1
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Tortajada A, Righetti GL, McGinley A, Mu M, García-Melchor M, Hevia E. Alkene Isomerisation Catalysed by a Superbasic Sodium Amide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407262. [PMID: 38881357 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Typically catalysed by transition metals, alkene isomerisation is a powerful methodology for preparation of internal olefins. In contrast, the use of more earth abundant main group reagents is limited to activated substrates, requiring high temperatures and excess stoichiometric amounts. Opening a new avenue for progressing this field, here we report applications of bulky sodium amide NaTMP (TMP=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide) when partnered with tridentate Lewis donor PMDETA (N,N,N',N'',N''-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine) in catalytic alkene isomerisation of terminal olefins under mild reaction conditions. An array of distinct olefins could successfully be isomerised, including unactivated olefins, allylamines, and allylethers, showing the high activity of this partnership. In-depth mechanistic insights provided by X-ray crystallography, real-time nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) monitoring, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have unveiled the crucial role of in situ-generated TMP(H) in facilitating efficient isomerisation, and the choice of alkali-metal. Additionally, theoretical studies shed light on the observed E/Z selectivity, particularly accounting for the selective formation of Z-vinyl ethers. The versatility of our method is further demonstrated through the isomerisation of unactivated cycloalkenes, which undergo hydrogen isotope exchange to produce deuterated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Tortajada
- Department für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmacie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gian Luca Righetti
- Department für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmacie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ana McGinley
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Manting Mu
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Max García-Melchor
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmacie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Knupe-Wolfgang P, Mahn B, Hilt G. The Application of Flow Chemistry for the Synthesis of Alkyl Sodium Compounds and Their Transformations with Weinreb Amides and Carboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2024; 26:6972-6976. [PMID: 39141767 PMCID: PMC11348415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the application of a flow system for the generation of a soluble organo sodium compound and the transformation of this primary nucleophile with various Weinreb amides for the synthesis of alkyl-aryl ketones. Thereafter, the generation of secondary sodium intermediates, such as benzylic sodium nucleophiles or ortho-metalated sodium nucleophiles from various carbon pre-nucleophiles, is described. These transformations generated more complex ketones, and in this investigation the key aspect was to identify factors for the chemoselective and regioselective C-H deprotonation of concurring sites within the starting material. Finally, the direct synthesis of ketones from carboxylic acids and the organo sodium compound is described, revealing interesting aspects regarding the nucleophilicity and basicity of the alkyl sodium reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Knupe-Wolfgang
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Bennett Mahn
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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3
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Wei B, Chen YH, Knochel P. Recent Advances in Halogen-Metal Exchange Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1951-1963. [PMID: 38953535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusThe halogen-metal exchange reaction is a very powerful method for preparing functionalized organometallic reagents in the fields of organic and organometallic chemistry. Since its inception, significant interest has been directed toward the on-demand development of new halogen-metal exchange reactions, primarily through the upgrading of exchange reagents. The enduring quest for optimal reactivity, superior functional group compatibility, and innovative synthetic applications of exchange reagents remains a fundamental objective. In the past several years, the emergence of some significant discoveries in halogen-metal exchange reactions has proclaimed a renaissance to this field. This Account outlines the latest advances within the domain contributed by the Knochel group, including the main points as follows.The stereoretentive I/Li exchange on stereodefined secondary alkyl iodides was developed for the synthesis of nonstabilized chiral secondary alkyllithium reagents. This provided a straightforward method to access chiral organolithium reagents, which can be trapped by various electrophiles or transmetalated with other metals such as copper, zinc, and magnesium, thus enabling the stereoselective synthesis of a series of functionalized compounds and natural products.Faster halogen-magnesium and halogen-zinc exchanges in toluene were realized using a novel kind of exchange reagent complexed with lithium alkoxide. These highly efficient exchange reactions are much faster than traditional ones and performed in an industrially friendly solvent. These advantages are of great value in practical synthesis, paving the way for new developments in this evolving area.Halogen-lanthanide exchanges and their novel applications in organic synthesis were established. These new exchanges introduced the lanthanide metals