1
|
Balhara R, Chatterjee R, Jindal G. Mechanism and stereoselectivity in metal and enzyme catalyzed carbene insertion into X-H and C(sp 2)-H bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 39392229 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00742e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Constructing highly proficient C-X (X = O, N, S, etc.) and C-C bonds by leveraging TMs (transition metals) (Fe, Cu, Pd, Rh, Au, etc.) and enzymes to catalyze carbene insertion into X-H/C(sp2)-H is a highly versatile strategy. This is primarily achieved through the in situ generation of metal carbenes from the interaction of TMs with diazo compounds. Over the last few decades, significant advancements have been made, encompassing a wide array of X-H bond insertions using various TMs. These reactions typically favor a stepwise ionic pathway where the nucleophilic attack on the metal carbene leads to the generation of a metal ylide species. This intermediate marks a critical juncture in the reaction cascade, presenting multiple avenues for proton transfer to yield the X-H inserted product. The mechanism of C(sp2)-H insertion reactions closely resembles those of X-H insertion reactions and thus have been included here. A major development in carbene insertion reactions has been the use of engineered enzymes as catalysts. Since the seminal report of a non-natural "carbene transferase" by Arnold in 2013, "P411", several heme-based enzymes have been reported in the literature to catalyze various abiological carbene insertion reactions into C(sp2)-H, N-H and S-H bonds. These enzymes possess an extraordinary ability to regulate the orientation and conformations of reactive intermediates, facilitating stereoselective carbene transfers. However, the absence of a suitable stereochemical model has impeded the development of asymmetric reactions employing a lone chiral catalyst, including enzymes. There is a pressing need to investigate alternative mechanisms and models to enhance our comprehension of stereoselectivity in these processes, which will be crucial for advancing the fields of asymmetric synthesis and biocatalysis. The current review aims to provide details on the mechanistic aspects of the asymmetric X-H and C(sp2)-H insertion reactions catalyzed by Fe, Cu, Pd, Rh, Au, and enzymes, focusing on the detailed mechanism and stereochemical model. The review is divided into sections focusing on a specific X-H/C(sp2)-H bond type catalyzed by different TMs and enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reena Balhara
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru-560012, Karnataka, India.
| | - Ritwika Chatterjee
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru-560012, Karnataka, India.
| | - Garima Jindal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru-560012, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Empel C, Fetzer MNA, Sasmal S, Strothmann T, Janiak C, Koenigs RM. Unlocking catalytic potential: a rhodium(II)-based coordination polymer for efficient carbene transfer reactions with donor/acceptor diazoalkanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7327-7330. [PMID: 38913109 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01386g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the use of a molecular-defined rhodium(II) coordination polymer (Rh-CP) as a heterogeneous, recyclable catalyst in carbene transfer reactions. We showcase the application of this heterogeneous catalyst in a range of carbene transfer reactions and conclude with the functionalization of natural products and drug molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Empel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Marcus N A Fetzer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Suman Sasmal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Till Strothmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rene M Koenigs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang G, Yuan JL, Zhou R, Zou HB. Iron(II) Phthalocyanine-Catalyzed Homodimerization and Tandem Diamination of Diazo Compounds with Primary Amines: Access to Construct Substituted 2,3-Diaminosuccinonitriles in One-Pot. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38783702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We herein first report the homodimerization and tandem diamination of diazo compounds with primary amines catalyzed by the iron(II) phthalocyanine (PcFe(II)), which can construct one C-C bond and two C-N bonds within 20 min in one-pot. Compared to the traditional metal-catalyzed N-H insertion reaction between amines with diazo reagents, the developed reaction almost does not generate the N-H insertion product, but the homodimerization/tandem diamination product. The proposed mechanism studies indicate that primary amines play a crucial role in the homocoupling of diazo compounds via dimerization of iron(III)-acetonitrile radical generated from the reaction between diazoacetonitrile with PcFe(II) coordinated by bis(amines); the β-hydride elimination is involved, and then, the attack of primary amines toward the carbon atoms on the formed C-C bond is followed. Moreover, this novel reaction can be used to effectively prepare substituted 2,3-diaminosuccinonitriles with high yields and even up to >99:1 d.r., encouragingly these products contain both 1,2-diamines and succinonitrile motifs, which are two classes of important organic compounds with significant applications in many yields. This reaction is also suitable for the gram-scale preparation of 2,3-bis(phenylamino)succinonitrile (2a) with a yield of 84%. Therefore, the developed reaction represents a new type of transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Bioengineering, Yichun Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Jiangxi University for Applied Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
| | - Jia-Li Yuan
- Department of Chemistry & Bioengineering, Yichun Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Jiangxi University for Applied Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry & Bioengineering, Yichun Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Jiangxi University for Applied Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
| | - Huai-Bo Zou
- Department of Chemistry & Bioengineering, Yichun Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Jiangxi University for Applied Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Simões MMQ, Cavaleiro JAS, Ferreira VF. Recent Synthetic Advances on the Use of Diazo Compounds Catalyzed by Metalloporphyrins. Molecules 2023; 28:6683. [PMID: 37764459 PMCID: PMC10537418 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diazo compounds are organic substances that are often used as precursors in organic synthesis like cyclization reactions, olefinations, cyclopropanations, cyclopropenations, rearrangements, and carbene or metallocarbene insertions into C-H, N-H, O-H, S-H, and Si-H bonds. Typically, reactions from diazo compounds are catalyzed by transition metals with various ligands that modulate the capacity and selectivity of the catalyst. These ligands can modify and enhance chemoselectivity in the substrate, regioselectivity and enantioselectivity by reflecting these preferences in the products. Porphyrins have been used as catalysts in several important reactions for organic synthesis and also in several medicinal applications. In the chemistry of diazo compounds, porphyrins are very efficient as catalysts when complexed with low-cost metals (e.g., Fe and Co) and, therefore, in recent years, this has been the subject of significant research. This review will summarize the advances in the studies involving the field of diazo compounds catalyzed by metalloporphyrins (M-Porph, M = Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir) in the last five years to provide a clear overview and possible opportunities for future applications. Also, at the end of this review, the properties of artificial metalloenzymes and hemoproteins as biocatalysts for a broad range of applications, namely those concerning carbene-transfer reactions, will be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mário M. Q. Simões
- Department of Chemistry & LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.M.Q.S.); (J.A.S.C.)
