1
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Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF. How to Stabilize Large Soluble (Hetero-)Acenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16937-16949. [PMID: 38862130 PMCID: PMC11212629 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The higher acenes and azaacenes (>(aza)heptacenes) are fascinating, yet elusive materials. Their reactivity and sensitivity increases concomitantly with their size. In recent years, confinement techniques, that is isolation of acenes in matrices and on surfaces, has surpassed solution-based chemistry with respect to accessing the larger (hetero)acenes at the price of the accessibility of no more than a couple thousands of molecules. Isolating acenes in bulk quantities and in processable form is vital for applications in organic electronics as well as from a viewpoint from basic research. In this Perspective, we will discuss after a short historical outline their degradation pathways, and then will selectively highlight recent efforts in stabilizing soluble (aza)acenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freudenberg
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Qin L, Xie J, Wu B, Hong H, Yang S, Ma Z, Li C, Zhang G, Zhang XS, Liu K, Zhang D. Axially Chiral Nonbenzenoid Nanographene with Second Harmonic Generation Property. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12206-12214. [PMID: 38637324 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Chiral nanographenes (NGs) have garnered significant interest as optoelectronic materials in recent years. While helically chiral NGs have been extensively studied, axially chiral NGs have only witnessed limited examples, with no prior reports of axially chiral nonbenzenoid NGs. Herein we report an axially chiral nonbenzenoid nanographene featuring six pentagons and four heptagons. This compound, denoted as 2, was efficiently synthesized via an efficient Pd-catalyzed aryl silane homocoupling reaction. The presence of two bulky 3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl groups around the axis connecting the two nonbenzenoid PAH (AHR) segments endows 2 with atropisomeric chirality and high racemization energy barrier, effectively preventing racemization of both R- and S-enantiomers at room temperature. Optically pure R-2 and S-2 were obtained by chiral HPLC separation, and they exhibit circular dichroism (CD) activity at wavelengths up to 660 nm, one of the longest wavelengths with CD responses reported for the chiral NGs. Interestingly, racemic 2 forms a homoconfiguration π-dimer in the crystal lattice, belonging to the I222 chiral space group. Consequently, this unique structure renders crystals of 2 with a second harmonic generation (SHG) response, distinguishing it from all the reported axially chiral benzenoid NGs. Moreover, R-2 and S-2 also exhibit SHG-CD properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Qin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jin Xie
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Botao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Hao Hong
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Suyu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Ma
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Sha Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Kaihui Liu
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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3
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Stanger A. Principal Singlet Fission Properties Of Twisted Acenes. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400128. [PMID: 38659320 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Acenes, especially tetracene derivatives, are used as singlet fission materials. The recent synthesis of Dodecaphenyl tetracene (showing end-to-end twist angles of 96-98 degrees) and twisted anthracene derivatives show that the synthesis of twisted linear oligoacenes is possible. Energy calculations and NICS-X-scan studies predict that twisted acenes may be better singlet fission materials compared to their planar analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Stanger
- Schulich Department of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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4
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Kumar GJ, Bogoslavsky B, Debnath S, Bedi A. Effect of Chalcogenophenes on Chiroptical Activity of Twisted Tetracenes: Computational Analysis, Synthesis and Crystal Structure Thereof. Molecules 2023; 28:5074. [PMID: 37446736 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of multiply substituted acenes is still a relevant research problem, considering their applications and future potential. Here we present an elegant synthetic protocol to afford tetra-peri-substituted naphthalene and tetracene from their tetrahalo derivatives by a Pd(0)-catalyzed C-C cross-coupling method in a single step. The newly synthesized tetracenes were characterized by NMR, HRMS, UV-vis spectrophotometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). In addition, the first systematic computational study of the effect of chalcogenophenyl substitutions on the chiroptical properties of twistacenes was reported here. The gas phase computational studies using density functional theory (DFT) on a series of chalcogenophene-substituted tetracenes revealed that their chiroptical activity could be systematically increased via the atomistic tuning of peripheral substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Jothish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Benny Bogoslavsky
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Sashi Debnath
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anjan Bedi
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
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5