into halogen-metal exchange reactions for the first time, thereby opening new avenues in synthetic chemistry. Building on these achievements, a comparative analysis of the exchange reaction rates by kinetic study has quantified the relationship between the electronegativity of metals and the rates of halogen-metal exchanges.Br/Na exchange in continuous flow was achieved using a hexane-soluble exchange reagent, 2-ethylhexylsodium. This approach effectively circumvented the poor solubility of the organosodium reagent, which has proven to be of significant practical value and greatly enhanced the synthetic utility of the organosodium reagent in organic synthesis.These remarkable breakthroughs as mentioned above are fueled mainly by upgrading the exchange reagents, resulting in the development of new halogen-metal exchange reactions and innovative applications in organic synthesis. Given the importance of halogen-metal exchanges in synthetic chemistry, the pursuit of other types of exchange reactions, particularly those involving new metals, will be in continuous demand. This Account provides a timely summary of recent progress and will undoubtedly inspire further advances to drive this research field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baosheng Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan China
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei China
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany
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4
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Anderson DE, Tortajada A, Hevia E. New Frontiers in Organosodium Chemistry as Sustainable Alternatives to Organolithium Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313556. [PMID: 37801443 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
With their highly reactive respective C-Na and N-Na bonds, organosodium and sodium amide reagents could be viewed as obvious replacements or even superior reagents to the popular, widely utilised organolithiums. However, they have seen very limited applications in synthesis due mainly to poor solubility in common solvents and their limited stability. That notwithstanding in recent years there has been a surge of interest in bringing these sustainable metal reagents into the forefront of organometallics in synthesis. Showcasing the growth in utilisation of organosodium complexes within several areas of synthetic chemistry, this Minireview discusses promising new methods that have been recently reported with the goal of taming these powerful reagents. Special emphasis is placed on coordination and aggregation effects in these reagents which can impart profound changes in their solubility and reactivity. Differences in observed reactivity between more nucleophilic aryl and alkyl sodium reagents and the less nucleophilic but highly basic sodium amides are discussed along with current mechanistic understanding of their reactivities. Overall, this review aims to inspire growth in this exciting field of research to allow for the integration of organosodium complexes within common important synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Anderson
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreu Tortajada
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Crockett MP, Piña J, Gogoi AR, Lalisse RF, Nguyen AV, Gutierrez O, Thomas AA. Breaking the tert-Butyllithium Contact Ion Pair: A Gateway to Alternate Selectivity in Lithiation Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10743-10755. [PMID: 37133911 PMCID: PMC10245630 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Lewis basic phosphoramides on the aggregate structure of t-BuLi have been investigated in detail by NMR and DFT methods. It was determined that hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) can shift the equilibrium of t-BuLi to include the triple ion pair (t-Bu-Li-t-Bu)-/HMPA4Li+ which serves as a reservoir for the highly reactive separated ion pair t-Bu-/HMPA4Li+. Because the Li-atom's valences are saturated in this ion pair, the Lewis acidity is significantly decreased; in turn, the basicity is maximized which allowed for the typical directing effects within oxygen heterocycles to be overridden and for remote sp3 C-H bonds to be deprotonated. Furthermore, these newly accessed lithium aggregation states were leveraged to develop a simple γ-lithiation and capture protocol of chromane heterocycles with a variety of alkyl halide electrophiles in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Crockett
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jeanette Piña
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Achyut Ranjan Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Remy F Lalisse
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Andrew V Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Andy A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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6
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Davison N, McMullin CL, Zhang L, Hu SX, Waddell PG, Wills C, Dixon C, Lu E. Li vs Na: Divergent Reaction Patterns between Organolithium and Organosodium Complexes and Ligand-Catalyzed Ketone/Aldehyde Methylenation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6562-6576. [PMID: 36890641 PMCID: PMC10037334 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Organosodium chemistry is underdeveloped compared with organolithium chemistry, and all the reported organosodium complexes exhibit similar, if not identical, reactivity patterns to their lithium counterparts. Herein, we report a rare organosodium monomeric complex, namely, [Na(CH2SiMe3)(Me6Tren)] (1-Na) (Me6Tren: tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine) stabilized by a tetra-dentate neutral amine ligand Me6Tren. Employing organo-carbonyl substrates (ketones, aldehydes, amides, ester), we demonstrated that 1-Na features distinct reactivity patterns compared with its lithium counterpart, [Li(CH2SiMe3)(Me6Tren)] (1-Li). Based on this knowledge, we further developed a ligand-catalysis strategy to conduct ketone/aldehyde methylenations, using [NaCH2SiMe3]∞ as the CH2 feedstock, replacing the widely used but hazardous/expensive C═O methylenation methods, such as Wittig, Tebbe, Julia/Julia-Kocieński, Peterson, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Davison
