines as nitrogen sources has generated interest since this can directly result in uniform β-located difunctional units. Formation of the three-electron cation radical followed by the nucleophilic attack of amines to open the strained ring of cyclopropanes catalyzed by classic noble-complex photocatalysts was a promising strategy. However, this ring-opening pathway could not maintain the entire second-order nucleophilic substitution (SN2) conversion, which generally led to unsatisfactory enantioselectivity (enantiomeric excess (ee) value ∼60%). Here, we demonstrate that for such a one-step oxo-amination of cyclopropanes with benign dioxygen and pyrazoles, a highly uniform inversion of configuration could be first accomplished through a TiO2 photocatalyst. This strategy features low-cost, semiheterogeneous photocatalysis and environmentally friendly reaction conditions, without using any sacrificial reagent or additive. Importantly, our protocol not only provides a relatively broad substrate scope tolerant to a certain range of substituted cyclopropanes and pyrazoles, resulting in various β-amino ketone products (∼50 examples) with excellent conversions and yields, but also retains excellent enantioselectivity (ee value ∼99%). A concerted SN2 ring opening raised from an oxetane cation intermediate rather than a conventional three-electron cation radical prior to attaching to dioxygen was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Di Huang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chuncheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wanhong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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36
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Jia R, Wang J, Jiang Y, Ni B, Niu T. Photocatalyzed oxidative cleavage of CC bond to carbonyl compounds by a recyclable homogeneous carbon nitride semiconductor/aqueous system. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8305-8312. [PMID: 36239157 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01640k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of methods based on direct oxidative cleavage of alkynes to carbonyls is an extremely challenging task. In this work, we describe a UV light-driven, potassium/sodium poly(heptazine imide) (K,Na-PHI)-catalyzed protocol for the selective oxidative cleavage of alkynes to acids under an O2 atmosphere using water as a solvent. Various aromatic alkynes can be selectively cleaved to afford aromatic acids in good to high yield under clean, mild conditions. Mechanistic investigation indicates that the photogenerated hydroxyl radicals in situ act as green oxidation active species. Moreover, this protocol could be further developed as a sequential oxidative cleavage/esterification process for the preparation of aryl esters. Notably, the KNaPHI-II/water catalyst system could be used several times without significant loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jia
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Jingjing Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Yuqin Jiang
- Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Bangqing Ni
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Tengfei Niu
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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37
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Wu SJ, Shi Y, Sun K, Yuan XY, Tang S, Yu B. Potassium doping carbon nitride: Dramatically enhanced photocatalytic properties for hydroxyalkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)‑ones with alcohol under air atmosphere. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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38
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Liang Z, Guo J, Wang P, Zhu L, Yao X. Recyclable Cu/g-C3N4 nanometric semiconductor catalyzed N-formylation of amines via photocatalytic aerobic oxidative C-C bond cleavage of aldehydes under visible-light irradiation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.108001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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39
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Kim S, Landfester K, Ferguson CTJ. Hairy Conjugated Microporous Polymer Nanoparticles Facilitate Heterogeneous Photoredox Catalysis with Solvent-Specific Dispersibility. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17041-17048. [PMID: 36223132 PMCID: PMC9620398 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Substrate accessibility is a key limiting factor for the efficiency of heterogeneous photoredox catalysis. Recently, a high photoactive surface area of conjugated microporous polymer nanoparticles (CMP NPs) has made them promising candidates for overcoming the mass transfer limitation to achieve high photocatalytic efficiency. However, this potential has not been realized due to limited dispersibility of CMP NPs in many solvents, particularly in water. Here, we report a polymer grafting strategy that furnishes versatile hairy CMP NPs with enhanced solvent-specific dispersibility. The method associates hundreds of solvent-miscible repeating units with one chain end of the photocatalyst surface, allowing minimal modification to the CMP network that preserves its photocatalytic activity. Therefore, the enhanced dispersibility of hairy CMP NPs in organic solvents or aqueous solutions affords high efficiency in various photocatalytic organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeon Kim
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Calum T. J. Ferguson
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United
Kingdom
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40