| | - José A. S. Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry & LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.M.Q.S.); (J.A.S.C.)
| | - Vitor F. Ferreira
- Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24241-002, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Calvó-Tusell C, Liu Z, Chen K, Arnold FH, Garcia-Borràs M. Reversing the Enantioselectivity of Enzymatic Carbene N-H Insertion Through Mechanism-Guided Protein Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303879. [PMID: 37260412 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a computationally driven approach to access enantiodivergent enzymatic carbene N-H insertions catalyzed by P411 enzymes. Computational modeling was employed to rationally guide engineering efforts to control the accessible conformations of a key lactone-carbene (LAC) intermediate in the enzyme active site by installing a new H-bond anchoring point. This H-bonding interaction controls the relative orientation of the reactive carbene intermediate, orienting it for an enantioselective N-nucleophilic attack by the amine substrate. By combining MD simulations and site-saturation mutagenesis and screening targeted to only two key residues, we were able to reverse the stereoselectivity of previously engineered S-selective P411 enzymes. The resulting variant, L5_FL-B3, accepts a broad scope of amine substrates for N-H insertion with excellent yields (up to >99 %), high efficiency (up to 12 300 TTN), and good enantiocontrol (up to 7 : 93 er).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Calvó-Tusell
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Zhen Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma C, Wang S, Sheng Y, Zhao XL, Xing D, Hu W. Synthesis and Characterization of Donor-Acceptor Iron Porphyrin Carbenes and Their Reactivities in N-H Insertion and Related Three-Component Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4934-4939. [PMID: 36811995 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Iron porphyrin carbenes (IPCs) have been extensively recognized as the reactive intermediates in various iron porphyrin-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions. While donor-acceptor diazo compounds have been frequently used for such transformations, the structures and reactivities of donor-acceptor IPCs are less explored. To date, no crystal structures of donor-acceptor IPC complexes have been reported, and therefore, the involvement of IPC intermediacy for such transformations lacks direct evidence. Here we report the synthesis and NMR characterization of several donor-acceptor IPC complexes from iron porphyrin and corresponding donor-acceptor diazo compounds. The X-ray crystal structure of an IPC complex derived from a morpholine-substituted diazo amide was obtained. The carbene transfer reactivities of those IPCs were tested by the N-H insertion reactions with aniline or morpholine as well as the three-component reaction with aniline and γ,δ-unsaturated α-keto ester based on electrophilic trapping of an ammonium ylide intermediate. Based on these results, IPCs were identified as the real intermediates for iron porphyrin-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions from donor-acceptor diazo compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Ma
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yuan Sheng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Dong Xing
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang J, Maggiolo AO, Alfonzo E, Mao R, Porter NJ, Abney N, Arnold FH. Chemodivergent C(sp 3)-H and C(sp 2)-H Cyanomethylation Using Engineered Carbene Transferases. Nat Catal 2023; 6:152-160. [PMID: 36875868 PMCID: PMC9983643 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of C-H bonds presents an attractive opportunity to elaborate and build complexity in organic molecules. Methods for selective functionalization, however, often must differentiate among multiple chemically similar and, in some cases indistinguishable, C-H bonds. An advantage of enzymes is that they can be finely tuned using directed evolution to achieve control over divergent C-H functionalization pathways. Here, we demonstrate engineered enzymes that effect a new-to-nature C-H alkylation with unparalleled selectivity: two complementary carbene C-H transferases derived from a cytochrome P450 from Bacillus megaterium deliver an α-cyanocarbene into the α-amino C(sp3)-H bonds or the ortho-arene C(sp2)-H bonds of N-substituted arenes. These two transformations proceed via different mechanisms, yet only minimal changes to the protein scaffold (nine mutations, less than 2% of the sequence) were needed to adjust the enzyme's control over the site-selectivity of cyanomethylation. The X-ray crystal structure of the selective C(sp3)-H alkylase, P411-PFA, reveals an unprecedented helical disruption which alters the shape and electrostatics in the enzyme active site. Overall, this work demonstrates the advantages of enzymes as C-H functionalization catalysts for divergent molecular derivatization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juner Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology; Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Ailiena O. Maggiolo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology; Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Edwin Alfonzo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology; Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Runze Mao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology; Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Porter
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology; Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Nayla Abney
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology; Pasadena, California, United States
- Present address: Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University; Stanford, California, United States
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology; Pasadena, California, United States
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology; Pasadena, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jamali MF, Yadav U, Babu MMM, Kant R, Mohanan K. Additive-free synthesis of fused tricyclic cyanoisoxazolidines using in situ formed cyanonitrones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:446-449. [PMID: 36519364 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05831f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose the first report on the generation of cyanonitrone in situ from diazoacetonitrile and nitrosoarene, and its subsequent [3+2] cycloaddition with oxabicyclic alkenes to access fused tricyclic cyanoisoxazolidines. Further, this methodology could be extended to access fused tricyclic trifluoromethylated and phosphonylated isoxazolidines. Surprisingly, the reductive ring-opening of cyanoisoxazolidines was followed by a spontaneous lactonization to produce fused tricyclic amino lactones. Moreover, the N-O bond of the obtained tricyclic trifluoromethylated isoxazolidines could be cleaved to obtain 1,3-amino alcohols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fahad Jamali