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R A C Lima CF, Mague JT, Du Y, Pascal RA, Santos LMNBF. How great is the stabilization of crowded polyphenylbiphenyls by London dispersion? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:13359-13375. [PMID: 37145056 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05085d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Decaphenylbiphenyl (1) and 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexaphenylbiphenyl (2) are bulky molecules expected to be greatly destabilized by steric crowding. Herein, through a combined experimental and computational approach, we evaluate the molecular energetics of crowded biphenyls. This is complemented by the study of phase equilibria for 1 and 2. Compound 1 shows a rich phase behavior, displaying an unusual interconversion between two polymorphs. Surprisingly, the polymorph with distorted molecules of C1 symmetry is found to have the highest melting point and to be the one that is preferentially formed. The thermodynamic results also indicate that the polymorph displaying the more regular D2 molecular geometry has larger heat capacity and is probably the more stable at lower temperatures. The melting and sublimation data clearly reveal the weakening of cohesive forces in crowded biphenyls due to the lower molecular surface area. The experimental quantification of the intramolecular interactions in 1 and 2 indicated, using homodesmotic reactions, a molecular stabilization of about 30 kJ mol-1. We attribute the origin of this stabilization in both compounds to the existence of two parallel-displaced π⋯π interactions between the ortho-phenyl substituents on each side of the central biphenyl. Computational calculations with dispersion-corrected DFT methods underestimate the stabilization in 1, unless the steric crowding is well balanced in a homodesmotic scheme. This work demonstrates that London dispersion forces are important in crowded aromatic systems, making these molecules considerably more stable than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F R A C Lima
- CIQUP, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joel T Mague
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Yuchen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Robert A Pascal
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Luís M N B F Santos
- CIQUP, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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6
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Saha PK, Mallick A, Turley AT, Bismillah AN, Danos A, Monkman AP, Avestro AJ, Yufit DS, McGonigal PR. Rupturing aromaticity by periphery overcrowding. Nat Chem 2023; 15:516-525. [PMID: 36879076 PMCID: PMC10070187 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The balance between strain relief and aromatic stabilization dictates the form and function of non-planar π-aromatics. Overcrowded systems are known to undergo geometric deformations, but the energetically favourable π-electron delocalization of their aromatic ring(s) is typically preserved. In this study we incremented the strain energy of an aromatic system beyond its aromatic stabilization energy, causing it to rearrange and its aromaticity to be ruptured. We noted that increasing the steric bulk around the periphery of π-extended tropylium rings leads them to deviate from planarity to form contorted conformations in which aromatic stabilization and strain are close in energy. Under increasing strain, the aromatic π-electron delocalization of the system is broken, leading to the formation of a non-aromatic, bicyclic analogue referred to as 'Dewar tropylium'. The aromatic and non-aromatic isomers have been found to exist in rapid equilibrium with one another. This investigation demarcates the extent of steric deformation tolerated by an aromatic carbocycle and thus provides direct experimental insights into the fundamental nature of aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Danos
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Paul R McGonigal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.
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7
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Huang YY, Wu B, Shi D, Liu D, Meng W, Ma J, Qin L, Li C, Zhang G, Zhang XS, Zhang D. A Heptacene Analogue Entailing a Quinoidal Benzodi[7]annulene (7/6/7 Ring) Core with a Tunable Configuration and Multiple Redox Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300990. [PMID: 36861376 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-benzenoid acenes containing heptagons have received increasing attention. We herein report a heptacene analogue containing a quinoidal benzodi[7]annulene core. Derivatives of this new non-benzenoid acene were obtained through an efficient synthetic strategy involving an Aldol condensation and a Diels-Alder reaction as key steps. The configuration of this heptacene analogue can be modulated from a wavy to a curved one by just varying the substituents from a (triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl group to a 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl (Trip) group. When mesityl (Mes) groups are linked to the heptagons, the resulting non-benzenoid acene displays polymorphism with a tunable configuration from a curved to a wavy one upon varying the crystallization conditions. In addition, this new non-benzenoid acene can be oxidized or reduced by NOSbF6 or KC8 to the respective radical cation or radical anion. Compared with the neutral acene, the radical anion shows a wavy configuration and the central hexagon becomes aromatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ying Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Botao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dandan Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junlong Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liyuan Qin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xi-Sha Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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8
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Abstract
