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Miyagawa A, Kono H, Nagatomo S, Nakatani K. Orientation of Antibody Modified and Reacted on Carboxy-Functionalized Polystyrene Particle Revealed by Zeta Potential Measurement. Anal Chem 2024; 96:14274-14282. [PMID: 39159408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c03183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The comprehensive understanding of the orientation of antibodies on a solid surface is crucial for affinity-based sensing mechanisms. In this study, we demonstrated that the orientation of primary antibodies modified on carboxy-functionalized polystyrene (PS) particles can be analyzed using zeta potential behavior at different pH based on the combined Gouy-Chapman-Stern model and the acid dissociation of carboxy groups and antibodies. We observed that at low surface concentrations of the primary antibody, a side-on orientation was predominant. However, at higher concentrations (approximately 30000 antibodies per PS particle), the orientation shifted to an end-on type due to steric hindrance. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism of the secondary antibody exhibited pH-dependent behavior. At pH > 7, the zeta potential changes were attributed to the antibody-antibody reaction, whereas at pH < 7, adsorption of secondary antibody onto the PS particle was observed, leading to a change in the orientation of the primary antibody modified on the PS particle to an end-on type. The change in zeta potential due to secondary antibody binding indicated a detection limit of 37000 antibodies per PS particle. As a result, we revealed that the analysis of zeta potential behavior enables the evaluation of antibody orientation and the detection of zeptomole order antibodies. This study represents the first demonstration of this capability. We anticipate that the present concept and results will broaden the quantitative application of zeta potential measurements and have significant implications for research areas, including physical chemistry and analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Miyagawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Haruka Kono
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Shigenori Nagatomo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kiyoharu Nakatani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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2
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Dong Y, Ren W, Sun Y, Duan X, Liu C. Aggregation-Augmented Magnetism of Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticles and Enabling Magnetic Levitation-Based Exosome Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2407013. [PMID: 38936410 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202407013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Due to the presence of unpaired electron orbitals in most lanthanide ions, lanthanide-doped nanoparticles (LnNPs) exhibit paramagnetism. However, as to biosensing applications, the magnetism of LnNPs is so weak that can hardly be employed in target separation. Herein, it is discovered that the magnetism of the LnNPs is highly associated with their concentration in a confined space, enabling aggregation-augmented magnetism to make them susceptive to a conventional magnet. Accordingly, a magnetic levitation (Maglev) sensing system is designed, in which the target exosomes can specifically introduce paramagnetic LnNPs to the microbeads' surface, allowing aggregation-augmented magnetism and further leverage the microbeads' levitation height in the Maglev device to indicate the target exosomes' content. It is demonstrated that this Maglev system can precisely distinguish healthy people's blood samples from those of breast cancer patients. This is the first work to report that LnNPs hold great promise in magnetic separation-based biological sample sorting, and the LnNP-permitted Maglev sensing system is proven to be promising for establishing a new generation of biosensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Xinrui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Chenghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
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3
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Sözmen A, Arslan-Yildiz A. Utilizing Magnetic Levitation to Detect Lung Cancer-Associated Exosomes. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2043-2049. [PMID: 38520356 PMCID: PMC11059084 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes, have attracted attention in the last few decades as novel cancer biomarkers. Exosomal membrane proteins provide easy-to-reach targets and can be utilized as information sources of their parent cells. In this study, a MagLev-based, highly sensitive, and versatile biosensor platform for detecting minor differences in the density of suspended objects is proposed for exosome detection. The developed platform utilizes antibody-functionalized microspheres to capture exosomal membrane proteins (ExoMPs) EpCAM, CD81, and CD151 as markers for cancerous exosomes, exosomes, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-derived exosomes, respectively. Initially, the platform was utilized for protein detection and quantification by targeting solubilized ExoMPs, and a dynamic range of 1-100 nM, with LoD values of 1.324, 0.638, and 0.722 nM for EpCAM, CD81, and CD151, were observed, respectively. Then, the sensor platform was tested using exosome isolates derived from NSCLC cell line A549 and MRC5 healthy lung fibroblast cell line. It was shown that the sensor platform is able to detect and differentiate exosomal biomarkers derived from cancerous and non-cancerous cell lines. Overall, this innovative, simple, and rapid method shows great potential for the early diagnosis of lung cancer through exosomal biomarker detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper
Baran Sözmen
- Bioengineering Department, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahu Arslan-Yildiz
- Bioengineering Department, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Izmir, Turkey
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4
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Al Harraq A, Feng M, Gauri HM, Devireddy R, Gupta A, Sun Q, Bharti B. Magnetic Control of Nonmagnetic Living Organisms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:17339-17346. [PMID: 38531044 PMCID: PMC11009914 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Living organisms inspire the design of microrobots, but their functionality is unmatched. Next-generation microrobots aim to leverage the sensing and communication abilities of organisms through magnetic hybridization, attaching magnetic particles to them for external control. However, the protocols used for magnetic hybridization are morphology specific and are not generalizable. We propose an alternative approach that leverages the principles of negative magnetostatics and magnetophoresis to control nonmagnetic organisms with external magnetic fields. To do this, we disperse model organisms in dispersions of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and expose them to either uniform or gradient magnetic fields. In uniform magnetic fields, living organisms align with the field due to external torque, while gradient magnetic fields generate a negative magnetophoretic force, pushing objects away from external magnets. The magnetic fields enable controlling the position and orientation of Caenorhabditis elegans larvae and flagellated bacteria through directional interactions and magnitude. This control is diminished in live spermatozoa and adult C. elegans due to stronger internal biological activity, i.e., force/torque. Our study presents a method for spatiotemporal organization of living organisms without requiring magnetic hybridization, opening the way for the development of controllable living microbiorobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al Harraq
- Cain
Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana
State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Min Feng
- McFerrin
Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hashir M. Gauri
- Cain
Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana
State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Ram Devireddy
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Qing Sun
- McFerrin
Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bhuvnesh Bharti
- Cain
Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana
State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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5
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Ren X, Breadmore MC, Maya F. Bidimensional Dynamic Magnetic Levitation: Sequential Separation of Microplastics by Density and Size. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3259-3266. [PMID: 38363724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
There is a current gap in sample preparation techniques integrating the separation of microplastics according to their different material types and particle sizes. We describe herein the Bidimensional Dynamic Magnetic Levitation (2D-MagLev) technique, enabling the resolution of mixtures of microplastics sorting them by plastic type and particle size. Separations are carried out in a bespoke flow cell sandwiched between two ring magnets and connected to programmable pumps for flow control. The first separation dimension is based on sequential increases in the concentration of a paramagnetic salt (MnCl2), enabling magnetic levitation of microplastics with determined densities. The second dimension is based on increasing flow rate gradients and maintaining constant MnCl2 concentrations. This fractionates the magnetically levitating microplastics according to their different particle sizes. Microplastics are therefore collected by their increasing density, and the particles corresponding to each density are fractionated from smaller to larger size. Using polyethylene microspheres with defined density (1.03-1.13 g cm-3) and size (98-390 μm) as microplastic mimicking materials, we investigated their optimum threshold velocities for their size fractionation, potential effects of medium viscosity and sample loading, and types of flow rate gradients (linear, step). Performing a separation using a combination of step gradients in both MnCl2 concentration and flow rate, mixtures comprising microplastics of two different densities and three different particle sizes were separated. 2D-MagLev is simple, fast, versatile, and robust, opening new avenues to facilitate the study of the environmental presence and impact of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Ren