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Usha Yadav
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Mary Merlin Manjaly Babu
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Ruchir Kant
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Kishor Mohanan
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yan F, Bai JF, Dong Y, Liu S, Li C, Du CX, Li Y. Catalytic Cyanation of C-N Bonds with CO 2/NH 3. JACS AU 2022; 2:2522-2528. [PMID: 36465537 PMCID: PMC9709945 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyanation of benzylic C-N bonds is useful in the preparation of important α-aryl nitriles. The first general catalytic cyanation of α-(hetero)aryl amines, analogous to the Sandmeyer reaction of anilines, was developed using reductive cyanation with CO2/NH3. A broad array of α-aryl nitriles was obtained in high yields and regioselectivity by C-N cleavage of intermediates as ammonium salts. Good tolerance of functional groups such as ethers, CF3, F, Cl, esters, indoles, and benzothiophenes was achieved. Using 13CO2, a 13C-labeled tryptamine homologue (five steps, 31% yield) and Cysmethynil (six steps, 37% yield) were synthesized. Both electronic and steric effects of ligands influence the reactivity of alkyl nickel species with electrophilic silyl isocyanates and thus determine the reactivity and selectivity of the cyanation reaction. This work contributes to the understanding of the controllable activation of CO2/NH3 and provides the promising potential of the amine cyanation reaction in the synthesis of bio-relevant molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fachao Yan
- State
Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research
Institute of LICP, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R.
China
| | - Jian-Fei Bai
- State
Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research
Institute of LICP, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Dong
- State
Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research
Institute of LICP, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Shaoli Liu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai
University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Chen Li
- State
Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research
Institute of LICP, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Xia Du
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yuehui Li
- State
Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research
Institute of LICP, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu S, Li F, Empel C, Jana S, Pei C, Koenigs RM. Furan synthesis via triplet sensitization of acceptor/acceptor diazoalkanes. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang Li
- RWTH Aachen University GERMANY
| | | | - Sripati Jana
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Department of Chemistry INDIA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tan Y, Xuekun W, Han YP, Zhang Y, Zhang HY, Zhao J. Visible-Light-Induced Oxyalkylation of 1,2,4-Triazine-3,5(2 H, 4 H)-diones with Ethers via Oxidative Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8551-8561. [PMID: 35731594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and convenient method to synthesize 6-oxyalkylated 1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H, 4H)-diones has been developed via visible-light-induced cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction between 1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H, 4H)-diones and ethers with a wide range of functional group tolerance. The present transformation employs the cheap and low-toxic 2-tert-butylanthraquinone as a metal-free photocatalyst and air as a green oxidant at room temperature. Moreover, this reaction can also be driven by sunlight as a clean energy resource. The synthetic utility of this method is further demonstrated by gram-scale reaction and application in the preparation of key intermediates of bioactive molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Wu Xuekun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ping Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Yuecheng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Jiquan Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li F, Zhu S, Koenigs RM. Photocatalytic 1,2-oxo-alkylation reaction of styrenes with diazoacetates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7526-7529. [PMID: 35703319 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02414d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report on the photocatalytic 1,2-difunctionalization reaction of styrenes with acceptor-only diazoalkanes. In the presence of DABCO and tBuOOH, the carbene reactivity of diazoalkanes can be suppressed and a 1,2 oxo-alkylation reaction can be achieved (32 examples, up to 94% yield) without the formation of cyclopropane by-products via the formation of radical intermediates from ethyl diazoacetate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Siqi Zhu
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Rene M Koenigs
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Y, Lai KL, Vong K. Transition Metal Scaffolds Used To Bring New‐to‐Nature Reactions into Biological Systems. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Liu
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Ka Lun Lai
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Kenward Vong
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Balhara R, Jindal G. Does an Enol Pathway Preclude High Stereoselectivity in Iron-Catalyzed Indole C-H Functionalization via Carbene Insertion? J Org Chem 2022; 87:7919-7933. [PMID: 35652604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
C-H functionalization of indoles via Fe carbenoids presents an attractive strategy to obtain biologically important structural motifs. However, obtaining good stereoselectivity with Fe has been a significant challenge. It is unclear whether the low selectivity is due to a radical pathway or an ionic mechanism involving metal-free species. We therefore present a density functional theory (DFT) study of indole alkylation with diazoacetates catalyzed by Fe(ClO4)TMEDA/spirobisoxazoline and myoglobin. We explore three mechanistic pathways: nucleophilic, radical, and oxocarbenium routes. The nucleophilic pathway is the most feasible with the formation of an enol species that tautomerizes to furnish the alkylated indole. While this mechanism is routinely proposed, the stereochemical model has been conspicuously absent until now. We show that the conventionally invoked enol pathway is not responsible for the low enantiomeric excess. The enol intermediate can stay coordinated to the catalyst via different binding sites placing the enol in proximity to the chiral environment and affecting the stereoselective proton transfer. Both the binding strength and the chiral environment are crucial for obtaining high selectivity. Our study provides the much needed insights for the modest-low selectivities of Fe systems and could help in expediting the discovery of an efficient catalytic system. These mechanistic underpinnings could also be applicable to other metal (Rh, Pd, Cu, etc.)-catalyzed X-H insertion reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reena Balhara