ConspectusUnderstanding and harnessing the properties of nanoscale molecular entities are considered as new frontiers in basic chemistry. In this regard, synthetic nanographene with atomic precision has attracted much attention recently. For instance, taking advantage of the marvelous bonding capability of carbon, flat, curved, ribbon-type, or cone-shaped nanographenes have been prepared in highly controllable and elegant manner, allowing one to explore fascinating molecular architectures with intriguing optical, electrochemical, and magnetic characteristics. This stands in stark contrast to other carbon-rich nanomaterials, such as graphite oxides or carbon quantum dots, which preclude thorough investigations because of complicate structural defects. Undoubtedly, synthetic nanographene contributes strongly to modern aromatic chemistry and represents a vibrant field that may deliver transforming functional materials crucial for optoelectronics, nanotechnologies, and biomedicine.Nonetheless, in many cases, synthesis and characterization of nanographene compounds are highly demanding. Low solubility, high molecular strain, undesired selectivity, as well as incomplete or excessive C-C bond formation are common impediments, that require formidable efforts to control the molecular geometry, to modulate the edge structure, to achieve accurate doping, or to push the upper size boundary. These endeavors are indispensable for establishing structure-property relationships, and lay down foundation for exploring synthetic nanographenes at a high level of sophistications.In this Account, we summarize our contributions to this field by presenting a series of helical synthetic nanographenes, such as hexapole [7]helicene (H7H), nitrogen-doped H7H, hexapole [9]helicene (H9H), superhelicene, and supertwistacene. This kind of giant synthetic nanographene reaches the size domain of carbon quantum dots, albeit has precise atomic structure. It provides a unique platform to study aromatic chemistry and chirality at the nanoscale. We discuss synthetic methods and point out, in particular, the strengths and pitfalls of Scholl oxidation, which are expected to be valuable for making synthetic nanographenes in general. In addition, we illustrate their exciting electrochemical and photophysical performance, which include, but are not limited to, reversible multielectron redox chemistry, record high panchromatic absorption, impressive photothermal behavior, and extremely strong Cotton effect. These unusual characteristics are convincingly traced back to their three-dimensional conjugated architectures, highlighting the critical roles of π-electron delocalization, heteroatom-doping, substitution, and molecular symmetry in determining nanographenes' properties and functions. Lastly, we put forward our understanding on the challenges and opportunities that lies ahead and hope this Account will inspire ever more ambitious achievements from this attractive area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiaobing Wang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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9
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Matsuoka W, Kawahara KP, Ito H, Sarlah D, Itami K. π-Extended Rubrenes via Dearomative Annulative π-Extension Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:658-666. [PMID: 36563098 PMCID: PMC9837837 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Among a large variety of organic semiconducting materials, rubrene (5,6,11,12-tetraphenyltetracene) represents one of the most prominent molecular entities mainly because of its unusually high carrier mobility. Toward finding superior rubrene-based organic semiconductors, several synthetic strategies for related molecules have been established. However, despite its outstanding properties and significant attention in the field of materials science, late-stage functionalizations of rubrene remains undeveloped, thereby limiting the accessible chemical space of rubrene-based materials. Herein, we report on a late-stage π-extension of rubrene by dearomative annulative π-extension (DAPEX), leading to the generation of rubrene derivatives having an extended acene core. The Diels-Alder reaction of rubrene with 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione occurred to give 1:1 and 1:2 cycloadducts which further underwent iron-catalyzed annulative diarylation. The thus-formed 1:1 and 1:2 adducts were subjected to radical-mediated oxidation and thermal cycloreversion to furnish one-side and two-side π-extended rubrenes, respectively. These π-extended rubrenes displayed a marked red shift in absorption and emission spectra, clearly showing that the acene π-system of rubrene was extended not only structurally but also electronically. The X-ray crystallographic analysis uncovered interesting packing modes of these π-extended rubrenes. Particularly, two-side π-extended rubrene adopts a brick-wall packing structure with largely overlapping two-dimensional face-to-face π-π interactions. Finally, organic field-effect transistor devices using two-side π-extended rubrene were fabricated, and their carrier mobilities were measured. The observed maximum hole mobility of 1.49 × 10-3 cm2V-1 s-1, which is a comparable value to that of the thin-film transistor using rubrene, clearly shows the potential utility of two-side π-extended rubrene in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Matsuoka
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kou P. Kawahara
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - David Sarlah
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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10
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Dauvergne G, Naubron JV, Giorgi M, Bugaut X, Rodriguez J, Carissan Y, Coquerel Y. Enantiospecific Syntheses of Congested Atropisomers through Chiral Bis(aryne) Synthetic Equivalents. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202473. [PMID: 35943888 PMCID: PMC10087792 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic equivalents of the enantiopure binaphthyl bis(aryne) atropisomers derived from BINOL (1,1'-bi-2,2'-naphtol) featuring a stereogenic axis vicinal to the two reactive triple bonds can be generated for the first time in solution in an enantiospecific manner. Using a two-step sequence based on the bidirectional [4+2] cycloaddition of furan derivatives followed by an aromatizative deoxygenation reaction, several 9,9'-bianthracenyl-based atropisomers could be prepared enantiospecifically in high enantiomeric purity. Alternatively, bidirectional reactions with anthracene, 2-bromostyrene, and perylene as the arynophiles afforded very congested bis(benzotriptycene), bis(tetraphene) and bis(anthra[1,2,3,4-ghi]perylene) nanocarbon atropisomers in equally high enantiomeric purity. In complement, cross reactions with two different arynophiles revealed possible. The unusual atropisomer prototypes described in this study open the way to enantiopure nanographene atropisomers designed for functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michel Giorgi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM, Marseille, France