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Fernando Maya
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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6
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Miyagawa A, Oshiyama K, Nagatomo S, Nakatani K. Biosensing of DNA through difference in interaction between microparticle and glass plate based on particle dissociation in a coupled acoustic-gravitational field. Talanta 2024; 268:125369. [PMID: 37918248 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for detecting DNA without labeling the target DNA was developed based on the particle dissociation behavior in a combined acoustic-gravitational field. The particles, which are tethered on a glass plate via intermolecular interactions (Fbind), are dissociated by the resultant force of the acoustic radiation force (Fac), which is a function of the applied voltage (V), and the sedimentation force. In this system, V required for particle dissociation is dependent on Fbind. The differences in Fbind were exploited for detecting the target DNA. A glass plate and polystyrene (PS) particles were respectively modified with anchor and capture DNAs. The target DNA induces immobilization of the PS particles on the glass plate through sandwich hybridization, with a large accompanying Fbind. In the absence of the target DNA, the anchor DNA on the glass plate interacted weakly with the capture DNA on the PS particles via direct binding (small Fbind). The particle dissociation behavior varies based on the concentration of the target DNA due to changes in the ratio of the PS particles tethered through direct binding and sandwich hybridization. Target DNA with a length exceeding 12 base pairs (bps) can be detected on the picomolar scale at concentrations of 10-12 to 10-5 M. This detection scheme was applied to a specific sequence of HIV-2 with 20 bps, achieving a picomolar detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Miyagawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Kengo Oshiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Shigenori Nagatomo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Kiyoharu Nakatani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
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7
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Xia L, Liu J, Zhu X, Liu R, Wen H, Cao Q. Asymmetric magnetic levitation for density-based measurement and analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:341951. [PMID: 38182357 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic levitation (MagLev) based on negative magnetophoresis represents a promising technology for density-based analysis and manipulation of nonmagnetic objects. This approach has garnered considerable interest across multiple fields, such as chemistry, materials science, and biochemistry, primarily due to its inherent simplicity, precision, and cost-effectiveness. However, it is essential to recognize that frequently used MagLev configurations, including standard MagLev and axial MagLev, are not without their limitations. These configurations often struggle to strike a balance between levitation performance, ease of operation, and visibility. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new MagLev configuration to address the aforementioned issue. RESULTS This work describes the development of an innovative MagLev, termed "asymmetric MagLev", achieved by combining a ring magnet and a cylinder magnet as up-down asymmetric magnetic field sources. The asymmetric design overcomes the physical obstacles along the centerline of the standard MagLev, offering unique open-structure advantages, including easy handling of samples, the ability to observe samples from the top or bottom, and no restrictions on the container height. Meanwhile, comparative analysis reveals a considerable enhancement in the working distance of the asymmetric MagLev without significantly sacrificing the measurement range compared to the axial MagLev. Notably, the asymmetric MagLev achieves a remarkable sensitivity of up to about 1.8 × 104 mm (g cm-3)-1, surpassing the axial MagLev by approximately 30 times. Furthermore, experimental results validate the successful application of the asymmetric MagLev in density measurement and quality detection of small-sized objects. SIGNIFICANCE This pioneering configuration represents the first utilization of up-down asymmetric magnets in the field of MagLev. Through the integration of an axially magnetized ring magnet and a cylinder magnet, the asymmetric MagLev design overcomes the limitations associated with conventional MagLev configurations. This innovative design exhibits outstanding operational capabilities and levitation performance, making it suitable for a wide range of applications in density-based measurement and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Xia
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jialuo Liu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinhui Zhu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hao Wen
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Quanliang Cao
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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8
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Ryapolov P, Vasilyeva A, Kalyuzhnaya D, Churaev A, Sokolov E, Shel’deshova E. Magnetic Fluids: The Interaction between the Microstructure, Macroscopic Properties, and Dynamics under Different Combinations of External Influences. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:222. [PMID: 38276740 PMCID: PMC10819141 DOI: 10.3390/nano14020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic fluids were historically the first active nano-dispersion material. Despite over half a century of research, interest in these nano-objects continues to grow every year. This is due to the impressive development of nanotechnology, the synthesis of nanoscale structures, and surface-active systems. The unique combination of fluidity and magnetic response allows magnetic fluids to be used in engineering devices and biomedical applications. In this review, experimental results and fundamental theoretical approaches are systematized to predict the micro- and macroscopic behavior of magnetic fluid systems under different external influences. The article serves as working material for both experienced scientists in the field of magnetic fluids and novice specialists who are just beginning to investigate this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ryapolov
- Department of Nanotechnology, Microelectronics, General and Applied Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Southwest State University, 50 Let Oktyabrya Street, 94, 305040 Kursk, Russia; (A.V.); (D.K.); (A.C.); (E.S.); (E.S.)
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9
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Kecili S, Kaymaz SV, Ozogul B, Tekin HC, Elitas M. Investigating influences of intravenous fluids on HUVEC and U937 monocyte cell lines using the magnetic levitation method. Analyst 2023; 148:5588-5596. [PMID: 37872817 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01304a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous fluids are being widely used in patients of all ages for preventing or treating dehydration in the intensive care units, surgeries in the operation rooms, or administering chemotherapeutic drugs at hospitals. Dextrose, Ringer, and NaCl solutions are widely received as intravenous fluids by hospitalized patients. Despite their widespread administration for over 100 years, studies on their influences on different cell types have been very limited. Increasing evidence suggests that treatment outcomes might be altered by the choice of the administered intravenous fluids. In this study, we investigated the influences of intravenous fluids on human endothelial (HUVEC) and monocyte (U937) cell lines using the magnetic levitation technique. Our magnetic levitation platform provides label-free manipulation of single cells without altering their phenotypic or genetic properties. It allows for monitoring and quantifying behavior of single cells by measuring their levitation heights, deformation indices, and areas. Our results indicate that HUVEC and U937 cell lines respond differently to different intravenous fluids. Dextrose solution decreased the viability of both cell lines while increasing the heterogeneity of areas, deformation, and levitation heights of HUVEC cells. We strongly believe that improved outcomes can be achieved when the influences of intravenous fluids on different cell types are revealed using robust, label-free, and efficient methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seren Kecili
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir 35430, Turkey.
| | - Sumeyra Vural Kaymaz
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey.
| | - Beyzanur Ozogul
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey.
| | - H Cumhur Tekin
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir 35430, Turkey.
- METU MEMS Center, Ankara, 06530, Turkey
| | - Meltem Elitas
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey.