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Actis A, Melchionna M, Filippini G, Fornasiero P, Prato M, Salvadori E, Chiesa M. Morphology and Light-Dependent Spatial Distribution of Spin Defects in Carbon Nitride. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210640. [PMID: 36074040 PMCID: PMC9828381 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitride (CN) is a heterogeneous photocatalyst that combines good structural properties and a broad scope. The photocatalytic efficiency of CN is associated with the presence of defective and radical species. An accurate description of defective states-both at a local and extended level-is key to develop a thorough mechanistic understanding of the photophysics of CN. In turn, this will maximise the generation and usage of photogenerated charge carriers and minimise wasteful charge recombination. Here the influence of morphology and light-excitation on the number and chemical nature of radical defects is assessed. By exploiting the magnetic dipole-dipole coupling, the spatial distribution of native radicals in CN is derived with high precision. From the analysis an average distance in the range 1.99-2.34 nm is determined, which corresponds to pairs of radicals located approximately four tri-s-triazine units apart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Actis
- Department of Chemistry and NIS CentreUniversity of TorinoVia Pietro Giuria 710125TorinoItaly
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdRUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdRUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdRUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
- ICCOM-CNR URTTriesteItaly
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdRUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
- ICCOM-CNR URTTriesteItaly
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Paseo Miramon 19420014Donostia San SebastiánSpain
- Basque Fdn Sci Ikerbasque48013BilbaoSpain
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Department of Chemistry and NIS CentreUniversity of TorinoVia Pietro Giuria 710125TorinoItaly
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry and NIS CentreUniversity of TorinoVia Pietro Giuria 710125TorinoItaly
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41
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Hao J, Ding W, Zheng Z, Sun L, Dong J, Li M, Wan W. Hantzsch Ester-Mediated Visible-Light-Induced Radical Ethoxycarbonyldifluoromethylation of Aryl Alkynes: Kinetic-Controlled Stereoselective Synthesis of Z- gem-Difluoroallyl Esters. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13828-13836. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wanjun Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhichun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Linan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junjie Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Minjie Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wen Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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42
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Zhang Y, Liu J. Bioinspired Photocatalytic NADH Regeneration by Covalently Metalated Carbon Nitride for Enhanced CO 2 Reduction. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201430. [PMID: 35758216 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural photosynthesis is a highly unified biocatalytic system, which coupled cofactor (NAD(P)H) regeneration and enzymatic CO2 reduction efficiently for solar energy conversion. Mimicking nature, a novel system with Rh complex covalently grafted onto NH2 -functionalized polymeric carbon nitride (NH2 -PCN) was constructed. The integrated connection of the light-harvesting and electron mediation modules as Rhm3 -N-PCN could promote the efficient NAD+ reduction to NADH. As a result, the integrated system exhibited a conversion of ∼66 % within 20 minutes. By further coupling in situ generated NADH with formate dehydrogenase (FDH), a photoenzymatic production of formic acid (HCOOH) from CO2 was accomplished. Moreover, by immobilizing FDH onto a hydrophobic membrane, an enhanced HCOOH production of ∼5.0 mM can be obtained due to the concentrated CO2 on the gas-liquid-solid three-phase interface. Our work herein provides an integrated strategy for coupling the anchored electron mediator with immobilized enzyme for enhanced artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China) E-mail: l.qust.edu.cn.,Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China) E-mail: l.qust.edu.cn.,Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
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43
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Jiang W, Deng H, Liu J. Efficient photocatalytic aerobic oxidations by a molecular cobalt catalyst linked to mesoporous carbon nitride. CATAL COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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44
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Odziomek M, Giusto P, Kossmann J, Tarakina NV, Heske J, Rivadeneira SM, Keil W, Schmidt C, Mazzanti S, Savateev O, Perdigón-Toro L, Neher D, Kühne TD, Antonietti M, López-Salas N. "Red Carbon": A Rediscovered Covalent Crystalline Semiconductor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206405. [PMID: 35977414 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon suboxide (C3 O2 ) is a unique molecule able to polymerize spontaneously into highly conjugated light-absorbing structures at temperatures as low as 0 °C. Despite obvious advantages, little is known about the nature and the functional properties of this carbonaceous material. In this work, the aim is to bring "red carbon," a forgotten polymeric semiconductor, back to the community's attention. A solution polymerization process is adapted to simplify the synthesis and control the structure. This allows one to obtain this crystalline covalent material at low temperatures. Both spectroscopic and elemental analyses support the chemical structure represented as conjugated ladder polypyrone ribbons. Density functional theory calculations suggest a crystalline structure of AB stacks of polypyrone ribbons and identify the material as a direct bandgap semiconductor with a medium bandgap that is further confirmed by optical analysis. The material shows promising photocatalytic performance using blue light. Moreover, the simple condensation-aromatization route described here allows the straightforward fabrication of conjugated ladder polymers and can be inspiring for the synthesis of carbonaceous materials at low temperatures in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Odziomek