| | - Xavier Bugaut
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Rodriguez
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Yannick Carissan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Yoann Coquerel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
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11
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Visible Light‐Promoted Fluorescein/Ni‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Bis‐(β‐Dicarbonyls) using Olefins as a Methylene Bridge Synthon. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Du Y, McSkimming A, Mague JT, Pascal RA. The Pursuit of Perphenylterphenyls. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200931. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Du
- Department of Chemistry Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - Alex McSkimming
- Department of Chemistry Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - Joel T. Mague
- Department of Chemistry Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - Robert A. Pascal
- Department of Chemistry Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
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13
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Bergman HM, Beattie DD, Kiel GR, Handford RC, Liu Y, Tilley TD. A sequential cyclization/π-extension strategy for modular construction of nanographenes enabled by stannole cycloadditions. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5568-5573. [PMID: 35694352 PMCID: PMC9116291 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00397j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and related nanographenes requires the selective and efficient fusion of multiple aromatic rings. For this purpose, the Diels–Alder cycloaddition has proven especially useful; however, this approach currently faces significant limitations, including the lack of versatile strategies to access annulated dienes, the instability of the most commonly used dienes, and difficulties with aromatization of the [4 + 2] adduct. In this report we address these limitations via the marriage of two powerful cycloaddition strategies. First, a formal Cp2Zr-mediated [2 + 2 + 1] cycloaddition is used to generate a stannole-annulated PAH. Secondly, the stannoles are employed as diene components in a [4 + 2] cycloaddition/aromatization cascade with an aryne, enabling π-extension to afford a larger PAH. This discovery of stannoles as highly reactive – yet stable for handling – diene equivalents, and the development of a modular strategy for their synthesis, should significantly extend the structural scope of PAHs accessible by a [4 + 2] cycloaddition approach. Stannoles are introduced as a new, spontaneously aromatizing diene for [4 + 2] cycloadditions that can be easily introduced into diverse conjugated systems, facilitating the efficient synthesis of complex PAHs and their π-extension.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison M Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - D Dawson Beattie
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Gavin R Kiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Rex C Handford
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - T Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
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14
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Lu T, Chen Q. Independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition: A new method for visual study of interactions in chemical systems. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:539-555. [PMID: 35108407 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 222.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The powerful independent gradient model (IGM) method has been increasingly popular in visual analysis of intramolecular and intermolecular interactions in recent years. However, we frequently observed that there is an evident shortcoming of IGM map in graphically studying weak interactions, that is its isosurfaces are usually too bulgy; in these cases, not only the graphical effect is poor, but also the color on some areas on the isosurfaces is inappropriate and may lead to erroneous analysis conclusions. In addition, the IGM method was originally proposed based on promolecular density, which is quite crude and does not take actual electronic structure into account. In this article, we propose an improvement version of IGM, namely IGM based on Hirshfeld partition of molecular density (IGMH), which replaces the free-state atomic densities involved in the IGM method with the atomic densities derived by Hirshfeld partition of actual molecular electron density. This change makes IGM have more rigorous physical background. A large number of application examples in this article, including molecular and periodic systems, weak and chemical bond interactions, fully demonstrate the important value of IGMH in intuitively understanding interactions in chemical systems. Comparisons also showed that the IGMH usually has markedly better graphical effect than IGM and overcomes known problems in IGM. Currently IGMH analysis has been supported in our wavefunction analysis code Multiwfn (http://sobereva.com/multiwfn). We hope that IGMH will become a new useful method among chemists for exploring interactions in wide variety of chemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lu
- Beijing Kein Research Center for Natural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinxue Chen