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10
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Ogut MG, Ma P, Gupta R, Hoerner CR, Fan AC, El-Kaffas AN, Durmus NG. Automated Image Analysis for Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells and Clusters Sorted by Magnetic Levitation. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300109. [PMID: 37462226 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic levitation-based sorting technologies have revolutionized the detection and isolation of rare cells, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor cell clusters (CTCCs). Manual counting and quantification of these cells are prone to time-consuming processes, human error, and inter-observer variability, particularly challenging when heterogeneous cell types in 3D clusters are present. To overcome these challenges, we developed "Fastcount," an in-house MATLAB-based algorithm for precise, automated quantification and phenotypic characterization of CTCs and CTCCs, in both 2D and 3D. Fastcount is 120 times faster than manual counting and produces reliable results with a ±7.3% deviation compared to a trained laboratory technician. By analyzing 400 GB of fluorescence imaging data, we showed that Fastcount outperforms manual counting and commercial software when cells are aggregated in 3D or staining artifacts are present, delivering more accurate results. We further employed Fastcount for automated analysis of 3D image stacks obtained from CTCCs isolated from colorectal adenocarcinoma and renal cell carcinoma blood samples. Interestingly, we observed a highly heterogeneous spatial cellular composition within CTCCs, even among clusters from the same patient. Overall, Fastcount can be employed for various applications with lab-chip devices, such as CTC detection, CTCC analysis in 3D and cell detection in biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Giray Ogut
- Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peng Ma
- Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Rakhi Gupta
- Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Christian R Hoerner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alice C Fan
- Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ahmed Nagy El-Kaffas
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Naside Gozde Durmus
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
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11
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Xu L, Jia H, Zhang C, Yin B, Yao J. Magnetically controlled assembly: a new approach to organic integrated photonics. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8723-8742. [PMID: 37621424 PMCID: PMC10445431 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01779f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hierarchical self-assembly of organic molecules or assemblies is of great importance for organic photonics to move from fundamental research to integrated and practical applications. Magnetic fields with the advantages of high controllability, non-contact manipulation, and instantaneous response have emerged as an elegant way to prepare organic hierarchical nanostructures. In this perspective, we outline the development history of organic photonic materials and highlight the importance of organic hierarchical nanostructures for a wide range of applications, including microlasers, optical displays, information encoding, sensing, and beyond. Then, we will discuss recent advances in magnetically controlled assembly for creating organic hierarchical nanostructures, with a particular focus on their potential for enabling the development of integrated photonic devices with unprecedented functionality and performance. Finally, we present several perspectives on the further development of magnetically controlled assembly strategies from the perspective of performance optimization and functional design of organic integrated photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Hao Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chuang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Baipeng Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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12
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Quagliarini E, Pozzi D, Cardarelli F, Caracciolo G. The influence of protein corona on Graphene Oxide: implications for biomedical theranostics. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:267. [PMID: 37568181 PMCID: PMC10416361 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene-based nanomaterials have attracted significant attention in the field of nanomedicine due to their unique atomic arrangement which allows for manifold applications. However, their inherent high hydrophobicity poses challenges in biological systems, thereby limiting their usage in biomedical areas. To address this limitation, one approach involves introducing oxygen functional groups on graphene surfaces, resulting in the formation of graphene oxide (GO). This modification enables improved dispersion, enhanced stability, reduced toxicity, and tunable surface properties. In this review, we aim to explore the interactions between GO and the biological fluids in the context of theranostics, shedding light on the formation of the "protein corona" (PC) i.e., the protein-enriched layer that formed around nanosystems when exposed to blood. The presence of the PC alters the surface properties and biological identity of GO, thus influencing its behavior and performance in various applications. By investigating this phenomenon, we gain insights into the bio-nano interactions that occur and their biological implications for different intents such as nucleic acid and drug delivery, active cell targeting, and modulation of cell signalling pathways. Additionally, we discuss diagnostic applications utilizing biocoronated GO and personalized PC analysis, with a particular focus on the detection of cancer biomarkers. By exploring these cutting-edge advancements, this comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the rapidly evolving field of GO-based nanomedicine for theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Quagliarini
- NanoDelivery Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pozzi
- NanoDelivery Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cardarelli
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Caracciolo
- NanoDelivery Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Tepe U, Aslanbay Guler B, Imamoglu E. Applications and sensory utilizations of magnetic levitation in 3D cell culture for tissue Engineering. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7017-7025. [PMID: 37378748 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
3D cell culture approaches are cell culture methods that provide good visualization of interactions between cells while preserving the natural growth pattern. In recent years, several studies have managed to implement magnetic levitation technology on 3D cell culture applications by either combining cells with magnetic nanoparticles (positive magnetophoresis) or applying a magnetic field directly to the cells in a high-intensity medium (negative magnetophoresis). The positive magnetophoresis technique consists of integrating magnetic nanoparticles into the cells, while the negative magnetophoresis technique consists of levitating the cells without labelling them with magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetic levitation methods can be used to manipulate 3D culture, provide more complex habitats and custom control, or display density data as a sensor.The present review aims to show the advantages, limitations, and promises of magnetic 3D cell culture, along with its application methods, tools, and capabilities as a density sensor. In this context, the promising magnetic levitation technique on 3D cell cultures could be fully utilized in further studies with precise control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Tepe
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bahar Aslanbay Guler
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Imamoglu
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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14
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Bono S, Konishi S. Threshold magnetic field as a universal criterion for the selective transport of magnetized particles in microdroplets. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9428. [PMID: 37296175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36516-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Transportation of magnetized particles (MPs) against gravity is possible by applying a magnetic field to the particles. This transport phenomenon of MPs in microdroplets can be quantitatively assessed by determining the contribution of individual forces acting on the MPs. We studied the selective transportation of MPs in microdroplets. MPs in microdroplets were transported in the opposite direction to gravity when we applied an external magnetic field larger than a threshold value. We modulated the intensity of the external magnetic field and selectively manipulated the MPs. As a result, MPs were separated into different microdroplets based on their magnetic properties. Our quantitative investigation of transport dynamics shows that the threshold magnetic field depends only on the magnetic susceptibility and the density of MPs. This is a universal criterion for the selective transport of magnetized targets such as magnetized cells in microdroplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Bono
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan.
- Ritsumeikan Advanced Research Academy, Kyoto, 604-8502, Japan.