- Chemistry−School
of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Claire L. McMullin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Lu Zhang
- School
of Mathematics and Physics, University of
Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Xian Hu
- School
of Mathematics and Physics, University of
Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Paul G. Waddell
- Chemistry−School
of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Corinne Wills
- Chemistry−School
of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Casey Dixon
- Chemistry−School
of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Erli Lu
- Chemistry−School
of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
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7
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Kremsmair A, Wilke HR, Harenberg JH, Bissinger BRG, Simon MM, Alandini N, Knochel P. In Situ Quench Reactions of Enantioenriched Secondary Alkyllithium Reagents in Batch and Continuous Flow Using an I/Li-Exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214377. [PMID: 36269064 PMCID: PMC10100098 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We report a practical in situ quench (ISQ) procedure involving the generation of chiral secondary alkyllithiums from secondary alkyl iodides (including functionalized iodides bearing an ester or a nitrile) in the presence of various electrophiles such as aldehydes, ketones, Weinreb amides, isocyanates, sulfides, or boronates. This ISQ-reaction allowed the preparation of a broad range of optically enriched ketones, alcohols, amides, sulfides and boronic acid esters in typically 90-98 % ee. Remarkably, these reactions were performed at -78 °C or -40 °C in batch. A continuous flow set-up permitted reaction temperatures between -20 °C and 0 °C and allowed a scale-up up to a 40-fold without further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kremsmair
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Henrik R. Wilke
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Benjamin R. G. Bissinger
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Matthias M. Simon
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Nurtalya Alandini
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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8
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Mulks FF, Pinho B, Platten AW, Andalibi MR, Expósito AJ, Edler KJ, Hevia E, Torrente-Murciano L. Continuous, stable, and safe organometallic reactions in flow at room temperature assisted by deep eutectic solvents. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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9
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Brégent T, Ivanova MV, Poisson T, Jubault P, Legros J. Continuous‐Flow Divergent Lithiation of 2,3‐Dihalopyridines: Deprotolithiation versus Halogen Dance. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202286. [PMID: 36200571 PMCID: PMC10092453 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein the first halogen dance (HD) in continuous flow on 2-chloro-3-bromopyridine by selectively trapping a (pyridin-4-yl)lithium species that is known to undergo the halogen-dance process. In addition, this lithiated intermediate was trapped at lower temperature before the HD occurs. The HD process was extended to fluoro-iodopyridines by using various electrophiles to afford 28 examples with yields ranging from 42 to 97 % with very short residence times. Finally, scale up of the reaction was demonstrated, affording a promising space-time yield (STY) of 4.2 kg.h-1 .L-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Brégent
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Maria V. Ivanova
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Thomas Poisson
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
- Institut Universitaire de France 1 rue Descartes 75231 Paris France
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Julien Legros
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
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10
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Harenberg JH, Reddy Annapureddy R, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Continuous Flow Preparation of Benzylic Sodium Organometallics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203807. [PMID: 35416397 PMCID: PMC9400861 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a lateral sodiation of alkyl(hetero)arenes using on-demand generated hexane-soluble (2-ethylhexyl)sodium (1) in the presence of TMEDA. (2-Ethylhexyl)sodium (1) is prepared via a sodium packed-bed reactor and used for metalations at ambient temperature in batch as well as in continuous flow. The resulting benzylic sodium species are subsequently trapped with various electrophiles including carbonyl compounds, epoxides, oxetane, allyl/benzyl chlorides, alkyl halides and alkyl tosylates. Wurtz-type couplings with secondary alkyl halides and tosylates proceed under complete inversion of stereochemistry. Furthermore, the utility of this lateral sodiation is demonstrated in the synthesis of pharmaceutical relevant compounds. Thus, fingolimod is prepared from p-xylene applying the lateral sodiation twice. In addition, 7-fold isotopically labeled salmeterol-d7 and fenpiprane as well as precursors to super linear alkylbenzene (SLAB) surfactants are prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | | | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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11