- Beijing Kein Research Center for Natural Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Malakar P, Borin V, Bedi A, Schapiro I, Gidron O, Ruhman S. The impact of twisting on the intersystem crossing in acenes: an experimental and computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2357-2362. [PMID: 35018908 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05728f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to their unique excited state dynamics, acenes play a dominant role in optoelectronic and light-harvesting applications. Their optical and electronic properties are typically tailored by side-group engineering, which often result in distortion of the acene core from planarity. However, the effect of such distortion on their excited state dynamics is not clear. In this work, we investigate the effect of twisting on the photophysics of acenes, which are helically locked to a defined twist angle by tethers of different lengths. Ultrafast transient absorption and time resolved fluorescence show a clear dependence of the rate of intersystem crossing with twisting. This trend is explained using quantum chemical calculations, showing an increase of spin-orbit coupling (SOC). At much earlier times, structural reorganization in S1, including coherent vibrational wave packet motions, is reflected in transient spectral changes. As predicted by theory, decreasing the length of diagonal tether induces enhanced activity and frequency blue-shifting of a normal vibration consisting of anthracene twisting against restraint of the tethering chain. Overall, these results serve as design principles for tuning photophysical properties of acenes via controlled twisting of their aromatic core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Malakar
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Veniamin Borin
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Anjan Bedi
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Ori Gidron
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Sanford Ruhman
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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16
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Ishigaki Y, Sugawara K, Tadokoro T, Hayashi Y, Harimoto T, Suzuki T. Redox-active tetraaryldibenzoquinodimethanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7201-7214. [PMID: 34169942 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Quinodimethanes (QDs) are a class of non-aromatic π-conjugated compounds that are well-known to be interconvertible scaffolds in many response systems. While parent ortho- and para-QDs (o-QD and p-QD) can be easily converted to benzocyclobutenes or oligomers/polymers by the formation of C-C bonds at α-positions, the attachment of four phenyl groups to these reactive sites makes o-Ph4QD and p-Ph4QD long-lived. We have demonstrated that further dibenzo-annulation of such tetraaryl QD units also drastically increases their stability, and many tetraarylated dibenzoquinodimethane derivatives have been developed. This Feature Article shows our milestones in creating functional redox systems, where drastic changes in structure occur upon electron transfer (dynamic redox "dyrex" behaviour).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.
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17
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Deng X, Liu X, Wei L, Ye T, Yu X, Zhang C, Xiao J. Pentagon-Containing π-Expanded Systems: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9961-9969. [PMID: 34279110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized three novel twistacene-modified enlarged pentagon-containing π-systems (6 and 9) with mismatched structures. The introduction of electron-withdrawing cyclopenta rings in the parent skeleton effectively stabilizes the electron-rich arenes. Their optoelectronic properties were studied via ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. In addition, chemical oxidation of the as-prepared compounds with nitrosonium hexafluoroantimonate could form the corresponding cationic radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Deng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Xinqun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Leping Wei
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Tongtong Ye
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Jinchong Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
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18
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Asako T, Suzuki S, Tanaka S, Ota E, Yamaguchi J. Synthesis of Decaarylanthracene with Nine Different Substituents. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15437-15448. [PMID: 33201696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of decaarylanthracene with nine different substituents has been accomplished by a coupling/ring-transformation strategy. The oxidation of tetraarylthiophenes with four different substituents to the corresponding thiophene S-oxides and a [4 + 2] cycloaddition with a double benzyne precursor afforded a multiply arylated naphthalene derivative. Subsequently, the naphthalene derivative was converted into a naphthalyne, and then a [4 + 2] cycloaddition of another thiophene S-oxide provided decaarylanthracenes with nine different aryl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Asako
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Shin Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Eisuke Ota
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
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19
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Shimajiri T, Suzuki T, Ishigaki Y. Flexible C−C Bonds: Reversible Expansion, Contraction, Formation, and Scission of Extremely Elongated Single Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shimajiri
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, P. R. China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, P. R. China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, P. R. China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, P. R. China
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, P. R. China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, P. R. China
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21