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Konishi
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
- Ritsumeikan Advanced Research Academy, Kyoto, 604-8502, Japan
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
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15
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Xia L, Liu R, Liu J, Zhu X, Ding A, Cao Q. Radial Magnetic Levitation and Its Application to Density Measurement, Separation, and Detection of Microplastics. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37216472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the development of radial magnetic levitation (MagLev) using two radially magnetized ring magnets to solve the problem of limited operational spaces in standard MagLev and the major shortcoming of a short working distance in axial MagLev. Interestingly and importantly, we demonstrate that for the same magnet size, this new configuration of MagLev doubles the working distance over the axial MagLev without significantly sacrificing the density measurement range, whether for linear or nonlinear analysis. Meanwhile, we develop a magnetic assembly method to fabricate the magnets for the radial MagLev, where multiple magnetic tiles with single-direction magnetization are used as assembly elements. On this basis, we experimentally demonstrate that the radial MagLev has good applicability in density-based measurement, separation, and detection and show its advantages in improving separation performance compared with the axial MagLev. The open structure of two-ring magnets and good levitation characteristics make the radial MagLev have great application potential, and the performance improvement brought by adjusting the magnetization direction of magnets provides a new perspective for the magnet design in the field of MagLev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Xia
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jialuo Liu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinhui Zhu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Anzi Ding
- Wuhan Electric Power Technical College, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Quanliang Cao
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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16
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Gao QH, Song PH, Zou HX, Wu ZY, Zhao LC, Zhang WM. Dynamically Rotating Magnetic Levitation to Characterize the Spatial Density Heterogeneity of Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2300219. [PMID: 37127886 PMCID: PMC10369266 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic levitation (MagLev) is a promising technology for density-based analysis and manipulation of nonmagnetic materials. One major limitation is that extant MagLev methods are based on the static balance of gravitational-magnetic forces, thereby leading to an inability to resolve interior differences in density. Here a new strategy called "dynamically rotating MagLev" is proposed, which combines centrifugal force and nonlinear magnetic force to amplify the interior differences in density. The design of the nonlinear magnetic force in tandem with centrifugal force supports the regulation of stable equilibriums, enabling different homogeneous objects to reach distinguishable equilibrium orientations. Without reducing the magnetic susceptibility, the dynamically rotating MagLev system can lead to a relatively large change in orientation angle (∆ψ > 50°) for the heterogeneous parts with small inclusions (volume fraction VF = 2.08%). The rich equilibrium states of levitating objects invoke the concept of levitation stability, which is employed, for the first time, to characterize the spatial density heterogeneity of objects. Exploiting the tunable nonlinear levitation behaviors of objects provides a new paradigm for developing operationally simple, nondestructive density heterogeneity characterization methods. Such methods have tremendous potential in applications related to sorting, orienting, and assembling objects in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Hua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Hui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Xiang Zou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vehicle Power and Transmission System, Hunan Institute of Engineering, 88 Fuxing East Road, Xiangtan, 411104, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Chuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
- SJTU Paris Elite Institute of Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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Yu J, Li D, Zhu C, Ouyang Q, Miao C, Yu H. A Magnetic Levitation System for Range/Sensitivity-Tunable Measurement of Density. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3955. [PMID: 37112295 PMCID: PMC10143956 DOI: 10.3390/s23083955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic levitation (MagLev) is a promising density-based analytical technique with numerous applications. Several MagLev structures with different levels of sensitivity and range have been studied. However, these MagLev structures can seldom satisfy the different performance requirements simultaneously, such as high sensitivity, wide measurement range, and easy operation, which have prevented them from being widely used. In this work, a tunable MagLev system was developed. It is confirmed by numerical simulation and experiments that this system possesses a high resolution down to 10-7 g/cm3 or even higher compared to the existing systems. Meanwhile, the resolution and range of this tunable system can be adjusted to meet different requirements of measurement. More importantly, this system can be operated simply and conveniently. This bundle of characteristics demonstrates that the novel tunable MagLev system could be handily applied in various density-based analyses on demand, which would greatly expand the ability of MagLev technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Donghai Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chengxian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Qiran Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chunyang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Haidong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China
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18
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Dhatt-Gauthier K, Livitz D, Wu Y, Bishop KJM. Accelerating the Design of Self-Guided Microrobots in Time-Varying Magnetic Fields. JACS AU 2023; 3:611-627. [PMID: 37006772 PMCID: PMC10052236 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mobile robots combine sensory information with mechanical actuation to move autonomously through structured environments and perform specific tasks. The miniaturization of such robots to the size of living cells is actively pursued for applications in biomedicine, materials science, and environmental sustainability. Existing microrobots based on field-driven particles rely on knowledge of the particle position and the target destination to control particle motion through fluid environments. Often, however, these external control strategies are challenged by limited information and global actuation where a common field directs multiple robots with unknown positions. In this Perspective, we discuss how time-varying magnetic fields can be used to encode the self-guided behaviors of magnetic particles conditioned on local environmental cues. Programming these behaviors is framed as a design problem: we seek to identify the design variables (e.g., particle shape, magnetization, elasticity, stimuli-response) that achieve the desired performance in a given environment. We discuss strategies for accelerating the design process using automated experiments, computational models, statistical inference, and machine learning approaches. Based on the current understanding of field-driven particle dynamics and existing capabilities for particle fabrication and actuation, we argue that self-guided microrobots with potentially transformative capabilities are close at hand.
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19
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Suwa M, Tsukahara S, Watarai H. Applications of magnetic and electromagnetic forces in micro-analytical systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1097-1127. [PMID: 36636900 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00702a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Novel applications of magnetic fields in analytical chemistry have become a remarkable trend in the last two decades. Various magnetic forces have been employed for the migration, orientation, manipulation, and trapping of microparticles, and new analytical platforms for separating and detecting molecules have been proposed. Magnetic materials such as functional magnetic nanoparticles, magnetic nanocomposites, and specially designed magnetic solids and liquids have also been developed for analytical purposes. Numerous attractive applications of magnetic and electromagnetic forces on magnetic and non-magnetic materials have been studied, but fundamental studies to understand the working principles of magnetic forces have been challenging. These studies will form a new field of magneto-analytical science, which should be developed as an interdisciplinary field. In this review, essential pioneering works and recent attractive developments are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suwa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - S Tsukahara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - H Watarai
- R3 Institute for Newly-Emerging Science Design, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
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20
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Fan W, Dong Y, Ren W, Liu C. Single microentity analysis-based ultrasensitive bioassays: Recent advances, applications, and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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21