- Colloids Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Paolo Giusto
- Colloids Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Janina Kossmann
- Colloids Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nadezda V Tarakina
- Colloids Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Julian Heske
- Colloids Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Dynamics of Condensed Matter and Center for Sustainable Systems Design, Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, D-33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Salvador M Rivadeneira
- Dynamics of Condensed Matter and Center for Sustainable Systems Design, Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, D-33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Waldemar Keil
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Stefano Mazzanti
- Colloids Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Savateev
- Colloids Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lorena Perdigón-Toro
- Soft Matter Physics and Optoelectronics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dieter Neher
- Soft Matter Physics and Optoelectronics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas D Kühne
- Dynamics of Condensed Matter and Center for Sustainable Systems Design, Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, D-33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Colloids Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nieves López-Salas
- Colloids Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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45
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Li B, Guo Z, Feng Y, Meng M, Pan Y, Zhang Y. Boosting Photosynthetic H 2O 2 of Polymeric Carbon Nitride by Layer Configuration Regulation and Fluoride-Potassium Double-Site Modification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:43328-43338. [PMID: 36112467 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production will become a burgeoning strategy for solar energy utilization by selective oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) shows relatively high two-electron ORR selectivity for H2O2 production but still limited low H2O2 production efficiency due to slow exciton dissociation. Herein, we constructed a heptazine/triazine layer stacked carbon nitride heterojunction with fluorine/potassium (F/K) dual sites (FKHTCN). The introduction of F/K not only can regulate layer components to enhance the charge separation efficiency but, more importantly, also optimize the adsorption of surface oxygen molecules and intermediate *OOH during H2O2 production. Consequently, FKHTCN efficiently improves the photocatalytic H2O2 production rate up to 3380.9 μmol h-1 g-1, nearly 15 times higher than that of traditional PCN. Moreover, a production-utilization cascade system was designed to explore their practical application in environmental remediation. This work lays out the importance of engineering a layer-stacked configuration and active sites for enhancing photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binrong Li
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhiwei Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yonghai Feng
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Minjia Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yunxiang Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yingping Zhang
- College of Information Technology, Jilin Normal University, Jilin 136000, China
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46
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Marchi M, Gentile G, Rosso C, Melchionna M, Fornasiero P, Filippini G, Prato M. The Nickel Age in Synthetic Dual Photocatalysis: A Bright Trip Toward Materials Science. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201094. [PMID: 35789214 PMCID: PMC9804426 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the field of dual photocatalysis has grown rapidly, to become one of the most powerful tools for the functionalization of organic molecules under mild conditions. In particular, the merging of Earth-abundant nickel-based catalytic systems with visible-light-activated photoredox catalysts has allowed the development of a number of unique green synthetic approaches. This goes in the direction of ensuring an effective and sustainable chemical production, while safeguarding human health and environment. Importantly, this relatively new branch of catalysis has inspired an interdisciplinary stream of research that spans from inorganic and organic chemistry to materials science, thus establishing itself as one dominant trend in modern organic synthesis. This Review aims at illustrating the milestones on the timeline evolution of the photocatalytic systems used, with a critical analysis toward novel applications based on the use of photoactive two-dimensional carbon-based nanostructures. Lastly, forward-looking opportunities within this intriguing research field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Marchi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Giuseppe Gentile
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Cristian Rosso