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Shimajiri T, Suzuki T, Ishigaki Y. Flexible C-C Bonds: Reversible Expansion, Contraction, Formation, and Scission of Extremely Elongated Single Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22252-22257. [PMID: 32830906 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Since carbon-carbon (C-C) covalent bonds are rigid and robust, the bond length is, in general, nearly constant and depends only on the bond order and hybrid orbitals. We report herein direct visualization of the reversible expansion and contraction of a C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) single bond by light and heat. This flexibility of a C-C bond was demonstrated by X-ray analysis and Raman spectroscopy of hexaphenylethane (HPE)-type hydrocarbons with two spiro-dibenzocycloheptatriene units, the intramolecular [2+2] photocyclization of which and thermal cleavage of the resulting cyclobutane ring both occur in a single-crystalline phase. The force constant of the contracted C-C bond is 1.6 times greater than that of the expanded bond. Since formation of the cyclobutane ring and contraction of the C-C bond lower the HOMO level by approximately 1 eV, the oxidative properties of these HPEs with a flexible C-C bond can be deactivated/activated by light/heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shimajiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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22
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Ma S, Gu J, Lin C, Luo Z, Zhu Y, Wang J. Supertwistacene: A Helical Graphene Nanoribbon. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16887-16893. [PMID: 32900184 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This work describes a synthetic chiral graphene nanoribbon, named supertwistacene 1. It has four superbenzene (HBC) units linearly fused in a helical manner. The structure of 1, 4.3 nm in length, with an end-to-end twist of 117°, was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In contrast to various twistacene compounds and their analogues, 1 has a very stable configuration. It resists thermal isomerization even when being heated at 200 °C for 16 h. Enantiopure 1 obtained by chiral HPLC shows distinct CD signals in a broad spectral range until 600 nm. In addition, two smaller congeners of 1, the trimer 2 and the dimer 3, were also prepared and systematically investigated. Combining theoretical and experimental studies on 1-3 presents a big picture on their (chir)optical and electronic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ma
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiajian Gu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chaojun Lin
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhixing Luo
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiaobing Wang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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23
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Jin H, Fürstner A. Modular Synthesis of Furans with up to Four Different Substituents by a trans-Carboboration Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13618-13622. [PMID: 32374441 PMCID: PMC7496670 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Propargyl alcohols, on treatment with MHMDS (M=Na, K), B2 (pin)2 , an acid chloride and a palladium/copper co-catalyst system, undergo a reaction cascade comprised of trans-diboration, regioselective acylation, cyclization and dehydration to give trisubstituted furylboronic acid pinacol ester derivatives in good yields; subsequent Suzuki coupling allows a fourth substituent of choice to be introduced and hence tetrasubstituted (arylated) furans to be formed. In terms of modularity, the method seems unrivaled, not least because each product can be attained by two orthogonal but convergent ways ("diagonal split"). This asset is illustrated by the "serial" formation of a "library" of all twelve possible furan isomers that result from systematic permutation of four different substituents about the heterocyclic core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Jin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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24
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Jin H, Fürstner A. Modular Synthesis of Furans with up to Four Different Substituents by a
trans
‐Carboboration Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Jin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr Germany
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25
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Xiao Y, Mague JT, Donahue JP, Wilson LJ, Kraml CM, Pascal RA. Synthesis and Structures of Polyphenylphenanthrenes. Chemistry 2020; 26:8458-8464. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonglong Xiao
- Department of Chemistry Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - Joel T. Mague
- Department of Chemistry Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - James P. Donahue
- Department of Chemistry Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | | | | | - Robert A. Pascal
- Department of Chemistry Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
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26
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Chen W, Yu F, Xu Q, Zhou G, Zhang Q. Recent Progress in High Linearly Fused Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons (PCHs, n > 6) with Well-Defined Structures. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903766. [PMID: 32596114 PMCID: PMC7312318 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons (PCHs) and their analogues have gained great progress in the fields of organic photoelectronic materials, the in-depth study on present PCHs is still limited to hexacene or below because longer PCHs are insoluble, unstable, and tediously synthesized. Very recently, various strategies including on-surface synthesis are developed to address these issues and many higher novel PCHs are constructed. Therefore, it is necessary to review these advances. Here, the recent synthetic approach, basic physicochemical properties, single-crystal packing behaviors, and potential applications of the linearly fused PCHs (higher than hexacene), including acenes or π-extended acenes with fused six-membered benzenoid rings and other four-membered, five-membered or even seven-membered and eight-membered fused compounds, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangqiao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper DisplaysNational Center for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced OptoelectronicsSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Fei Yu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Qun Xu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001P. R. China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper DisplaysNational Center for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced OptoelectronicsSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