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Harenberg JH, Annapureddy RR, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Continuous Flow Preparation of Benzylic Sodium Organometallics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Department of Chemistry Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München GERMANY
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12
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Asako S, Takahashi I, Kurogi T, Murakami Y, Ilies L, Takai K. Birch Reduction of Arenes Using Sodium Dispersion and DMI under Mild Conditions. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sobi Asako
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ikko Takahashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurogi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Murakami
- KOBELCO ECO-Solutions Co., Ltd., 4-78-1 Wakinohama-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0072, Japan
| | - Laurean Ilies
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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13
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Brieger L, Unkelbach C, Strohmann C. THF-solvated Heavy Alkali Metal Benzyl Compounds (Na, Rb, Cs): Defined Deprotonation Reagents for Alkali Metal Mediation Chemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:17780-17784. [PMID: 34633717 PMCID: PMC9298144 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of heavy alkali metals into substrates is both challenging and essential for many reactions. Here, we report the formation of THF-solvated alkali metal benzyl compounds [PhCH2 M ⋅ (thf)n ] (M=Na, Rb, Cs). The synthesis was carried out by deprotonation of toluene with the bimetallic mixture n-butyllithium/alkali metal tert-butoxide and selective crystallization from THF of the defined benzyl compounds. Insights into the molecular structure in the solid as well as in solution state are gained by single crystal X-ray experiments and NMR spectroscopic studies. The compounds could be successfully used as alkali metal mediating reagents. The example of caesium showed the convenient use by deprotonating acidic C-H as well as N-H compounds to gain insight into the aminometalation using these reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Brieger
- Inorganic ChemistryTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Str. 6/6a44227DortmundGermany
| | - Christian Unkelbach
- Inorganic ChemistryTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Str. 6/6a44227DortmundGermany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Inorganic ChemistryTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Str. 6/6a44227DortmundGermany
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14
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Li W, Wu Q, Xu G, Sun Y, Huang C, Liu T. A Practical Synthesis of
N
‐aryl/
N
‐alkyl 4‐Pyridones under Continuous Flow Technology. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials School of Chemistry and Environment Yunnan Minzu University Kunming 650500 P. R. China
| | - Qin Wu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials School of Chemistry and Environment Yunnan Minzu University Kunming 650500 P. R. China
| | - Genrui Xu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials School of Chemistry and Environment Yunnan Minzu University Kunming 650500 P. R. China
| | - Yinjing Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Qujing Normal University Qujing 655011 P. R. China
| | - Chao Huang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials School of Chemistry and Environment Yunnan Minzu University Kunming 650500 P. R. China
| | - Teng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Qujing Normal University Qujing 655011 P. R. China
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15
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Cardinal-David B, Harper KC, Verma A, Hanna D, Caspi DD, Vitale C, Bien JT, Wang Z, Diwan M. Continuous Multiphase Flow Nitration and Cryogenic Flow Formylation: Enabling Process Development and Manufacturing of Pharmaceutical Intermediates. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Cardinal-David
- Process Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kaid C. Harper
- Process Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Anuj Verma
- Process Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - David Hanna
- Process Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Daniel D. Caspi
- Process Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Christopher Vitale
- Process Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Bien
- Process Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Zhe Wang
- Process Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Moiz Diwan
- Process Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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16
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Dos Santos T, Orenha HP, Murie VE, Vessecchi R, Clososki GC. Selective Metalation and Functionalization of Fluorinated Nitriles Using 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidyl Bases. Org Lett 2021; 23:7396-7400. [PMID: 34499518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have accomplished regioselective deprotometalation of aromatic and heteroaromatic nitriles via (TMP)2Zn·2MgCl2·2LiCl and TMPMgCl·LiCl (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) with the exploration of new and scarcely investigated metalation positions. Regioselectivity was rationalized by DFT calculations. The quenching of the generated organozinc and organomagnesium intermediates with various electrophiles gave access to 47 highly functionalized nitriles with yields up to 95%. Additionally, we report a difunctionalization strategy and the use of functionalized nitriles as building blocks to construct relevant heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Henrique P Orenha