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Yadav AS, Tran DT, Teo AJT, Dai Y, Galogahi FM, Ooi CH, Nguyen NT. Core-Shell Particles: From Fabrication Methods to Diverse Manipulation Techniques. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:497. [PMID: 36984904 PMCID: PMC10054063 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Core-shell particles are micro- or nanoparticles with solid, liquid, or gas cores encapsulated by protective solid shells. The unique composition of core and shell materials imparts smart properties on the particles. Core-shell particles are gaining increasing attention as tuneable and versatile carriers for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications including targeted drug delivery, controlled drug release, and biosensing. This review provides an overview of fabrication methods for core-shell particles followed by a brief discussion of their application and a detailed analysis of their manipulation including assembly, sorting, and triggered release. We compile current methodologies employed for manipulation of core-shell particles and demonstrate how existing methods of assembly and sorting micro/nanospheres can be adopted or modified for core-shell particles. Various triggered release approaches for diagnostics and drug delivery are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Singh Yadav
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Du Tuan Tran
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Adrian J. T. Teo
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637460, Singapore
| | - Yuchen Dai
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Fariba Malekpour Galogahi
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Chin Hong Ooi
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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22
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Ashkarran AA, Gharibi H, Zeki DA, Radu I, Khalighinejad F, Keyhanian K, Abrahamsson CK, Ionete C, Saei AA, Mahmoudi M. Multi-omics analysis of magnetically levitated plasma biomolecules. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 220:114862. [PMID: 36403493 PMCID: PMC9750732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We recently discovered that superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) can levitate plasma biomolecules in the magnetic levitation (MagLev) system and cause formation of ellipsoidal biomolecular bands. To better understand the composition of the levitated biomolecules in various bands, we comprehensively characterized them by multi-omics analyses. To probe whether the biomolecular composition of the levitated ellipsoidal bands correlates with the health of plasma donors, we used plasma from individuals who had various types of multiple sclerosis (MS), as a model disease with significant clinical importance. Our findings reveal that, while the composition of proteins does not show much variability, there are significant differences in the lipidome and metabolome profiles of each magnetically levitated ellipsoidal band. By comparing the lipidome and metabolome compositions of various plasma samples, we found that the levitated biomolecular ellipsoidal bands do contain information on the health status of the plasma donors. More specifically, we demonstrate that there are particular lipids and metabolites in various layers of each specific plasma pattern that significantly contribute to the discrimination of different MS subtypes, i.e., relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), secondary-progressive MS (SPMS), and primary-progressive MS (PPMS). These findings will pave the way for utilization of MagLev of biomolecules in biomarker discovery for identification of diseases and discrimination of their subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbar Ashkarran
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hassan Gharibi
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dalia Abou Zeki
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Irina Radu
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Kiandokht Keyhanian
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Carolina Ionete
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA,Corresponding authors: (CI) ; (AAS) (MM)
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 177 Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding authors: (CI) ; (AAS) (MM)
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Corresponding authors: (CI) ; (AAS) (MM)
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Ren X, Breadmore MC, Maya F. Magnetism-Assisted Density Gradient Separation of Microplastics. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17947-17955. [PMID: 36469617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A versatile method for the efficient separation of different types of microplastics from particle mixtures is presented. Magnetism-assisted density gradient separation (Mag-DG-Sep) relies on a bespoke separation cell connected to a gradient pump and located between two like-pole-facing neodymium magnets. In Mag-DG-Sep, particle mixtures initially sunk in water are subjected to a gradient of increasing concentration of MnCl2, enabling the sequential suspension and collection of particles with different densities. The suspension process is assisted by the paramagnetism of the MnCl2 solution placed between the two magnets, which contributes to focusing the ascending particles from the bottom of the separation cell to the outlet, thus enhancing the resolution of the separation process. To demonstrate the concept, a mixture of polyethylene (PE) polymer particles with a similar size range (180-212 μm) but different densities (ca. 0.98, 1.025, 1.08, and 1.35 g cm-3) was selectively separated in a single Mag-DG-Sep run. These particles were also efficiently separated when mixed with other types of particles, such as glass or soil. A generic linear MnCl2 gradient can be directly applied for sample screening covering a broad range of densities (0.98-2.20 g cm-3), while steps can be introduced in the gradient, increasing the separation resolution of particles with close densities (1.025-1.08 g cm-3). As a proof-of-concept application, Mag-DG-Sep facilitated sample preparation of microplastics present in a soil sample prior to their examination by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Ren
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania7001, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania7001, Australia
| | - Fernando Maya
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania7001, Australia
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24
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Weigand M, Gomez-Pastora J, Strayer J, Wu X, Choe H, Lu S, Plencner E, Landes K, Palmer A, Zborowski M, Desai P, Chalmers J. The Unique Magnetic Signature of Sickle Red Blood Cells: A Comparison Between the Red Blood Cells of Transfused and Non-Transfused Sickle Cell Disease Patients and Healthy Donors. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2022; 69:3582-3590. [PMID: 35544484 PMCID: PMC10460628 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2022.3172429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder that affects millions of people worldwide, especially in low-resource regions of the world, where a rapid and affordable test to properly diagnose the disease would be highly valued. Magnetophoresis is a technique that could simultaneously analyze, quantify, and potentially separate the patient's sickle red blood cells (RBCs) from healthy RBCs, but the magnetic characteristics of sickle RBCs have yet to be reported. In this work, we present the single cell magnetic characterization of RBCs obtained from SCD patients. Sufficient single cells are analyzed from patient samples undergoing transfusion therapy and not yet having transfusion therapy (TP and NTP, respectively), such that means and distributions of these single RBC mobilities are created in the form of histograms which facilitated comparison to RBCs from healthy donors (HD). The magnetic characterization is obtained using a technique known as Cell Tracking Velocimetry (CTV) that quantitatively characterizes the RBC response to magnetic and gravitational fields. The magnetic properties of RBCs containing oxygenated, deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) and methemoglobin (oxyHb-RBCs, deoxyHb-RBCs, and metHb-RBCs) are further determined. The NTP samples reported the highest magnetic character, especially when compared to oxyHb-RBCs from HD, which implies impaired oxygen binding capabilities. Also, the oxygen-Hb equilibrium curves are obtained to estimate the magnetic character of the cells under intermediate oxygen levels. Our results confirm higher magnetic moment of SCD blood (NTP) under intermediate oxygen levels. These data demonstrate the potential feasibility of magnetophoresis to identify, quantify and separate sickle RBCs from healthy RBCs.
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25
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Yin B, Jia H, Wang H, Chen R, Xu L, Zhao YS, Zhang C, Yao J. Magnetic-Field-Driven Reconfigurable Microsphere Arrays for Laser Display Pixels. ACS NANO 2022; 17:1187-1195. [PMID: 36410359 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable microlaser arrays are essential to the construction of display panels where the individual pixel should be highly tunable in resonance mode, optical polarization, and lasing wavelength upon external control signals. Here we demonstrate a facile yet reliable approach to fabrication of organic microlaser pixels, in which the assembly of microsphere arrays on each pixel is controlled according to the near-field magnetostatic confinement. The geometrical configuration of diamagnetic microspheres could be readily modulated with the near-field potential traps by using the external field to alternate the saturation magnetization of the underneath micromagnet. The motion of microspheres can be modulated among several states upon applied field, and the reconfigurable microsphere array is thus achieved with high spatial precision and rapid temporal response. Moreover, both isolated and coupled spheres serve as low-threshold microlasers with tunable optical resonance modes, whereas the switching between the vertical and horizontal alignments of coupled spheres manipulates the polarization of lasing outputs. By repeating the magnetostatic confinement on the same substrate, the full-color laser display pixels with magnetically tunable color expression capability are successfully achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baipeng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Sheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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26