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27
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Suresh SM, Duda E, Hall D, Yao Z, Bagnich S, Slawin AMZ, Bässler H, Beljonne D, Buck M, Olivier Y, Köhler A, Zysman-Colman E. A Deep Blue B,N-Doped Heptacene Emitter That Shows Both Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence and Delayed Fluorescence by Triplet–Triplet Annihilation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6588-6599. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subeesh Madayanad Suresh
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, U.K. KY16 9ST
| | - Eimantas Duda
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - David Hall
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, U.K. KY16 9ST
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Zhen Yao
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, U.K. KY16 9ST
| | - Sergey Bagnich
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, U.K. KY16 9ST
| | - Heinz Bässler
- BIMF, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Manfred Buck
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, U.K. KY16 9ST
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale & Laboratoire de Physique du Solide, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Anna Köhler
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, U.K. KY16 9ST
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28
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Xie G, Hauschild M, Hoffmann H, Ahrens L, Rominger F, Borkowski M, Marszalek T, Freudenberg J, Kivala M, Bunz UHF. 5,7,12,14-Tetrafunctionalized 6,13-Diazapentacenes. Chemistry 2020; 26:799-803. [PMID: 31609025 PMCID: PMC7004126 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, property evaluation, and single crystal X-ray structures of four 5,7,12,14-tetrafunctionalized diazapentacenes are presented. The synthesis of these compounds either starts from tetrabromo-N,N-dihydrodiazapentacene or from a diazapentacene tetraketone. Pd-catalyzed coupling or addition of a lithium acetylide gave the precursors that furnish, after further redox reactions, the diazapentacenes as stable crystalline materials. The performance of the tetraphenyl-substituted compound as n-channel semiconductor was evaluated in organic field effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaozhan Xie
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Miriam Hauschild
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hendrik Hoffmann
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lukas Ahrens
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michal Borkowski
- Department of Molecular PhysicsLodz University of TechnologyZeromskiego 11690924LodzPoland
| | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Department of Molecular PhysicsLodz University of TechnologyZeromskiego 11690924LodzPoland
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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29
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Dyan OT, Borodkin GI, Zaikin PA. The Diels-Alder Reaction for the Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ok Ton Dyan
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry; 9 Academician Lavrentiev Ave. 630090 Novosibirsk Russian Federation
| | - Gennady I. Borodkin
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry; 9 Academician Lavrentiev Ave. 630090 Novosibirsk Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University; 630090 Novosibirsk Russian Federation
| | - Pavel A. Zaikin
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry; 9 Academician Lavrentiev Ave. 630090 Novosibirsk Russian Federation
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30
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Bedi A, Gidron O. The Consequences of Twisting Nanocarbons: Lessons from Tethered Twisted Acenes. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2482-2490. [PMID: 31453688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are determined by their size, shape, and functional groups. Equally important is their curvature, since deviation from planarity can affect their optical, electronic, and magnetic properties and also induce chirality. Acenes, which can be viewed as one-dimensional nanocarbons, are often twisted out of planarity. Although twisting is expected to affect the above-mentioned properties, it is often overlooked. This Account focuses on helically locked twistacenes (twisted acenes) having different twist angles and the effect of twisting on their electronic and optical properties. Various synthetic approaches to inducing backbone twist in acenes are discussed, with a focus on the introduction of a diagonal tether across the core, as this minimizes confounding substituent effects. Using such tethered acenes as our model, we then discuss the effects of twisting the aromatic core on twistacene properties. Electronic properties. Increasing the degree of twist only slightly affects the HOMO and LUMO energy levels. Twisting leads to a small increase in the HOMO level and a decrease in the LUMO level, which produces an overall decrease in the HOMO-LUMO gap. Optical properties. As the degree of twist increases, a slight bathochromic shift is observed in the absorption spectra, in accordance with the decrease in the HOMO-LUMO gap. The fluorescence quantum efficiency and the fluorescence lifetime also decrease. This is likely to be related to an increasing rate of intersystem crossing, which