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Valter E Murie
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Vessecchi
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Giuliano C Clososki
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
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17
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Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Wiegand AJ, Hoefer CA, Annapureddy RR, Knochel P. (2-Ethylhexyl)sodium: A Hexane-Soluble Reagent for Br/Na-Exchanges and Directed Metalations in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14296-14301. [PMID: 33826212 PMCID: PMC8252725 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the on-demand generation of hexane-soluble (2-ethylhexyl)sodium (1) from 3-(chloromethyl)heptane (2) using a sodium-packed-bed reactor under continuous flow conditions. Thus, the resulting solution of 1 is free of elemental sodium and therefore suited for a range of synthetic applications. This new procedure avoids the storage of an alkylsodium and limits the handling of metallic sodium to a minimum. (2-Ethylhexyl)sodium (1) proved to be a very useful reagent and undergoes in-line Br/Na-exchanges as well as directed sodiations. The resulting arylsodium intermediates are subsequently trapped in batch with various electrophiles such as ketones, aldehydes, Weinreb-amides, imines, allyl bromides, disulfides and alkyl iodides. A reaction scale-up of the Br/Na-exchange using an in-line electrophile quench was also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Alexander J. Wiegand
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Carla A. Hoefer
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | | | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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18
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Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Wiegand AJ, Hoefer CA, Annapureddy RR, Knochel P. (2‐Ethylhexyl)natrium: Ein hexanlösliches Reagenz für Br/Na‐Austauschreaktionen und dirigierte Metallierungen im kontinuierlichen Durchfluss. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Alexander J. Wiegand
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Carla A. Hoefer
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Rajasekar Reddy Annapureddy
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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19
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Asako S, Takahashi I, Nakajima H, Ilies L, Takai K. Halogen-sodium exchange enables efficient access to organosodium compounds. Commun Chem 2021; 4:76. [PMID: 36697639 PMCID: PMC9814623 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With sodium being the most abundant alkali metal on Earth, organosodium compounds are an attractive choice for sustainable chemical synthesis. However, organosodium compounds are rarely used-and are overshadowed by organolithium compounds-because of a lack of convenient and efficient preparation methods. Here we report a halogen-sodium exchange method to prepare a large variety of (hetero)aryl- and alkenylsodium compounds including tri- and tetrasodioarenes, many of them previously inaccessible by other methods. The key discovery is the use of a primary and bulky alkylsodium lacking β-hydrogens, which retards undesired reactions, such as Wurtz-Fittig coupling and β-hydrogen elimination, and enables efficient halogen-sodium exchange. The alkylsodium is readily prepared in situ from neopentyl chloride and an easy-to-handle sodium dispersion. We believe that the efficiency, generality, and convenience of the present method will contribute to the widespread use of organosodium in organic synthesis, ultimately contributing to the development of sustainable organic synthesis by rivalling the currently dominant organolithium reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobi Asako
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Ikko Takahashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Nakajima
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Laurean Ilies
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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20
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Gentner TX, Mulvey RE. Alkali-Metal Mediation: Diversity of Applications in Main-Group Organometallic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9247-9262. [PMID: 33017511 PMCID: PMC8247348 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Organolithium compounds have been at the forefront of synthetic chemistry for over a century, as they mediate the synthesis of myriads of compounds that are utilised worldwide in academic and industrial settings. For that reason, lithium has always been the most important alkali metal in organometallic chemistry. Today, that importance is being seriously challenged by sodium and potassium, as the alkali-metal mediation of organic reactions in general has started branching off in several new directions. Recent examples covering main-group homogeneous catalysis, stoichiometric organic synthesis, low-valent main-group metal chemistry, polymerization, and green chemistry are showcased in this Review. Since alkali-metal compounds are often not the end products of these applications, their roles are rarely given top billing. Thus, this Review has been written to alert the community to this rising unifying phenomenon of "alkali-metal mediation".