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Garima Jindal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
He Y, Huang Z, Wu K, Ma J, Zhou YG, Yu Z. Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed carbene insertion to C-H bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2759-2852. [PMID: 35297455 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00895a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
C-H functionalization has been emerging as a powerful method to establish carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Many efforts have been devoted to transition-metal-catalyzed direct transformations of C-H bonds. Metal carbenes generated in situ from transition-metal compounds and diazo or its equivalents are usually applied as the transient reactive intermediates to furnish a catalytic cycle for new C-C and C-X bond formation. Using this strategy compounds from unactivated simple alkanes to complex molecules can be further functionalized or transformed to multi-functionalized compounds. In this area, transition-metal-catalyzed carbene insertion to C-H bonds has been paid continuous attention. Diverse catalyst design strategies, synthetic methods, and potential applications have been developed. This critical review will summarize the advance in transition-metal-catalyzed carbene insertion to C-H bonds dated up to July 2021, by the categories of C-H bonds from aliphatic C(sp3)-H, aryl (aromatic) C(sp2)-H, heteroaryl (heteroaromatic) C(sp2)-H bonds, alkenyl C(sp2)-H, and alkynyl C(sp)-H, as well as asymmetric carbene insertion to C-H bonds, and more coverage will be given to the recent work. Due to the rapid development of the C-H functionalization area, future directions in this topic are also discussed. This review will give the authors an overview of carbene insertion chemistry in C-H functionalization with focus on the catalytic systems and synthetic applications in C-C bond formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zilong Huang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Kaikai Wu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China.
| | - Juan Ma
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Gui Zhou
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengkun Yu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen ZL, Empel C, Wang K, Wu PP, Cai BG, Li L, Koenigs RM, Xuan J. Enabling Cyclopropanation Reactions of Imidazole Heterocycles via Chemoselective Photochemical Carbene Transfer Reactions of NHC-Boranes. Org Lett 2022; 24:2232-2237. [PMID: 35274531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a site-selective cyclopropanation of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-borane complexes via photochemical carbene transfer reactions. By subtle changes to the reaction conditions, this approach can be further extended toward the difunctionalization of NHC-boranes via cyclopropanation and the B-H insertion reaction. Further investigations in photochemical continuous-flow applications and synthetic transformations proved the utility of the method. Theoretical calculations and control experiments were performed to explain the observed selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Le Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Claire Empel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kun Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Pan-Pan Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Bao-Gui Cai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Lei Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Rene M Koenigs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jun Xuan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.,Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Empel C, Jana S, Langletz T, Koenigs RM. Rhodium-Catalyzed C-H Methylation and Alkylation Reactions by Carbene-Transfer Reactions. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104321. [PMID: 35015327 PMCID: PMC9302633 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this combined computational and experimental study, the C-H functionalization of 2-phenyl pyridine with diazoalkanes was investigated. Initial evaluation by computational methods allowed the evaluation of different metal catalysts and diazoalkanes and their compatibility in this C-H functionalization reaction. With these findings, suitable reaction conditions for the C-H methylation reactions were quickly identified by using highly reactive TMS diazomethane and C-H alkylation reactions with donor/acceptor diazoalkanes, which is applied to a broad scope on alkylation reactions of 2-aryl pyridines with TMS diazomethane and donor/acceptor diazoalkane (51 examples, up to 98 % yield).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Empel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1D-52074AachenGermany
| | - Sripati Jana
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1D-52074AachenGermany
| | - Tim Langletz
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1D-52074AachenGermany
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1D-52074AachenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Su J, Li Q, Shao Y, Sun J. Catalytic Transformations of 2-Pyridones by Rhodium-Mediated Carbene Transfer. Org Lett 2022; 24:1637-1641. [PMID: 35191701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An enantioselective cyclopropanation reaction of N-substituted 2-pyridones with diazo compounds has been realized by using a chiral rhodium complex as the catalyst, and the corresponding chiral cyclopropanes could be formed in good yields with high enantioselectivities. Moreover, using acceptor-acceptor dimethyl 2-diazomalonate as the carbene precursor, a novel 1,4-rearrangement of a Boc group from N to C has also been discovered under rhodium catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Qiongya Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Ying Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jiangtao Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Empel C, Pei C, Koenigs RM. Unlocking novel reaction pathways of diazoalkanes with visible light. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2788-2798. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photochemistry has recently attracted the interest of synthetic chemists to conduct photolysis reactions of diazoalkanes. In this feature article, we provide a concise overview on this field, starting with discoveries...