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Kumar Roy P, Binks BP, Shoval S, Dombrovsky LA, Bormashenko E. Hierarchical liquid marbles formed using floating hydrophobic powder and levitating water droplets. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 626:466-474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.06.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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27
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Doan-Nguyen TP, Crespy D. Advanced density-based methods for the characterization of materials, binding events, and kinetics. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8612-8651. [PMID: 36172819 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00232e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of the densities of chemicals and materials bring valuable insights into the fundamental understanding of matter and processes. Recently, advanced density-based methods have been developed with wide measurement ranges (i.e. 0-23 g cm-3), high resolutions (i.e. 10-6 g cm-3), compatibility with different types of samples and the requirement of extremely low volumes of sample (as low as a single cell). Certain methods, such as magnetic levitation, are inexpensive, portable and user-friendly. Advanced density-based methods are, therefore, beneficially used to obtain absolute density values, composition of mixtures, characteristics of binding events, and kinetics of chemical and biological processes. Herein, the principles and applications of magnetic levitation, acoustic levitation, electrodynamic balance, aqueous multiphase systems, and suspended microchannel resonators for materials science are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao P Doan-Nguyen
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
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28
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Ren X, Breadmore MC, Maya F. Biphasic Magnetic Levitation to Detect Organic Pollutants on Microplastics. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9033-9039. [PMID: 35579259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microplastics have the potential to adsorb organic pollutants due to their lipophilic nature. Evaluating the distribution of multiple organic pollutants in different types of microplastics coexisting in a sample is a strenuous and challenging analytical task. Here, we report position-dependent microplastic trapping in a biphasic medium comprising a paramagnetic aqueous donor phase containing the mixed microplastics and a diamagnetic organic acceptor phase. Depending on the relative height of the sample container positioned in a magnetic field, the selective density-dependent trapping of microplastics is achieved. Concurrently, the organic pollutants adsorbed on the microplastics are desorbed in the organic acceptor phase, which is easily solidified, separated, and transferred for organic pollutant determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. This facilitates analytical studies involving multiple organic pollutants distributed in solid heterogeneous mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Ren
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Fernando Maya
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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29
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Xu Y, Chang Y, Yao Y, Zhang M, Dupont RL, Rather AM, Bao X, Wang X. Modularizable Liquid-Crystal-Based Open Surfaces Enable Programmable Chemical Transport and Feeding using Liquid Droplets. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108788. [PMID: 35333418 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Droplet-based miniature reactors have attracted interest in both fundamental studies, for the unique reaction kinetics they enable, and applications in bio-diagnosis and material synthesis. However, the precise and automatic feeding of chemicals, important for the delicate reactions in these miniaturized chemical reactors, either requires complex, high-cost microfluidic devices or lacks the capability to maintain a pinning-free droplet movement. Here, the design and synthesis of a new class of liquid crystal (LC)-based open surfaces, which enable a controlled chemical release via a programmable LC phase transition without sacrificing the free transport of the droplets, are reported. It is demonstrated that their intrinsic slipperiness and self-healing properties enable a modularizable assembly of LC surfaces that can be loaded with different chemicals to achieve a wide range of chemical reactions carried out within the droplets, including sequential and parallel chemical reactions, crystal growth, and polymer synthesis. Finally, an LC-based chemical feeding device is developed that can automatically control the release of chemicals to direct the simultaneous differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into endothelial progenitor cells and cardiomyocytes. Overall, these LC surfaces exhibit desirable levels of automation, responsiveness, and controllability for use in miniature droplet carriers and reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yun Chang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yuxing Yao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Meng Zhang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Robert L Dupont
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Adil M Rather
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xiaoping Bao
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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30
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Automatic and continuous separation of mixed waste plastics via magneto-Archimedes levitation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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31
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Ashkarran AA, Sharifi S, Abrahamsson CK, Mahmoudi M. In situ monitoring of photo-crosslinking reaction of water-soluble bifunctional macromers using magnetic levitation. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1195:339369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Dabbagh SR, Alseed MM, Saadat M, Sitti M, Tasoglu S. Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Levitation. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Rahmani Dabbagh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Koç University Sariyer Istanbul Turkey 34450
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR) Koç University Sariyer Istanbul Turkey 34450
| | - M. Munzer Alseed
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering Boğaziçi University Çengelköy Istanbul Turkey 34684
| | - Milad Saadat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Koç University Sariyer Istanbul Turkey 34450
| | - Metin Sitti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Koç University Sariyer Istanbul Turkey 34450
- School of Medicine Koç University Istanbul 34450 Turkey
- Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Koç University Sariyer Istanbul Turkey 34450
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR) Koç University Sariyer Istanbul Turkey 34450
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering Boğaziçi University Çengelköy Istanbul Turkey 34684
- Physical Intelligence Department Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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33
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Zhang X, Zhang W, Xie J, Zhang C, Fu J, Fu J, Zhao P. Automatic magnetic projection for one-step separation of mixed plastics using ring magnets. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147217. [PMID: 33971604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic projection, a novel separation method proposed recently, can separate multiple mixed materials in an efficient and low-cost way. Although promising, existing magnetic projection method cannot achieve the automatic feeding of mixed materials, which limits its applications. To address this challenge, ring magnets were used to replace conventional square magnets in this research. Specifically, a mixture of particles with different densities were fed through the hole of ring magnets and then projected to the corresponding area. Moreover, to increase the magnetic field strength, magnets were superimposed. To predict the projection process, magnetic field analysis was conducted. And from the results, an interesting trap area was found, where the separated materials may be constrained, leading to the failure of projection. The simulation of the projection process revealed that with the increase of the number of magnets (1-3 magnets), the magnetic field strength increased. However, the projection distance will not keep increasing with the increase of the magnetic field strength, which also was verified by experiments (Err within 10%). Based on this principle, an automatic feeding device with ring track and pendulum was designed and manufactured. In the separation experiment, six different plastics, that were PP, ABS, PC, PLA, PET and PVC, were used to verify the separation effect. The experimental results showed that the proposed method can automatically separate a plastic mixture with a recovery rate of over 95%. This study presents a break-through in magnetic projection, laying the foundation for the practical application of magnetic projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Zhang
- State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weitong Zhang
- State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Xie
- State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengqian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jue Fu
- State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Fu
- State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Jiangsu Jianghuai Magnetic Industry Co., Ltd., Xuyi 211700, China.