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas X. Gentner
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
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21
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Kremsmair A, Harenberg JH, Schwärzer K, Hess A, Knochel P. Preparation and reactions of polyfunctional magnesium and zinc organometallics in organic synthesis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6011-6019. [PMID: 33995997 PMCID: PMC8098701 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00685a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyfunctional organometallics of magnesium and zinc are readily prepared from organic halides via a direct metal insertion in the presence of LiCl or a Br/Mg-exchange using iPrMgCl·LiCl (turbo-Grignard) or related reagents. Alternatively, such functionalized organometallics are prepared by metalations with TMP-bases (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl). The scope of these methods is described as well as applications in new Co- or Fe-catalyzed cross-couplings or aminations. It is shown that the use of a continous flow set-up considerably expands the field of applications of these methods and further allows the preparation of highly reactive organosodium reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kremsmair
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilans-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Johannes H Harenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilans-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Kuno Schwärzer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilans-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Andreas Hess
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilans-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilans-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
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22
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Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Continuous Flow Sodiation of Substituted Acrylonitriles, Alkenyl Sulfides and Acrylates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:731-735. [PMID: 33026681 PMCID: PMC7821005 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The sodiation of substituted acrylonitriles and alkenyl sulfides in a continuous flow set-up using NaDA (sodium diisopropylamide) in EtNMe2 or NaTMP (sodium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide)⋅TMEDA in n-hexane provides sodiated acrylonitriles and alkenyl sulfides, which are subsequently trapped in batch with various electrophiles such as aldehydes, ketones, disulfides and allylic bromides affording functionalized acrylonitriles and alkenyl sulfides. This flow-procedure was successfully extended to other acrylates by using Barbier-type conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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23
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Gentner TX, Mulvey RE. Alkalimetall‐Mediatoren: Vielfältige Anwendungen in der metallorganischen Chemie der Hauptgruppenelemente. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas X. Gentner
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL Großbritannien
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24
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Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Natriierung von Substituierten Acrylonitrilen, Alkenylsulfiden und Acrylaten im Kontinuierlichen Durchfluss. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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25
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Mortzfeld F, Polenk J, Guelat B, Venturoni F, Schenkel B, Filipponi P. Reaction Calorimetry in Continuous Flow Mode: A New Approach for the Thermal Characterization of High Energetic and Fast Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Mortzfeld
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jutta Polenk
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Guelat
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Venturoni
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Berthold Schenkel
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Filipponi
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Knochel P, Harenberg JH, Weidmann N. Continuous-Flow Reactions Mediated by Main Group Organometallics. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe generation of reactive organometallic reagents in batch is often complicated by the low thermal stability of these important synthetic intermediates and can require low reaction temperatures and special reaction conditions. However, the use of continuous-flow setups and microreactors has led to a revolution in this field. In this short review, an overview is given of recent advances in this area, with a focus on the main group organometallics of Li, Na, and K.