Collapse
|
20
|
Leveille AN, Echemendía R, Mattson AE, Burtoloso ACB. Enantioselective Indole Insertion Reactions of α-Carbonyl Sulfoxonium Ylides. Org Lett 2021; 23:9446-9450. [PMID: 34854689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first example of organocatalytic enantioselective C-H insertion reactions of indoles and sulfoxonium ylides is reported. Under the influence of phosphoric acid catalysis, levels of enantiocontrol in the range of 20-93% ee and moderate yields (up to 50%) were achieved for 29 examples in formal C-H insertion reactions of free indoles and α-carbonyl sulfoxonium ylides. No nitrogen protection on the indole is necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria N Leveille
- Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Radell Echemendía
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anita E Mattson
- Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Antonio C B Burtoloso
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hu L, Cao W, Wang K, Liu X, Feng X. Asymmetric synthesis of dihydrocarbazoles through a Friedel-Crafts alkylation/annulation sequential reaction of indoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13138-13141. [PMID: 34807214 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05099k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective tandem Friedel-Crafts alkylation/annulation of indoles with diazoacetoacetate enones is realized in one pot. A series of dihydrocarbazoles were obtained in moderate yields with good to excellent ee values by using a RhII/ScIII dual-metallic catalyst system. Control experiments revealed that ScIII is critical to both the alkylation and annulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Weidi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ospina F, Schülke KH, Hammer SC. Biocatalytic Alkylation Chemistry: Building Molecular Complexity with High Selectivity. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100454. [PMID: 34821073 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has traditionally been viewed as a field that primarily enables access to chiral centers. This includes the synthesis of chiral alcohols, amines and carbonyl compounds, often through functional group interconversion via hydrolytic or oxidation-reduction reactions. This limitation is partly being overcome by the design and evolution of new enzymes. Here, we provide an overview of a recently thriving research field that we summarize as biocatalytic alkylation chemistry. In the past 3-4 years, numerous new enzymes have been developed that catalyze sp3 C-C/N/O/S bond formations. These enzymes utilize different mechanisms to generate molecular complexity by coupling simple fragments with high activity and selectivity. In many cases, the engineered enzymes perform reactions that are difficult or impossible to achieve with current small-molecule catalysts such as organocatalysts and transition-metal complexes. This review further highlights that the design of new enzyme function is particularly successful when off-the-shelf synthetic reagents are utilized to access non-natural reactive intermediates. This underscores how biocatalysis is gradually moving to a field that build molecules through selective bond forming reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ospina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kai H Schülke
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stephan C Hammer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ren X, Fasan R. Engineered and Artificial Metalloenzymes for Selective C-H Functionalization. CURRENT OPINION IN GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY 2021; 31:100494. [PMID: 34395950 PMCID: PMC8357270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of C-H bonds constitutes a powerful strategy to construct and diversify organic molecules. However, controlling the chemo- and site-selectivity of this transformation in particularly complex molecular settings represents a significant challenge. Metalloenzymes are ideal platforms for achieving catalyst-controlled selective C-H bond functionalization as their reactivities can be tuned by protein engineering and/or redesign of their cofactor environment. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the development of engineered and artificial metalloenzymes for C-H functionalization, with a focus on biocatalytic strategies for selective C-H oxyfunctionalization and halogenation as well as C-H amination and C-H carbene insertion via abiological nitrene and carbene transfer chemistries. Engineered heme- and non-heme iron dependent enzymes have emerged as promising scaffolds for executing these transformations with high chemo-, regio- and stereocontrol as well as tunable selectivity. These emerging systems and methodologies have expanded the toolbox of sustainable strategies for organic synthesis and created new opportunities for the generation of chiral building blocks, the late-stage C-H functionalization of complex molecules, and the total synthesis of natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinkun Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Hutchison Hall, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester NY 14627, USA
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Hutchison Hall, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester NY 14627, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Herein, we report on the tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane-catalyzed reaction of carbazole heterocycles with aryldiazoacetates. We could demonstrate that selective N-H functionalization occurs in the case of an unprotected carbazole, other N-heterocycles, and secondary amines in good yields. In contract, the protected carbazole undergoes C-H functionalization at the C-3 position in a good yield. The application of both approaches was studied in 41 examples with up to a 97% yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei He
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene M Koenigs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abe T, Noda K, Sawada D. Synthesis of α-substituted indolylacetamide using acetonitriles as acetamide enolate equivalents through O-transfer reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7493-7496. [PMID: 34212954 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02821a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We introduce readily available ammonium hemiaminals as O-transfer reagents and commercially available acetonitriles as a primary amide enolate precursor. The combination serves as an amide enolate equivalent, thereby providing one-pot access to α-substituted indolylacetamides. A broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance as well as gram-scale synthesis make this protocol highly attractive. Mechanistic experiments suggest that the cyano group is trapped by a hydroxy group of hemiaminals en route to the desired primary amides under metal-free conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Abe
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 7008530, Japan.