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34
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Doan‐Nguyen TP, Jiang S, Koynov K, Landfester K, Crespy D. Ultrasmall Nanocapsules Obtained by Controlling Ostwald Ripening. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thao P. Doan‐Nguyen
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Rayong 21210 Thailand
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering School of Molecular Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Rayong 21210 Thailand
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research 55128 Mainz Germany
| | | | - Daniel Crespy
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Rayong 21210 Thailand
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering School of Molecular Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Rayong 21210 Thailand
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35
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Doan-Nguyen TP, Jiang S, Koynov K, Landfester K, Crespy D. Ultrasmall Nanocapsules Obtained by Controlling Ostwald Ripening. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18094-18102. [PMID: 34056797 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a method to synthesize ultrasmall nanocapsules with a diameter of 6 nm, exhibiting a well-defined core-shell morphology. Remarkably, the nanocapules are synthesized in a miniemulsion process without the need of large amounts of surfactant as commonly used in the microemulsion process. Ultrasmall nanocapsules with an oil core and a silica shell are formed by the concurrent processes of a sol-gel reaction and Ostwald ripening. Using solvents with different water solubilities and alkoxysilanes with different reactivities, we demonstrate that sizes of obtained nanocapsules depend on the ripening rate and alkoxysilane conversion rate. The method can be also used for encapsulating natural oils such as peppermint oil and limonene. This work shows that the Ostwald ripening phenomenon can be employed beneficially for the preparation of very small colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao P Doan-Nguyen
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Crespy
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand
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36
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Delikoyun K, Yaman S, Yilmaz E, Sarigil O, Anil-Inevi M, Telli K, Yalcin-Ozuysal O, Ozcivici E, Tekin HC. HologLev: A Hybrid Magnetic Levitation Platform Integrated with Lensless Holographic Microscopy for Density-Based Cell Analysis. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2191-2201. [PMID: 34124887 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In clinical practice, a variety of diagnostic applications require the identification of target cells. Density has been used as a physical marker to distinguish cell populations since metabolic activities could alter the cell densities. Magnetic levitation offers great promise for separating cells at the single cell level within heterogeneous populations with respect to cell densities. Traditional magnetic levitation platforms need bulky and precise optical microscopes to visualize levitated cells. Moreover, the evaluation process of cell densities is cumbersome, which also requires trained personnel for operation. In this work, we introduce a device (HologLev) as a fusion of the magnetic levitation principle and lensless digital inline holographic microscopy (LDIHM). LDIHM provides ease of use by getting rid of bulky and expensive optics. By placing an imaging sensor just beneath the microcapillary channel without any lenses, recorded holograms are processed for determining cell densities through a fully automated digital image processing scheme. The device costs less than $100 and has a compact design that can fit into a pocket. We perform viability tests on the device by levitating three different cell lines (MDA-MB-231, U937, D1 ORL UVA) and comparing them against their dead correspondents. We also tested the differentiation of mouse osteoblastic (7F2) cells by monitoring characteristic variations in their density. Last, the response of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells to a chemotherapy drug was demonstrated in our platform. HologLev provides cost-effective, label-free, fully automated cell analysis in a compact design that could be highly desirable for laboratory and point-of-care testing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Delikoyun
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Sena Yaman
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Esra Yilmaz
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Oyku Sarigil
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Muge Anil-Inevi
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Kubra Telli
- Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Ozden Yalcin-Ozuysal
- Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Engin Ozcivici
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - H. Cumhur Tekin
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
- METU MEMS Center, Ankara 06520, Turkey
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37
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Urey DY, Chan HM, Durmus NG. Levitational Cell Cytometry for Forensics. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000441. [PMID: 33729693 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here, a method for label-free, real-time interrogation, monitoring, detection, and sorting of biological rare cells in magnetically suspended heterogeneous samples is developed. To achieve this, heterogeneous populations of cells are levitated and confined in a microcapillary channel. This strategy enables spatiotemporal differential magnetic levitation of rare fragile dead cells equilibrating at different heights based on the balance between magnetic and corrected gravitational forces. In addition, the sorting of fragile rare dead cell populations is monitored in real-time. This technique provides a broadly applicable label-free tool for high resolution, real-time research, as well as forensic evidence processing of rape kits. This method is validated with forensic mock samples dating back to 2003, isolating sperm from epithelial cells (E. cells) with >90% efficiency and >97% purity. Overall, this method reduces the processing time by over 20-fold down to 20 min, eliminating centrifugation and labels, and providing an inexpensive and high-yield alternative to the current centrifuge-based differential extraction techniques. It can potentially facilitate the forensic downstream genomic analyses, accelerating the identification of suspects, and advancing public safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yagmur Urey
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hsi-Min Chan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Naside Gozde Durmus
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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38
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Mahmoudi M. Emerging Biomolecular Testing to Assess the Risk of Mortality from COVID-19 Infection. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:476-482. [PMID: 32379456 PMCID: PMC7241738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19) has produced an unprecedented global pandemic. Though the death rate from COVID-19 infection is ∼2%, many infected people recover at home. Among patients for whom COVID-19 is deadly are those with pre-existing comorbidities. Therefore, identification of populations at highest risk of COVID-19 mortality could significantly improve the capacity of healthcare providers to take early action and minimize the possibility of overwhelming care centers, which in turn would save many lives. Although several approaches have been used/developed (or are being developed/suggested) to diagnose COVID-19 infection, no approach is available/proposed for fast diagnosis of COVID-19 infections likely to be fatal. The central aim of this short perspective is to suggest a few possible nanobased technologies (i.e., protein corona sensor array and magnetic levitation) that could discriminate COVID-19-infected people while still in the early stages of infection who are at high risk of death. Such discrimination technologies would not only be useful in protecting health care centers from becoming overwhelmed but would also provide a powerful tool to better control possible future pandemics with a less social and economic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Mahmoudi
- Precision Health Program and Department of Radiology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United
States
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39
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Nanoscale characterization of the biomolecular corona by cryo-electron microscopy, cryo-electron tomography, and image simulation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:573. [PMID: 33495475 PMCID: PMC7835367 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological identity of nanoparticles (NPs) is established by their interactions with a wide range of biomolecules around their surfaces after exposure to biological media. Understanding the true nature of the biomolecular corona (BC) in its native state is, therefore, essential for its safe and efficient application in clinical settings. The fundamental challenge is to visualize the biomolecules within the corona and their relationship/association to the surface of the NPs. Using a synergistic application of cryo-electron microscopy, cryo-electron tomography, and three-dimensional reconstruction, we revealed the unique morphological details of the biomolecules and their distribution/association with the surface of polystyrene NPs at a nanoscale resolution. The analysis of the BC at a single NP level and its variability among NPs in the same sample, and the discovery of the presence of nonspecific biomolecules in plasma residues, enable more precise characterization of NPs, improving predictions of their safety and efficacies. Understanding the biomolecular corona is of key importance to nanomedicine. Here, the authors report on cryo-electron and tomographic imaging of the corona formed on model nanoparticles and the 3D reconstruction of the corona to study the distribution and association of the biomolecules with the nanoparticle.