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27
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Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Knochel P. Preparation of Functionalized Aryl, Heteroaryl, and Benzylic Potassium Organometallics Using Potassium Diisopropylamide in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12321-12325. [PMID: 32216119 PMCID: PMC7383875 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the preparation of lithium-salt-free KDA (potassium diisopropylamide; 0.6 m in hexane) complexed with TMEDA (N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) and its use for the flow-metalation of (hetero)arenes between -78 °C and 25 °C with reaction times between 0.2 s and 24 s and a combined flow rate of 10 mL min-1 using a commercial flow setup. The resulting potassium organometallics react instantaneously with various electrophiles, such as ketones, aldehydes, alkyl and allylic halides, disulfides, Weinreb amides, and Me3 SiCl, affording functionalized (hetero)arenes in high yields. This flow procedure is successfully extended to the lateral metalation of methyl-substituted arenes and heteroaromatics, resulting in the formation of various benzylic potassium organometallics. A metalation scale-up was possible without further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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28
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Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Knochel P. Herstellung funktioneller Aryl‐, Heteroaryl‐ und benzylischer Organokalium‐Spezies mittels Kaliumdiisopropylamid im kontinuierlichen Durchfluss. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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29
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Woltornist RA, Ma Y, Algera RF, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Collum DB. Structure, Reactivity, and Synthetic Applications of Sodium Diisopropylamide. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020; 52:1478-1497. [PMID: 34349297 PMCID: PMC8330442 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1690846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 60-year history of sodium diisopropylamide (NaDA) is described herein. We review various preparations, solvent-dependent stabilities, and solution structures. Synthetic applications of NaDA reported to date are framed by a mechanism-driven approach, emphasizing selectivities when appropriate. We conclude with examples beyond metalation in which NaDA plays a central role and a few thoughts on where future applications could be focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Woltornist
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Yun Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Russell F. Algera
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yuhui Zhou
- Frontage Laboratories, Inc., 75 E Uwchlan Avenue, Suite 100, Exton, PA, 19341
| | - Zirong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, CHEM 3614 930 North University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - David B. Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
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30
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A. S. JC, K. P. P, G. B. V, S. H. Synthesis of some novel chloro-/aryl-substituted-5,5-dimethyl-2-cyclohexenones. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1723108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeevan Chakravarthy A. S.
- Department of Chemistry, Central College Campus, Bengaluru Central University, Bengaluru, India
- Department of Chemistry, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
| | - Pavan K. P.
- Department of Post Graduate Studies in Chemistry, SVRM College, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagaram, India
| | - Venkatesh G. B.
- Department of Chemistry, Government Pre-University College, Chickaballapur, India
| | - HariPrasad S.
- Department of Chemistry, Central College Campus, Bengaluru Central University, Bengaluru, India
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31
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Kleoff M, Schwan J, Boeser L, Hartmayer B, Christmann M, Sarkar B, Heretsch P. Scalable Synthesis of Functionalized Ferrocenyl Azides and Amines Enabled by Flow Chemistry. Org Lett 2020; 22:902-907. [PMID: 31939308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A scalable access to functionalized ferrocenyl azides has been realized in flow. By halogen-lithium exchange of ferrocenyl halides and trapping with tosyl azide, a variety of functionalized ferrocenyl azides were obtained in high yields. To allow a scalable preparation of these potentially explosive compounds, a flow protocol was developed accelerating the reaction time to minutes and circumventing accumulation of potentially hazardous intermediates. The corresponding ferrocenyl amines were then prepared by a reliable reduction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Kleoff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Johannes Schwan
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Lisa Boeser
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Bence Hartmayer
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Mathias Christmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstr. 34/36 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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32
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Heinz B, Djukanovic D, Ganiek MA, Martin B, Schenkel B, Knochel P. Selective Acylation of Aryl- and Heteroarylmagnesium Reagents with Esters in Continuous Flow. Org Lett 2020; 22:493-496. [PMID: 31886671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A selective acylation of readily accessible organomagnesium reagents with commercially available esters proceeds at convenient temperatures and short residence times in continuous flow. Flow conditions allow us to prevent premature collapse of the hemiacetal intermediates despite noncryogenic conditions, thus furnishing ketones in good yields. Throughout, the coordinating ability of the ester and/or Grignard was crucial for the reaction outcome. This was leveraged by the obtention of several bisaryl ketones using 2-hydroxy ester derivatives as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Heinz
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstr. 5-13 , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Dimitrije Djukanovic
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstr. 5-13 , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Maximilian A Ganiek
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstr. 5-13 , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Benjamin Martin
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstr. 5-13 , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Berthold Schenkel
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstr. 5-13 , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstr. 5-13 , 81377 Munich , Germany
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Zhang J, Wang E, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Chen M, Lin X. A metal-free synthesis of 1,1-diphenylvinylsulfides with thiols via thioetherification under continuous-flow conditions. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00432d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A continuous-flow chemistry facilitated protocol that allows efficient access to a novel aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogen 1,1-diphenylvinylsulfides utilizing thiols under metal-free and mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource
- Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
| | - Erfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource
- Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Xinrong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource
- Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
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Ma Y, Algera RF, Woltornist RA, Collum DB. Sodium Diisopropylamide-Mediated Dehydrohalogenations: Influence of Primary- and Secondary-Shell Solvation. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10860-10869. [PMID: 31436099 PMCID: PMC6737842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
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Eliminations of alkyl
halides by sodium diisopropylamide (NaDA)
in tetrahydrofuran (THF)/hexane or THF/N,N-dimethylethylamine
(DMEA) solutions are facile
and complementary to analogous reactions of lithium diisopropylamide
in THF. Rate studies show a dominance of monomer-based metalations
and prevalent secondary-shell solvation effects overlaid on primary-shell
effects. 1-Halooctanes exclusively undergo elimination rather than
substitution. Rate and isotopic labeling studies on 1-bromooctane
reveal an E2-like elimination pathway via trisolvated NaDA monomer.