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per laScienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)Unit of Triestevia L. Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per laScienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)Unit of Triestevia L. Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Paseo Miramón 19420014Donostia San SebastiánSpain
- Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque48013BilbaoSpain
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47
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Actis A, Melchionna M, Filippini G, Fornasiero P, Prato M, Salvadori E, Chiesa M. Morphology and Light‐Dependent Spatial Distribution of Spin Defects in Carbon Nitride. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Actis
- University of Turin: Universita degli Studi di Torino Department of Chemistry ITALY
| | - Michele Melchionna
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ITALY
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ITALY
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ITALY
| | - Maurizio Prato
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ITALY
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Università degli Studi di Torino Department of Chemistry Via Pietro Giuria, 7 10125 Torino ITALY
| | - Mario Chiesa
- University of Turin: Universita degli Studi di Torino Department of Chemistry ITALY
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48
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Stroyuk O, Raievska O, Brabec CJ, Dzhagan V, Havryliuk Y, Zahn DRT. Self-assembly of colloidal single-layer carbon nitride. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:12347-12357. [PMID: 35971970 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03477h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new concept of a "bottom-to-top" design of intercalate carbon nitride compounds based on the effects of self-assembly of colloidal single-layer carbon nitride (SLCN) sheets stabilized by tetraethylammonium hydroxide NEt4OH upon ambient drying of the water solvent. These effects include (i) formation of stage-1 intercalates of NEt4OH during the ambient drying of SLCN colloids on glass substrates and (ii) the spontaneous formation of layered hexagonally-shaped networks of SLCN sheets on freshly-cleaved mica surfaces. The dynamics of the intercalate formation was followed by in situ X-ray diffraction allowing different stages to be identified, including the deposition of a primary "wet" intercalate of hydrated NEt4OH and the gradual elimination of excessive water during its ambient drying. The intercalated NEt4+ cations show a specific "flattened" conformation allowing the dynamics of formation and structure of the intercalate to be probed by vibrational spectroscopies. The two-dimensional self-assembly on mica is assumed to be driven both by the internal hexagonal symmetry of heptazine units and by a templating effect of the mica surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Stroyuk
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN), 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Oleksandra Raievska
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN), 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN), 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Dzhagan
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductors Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 41 Nauky Av., 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrs'ka St., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yevhenii Havryliuk
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Dietrich R T Zahn
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
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49
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Yang M, Lian R, Zhang X, Wang C, Cheng J, Wang X. Photocatalytic cyclization of nitrogen-centered radicals with carbon nitride through promoting substrate/catalyst interaction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4900. [PMID: 35987760 PMCID: PMC9392757 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of metal-free carbon nitride and light to drive catalytic transformations constitutes a sustainable strategy for organic synthesis. At the moment, enhancing the intrinsic activity of CN catalysts by tuning the interfacial coupling between catalyst and substrate remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate that urea-derived carbon nitride catalysts with the abundant −NH2 groups and the relative positive charged surface could effectively complex with the deprotonated anionic intermediate to improve the adsorption of organic reactants on the catalyst surface. The decreased oxidation potential and upshift in its highest occupied molecular orbital position make the electron abstraction kinetics by the catalyst more energetically favorable. The prepared catalyst is thus utilized for the photocatalytic cyclization of nitrogen-centered radicals for the synthesis of diverse pharmaceutical-related compounds (33 examples) with high activity and reusability, which shows competent performance to the homogeneous catalysts. Carbon nitride catalysts with positively charged surfaces and abundant −NH2 are found to be effective photocatalysts for dihydropyrazole synthesis. A surface-mediated mechanism where deprotonated intermediates interact with the surface is proposed.
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50
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Gerken VC, Carreira EM. Carbon Nitride Photoredox Catalysis Enables the Generation of the Dioxolanyl Radical for Conjugate Addition Reactions. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria C. Gerken
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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