arises from increased spin-orbit coupling. In addition, computational studies indicate that the S0-T1 energy gap decreases with increasing twist. Chiroptical properties. Increased twisting results in a larger Cotton effect and anisotropy factor, with the anisotropy factors of Ant-Cn being higher than those of longer helicenes. The parallel orientation of electric and magnetic transition dipole moments in twistacenes underlies this behavior and renders them as excellent chiroptical materials. The same trend is observed for the radical cations of twistacenes, which absorb in the NIR spectral region. Conjugation and delocalization. Twisting the anthracene radical cation up to 40° (13° per benzene ring) does not significantly affect spin delocalization, with the EPR spectra of twistacene radical cations showing that only slight localization occurs. This is in line with computational studies, which show only a small decrease in π-overlap for large acene twist. Overall, modifying the length of the tether in diagonally tethered acenes allows chemists to control core twist and to induce chirality. Twisting affects key optical, electronic, and chiroptical properties of acenes. Consequently, controlling the twist angle can improve the future design of nanocarbons with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Bedi
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ori Gidron
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Bedi A, Carmieli R, Gidron O. Radical cations of twisted acenes: chiroptical properties and spin delocalization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6022-6025. [PMID: 31062015 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02735a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We introduce the first series of enantiopure twistacene radical cations, which form reversibly upon chemical or electrochemical oxidation. Their vis-NIR chiroptical properties (Cotton effect and anisotropy factor) increase systematically with the backbone twist. The hyperfine constants observed by EPR demonstrate significant spin delocalization even for large backbone twist angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Bedi
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Chemical Research Support Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ori Gidron
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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Cruz CM, Márquez IR, Castro‐Fernández S, Cuerva JM, Maçôas E, Campaña AG. A Triskelion‐Shaped Saddle–Helix Hybrid Nanographene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Cruz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente Universidad de Granada Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Irene R. Márquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente Universidad de Granada Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Silvia Castro‐Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente Universidad de Granada Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Juan M. Cuerva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente Universidad de Granada Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Ermelinda Maçôas
- Centro de Química Estructural and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN) Instituto Superior Técnico University of Lisbon Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Araceli G. Campaña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente Universidad de Granada Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n 18071 Granada Spain
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Cruz CM, Márquez IR, Castro‐Fernández S, Cuerva JM, Maçôas E, Campaña AG. A Triskelion‐Shaped Saddle–Helix Hybrid Nanographene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8068-8072. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Cruz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente Universidad de Granada Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Irene R. Márquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente Universidad de Granada Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Silvia Castro‐Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente Universidad de Granada Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Juan M. Cuerva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente Universidad de Granada Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Ermelinda Maçôas
- Centro de Química Estructural and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN) Instituto Superior Técnico University of Lisbon Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Araceli G. Campaña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente Universidad de Granada Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n 18071 Granada Spain
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Syroeshkin MA, Kuriakose F, Saverina EA, Timofeeva VA, Egorov MP, Alabugin IV. Hochkonversion von Reduktionsmitteln. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A. Syroeshkin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninskyprosp. 47 119991 Moskau Russland
| | - Febin Kuriakose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
| | - Evgeniya A. Saverina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninskyprosp. 47 119991 Moskau Russland
- UMR CNRS 6226 ISCR University of Rennes 1 Rennes Frankreich
| | | | - Mikhail P. Egorov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninskyprosp. 47 119991 Moskau Russland
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
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Syroeshkin MA, Kuriakose F, Saverina EA, Timofeeva VA, Egorov MP, Alabugin IV. Upconversion of Reductants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5532-5550. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A. Syroeshkin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Febin Kuriakose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
| | - Evgeniya A. Saverina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russia
- UMR CNRS 6226 ISCR University of Rennes 1 Rennes France
| | | | - Mikhail P. Egorov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
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