| | - Kenta Noda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 7008530, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Sawada
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 7008530, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kiyokawa K, Urashima N, Minakata S. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane-Catalyzed Formal Cyanoalkylation of Indoles with Cyanohydrins. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8389-8401. [PMID: 34077225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the significant achievements related to the C3 functionalization of indoles, cyanoalkylation reactions continue to remain rather limited. We herein report on the formal C3 cyanoalkylation of indoles with cyanohydrins in the presence of a tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (B(C6F5)3) catalyst. It is noteworthy that cyanohydrins are used as a cyanoalkylating reagent in the present reaction, even though they are usually used as only a HCN source. Mechanistic investigations revealed the unique reactivity of the B(C6F5)3 catalyst in promoting the decomposition of a cyanohydrin by a Lewis acidic activation through the coordination of the cyano group to the boron center. In addition, a catalytic three-component reaction using indoles, aldehydes as a carbon unit, and acetone cyanohydrin that avoids the discrete preparation of each aldehyde-derived cyanohydrin is also reported. The developed methods provide straightforward, highly efficient, and atom-economic access to various types of synthetically useful indole-3-acetonitrile derivatives containing α-tertiary or quaternary carbon centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kiyokawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naruyo Urashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cai BG, Li L, Xu GY, Xiao WJ, Xuan J. Visible-light-promoted nitrone synthesis from nitrosoarenes under catalyst- and additive-free conditions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:823-829. [PMID: 34115366 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A green and sustainable nitrone formation reaction via visible-light-promoted reaction of aryl diazoacetates with nitrosoarenes is described. This protocol exhibits good functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope for both aryl diazoacetates with nitrosoarenes. Comparing the reported methods for the synthesis of nitrones from nitrosoarenes, the reaction described herein occurs under sole visible-light irradiation without the need of any catalysts and additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Gui Cai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yong Xu
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Xuan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230601, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu Z, Arnold FH. New-to-nature chemistry from old protein machinery: carbene and nitrene transferases. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:43-51. [PMID: 33370622 PMCID: PMC8225731 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemoprotein-catalyzed carbene and nitrene transformations have emerged as powerful tools for constructing complex molecules; they also nicely illustrate how new protein catalysts can emerge, evolve and diversify. These laboratory-invented enzymes exploit the ability of proteins to tame highly reactive carbene and nitrene species and direct their fates with high selectivity. New-to-nature carbene and nitrene transferases catalyze many useful reactions, including some that have no precedent using chemical methods. Here we cover recent advances in this field, including alkyne cyclopropenation, arene cyclopropanation, carbene CH insertion, intramolecular nitrene CH insertion, alkene aminohydroxylation, and primary amination. For such transformations, biocatalysts have exceeded the performance of reported small-molecule catalysts in terms of selectivity and catalyst turnovers. Finally, we offer our thoughts on using these new enzymatic reactions in chemical synthesis, integrating them into biological pathways and chemo-enzymatic cascades, and on their current limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sar S, Das R, Sen S. Blue LED Induced Manganese (I) Catalysed Direct C2−H Activation of Pyrroles with Aryl Diazoesters. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saibal Sar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Budh Nagar Uttar Pradesh 201314 India
| | - Ranajit Das
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Budh Nagar Uttar Pradesh 201314 India
| | - Subhabrata Sen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Budh Nagar Uttar Pradesh 201314 India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chowdhury R, Mendoza A. N-Hydroxyphthalimidyl diazoacetate (NHPI-DA): a modular methylene linchpin for the C-H alkylation of indoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4532-4535. [PMID: 33956022 PMCID: PMC8101283 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01026c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the extensive studies on the reactions between conventional diazocompounds and indoles, these are still limited by the independent synthesis of the carbene precursors, the specific catalysts, and the required multi-step manipulation of the products. In this work, we explore redox-active carbenes in the expedited and divergent synthesis of functionalized indoles. NHPI-DA displays unusual efficiency and selectivity to yield insertion products that can be swiftly elaborated into boron and carbon substituents that are particularly problematic in carbene-mediated reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajdip Chowdhury
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Abraham Mendoza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Yang Y, Arnold FH. Navigating the Unnatural Reaction Space: Directed Evolution of Heme Proteins for Selective Carbene and Nitrene Transfer. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1209-1225. [PMID: 33491448 PMCID: PMC7931446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Despite the astonishing diversity of naturally
occurring biocatalytic
processes, enzymes do not catalyze many of the transformations favored
by synthetic chemists. Either nature does not care about the specific
products, or if she does, she has adopted a different synthetic strategy.