By contrast, 1-chlorooctane is eliminated via disolvated monomer through
a carbenoid mechanism. exo-2-Norbornyl chloride and
bromide are also eliminated via disolvated monomer; a syn E2 mechanism
is inferred for these substrates. The cis- and trans-4-tert-butylcyclohexyl bromides show
a preference for the elimination of the cis isomer (kcis/ax/ktrans/eq = 10). Rate
and isotopic labeling studies are consistent with a trans-diaxial
E2 elimination via trisolvated monomer for the cis isomer and a carbenoid
mechanism via disolvated monomer for the trans isomer. Vicinal haloethers
show substrate-dependent reactivities, affording alkynes and enol
ethers. trans-1-Bromo-2-methoxycyclohexane provides
enol ether 1-methoxycyclohexene, while trans-1-bromo-2-methoxycyclooctane
provides dimeric products consistent with fleeting cycloocta-1,2-diene
(cyclic allene), which was fully characterized as two conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853-1301 , United States
| | - Russell F Algera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853-1301 , United States
| | - Ryan A Woltornist
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853-1301 , United States
| | - David B Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853-1301 , United States
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Subota AI, Lutsenko AO, Vashchenko BV, Volochnyuk DM, Levchenko V, Dmytriv YV, Rusanov EB, Gorlova AO, Ryabukhin SV, Grygorenko OO. Scalable and Straightforward Synthesis of All Isomeric (Cyclo)alkylpiperidines. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrii I. Subota
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net); Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Murmanska Street 5 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Anton O. Lutsenko
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net); Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 64 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Bohdan V. Vashchenko
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net); Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 64 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy M. Volochnyuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Murmanska Street 5 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 64 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Vitalina Levchenko
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net); Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Yurii V. Dmytriv
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net); Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Department of Chemical Technology; National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”; Peremohy Ave. 37 03056 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Eduard B. Rusanov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Murmanska Street 5 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Alina O. Gorlova
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net); Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Murmanska Street 5 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Sergey V. Ryabukhin
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 64 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net); Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 64 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
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36
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Asako S, Kodera M, Nakajima H, Takai K. Lithium‐Free Synthesis of Sodium 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidide and Its Synthetic Applications. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sobi Asako
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyOkayama University 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
- Present Address: RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masato Kodera
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyOkayama University 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Nakajima
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyOkayama University 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyOkayama University 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
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38
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McWilliams JC, Allian AD, Opalka SM, May SA, Journet M, Braden TM. The Evolving State of Continuous Processing in Pharmaceutical API Manufacturing: A Survey of Pharmaceutical Companies and Contract Manufacturing Organizations. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Christopher McWilliams
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ayman D. Allian
- Department of Pivotal Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Suzanne M. Opalka
- Chemical Process Development, Biogen Idec, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Scott A. May
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michel Journet
- API Chemistry, GSK, 709 Swedeland Road, UW2810, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Timothy M. Braden
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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