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40
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Sarigil O, Anil-Inevi M, Firatligil-Yildirir B, Unal YC, Yalcin-Ozuysal O, Mese G, Tekin HC, Ozcivici E. Scaffold-free biofabrication of adipocyte structures with magnetic levitation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1127-1140. [PMID: 33205833 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering research aims to repair the form and/or function of impaired tissues. Tissue engineering studies mostly rely on scaffold-based techniques. However, these techniques have certain challenges, such as the selection of proper scaffold material, including mechanical properties, sterilization, and fabrication processes. As an alternative, we propose a novel scaffold-free adipose tissue biofabrication technique based on magnetic levitation. In this study, a label-free magnetic levitation technique was used to form three-dimensional (3D) scaffold-free adipocyte structures with various fabrication strategies in a microcapillary-based setup. Adipogenic-differentiated 7F2 cells and growth D1 ORL UVA stem cells were used as model cells. The morphological properties of the 3D structures of single and cocultured cells were analyzed. The developed procedure leads to the formation of different patterns of single and cocultured adipocytes without a scaffold. Our results indicated that adipocytes formed loose structures while growth cells were tightly packed during 3D culture in the magnetic levitation platform. This system has potential for ex vivo modeling of adipose tissue for drug testing and transplantation applications for cell therapy in soft tissue damage. Also, it will be possible to extend this technique to other cell and tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyku Sarigil
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Muge Anil-Inevi
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Yagmur Ceren Unal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozden Yalcin-Ozuysal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulistan Mese
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - H Cumhur Tekin
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Engin Ozcivici
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
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41
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Parfenov VA, Mironov VA, van Kampen KA, Karalkin PA, Koudan EV, Pereira FDAS, Petrov SV, Nezhurina EK, Petrov OF, Myasnikov MI, Walboomers FX, Engelkamp H, Christianen P, Khesuani YD, Moroni L, Mota C. Scaffold-free and label-free biofabrication technology using levitational assembly in a high magnetic field. Biofabrication 2020; 12:045022. [PMID: 32050181 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab7554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of magnetic levitational bioassembly of tissue-engineered constructs from living tissue spheroids in the presence of paramagnetic ions (i.e. Gd3+) was recently demonstrated. However, Gd3+ is relatively toxic at concentrations above 50 mM normally used to enable magnetic levitation with NdFeB-permanent magnets. Using a high magnetic field (a 50 mm-bore, 31 T Bitter magnet) at the High Field Magnet Laboratory at Radboud University in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, we performed magnetic levitational assembly of tissue constructs from living spheroids prepared from the SW1353 chondrosarcoma cell line at 0.8 mM Gd3+ containing salt gadobutrol at 19 T magnetic field. The parameters of the levitation process were determined on the basis of polystyrene beads with a 170 μm-diameter. To predict the theoretical possibility of assembly, a zone of stable levitation in the horizontal and vertical areas of cross sections was previously calculated. The construct from tissue spheroids partially fused after 3 h in levitation. The analysis of viability after prolonged exposure (1 h) to strong magnetic fields (up to 30 T) showed the absence of significant cytotoxicity or morphology changes in the tissue spheroids. A high magnetic field works as a temporal and removal support or so-called 'scaffield'. Thus, formative biofabrication of tissue-engineered constructs from tissue spheroids in the high magnetic field is a promising research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav A Parfenov
- Laboratory for Biotechnological Research '3D Bioprinting Solutions', Moscow, Russia
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Yaman S, Tekin HC. Magnetic Susceptibility-Based Protein Detection Using Magnetic Levitation. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12556-12563. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sena Yaman
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - H. Cumhur Tekin
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir 35430, Turkey
- METU MEMS Center, Ankara 06520, Turkey
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Zhang C, Zhao P, Gu F, Zhang X, Xie J, He Y, Zhou H, Fu J, Turng LS. Axial-Circular Magnetic Levitation: A Three-Dimensional Density Measurement and Manipulation Approach. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6925-6931. [PMID: 32233357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic levitation (MagLev) is a promising technology for density-based analysis and manipulation of diamagnetic objects of various physical forms. However, one major drawback is that MagLev can be performed only along the central axis (one-dimensional MagLev), thereby leading to (i) no knowledge about the magnetic field in regions other than the axial region, (ii) inability to handle objects of similar densities, because they are aggregated in the axial region, and (iii) objects that can be manipulated (e.g., separated or assembled) in only one single direction, that is, the axial direction. This work explores a novel approach called "axial-circular MagLev" to expand the operational space from one dimension to three dimensions, enabling substances to be stably levitated in both the axial and circular regions. Without noticeably sacrificing the total density measurement range, the highest sensitivity of the axial-circular MagLev device can be adjusted up to 1.5 × 104 mm/(g/cm3), approximately 115× better than that of the standard MagLev of two square magnets. Being able to fully utilize the operational space gives this approach greater maneuverability, as the three-dimensional self-assembly of controllable ring-shaped structures is demonstrated. Full space utilization extends the applicability of MagLev to bioengineering, pharmaceuticals, and advanced manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Huamin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Miyagawa A, Okada Y, Okada T. Aptamer-Based Sensing of Small Organic Molecules by Measuring Levitation Coordinate of Single Microsphere in Combined Acoustic-Gravitational Field. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:3542-3549. [PMID: 32118169 PMCID: PMC7045491 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present aptamer-based sensing using a coupled acoustic-gravitational (CAG) field, which transduces a change in the density of a microparticle (MP) to a change in the levitation coordinate. A large density of the MP is initially induced by the binding of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the MP through sandwich hybridization with aptamer DNA molecules. Targets added to the system interact with the aptamer DNA molecules to form complexes, and the duplex between the aptamer and the probe DNA molecules is dissociated. This leads to the release of AuNPs from the MP and a decrease in its density. As the target concentration increases, the levitation coordinate of the MP increases. From the levitation coordinate shift, we can determine the target concentration. The detection limits for adenosine triphosphate, dopamine, and ampicillin as test targets are 9.8 nM, 17 nM, and 160 pM, respectively. The dissociation constants for the aptamer-target complexes are quantitatively determined from the dependence of the levitation coordinate on the target concentration. This scheme is a useful analytical tool not only for the trace analyses of targets but also for the evaluation of aptamer-target interactions.
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Zhou YN, Li JJ, Wu YY, Luo ZH. Role of External Field in Polymerization: Mechanism and Kinetics. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2950-3048. [PMID: 32083844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed an increasing interest in developing advanced polymerization techniques subjected to external fields. Various physical modulations, such as temperature, light, electricity, magnetic field, ultrasound, and microwave irradiation, are noninvasive means, having superb but distinct abilities to regulate polymerizations in terms of process intensification and spatial and temporal controls. Gas as an emerging regulator plays a distinctive role in controlling polymerization and resembles a physical regulator in some cases. This review provides a systematic overview of seven types of external-field-regulated polymerizations, ranging from chain-growth to step-growth polymerization. A detailed account of the relevant mechanism and kinetics is provided to better understand the role of each external field in polymerization. In addition, given the crucial role of modeling and simulation in mechanisms and kinetics investigation, an overview of model construction and typical numerical methods used in this field as well as highlights of the interaction between experiment and simulation toward kinetics in the existing systems are given. At the end, limitations and future perspectives for this field are critically discussed. This state-of-the-art research progress not only provides the fundamental principles underlying external-field-regulated polymerizations but also stimulates new development of advanced polymerization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Yang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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Abstract
Surprisingly, the densities of proteins in solution, which are important fundamental biophysical quantities, have not been accurately measured. The lack of such data can limit meaningful interpretation of physical and chemical features of proteins and enzymes. Here, we demonstrate a new technique using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for magnetic levitation (MagLev), which promises to more precisely measure the density of proteins in solution. As a test of our new technique, we have levitated human plasma proteins using MagLev. By using standard density glass beads for calibration, MagLev showed that the levitated plasma proteins have a measured density in solution of 1.03 ± 0.02 g/cm3, which is much lower than those reported or assumed in the past literature (i.e., ∼1.35 g/cm3). Our findings suggest that MagLev may provide useful insights into the measurement of densities for better understanding the solution properties of proteins and their interactions both with other proteins in solution and with solvating water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbar Ashkarran
- Precision Health Program , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Kenneth S Suslick
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Precision Health Program , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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Xuan X. Recent Advances in Continuous-Flow Particle Manipulations Using Magnetic Fluids. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E744. [PMID: 31683660 PMCID: PMC6915689 DOI: 10.3390/mi10110744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic field-induced particle manipulation is simple and economic as compared to other techniques (e.g., electric, acoustic, and optical) for lab-on-a-chip applications. However, traditional magnetic controls require the particles to be manipulated being magnetizable, which renders it necessary to magnetically label particles that are almost exclusively diamagnetic in nature. In the past decade, magnetic fluids including paramagnetic solutions and ferrofluids have been increasingly used in microfluidic devices to implement label-free manipulations of various types of particles (both synthetic and biological). We review herein the recent advances in this field with focus upon the continuous-flow particle manipulations. Specifically, we review the reported studies on the negative magnetophoresis-induced deflection, focusing, enrichment, separation, and medium exchange of diamagnetic particles in the continuous flow of magnetic fluids through microchannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921, USA.
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