In many cases, the appropriate reagents used by synthetic chemists
are not readily accessible to biological systems. Here, we discuss
our efforts to expand the catalytic repertoire of enzymes to encompass
powerful reactions previously known only in small-molecule catalysis:
formation and transfer of reactive carbene and nitrene intermediates
leading to a broad range of products, including products with bonds
not known in biology. In light of the structural similarity of iron
carbene (Fe=C(R1)(R2)) and iron nitrene
(Fe=NR) to the iron oxo (Fe=O) intermediate involved
in cytochrome P450-catalyzed oxidation, we have used synthetic carbene
and nitrene precursors that biological systems have not encountered
and repurposed P450s to catalyze reactions that are not known in the
natural world. The resulting protein catalysts are fully genetically
encoded and function in intact microbial cells or cell-free lysates,
where their performance can be improved and optimized by directed
evolution. By leveraging the catalytic promiscuity of P450 enzymes,
we evolved a range of carbene and nitrene transferases exhibiting
excellent activity toward these new-to-nature reactions. Since our
initial report in 2012, a number of other heme proteins including
myoglobins, protoglobins, and cytochromes c have
also been found and engineered to promote unnatural carbene and nitrene
transfer. Due to the altered active-site environments, these heme
proteins often displayed complementary activities and selectivities
to P450s. Using wild-type and engineered heme proteins, we and
others have
described a range of selective carbene transfer reactions, including
cyclopropanation, cyclopropenation, Si–H insertion, B–H
insertion, and C–H insertion. Similarly, a variety of asymmetric
nitrene transfer processes including aziridination, sulfide imidation,
C–H amidation, and, most recently, C–H amination have
been demonstrated. The scopes of these biocatalytic carbene and nitrene
transfer reactions are often complementary to the state-of-the-art
processes based on small-molecule transition-metal catalysts, making
engineered biocatalysts a valuable addition to the synthetic chemist’s
toolbox. Moreover, enabled by the exquisite regio- and stereocontrol
imposed by the enzyme catalyst, this biocatalytic platform provides
an exciting opportunity to address challenging problems in modern
synthetic chemistry and selective catalysis, including ones that have
eluded synthetic chemists for decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 210-41, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 210-41, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bahukhandi SB, Jana S, Koenigs RM. Brønsted acid‐catalyzed Reactions of Unprotected
N
‐heterocycles with Aryl/Aryl Diazoalkanes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sripati Jana
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 D-52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 D-52074 Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yang Z, Koenigs RM. Photoinduced Palladium-Catalyzed Dicarbofunctionalization of Terminal Alkynes. Chemistry 2021; 27:3694-3699. [PMID: 33427348 PMCID: PMC7986663 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a conceptually distinct approach was developed that allowed for the dicarbofunctionalization of alkynes at room temperature using simple, bench-stable alkyl iodides and a second molecule of alkyne as coupling partner. Specifically, the photochemical activation of palladium complexes enabled this strategic dicarbofunctionalization via addition of alkyl radicals from secondary and tertiary alkyl iodides and formation of an intermediate palladium vinyl complex that could undergo subsequent Sonogashira reaction with a second alkyne molecule. This alkylation-alkynylation sequence allowed the one-step synthesis of 1,3-enynes including heteroarenes and biologically active compounds with high efficiency without exogenous photosensitizers or oxidants and now opens up pathways towards cascade reactions via photochemical palladium catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhou LN, Feng FF, Cheung CW, Ma JA. Cu-Enabled [3 + 2] Annulation of In Situ Formed Nitrile Ylides with Aryldiazonium Salts: Access to 5-Cyano-1,2,4-Triazoles. Org Lett 2021; 23:739-744. [PMID: 33428426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The unified construction of cyano-substituted 1,2,4-triazoles, particularly the 5-cyano counterparts, remains underdeveloped. Herein we describe a three-component method to access a wide range of 1-aryl 5-cyano-1,2,4-triazoles using readily available 2-diazoacetonitriles, nitriles, and aryldiazonium salts. This regiospecific synthesis relies on the dipolar [3 + 2] annulation of the in situ formed nitrile ylides with aryldiazonium salts. Furthermore, this protocol can be amendable to gram-scale synthesis, chemical transformations of the nitrile moieties, and access to chiral bis(cyano-triazole)-1,1'-naphthalene, which would all be likely applicable in the synthesis of structurally diverse bioactive compounds and novel bidentate ligands for asymmetric catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Nan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. of China
| | - Fang-Fang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. of China
| | - Chi Wai Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. of China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. of China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. of China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. of China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jana S, Empel C, Nguyen TV, Koenigs RM. Multi C-H Functionalization Reactions of Carbazole Heterocycles via Gold-Catalyzed Carbene Transfer Reactions. Chemistry 2021; 27:2628-2632. [PMID: 33278310 PMCID: PMC7898811 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe a multiple C-H functionalization reaction of carbazole heterocycles with diazoalkanes. We show that gold catalysts play a distinct role in enabling a multiple C-H functionalization reaction to introduce up to six carbene fragments onto molecules containing multiple carbazole units or to link multiple carbazole units into a single molecule. A one-pot stepwise approach enables the introduction of two different carbene fragments to allow orthogonal deprotection and straightforward derivatization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sripati Jana
- RWTH Aachen UniversityInstitute of Organic ChemistryLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Claire Empel
- RWTH Aachen UniversityInstitute of Organic ChemistryLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South Wales2052SydneyAustralia
| | | | - Rene M. Koenigs
- RWTH Aachen UniversityInstitute of Organic ChemistryLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South Wales2052SydneyAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kaur P, Tyagi V. Recent Advances in Iron‐Catalyzed Chemical and Enzymatic Carbene‐Transfer Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parmjeet Kaur
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147004 Punjab India
| | - Vikas Tyagi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147004 Punjab India
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yu Z, Li G, Zhang J, Liu L. Iron-catalysed chemo- and ortho-selective C–H bond functionalization of phenols with α-aryl-α-diazoacetates. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00276g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel chemo- and ortho-selective C–H bond functionalization of phenols with α-aryl-α-diazoacetates catalysed by a new iron porphyrin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhunzhun Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bera SS, Bahukhandi SB, Empel C, Koenigs RM. Catalyst-controlled site-selective N-H and C3-arylation of carbazole via carbene transfer reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6193-6196. [PMID: 34048520 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01863a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A site-selective direct arylation reaction of carbazole and other N-heterocycles with diazo-naphthalen-2(1H)-ones has been developed. While Au(i)-NHC catalysts lead to selective C3-arylation, palladium acetate allows for selective N-H arylation, displaying complete site-selectivity each. To show the applicability of these arylation reactions, one-pot, two-fold diarylation reactions of carbazole were demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Sekhar Bera
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, Aachen D-52074, Germany.
| | | | - Claire Empel
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, Aachen D-52074, Germany.
| | - Rene M Koenigs
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, Aachen D-52074, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Liu J, Xu G, Tang S, Chen Q, Sun J. Site-Selective Functionalization of 7-Azaindoles via Carbene Transfer and Isolation of N-Aromatic Zwitterions. Org Lett 2020; 22:9376-9380. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junheng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Guangyang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Shengbiao Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Qun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jiangtao Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jana S, Empel C, Pei C, Vinh Nguyen T, Koenigs RM. Gold‐catalyzed C−H Functionalization of Phenothiazines with Aryldiazoacetates. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sripati Jana
- RWTH Aachen University Institute of Organic Chemistry Landoltweg 1 D-52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Claire Empel
- RWTH Aachen University Institute of Organic Chemistry Landoltweg 1 D-52074 Aachen Germany
- University of New South Wales School of Chemistry Sydney Australia
| | - Chao Pei
- RWTH Aachen University Institute of Organic Chemistry Landoltweg 1 D-52074 Aachen Germany
| | | | - Rene M. Koenigs
- RWTH Aachen University Institute of Organic Chemistry Landoltweg 1 D-52074 Aachen Germany
- University of New South Wales School of Chemistry Sydney Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Construction of C–O bond via cross-dehydrogenative coupling of sp [ ] C–H bond with phenols catalyzed by copper porphyrin. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
43
|
Xiao MY, Zheng MM, Peng X, Xue XS, Zhang FG, Ma JA. Catalytic Direct Construction of Cyano-tetrazoles. Org Lett 2020; 22:7762-7767. [PMID: 32966087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyano-tetrazole is the first reported compound that bears four nitrogen atoms in a single five-membered ring. This unique molecular scaffold has long been ignored after its discovery in 1885, mainly attributed to the scarcity of available synthetic methods. Indeed, the most popular approach to tetrazoles (that is the cycloaddition reaction between nitriles and azides) has inevitably excluded the possibility of introducing valuable cyano groups to decorate the final heterocyclic cores. Here, we describe a completely different disconnection strategy to the long time-pursued cyano-tetrazoles via a simple, direct, and practical cycloaddition transformation between readily accessible aryl diazonium salts and diazoacetonitrile. This method provides both regioisomers of disubstituted tetrazoles from the same set of starting materials in a metal cation controlled fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Meng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xing Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Fa-Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P.R. China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jana S, Empel C, Pei C, Aseeva P, Nguyen TV, Koenigs RM. C–H Functionalization Reactions of Unprotected N-Heterocycles by Gold-Catalyzed Carbene Transfer. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sripati Jana
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Claire Empel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Chao Pei
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Polina Aseeva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thanh V. Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Pal K, Sontakke GS, Volla CMR. Rh(II)‐Catalyzed Denitrogenative Reaction of 1,2,3‐Triazolyl Esters with Indoles or Arenes: Efficient Synthesis of Homotryptamines or Allylamines. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Pal
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Geetanjali S. Sontakke
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Chandra M. R. Volla
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai 400076, India
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lokhande† SK, Vaidya† GN, Satpute DP, Venkatesh A, Kumar S, Kumar D. Structure Ligation Relationship of Amino Acids for the Selective Indole C−H Arylation Reaction: L‐Aspartic acid as Sustainable Alternative of Phosphine Ligands. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Kumar Lokhande†
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) – Ahmedabad, Palaj Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| | - Gargi Nikhil Vaidya†
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) – Ahmedabad, Palaj Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| | - Dinesh Parshuram Satpute
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) – Ahmedabad, Palaj Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| | - Ashwini Venkatesh
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) – Ahmedabad, Palaj Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) – Ahmedabad, Palaj Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) – Ahmedabad, Palaj Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Affiliation(s)
- Vasco F. Batista
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana C. G. A. Pinto
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Knorrscheidt A, Püllmann P, Schell E, Homann D, Freier E, Weissenborn MJ. Identification of Novel Unspecific Peroxygenase Chimeras and Unusual YfeX Axial Heme Ligand by a Versatile High‐Throughput GC‐MS Approach. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Knorrscheidt
- Bioorganic Chemistry Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry Weinberg 3 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Pascal Püllmann
- Bioorganic Chemistry Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry Weinberg 3 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Eugen Schell
- Bioorganic Chemistry Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry Weinberg 3 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Dominik Homann
- Bioorganic Chemistry Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry Weinberg 3 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Erik Freier
- CARS Microscopy Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V. Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b 4227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Martin J. Weissenborn
- Bioorganic Chemistry Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry Weinberg 3 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
- Institute of Chemisty Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tom MJ, Evans PA. Regioselective and Stereospecific Rhodium-Catalyzed Allylic Cyanomethylation with an Acetonitrile Equivalent: Construction of Acyclic β-Quaternary Stereogenic Nitriles. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11957-11961. [PMID: 32486634 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A highly regioselective and stereospecific rhodium-catalyzed cyanomethylation of tertiary allylic carbonates for the construction of acyclic β-quaternary stereogenic nitriles is described. This protocol represents the first example of a metal-catalyzed allylic substitution reaction using a triorganosilyl-stabilized acetonitrile anion, which permits access to several carbonyl derivatives that are challenging to prepare using conventional pronucleophiles. The synthetic utility of the stereospecific cyanomethylation is further exemplified through the construction of an intermediate utilized in the total synthesis of both (-)-epilaurene and (-)-α-cuparenone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Jan Tom
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - P Andrew Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, P. R. of China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Affiliation(s)
- Sripati Jana
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Feifei He
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|